Split (1)

train · 6.83M rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

sentence1 stringlengths 1 8.54k	sentence2 stringlengths 1 15.9k ⌀
Because the heterozygote survives , so does the HgbS allele survive at a rate much higher than the mutation rate ( see and refs in Sickle-cell disease ) .	Because the heterozygote survives , so does the HgbS allele survive at a rate much higher than the mutation rate .
In order to be classified as such , morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population ( one with random mating ) .	In order to be classified as such , morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a population with random mating .
Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species - in other words , the occurrence of more than one form or morph .	Polymorphism in biology is when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species .
An individual homozygous for the recessive sickle hemoglobin , HgbS , has a short expectancy of life , whereas the life expectancy of the standard hemoglobin ( HgbA ) homozygote and also the heterozygote is normal ( though heterozygote individuals will suffer periodic problems ) .	The life expectancy of the standard hemoglobin ( HgbA ) homozygote and also the heterozygote is normal ( though heterozygote individuals will suffer periodic problems ) .
This is balancing selection or genetic polymorphism , balanced between fierce selection against homozygous sickle-cell sufferers , and selection against the standard HgbA homozygotes by malaria .	This is heterozygote advantage , a kind of balance between fierce selection against homozygous sickle-cell sufferers , and selection against the standard HgbA homozygotes by malaria .
Genetic polymorphism is actively and steadily maintained in populations by natural selection , in contrast to transient polymorphisms where a form is progressively replaced by another .	Genetic polymorphism is actively and steadily maintained in populations by natural selection .
Polymorphism is common in nature ; it is related to biodiversity , genetic variation and adaptation ; it usually functions to retain variety of form in a population living in a varied environment .	Polymorphism is common in nature .
On February 17 , 1876 , during the Whiskey Ring graft prosecutions , Justice Dillon ruled Ulysses S. Grant 's deposition for Orville E. Babcock was admissible in court .	On February 17 , 1876 , Justice Dillon ruled Ulysses S. Grant 's deposition for Orville E. Babcock was admissible in court during the Whiskey Ring graft prosecutions .
Dillon 's oldest son , Hiram Price Dillon ( 1855 - 1918 ) , became a lawyer in Iowa and a Master of Chancery in federal court .	Dillon 's oldest son , Hiram Price Dillon ( 1855 - 1918 ) , also became a lawyer in Iowa , and a Master of Chancery in federal court .
John Forrest Dillon ( December 25 , 1831 - May 6 , 1914 ) was an American jurist who served on federal and Iowa state courts .	John Forrest Dillon ( December 25 , 1831 - May 6 , 1914 ) was an American judge who served on both federal and Iowa state courts .
Hundreds of U.S. court decisions have employed the Dillon Rule to determine the scope of municipal powers and rights .	Hundreds of U.S. court decisions to the present day have employed the Dillon Rule to determine the scope of municipal powers and rights .
The theory of state preeminence over local governments was expressed as Dillon 's Rule in an 1868 case : `` Municipal corporations owe their origin to , and derive their powers and rights wholly from , the legislature .	The theory of state preeminence over local governments was called the `` Dillon Rule '' in an 1868 case : `` Municipal corporations owe their origin to , and derive their powers and rights wholly from , the legislature .
In a concurring opinion , Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley in 1871 stated : '' ( L ) ocal government is a matter of absolute right ; and the state can not take it away '' .	In a concurring opinion , Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley in 1871 stated : '' ( L ) ocal government is a matter of absolute right ; and the state can not take it away . ''
Critics of the rule have argued that it imposes unreasonable constraints on the ability of communities to govern themselves and undermines democracy or that local self-government is a matter of natural right that does not need to be conferred by higher political structures .	Critics of the rule say that it imposes unreasonable constraints on the ability of communities to govern themselves and so undermines democracy , and even that local self-government is a matter of natural right that does not need to be conferred by higher political structures .
Dillon was born in Northampton , Montgomery County , New York ( now part of Fulton County , New York ) .	Dillon was born in Northampton , Montgomery County , New York .
In Municipal Corporations ( 1872 ) , Dillon explained that in contrast to the powers of states , which are unlimited but for express restrictions under the state or federal constitution , municipalities only have the powers that are expressly granted to them .	In Municipal Corporations ( 1872 ) , Dillon explained that in contrast to the powers of states , which are unlimited but for express restrictions under the state or federal constitution , municipalities only have the powers that the state legislature expressly gives to them .
The Court 's ruling that states could alter or abolish at will the charters of municipal corporations without infringing upon contract rights relied upon Dillon 's distinction between public , municipal corporations and private ones .	The Court 's ruling that states could alter or abolish at will the charters of municipal corporations without infringing upon contract rights relied upon Dillon 's separation of public , municipal corporations from private ones .
He also authored Removal of Cases from State Courts to Federal Courts and Municipal Bonds , both in 1876 .	He was also the author of Removal of Cases from State Courts to Federal Courts and Municipal Bonds , both in 1876 .
Some have suggested that Dillon 's approach derived from the contemporary view that cities were inherently corrupt political organs .	It has also been suggested that Dillon 's approach came from the view at that time that cities were inherently corrupt political organs .
He was elevated to the Iowa Supreme Court in 1862 and served until 1869 , when President Grant appointed him to the United States Circuit Court , which became the Eighth Circuit .	He joined to the Iowa Supreme Court in 1862 and served until 1869 , when he was appointed by President Grant to the United States Circuit Court .
By contrast , the Cooley Doctrine expressed the theory of an inherent right to local self-determination .	As opposed to the Dillon Rule , the Cooley Doctrine expressed the theory of an inherent right to local self determination .
He worked in private practice until he was elected Scott County prosecutor in 1853 , and then to a judgeship in Iowa 's 7th Judicial Circuit in 1858 .	He was elected as the Scott County prosecutor after a brief private practice in 1853 , and was then elected to a judgeship in Iowa 's 7th Judicial Circuit in 1858 .
If it may destroy , it may abridge and control '' .	If it may destroy , it may abridge and control . ''
This formulation of the scope of municipal power came to be known as the Dillon Rule : that municipal governments have only the powers expressly granted to them by the state legislature , those that are necessarily implied from that grant of power , and those that are essential and indispensable to the municipality 's existence and functioning ; that any ambiguities in the legislative grant of power should be resolved against the municipality so that its powers are narrowly construed ; that when the state has not specifically directed the method by which the municipality may implement its granted power , the municipality has the discretion to choose the method so long as its choice is reasonable .	It says that municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by the state legislature , those that are necessarily implied from that grant of power , and those that are essential and indispensable to the municipality 's existence and functioning .
He taught at Yale Law School from 1891 until 1892 , during which time he also served as the president of the American Bar Association .	He then taught at Yale Law School from 1891 until 1892 .
Shortly after beginning his medical practice , he abandoned it to read law , and was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1852 .	Shortly after beginning to work as a doctor , he switched to studying law , and was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1852 .
He authored a highly influential treatise on the power of states over municipal governments .	He wrote an important book on the power of states over municipal governments .
While on the federal bench , Dillon wrote Municipal Corporations ( 1872 ) , one of the earliest systematic studies of the subject .	While Dillon was a federal judge , he wrote Municipal Corporations ( 1872 ) , which was one of the earliest books to present the subject , and people still study it today .
A memorial fountain to Dillon was erected in downtown Davenport , Iowa in 1918 , carved of Indiana limestone in Romanesque style , by sculptor Harry Liva .	A memorial fountain to Dillon was built in downtown Davenport , Iowa in 1918 .
The Supreme Court of the United States cited Municipal Corporations and fully adopted Dillon 's emphasis on state power over municipalities in Merrill v. Monticello , which upheld the power of Pennsylvania to consolidate the city of Allegheny into the city of Pittsburgh , despite the objections of a majority of Allegheny 's residents .	The Supreme Court of the United States cited Dillon 's book Municipal Corporations and fully adopted Dillon 's emphasis on state power over municipalities in Merrill v. Monticello , 138 U.S. 673 ( 1891 ) , reaff 'd .
Louis and Jennie Stengel had a son , Charles Dillon ( Casey ) Stengel , named after the Judge , who had a long career as a baseball player and manager .	Dillon 's sister was the grandmother of baseball manager Casey Stengel .
The BSFA Awards are literary awards presented annually since 1970 by the British Science Fiction Association ( BSFA ) to honor works in the genre of science fiction .	The BSFA Awards are prizes given every year by the British Science Fiction Association ( BSFA ) .
Categories for short works and artists were added in 1980 .	Categories for short works and artwork were added in 1980 .
A media category was awarded from 1979 to 1992 .	Awards for media were given from 1979 to 1992 .
The award originally included only a category for novels .	At first , the award was only for novels .
In the ride station , statues watch the train leave and turn to watch the train arrive .	In the ride station , statues watch the train leave .
Wodan Timbur Coaster is themed to Norse mythology .	The theme of Wodan Timbur Coaster is Norse mythology .
Timbur is the Islandic word for wood , so Timbur Coaster is wooden coaster .	Timbur is the Islandic word for wood .
The ride also has several dives into tunnels and heavy interaction with surrounding areas .	The ride has several dives into tunnels .
Wodan Timbur Coaster is equipped with three GCII Millennium Flyer trains that feature polyurethane wheels instead of the usual steel wheels .	Wodan Timbur Coaster has three GCII Millennium Flyer trains .