id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570bf1486b8089140040fae4 | What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems? | an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether | [
"ASCII\n\nMany more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The \"escape\" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of \"escape\" en... |
570bf2846b8089140040fae8 | What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text? | Control-Z (SUB) | [
"ASCII\n\nOlder operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead... |
570bf2846b8089140040fae9 | What does EOF stand for? | end-of-file | [
"ASCII\n\nOlder operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead... |
570bf2846b8089140040faea | What is still the conventional use of the ETX code? | to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard | [
"ASCII\n\nOlder operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead... |
570bf2846b8089140040faeb | What else is the end-of-text code known as? | Control-C | [
"ASCII\n\nOlder operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead... |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe2 | What was ASCII developed from? | telegraphic codes | [
"ASCII\n\nASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standar... |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe3 | What was the first commercial use of ASCII? | a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services | [
"ASCII\n\nASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standar... |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe4 | When did work on the ASCII standard begin? | October 6, 1960 | [
"ASCII\n\nASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standar... |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe5 | When was the first edition of the standard published? | 1963 | [
"ASCII\n\nASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standar... |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe6 | When was the first major revision of the code done? | 1967 | [
"ASCII\n\nASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standar... |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf0 | Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code? | eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal | [
"ASCII\n\nThe committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to mi... |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf1 | Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead? | minimize costs associated with data transmission | [
"ASCII\n\nThe committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to mi... |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf2 | What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed? | perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position | [
"ASCII\n\nThe committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to mi... |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf6 | What was ASCII published as and when? | ASA X3.4-1963 | [
"ASCII\n\nWith the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control ... |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf7 | How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization? | 28 code positions | [
"ASCII\n\nWith the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control ... |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf8 | When was the change to ASCII made official? | May 1963 | [
"ASCII\n\nWith the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control ... |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf9 | The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause? | simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers | [
"ASCII\n\nWith the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control ... |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbec | What is a retified versionof ASCII? | ISO/IEC 646 | [
"ASCII\n\nOther international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£)... |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbed | What type of extensions do these other character encodings have? | extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States | [
"ASCII\n\nOther international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£)... |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbee | Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII? | ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries | [
"ASCII\n\nOther international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£)... |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbef | Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII? | true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard | [
"ASCII\n\nOther international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£)... |
570bfabb6b8089140040fafe | What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters? | Teletype Model 33 ASR | [
"ASCII\n\nProbably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some w... |
570bfabb6b8089140040faff | What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR? | a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option | [
"ASCII\n\nProbably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some w... |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb00 | When was paper tape popular? | until the 1980s | [
"ASCII\n\nProbably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some w... |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb01 | Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape? | less costly and in some ways less fragile | [
"ASCII\n\nProbably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some w... |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb02 | What code eventually became neglected? | code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) | [
"ASCII\n\nProbably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some w... |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf4 | Why were problems created when transferring files between systems? | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage | [
"ASCII\n\nThe inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with ... |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf5 | Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they? | "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead) | [
"ASCII\n\nThe inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with ... |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf6 | Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from? | on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary | [
"ASCII\n\nThe inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with ... |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf7 | What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line? | right | [
"ASCII\n\nThe inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with ... |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfc | When was the first typewritter with a shift key created? | 1878 | [
"ASCII\n\nMany of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first type... |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfd | What were used instead of 0 and 1? | using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead | [
"ASCII\n\nMany of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first type... |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfe | What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use? | which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII | [
"ASCII\n\nMany of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first type... |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbff | Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table? | do not correspond as closely | [
"ASCII\n\nMany of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first type... |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc04 | What is the official name of code 127? | delete | [
"ASCII\n\nCode 127 is officially named \"delete\" but the Teletype label was \"rubout\". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, t... |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc05 | What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype? | rubout | [
"ASCII\n\nCode 127 is officially named \"delete\" but the Teletype label was \"rubout\". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, t... |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc06 | Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"? | to make it an ignored character | [
"ASCII\n\nCode 127 is officially named \"delete\" but the Teletype label was \"rubout\". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, t... |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0a | Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? | introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone | [
"ASCII\n\nUnfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and ... |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0b | What id Multics use to simplify plain text data? | line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator | [
"ASCII\n\nUnfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and ... |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0c | Who adopted this practice from Multics? | Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems | [
"ASCII\n\nUnfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and ... |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0d | What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator? | Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS | [
"ASCII\n\nUnfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and ... |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0e | When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)? | since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system | [
"ASCII\n\nUnfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and ... |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | the action of mastication (chewing) | [
"Digestion\n\nIn the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which start... |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf | What is saliva? | a liquid secreted by the salivary glands | [
"Digestion\n\nIn the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which start... |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0 | What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches? | salivary amylase | [
"Digestion\n\nIn the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which start... |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1 | What is the definition of bolus? | a small, round slurry mass | [
"Digestion\n\nIn the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which start... |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2 | What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called? | peristalsis | [
"Digestion\n\nIn the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which start... |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8 | What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours? | eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food | [
"Digestion\n\nOther animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead th... |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9 | Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice? | extract more nutrition | [
"Digestion\n\nOther animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead th... |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbca | What happens with these soft feacal pellets? | excreted and generally consumed immediately | [
"Digestion\n\nOther animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead th... |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb | Are normal droppings also eaten? | not eaten | [
"Digestion\n\nOther animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead th... |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0 | What are the two types of digestion? | internal and external digestion | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they ... |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1 | When did external digestion develop? | earlier in evolutionary history | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they ... |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2 | What still uses the external digestion system? | most fungi | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they ... |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3 | What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion? | gastrointestinal tract | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they ... |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd4 | Why is internal digection better than external? | more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they ... |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb | What elements can transfer to plant cells? | Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids | [
"Digestion\n\nThe nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively trans... |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc | Where do transferred genes enter? | the plant cell nucleus | [
"Digestion\n\nThe nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively trans... |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd | What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources? | opines | [
"Digestion\n\nThe nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively trans... |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe | What happens to infected plant cells? | end | [
"Digestion\n\nThe nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively trans... |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | The Ti and Ri plasmids | [
"Digestion\n\nThe nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively trans... |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05 | Where are teeth found? | in the jaws (or mouths) | [
"Digestion\n\nTeeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and... |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06 | What are teeth used for? | to tear, scrape, milk and chew food | [
"Digestion\n\nTeeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and... |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07 | What are teeth made out of? | enamel, dentine and cementum | [
"Digestion\n\nTeeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and... |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08 | What in human teeth enables proprioception? | a blood and nerve supply | [
"Digestion\n\nTeeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and... |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b09 | What happens when you bite something you cant chew? | our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying. | [
"Digestion\n\nTeeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and... |
570cef82b3d812140066d33f | What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants? | The abomasum | [
"Digestion\n\nThe abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing th... |
570cef82b3d812140066d340 | What is the abomasums close equivalent? | a monogastric stomach | [
"Digestion\n\nThe abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing th... |
570cef82b3d812140066d341 | What does this site serve primarily as? | a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. | [
"Digestion\n\nThe abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing th... |
570cef82b3d812140066d342 | What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine? | the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs | [
"Digestion\n\nThe abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing th... |
570cef82b3d812140066d343 | What is also digested in the small intestine? | Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine | [
"Digestion\n\nThe abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing th... |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f | What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of? | a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. | [
"Digestion\n\nAn earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the... |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b10 | What does an earthworm eat? | dead grass, leaves, and weeds | [
"Digestion\n\nAn earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the... |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b11 | What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds? | The mouth is surrounded by strong lips | [
"Digestion\n\nAn earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the... |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b12 | What is the food coated with for easier passage? | mucus | [
"Digestion\n\nAn earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the... |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b13 | What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food? | The powerful muscles of the gizzard | [
"Digestion\n\nAn earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the... |
570cf05db3d812140066d349 | Where does the digestions of some fats start? | in the mouth | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancr... |
570cf05db3d812140066d34a | Where are fats mainly digested? | the small intestine | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancr... |
570cf05db3d812140066d34b | What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine? | produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancr... |
570cf05db3d812140066d34c | What does bile from the liver help do? | helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancr... |
570cf05db3d812140066d34d | What is one molecule of fat? | a triglyceride | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancr... |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d353 | What is digestion? | the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of cataboli... |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d354 | In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed? | these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of cataboli... |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d355 | What are the two ways that food is broken down? | mechanical and chemical digestion | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of cataboli... |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d356 | What is mechanical digestion? | the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of cataboli... |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d357 | What is chemical digestion? | enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use | [
"Digestion\n\nDigestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of cataboli... |
570cf137b3d812140066d35d | What are three digestions phases? | the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase | [
"Digestion\n\nDifferent phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this i... |
570cf137b3d812140066d35e | Where does the cephalic phase occur? | at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex | [
"Digestion\n\nDifferent phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this i... |
570cf137b3d812140066d35f | Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to? | the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata | [
"Digestion\n\nDifferent phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this i... |
570cf137b3d812140066d360 | How long does the gastric phase take? | 3 to 4 hours | [
"Digestion\n\nDifferent phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this i... |
570cf137b3d812140066d361 | How is the gastric phase stimulated to start? | by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH | [
"Digestion\n\nDifferent phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this i... |
570cf193b3d812140066d367 | What happens in a chennel transupport system? | several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria | [
"Digestion\n\nIn a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This se... |
570cf193b3d812140066d368 | What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system? | the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify] | [
"Digestion\n\nIn a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This se... |
570cf193b3d812140066d369 | What does this secretion system transport? | various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes | [
"Digestion\n\nIn a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This se... |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b37 | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | the formation of outer membrane vesicles | [
"Digestion\n\nIn addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic mater... |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b38 | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials | [
"Digestion\n\nIn addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic mater... |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b39 | What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? | response to stress conditions | [
"Digestion\n\nIn addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic mater... |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b3a | What virulence factors do some bacterial species have? | some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells | [
"Digestion\n\nIn addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic mater... |
570cf297b3d812140066d36d | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | swallowing and peristalsis | [
"Digestion\n\nUnderlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an \"overhead charge\" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifes... |
570cf297b3d812140066d36e | What does every stpe of digestion require? | energy | [
"Digestion\n\nUnderlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an \"overhead charge\" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifes... |
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