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to the goals, the objectives, the targets you want.
N
2
3.4
2.6
880
Female
... a basic situational analysis.
N
3.2
4.4
4
1086
Female
... for, what are the indicators for children?
X
3.6
4
3.4
1086
Female
it was sort of a-
U
4.4
4.2
4
1086
Female
... conversation that had occurred, and it was remarked on and used as a model-
S
2.7
3
3
1086
Female
scaling up of immunization program. so we are seeing many different directions in which
N
3.2
4
3.8
880
Female
... in terms, let's go back to the global policy. and very-
C
4.6
5.4
4.8
1081
Female
and we're not just talking about the growing child. we're talking about the-
X
4.8
3.8
4.8
1086
Female
... context around the child, the services that the child is-
X
5
4.4
4.2
1086
Female
so in order to achieve that, there isn't one global policy, they sort of-
N
3.8
4.6
4.2
1086
Female
... like the convention on the rights of the child, the ilo conventions-
N
2.8
3.8
3.4
1086
Female
... on prevention against child labor, those conventions.
X
4
4
3.4
1086
Female
and then there are the declarations. the declarations are, the mdgs are the most-
X
4.6
4.2
4.2
1086
Female
okay.the education for all, goal, the health for all, goal. so-
N
4.4
4.8
4.2
1086
Female
where early childhood fits in is that it gets piecemeal attention.
N
4.4
3.4
4.6
1086
Female
... it's budget on primary education.
O
3
4.4
3.2
1086
Female
so you see this sort of an attention to early childhood, there isn't-
X
3.8
3.2
3.2
1086
Female
... a meeting we had in [bell agio 00:08:04]-
X
3.4
4.2
3.8
1086
Female
... look at the state of evidence on early childhood with respect to-
N
3.4
3.8
4.4
1086
Female
... can we really come up with a framework to inform these international drivers, international drivers that push national policies in a way that children get-
N
3
3.2
3.2
1086
Female
... if you know, we're really getting the full child.sure.and this was a very interesting-
H
4.8
4.4
5
1086
Female
... what can we put together, to talk to these big declarations, to see if there's a greater inclusion of young children.and what came out of the meeting?
U
4.4
4.2
4.2
1086
Female
what came out of the meeting was a very interesting structure of how we should be thinking about the evidence from the different sectors that address kids, health, education, legal system-
X
4.2
5
4.4
1086
Female
... private sector, and how can we put these together to really understand-
X
4.2
3.8
4.4
1086
Female
... what is the strongest provisions for children, and how are we, in some ways, maybe not-
N
2.6
4.4
4.8
1086
Female
... as attentive to the fullest potential, if we cut up-
U
3.4
4.6
3.4
1086
Female
... we have a ways to go, but this-
X
4.4
4.2
4.2
1086
Female
so for the most, i would say the pieces to this that come together in an interesting tapestry-
X
4.875
4.625
4.875
1086
Female
... but then there, isn't a linear arrangement around it.
N
3
3.4
3.4
1086
Female
one piece i find that it's quite remarkable is-
X
4.4
4.8
4.4
1086
Female
oftentimes parents or key caregivers in the family are not aware of the importance of these early years, and that learning does begin at birth-
N
5.2
4.6
5.2
1086
Female
... and that everything we do with young children enhances their capacity, and their ability, and their potential.
H
4.2
5
4
1086
Female
there is a universal recognition of wanting your children to be healthy, to be happy-
N
4
3.666667
4.333333
1086
Female
i've done focus groups with remote populations in-
N
3.2
4.4
4.6
1086
Female
[crosstalk 00:00:16] and laos. i've done focus groups in families and sort of very educated in singapore. and you ask them, "what do you want for your children?" and they all say-
X
4.2
3.4
3.8
1086
Female
"we want healthy children. we want our children to be happy, to be successful."
H
4.4
5.2
4.2
1086
Female
"how do you think this happens and what could you do?" that's when we noticed there is a knowledge gap.mm-mm. (affirmative)
O
4.8
4.4
4.6
1086
Female
and that's really what we need to work on. i think if somehow there was a [crosstalk 00:00:44]-
O
4.6
4.4
3.8
1086
Female
and once families, mm, public will build to demand from the government and we see what demand can do. recently, we are-
X
5
4.777778
4.888889
1086
Female
... seeing a lot of changes.sure. yes.once-
X
5.111111
4.888889
4.222222
880
Female
... we will see service provision change. we will-
N
4.2
4.4
4.4
1086
Female
but education really is the first step.it's the first step and there is a very key link between particularly maternal education, maternal [crosstalk 00:01:08]-
H
4.6
5.2
4.2
1086
Female
the problem with scaling up is there are not sufficient trained individuals to actually take it forward.right.and so the quality of-
N
3.6
4
4.6
1086
Female
... the work and the effectiveness of the program starts dropping.mm-hmm (affirmative).
F
3.6
3.6
3.4
1086
Female
and if we had systems to actually enhance capacity, to build training-
C
5.6
4.6
5.2
1086
Female
... models, we could reach a large number of populations-
N
5
4.6
5
1086
Female
... families, children. we are not reaching now. the advantage to all of this is we have technology. no longer are we bound-
D
4
4.6
4.6
1086
Female
...into classrooms. the walls have exploded, have expanded. and [crosstalk 00:01:47] -
C
2.8
3.4
3.8
1086
Female
and, finally, i think we need stronger arguments.
H
4.6
4.6
4.8
1086
Female
... economic development of countries. we have it.
X
5.4
3.8
5.2
1086
Female
governments are not going to wait 20 years for that to mature.
N
2.8
2.6
4
1086
Female
mm-hmm (affirmative).you want more immediate-
N
4.4
4.2
3.8
1086
Female
... return. you want a short-term return. that needs to be strengthened for there to be a greater buy-in and investment and interest in this work. and i think [crosstalk 00:02:13]-
X
3.6
4.4
4.6
1086
Female
...a very sad story is-
N
3.4
3.4
4
1086
Female
... one third of young children under five years of age is not achieving their full potential.
S
2.6
2.8
3
1086
Female
wow.when we started multiplying that into a loss of human potential around the world-yes-
N
3.4
4.4
3.6
1086
Female
very sad.that is pretty startling.
X
2.2
3.6
2.8
1086
Female
well, you're doing wonderful work-
H
4
5.4
4.8
1081
Female
...made possible through funding from the whitney and betty macmillan center for international and area studies at yale.
N
2.6
4.8
3.4
1081
Female
welcome to the macmillan report. i'm marilyn wilkes, your host, and our guest is cheryl doss, a [crosstalk 00:02:51]-
H
4.8
4.6
5
880
Female
senior lecturer and international affairs and economics at yale university.
N
3.6
4.2
3.4
880
Female
... whose interested in how social and economic changes affect the dynamics of decision-making within households. [crosstalk 00:02:59]-
N
3.8
4.8
4.8
1081
Female
... rural households, especially in africa. what led you to it?
N
4
3.8
4.2
1081
Female
[crosstalk 00:03:05], it turns out that most of the models of households treated households as though they were individuals.
U
4
5
4.333333
1093
Female
but, in fact, we know that's not how households make decisions. most of us in our households have-
N
4
4.6
4.6
1093
Female
... many people. and although we may agree on many things, we probably don't agree on everything.
N
3.4
3.2
4.2
1093
Female
and so trying to understand about the dynamics of what happens in households-
N
4.2
4.6
4.8
1093
Female
... is really important, because it affects the outcomes. so when women have more power in households or less power in households, when women earn more of the income-
N
4.6
4
5.4
1093
Female
... or as we're starting to learn, when women own some-
N
4.2
4.6
4.6
1093
Female
... of the assets, it actually affects the kinds of decisions that households make. if you're rural households in africa-
N
5.2
3.8
4.4
1093
Female
... it might affect the decisions about what kind of crops to grow, how much of them to sell-
X
5
5.090909
4.818182
1093
Female
... as well, but also decisions about sending children to school, healthcare, and various other kinds of things.
N
2.333333
4.5
3.5
1093
Female
i know you've done a lot of work, as you mentioned, in liberia and also uganda. how-
N
3
4.6
4.2
1081
Female
... is land acquisition and tenure changing in these countries?
U
5.2
4.2
5
1081
Female
everywhere in the world right now, patterns of land or land ownership are changing, in part because there's becoming more and more pressure on land.
N
4
4
4.2
880
Female
of land ownership, which may not even be ownership in the sense that we understand it.mm-hmm (affirmative).
N
3.8
4.6
4.2
1093
Female
it may simply be that particular households have a right-
H
4.4
4.4
5
1093
Female
... to farm a particular plot of land.
U
3.4
4
4
1093
Female
but many of them don't have any kind of documents for ownership.
X
3.6
3.2
4
1093
Female
wow.that's worked traditionally, fairly well-
U
4
5.2
4.2
1093
Female
... but both as some of the social structures have broken down, particularly in uganda.
N
2.6
4.2
3.4
1093
Female
so we used to hear lots of stories that when a man dies of aids, that often his widow will lose-
X
4
3.6
4.6
1093
Female
... access to the land that she had been farming. she doesn't, herself, have claims-
H
4.8
4.6
5.2
1093
Female
... to it. and other people from the community, maybe from his family, who don't have enough land will come in and try to claim that piece of land.
N
3.8
4
4
1093
Female
[crosstalk 00:05:16] systems are starting to break down. and so, in particular-
N
4.818182
4.181818
4.454545
1093
Female
... it's really important.
X
4.6
3.8
4.4
1093
Female
do women typically own the land or is it primarily men?
N
3.4
3.8
3.6
1081
Female
so it will depend on what you mean by own. so in the-
N
5
3.6
4.4
1093
Female
... work we did in uganda, over half of the households, when you actually asked them who owns the land-
H
3.8
4.6
4.6
1093
Female
so "we own the land,"-
N
4
4.8
4.8
1093
Female
... both when we asked husbands and when we asked wives-
N
4
4.2
4
1093
Female
[crosstalk 00:05:45] worse off than they had been previously with these changes happening, or is that incorrect?
N
4.4
4
4.4
1093
Female
they may be worse off. there could be cases where they're becoming better off too.mm-hmm (affirmative).if they have [crosstalk 00:05:59]-
N
5
4
5
1093
Female
... who have really strong claims to the land. and then there's other women, but also other-
N
3.6
4.2
4
1093
Female
i'm curious to know how you do your methodology, given the topic of households dynamics, do you actually go in and live with anyone for a time or-
C
2.6
3.2
3.4
1093
Female
so in uganda, we interviewed about 350 households in three different districts, asking them questions about ownership, about documents, about their rights over the land.
N
4.8
4.6
4.8
1093
Female
[crosstalk 00:06:33]. can you make the decision on your own or do you have to consult with somebody else?
X
4
4.8
4.2
1093
Female
do you have the right to bequeath? it can you-
N
3.4
4.6
4.4
1093
Female
... what does it mean? what does that bundle of rights that we think that we think of in the west as being-
N
4.6
3.2
4.8
1093
Female
... ownership? if we own something, it means we can sell it. we can do [crosstalk 00:06:52]-
X
5.6
4.6
5.6
1093
Female