Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f5	John focused on trying to retake what?	Normandy	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possib...
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f6	John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?	Capetian power	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possib...
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f7	What was John's preferred plan?	use Poitou as a base of operations	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possib...
570c59f8b3d812140066d179	John remained what throughout his reign?	Lord of Ireland	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his weal...
570c59f8b3d812140066d17a	When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?	1210	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his weal...
570c59f8b3d812140066d17b	During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?	increased the size of his lands in Ireland	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his weal...
570c5a9bfed7b91900d4590f	When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?	late 12th and early 13th centuries	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of...
570c5a9bfed7b91900d45910	Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?	Henry II	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of...
570c5a9bfed7b91900d45911	What did John force William to sign?	Treaty of Norham	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of...
570c5b53b3d812140066d17f	John treated the interdict as what?	the equivalent of a papal declaration of war	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized th...
570c5b53b3d812140066d180	John seized the lands of who?	those clergy unwilling to conduct services	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized th...
570c5b53b3d812140066d181	When did Innocent excommunicate the king?	November 1209	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized th...
570c5b53b3d812140066d182	How many marks did the church lose?	100,000	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized th...
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591d	John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?	the Capetian court in Paris	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. H...
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591e	Who was barred Langton from entering England?	England	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. H...
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591f	when did Innocent place an interdict on England?	March 1208	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. H...
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45923	John besieged what castle?	Roche-au-Moine	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The lo...
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45924	Who refused to advance with the king?	The local Angevin nobles	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The lo...
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45925	Who won the battle of Bouvines?	Philip	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The lo...
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45926	How long was the truce intended to last for?	six years	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The lo...
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592b	When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?	1214	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds ...
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592c	Who did John build alliances with?	Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds ...
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592d	When did John leave for Poitou?	February 1214	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds ...
570c5cdefed7b91900d45931	Who made the first move in the war?	rebels	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with ...
570c5cdefed7b91900d45932	What did the rebels seize?	Rochester Castle	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with ...
570c5cdefed7b91900d45933	Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?	Llywelyn the Great	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with ...
570c5cdefed7b91900d45934	What was John's strategy?	isolate the rebel barons in London	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with ...
570c5d12b3d812140066d18b	Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?	rebel barons	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNeither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardline...
570c5d12b3d812140066d18c	John appealed to who for help?	Innocent	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNeither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardline...
570c5d12b3d812140066d18d	The failure of the agreement lead to what?	First Barons' War	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNeither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardline...
570c5d56b3d812140066d191	What did the king lose on his way to the west?	significant part of his baggage	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which em...
570c5d56b3d812140066d192	When did John face a stalemate?	October 1216	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which em...
570c5d56b3d812140066d193	When were the Crown Jewels lost?	as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which em...
570c5dbbfed7b91900d4593f	When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?	September 1216	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled nor...
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45940	Where did John march from?	Cotswolds	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled nor...
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45941	Where did John contract dysentery?	King's Lynn	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled nor...
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45942	Who invaded northern England?	Alexander II	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled nor...
570c5e0efed7b91900d45947	When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?	16th century	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisio...
570c5e0efed7b91900d45948	Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?	Tudor historians	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisio...
570c5e0efed7b91900d45949	What praised John's "great renown" as a king?	John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisio...
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594d	What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?	Ivanhoe	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented \"an almost totally unfavourable picture\" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work infl...
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594e	Who played John in 1938?	Claude Rains	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented \"an almost totally unfavourable picture\" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work infl...
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594f	Who was John depicted alongside?	Robin Hood	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nNineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented \"an almost totally unfavourable picture\" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work infl...
570c5eb8b3d812140066d197	Which historians wrote early in John's life?	Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHistorical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, inclu...
570c5eb8b3d812140066d198	How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?	unsympathetic	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHistorical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, inclu...
570c5eb8b3d812140066d199	John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?	Islam	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHistorical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, inclu...
570c5f39b3d812140066d19d	When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?	Tudor period	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nPopular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a \"proto-Protestant martyr\", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kyng...
570c5f39b3d812140066d19e	What was Anthony Munday's play?	The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nPopular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a \"proto-Protestant martyr\", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kyng...
570c5f39b3d812140066d19f	In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?	proto-Protestant martyr	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nPopular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a \"proto-Protestant martyr\", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kyng...
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a3	Who was critical of John's performance as king?	Contemporary chroniclers	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nContemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's...
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a4	What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?	Jim Bradbury	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nContemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's...
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a5	John remains a recurring character within what culture?	Western	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nContemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's...
570c5feab3d812140066d1a9	Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?	Aquitaine	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Cou...
570c5feab3d812140066d1aa	Who was Alais?	the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Cou...
570c5feab3d812140066d1ab	What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?	Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Cou...
570c602dfed7b91900d45953	When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?	1195	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nFor the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leade...
570c602dfed7b91900d45954	Richard withdrew what towards John?	malevolentia	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nFor the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leade...
570c602dfed7b91900d45955	Who was the Count of Mortain?	John	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nFor the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leade...
570c6099fed7b91900d45959	Who was Isabella engaged to?	Hugh of Lusignan	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nUnfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the ma...
570c6099fed7b91900d4595a	Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?	a key Poitou noble family	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nUnfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the ma...
570c6099fed7b91900d4595b	John treated Hugh with what?	contempt	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nUnfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the ma...
570c60d7fed7b91900d4595f	What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?	Château Gaillard	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conce...
570c60d7fed7b91900d45960	Who blocked John's relief operation?	Philip's forces	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conce...
570c60d7fed7b91900d45961	When did Gaillard fall?	March 1204	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conce...
570c60d7fed7b91900d45962	What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?	Duchy of Aquitaine	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nIn late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conce...
570c612fb3d812140066d1af	How many times did John levi scutage payments?	eleven	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence o...
570c612fb3d812140066d1b0	When did John initiate a new round of appointments?	1194	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence o...
570c612fb3d812140066d1b1	Who were subject to huge taxes?	The Jews	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence o...
570c612fb3d812140066d1b2	When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods?	1207	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nThe result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence o...
570c6186b3d812140066d1b7	Many of John's mistresses were what?	married noblewomen	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was con...
570c6186b3d812140066d1b8	How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?	five	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was con...
570c6186b3d812140066d1b9	How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?	None	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was con...
570c61e4b3d812140066d1bd	How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?	50	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large gal...
570c61e4b3d812140066d1be	54 vessels were built between what years?	1209 and 1212	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large gal...
570c61e4b3d812140066d1bf	Who was appointed "keeper of the galleys?"	William of Wrotham	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large gal...
570c625dfed7b91900d45967	Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?	Wales	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nRoyal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year...
570c625dfed7b91900d45968	Who did John marry Joan to?	Llywelyn the Great	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nRoyal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year...
570c625dfed7b91900d45969	What did John use to increase his own territory and power?	marcher lords and the native Welsh	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nRoyal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year...
570c625dfed7b91900d4596a	When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?	1211	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nRoyal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year...
570c62a1fed7b91900d4596f	Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?	1209	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nInnocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumv...
570c62a1fed7b91900d45970	When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?	1212	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nInnocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumv...
570c62a1fed7b91900d45971	What threat was John worried about?	French invasion	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nInnocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumv...
570c62e8fed7b91900d45975	Where did John hold a council in January 1215?	London	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nWithin a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. Jo...
570c62e8fed7b91900d45976	Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?	Poitou	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nWithin a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. Jo...
570c62e8fed7b91900d45977	John announced his intent to become what?	a crusader	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nWithin a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. Jo...
570c634eb3d812140066d1c3	When did John retake Rochester Castle?	November	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [sieg...
570c634eb3d812140066d1c4	John marched against who in January 1216?	Alexander II of Scotland	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [sieg...
570c634eb3d812140066d1c5	John sent William Longespee to retake what?	north side of London and East Anglia	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [sieg...
570c63d6b3d812140066d1c9	When did John die?	18 October	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of ...
570c63d6b3d812140066d1ca	When was a new sarcophagus made for him?	1232	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of ...
570c63d6b3d812140066d1cb	Where was John buried?	Worcester Cathedral	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of ...
570c6499fed7b91900d4597b	Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?	James Ramsay	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nBy the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his \"almos...
570c6499fed7b91900d4597c	What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?	Domesday Book and Magna Carta	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nBy the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his \"almos...
570c6499fed7b91900d4597d	What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?	Victorian	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nBy the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his \"almos...
570c6526b3d812140066d1cf	John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?	King Philip II of France	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire...
570c6526b3d812140066d1d0	What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?	baronial revolt	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire...
570c6526b3d812140066d1d1	The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?	Capetian	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire...
570c6560fed7b91900d4598b	Where did Eleanor leave to?	Poitiers	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nShortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the a...
570c6560fed7b91900d4598c	John was taught by who?	Ranulph Glanville	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nShortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the a...
570c6560fed7b91900d4598d	John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?	magister	[ "John,_King_of_England\n\nShortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the a...

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