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570c4d2dfed7b91900d45873 | When did Richard die? | 6 April 1199 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have starte... |
570c4d2dfed7b91900d45874 | Who was the sole surviving son? | John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have starte... |
570c4d2dfed7b91900d45875 | Where was John crowned? | Westminster | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have starte... |
570c4d2dfed7b91900d45876 | Whose army pressed up the Loire valley? | Arthur | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have starte... |
570c4d76fed7b91900d4587b | When did Philip summon John to attend court? | 1202 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAlthough John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Go... |
570c4d76fed7b91900d4587c | What was John summoned as? | Count of Poitou | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAlthough John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Go... |
570c4dd0fed7b91900d4587f | What principle did John's predecessors use? | vis et voluntas | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Bo... |
570c4dd0fed7b91900d45880 | What quality did Henry II and Richard possess? | divine majesty | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Bo... |
570c4dd0fed7b91900d45881 | What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship? | 12th century | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Bo... |
570c4dd0fed7b91900d45882 | What did John suffer from? | royal schizophrenia | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Bo... |
570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ab | What happened at the start of John's reign? | sudden change in prices | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAt the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. ... |
570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ac | How long did the inflationary pressure continue? | 13th century | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAt the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. ... |
570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ad | When did John address problems with the English currency? | 1204 and 1205 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAt the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. ... |
570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ae | How did he address the problems with the English currency? | carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAt the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. ... |
570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589b | Who was Henry's favorite child? | John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord ... |
570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589c | When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland? | 1177 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord ... |
570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589d | When did Richard I become king? | 1189 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord ... |
570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589e | Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators? | John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord ... |
570c5037b3d812140066d0bd | Who was John's second wife? | Isabella of Angoulême | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her... |
570c5037b3d812140066d0be | Nicholas Vincent was described as what? | downright mean | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her... |
570c5037b3d812140066d0bf | When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella? | 1207 and 1215 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her... |
570c5037b3d812140066d0c0 | How many children did John and Isabella have? | five children | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her... |
570c50aeb3d812140066d0c5 | When did war with France break out? | 1202 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain t... |
570c50afb3d812140066d0c6 | When was John excommunicated? | 1209 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain t... |
570c50afb3d812140066d0c7 | When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon? | 1215 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain t... |
570c50afb3d812140066d0c8 | Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons? | Henry III | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain t... |
570c5109b3d812140066d0d5 | What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition? | Baronial unrest in England | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nBaronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. Afte... |
570c5109b3d812140066d0d6 | When did Poitou depart? | 1206 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nBaronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. Afte... |
570c5109b3d812140066d0d7 | Why did John divert south? | to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nBaronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. Afte... |
570c5109b3d812140066d0d8 | Why did Philip move south? | to meet John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nBaronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. Afte... |
570c5164b3d812140066d0e7 | When was Henry crowned King of England? | 1170 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to ... |
570c5164b3d812140066d0e8 | What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance? | Normandy and Anjou | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to ... |
570c5164b3d812140066d0e9 | Who became the Duke of Brittany? | Geoffrey | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to ... |
570c5164b3d812140066d0ea | What was John's nickname? | Lackland | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nDuring John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to ... |
570c51f3b3d812140066d0ef | How tall was John? | 5 ft 5 in | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed ... |
570c51f3b3d812140066d0f0 | What did John build up? | travelling library of books | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed ... |
570c51f3b3d812140066d0f1 | Who became a connoisseur of jewels? | John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed ... |
570c51f3b3d812140066d0f2 | What did John do in fits of rage? | biting and gnawing his fingers | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed ... |
570c5266b3d812140066d0f7 | When did Hubert Walter die? | 13 July 1205 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territ... |
570c5266b3d812140066d0f8 | What lead to the king's excommunication? | a dispute with Pope Innocent III | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territ... |
570c5266b3d812140066d0f9 | Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader? | historian Ralph Turner | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nWhen the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territ... |
570c52b0b3d812140066d0fd | When did John make his first visit to Ireland? | 1185 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recentl... |
570c52b0b3d812140066d0fe | How many knights accompanied John to Ireland? | 300 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recentl... |
570c52b0b3d812140066d0ff | How did John offend the local Irish rulers? | making fun of their unfashionable long beards | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recentl... |
570c52fffed7b91900d458b7 | Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183? | Richard | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans... |
570c52fffed7b91900d458b8 | How did Henry the Young King die? | dysentery | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans... |
570c52fffed7b91900d458b9 | Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard? | John | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans... |
570c52fffed7b91900d458ba | When did the war end? | 1184 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nHenry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans... |
570c5350fed7b91900d458bf | When were the papal terms for submission accepted? | May 1213 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nUnder mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingd... |
570c5350fed7b91900d458c0 | How many marks did John surrender? | 1,000 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nUnder mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingd... |
570c5350fed7b91900d458c1 | Where was the agreement formalised? | Bulla Aurea | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nUnder mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingd... |
570c539bb3d812140066d10d | Who did John explore an alliance with? | French king Philip II | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to p... |
570c539bb3d812140066d10e | What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade? | assert that his brother was dead | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to p... |
570c539bb3d812140066d10f | Who captured Richard? | Duke of Austria | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to p... |
570c539bb3d812140066d110 | When did the king return to England? | 1194 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to p... |
570c5401fed7b91900d458c5 | Who refused to work with Puiset? | Longchamp | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justi... |
570c5401fed7b91900d458c6 | When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London? | October 1191 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justi... |
570c5401fed7b91900d458c7 | Where did Walter of Coutances return to? | England | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justi... |
570c5439b3d812140066d115 | Where did the rebel barons congregate? | Northampton | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nLetters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taki... |
570c5439b3d812140066d116 | Who was the rebel baron leader? | Robert fitz Walter | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nLetters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taki... |
570c5439b3d812140066d117 | What did John instruct Langton to do? | organise peace talks with the rebel barons | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nLetters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taki... |
570c54a7b3d812140066d11b | How long did the new peace last? | two years | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had fa... |
570c54a7b3d812140066d11c | When was John's decision to marry Isabella? | August 1200 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had fa... |
570c54a7b3d812140066d11d | John acquired key land between Poitou and where? | Gascony | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had fa... |
570c54efb3d812140066d121 | John moved south into where? | France | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that th... |
570c54efb3d812140066d122 | Who renewed the anti-French alliances? | Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that th... |
570c54efb3d812140066d123 | When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated? | May 1200 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that th... |
570c54efb3d812140066d124 | What nickname did John's policy earn him? | John Softsword | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nAfter his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that th... |
570c5530fed7b91900d458cb | The rebel barons invited who to lead them? | French prince Louis | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was ... |
570c5530fed7b91900d458cc | Who was Henry II's granddaughter? | Blanche of Castile | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was ... |
570c5530fed7b91900d458cd | What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland? | he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was ... |
570c5572fed7b91900d458d1 | Who did John attempt to convince? | Pope Innocent III | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nFurther desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appea... |
570c5572fed7b91900d458d2 | Where was Arthur imprisoned? | Falaise | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nFurther desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appea... |
570c5572fed7b91900d458d3 | Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years? | Eleanor | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nFurther desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appea... |
570c55dab3d812140066d13b | What victory strengthened John's position? | Mirebeau | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence... |
570c55dab3d812140066d13c | Who deserted John in favor of Philip? | William de Roches | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence... |
570c55dab3d812140066d13d | How was John's financial situation? | tenuous | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence... |
570c561eb3d812140066d141 | Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death? | William Marshal | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The fail... |
570c561eb3d812140066d142 | Who gave up their claim to the English throne? | Louis | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The fail... |
570c561eb3d812140066d143 | What agreement failed? | Magna Carta | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The fail... |
570c561eb3d812140066d144 | Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy? | 1259 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The fail... |
570c56adfed7b91900d458d7 | What was one of John's principal challenges? | acquiring the large sums of money needed | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nOne of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a... |
570c56adfed7b91900d458d8 | When did Richard sell many royal properties? | 1189 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nOne of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a... |
570c56adfed7b91900d458d9 | Where did John derive income from? | fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nOne of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a... |
570c572cb3d812140066d15d | What was of particular importance to John? | administration of justice | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previ... |
570c572cb3d812140066d15e | When was the system of coroners first introduced? | 1194 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previ... |
570c572cb3d812140066d15f | Why was John motivated? | potential of the royal legal process to raise fees | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThe administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previ... |
570c578fb3d812140066d163 | When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge? | 1940s | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a \"new approach\" to understanding ... |
570c578fb3d812140066d164 | Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a "new approach?" | Vivian Galbraith | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a \"new approach\" to understanding ... |
570c578fb3d812140066d165 | Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed? | Lewis Warren | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nIn the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a \"new approach\" to understanding ... |
570c57f5fed7b91900d458dd | John was deeply suspicious of who? | the barons | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. Th... |
570c57f5fed7b91900d458de | What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia? | William Marshal | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. Th... |
570c57f5fed7b91900d458df | How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay? | 40,000 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. Th... |
570c57f5fed7b91900d458e0 | When did De Braose die? | 1211 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. Th... |
570c5881b3d812140066d169 | Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards? | Thomas Becket | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThis trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – \"anger and ill-will\" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to ... |
570c5881b3d812140066d16a | What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia? | the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThis trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – \"anger and ill-will\" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to ... |
570c5881b3d812140066d16b | John had to additional ability to do what? | cripple his vassals | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nThis trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – \"anger and ill-will\" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to ... |
570c58bafed7b91900d458ef | John spent much of 1205 doing what? | securing England | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large milita... |
570c58bafed7b91900d458f0 | When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms? | 1181 | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large milita... |
570c58bafed7b91900d458f1 | How many knights out of ten would be mobilised? | one | [
"John,_King_of_England\n\nJohn spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large milita... |
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