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570bc3996b8089140040fa1e
What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?
exponential and logistic models
[ "Biodiversity\n\nOn the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guid...
570bc3996b8089140040fa1f
What model implies a second-order positive feedback?
Hyperbolic model
[ "Biodiversity\n\nOn the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guid...
570bc3996b8089140040fa20
What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?
The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth
[ "Biodiversity\n\nOn the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guid...
570bc5976b8089140040fa26
What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?
Interspecific crop diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nInterspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with someth...
570bc5976b8089140040fa27
What is the variety of alleles within a single species?
Interspecific crop diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nInterspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with someth...
570bc5976b8089140040fa28
When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?
If a crop fails in a monoculture
[ "Biodiversity\n\nInterspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with someth...
570bc5976b8089140040fa29
What can destroy a wheat crop?
a pest
[ "Biodiversity\n\nInterspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with someth...
570bc5976b8089140040fa2a
What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?
agricultural society
[ "Biodiversity\n\nInterspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with someth...
570bc6466b8089140040fa30
What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970
52%
[ "Biodiversity\n\nIn absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 year...
570bc6466b8089140040fa31
What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?
2014
[ "Biodiversity\n\nIn absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 year...
570bc6466b8089140040fa32
What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?
39%
[ "Biodiversity\n\nIn absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 year...
570bc6466b8089140040fa33
What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?
39%
[ "Biodiversity\n\nIn absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 year...
570bc6466b8089140040fa34
What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?
76%
[ "Biodiversity\n\nIn absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 year...
570bc7826b8089140040fa3a
In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?
2007
[ "Biodiversity\n\nA 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes...
570bc7826b8089140040fa3b
Who conducted the 2007 study?
National Science Foundation
[ "Biodiversity\n\nA 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes...
570bc7826b8089140040fa3c
What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?
If any one type is removed from the system
[ "Biodiversity\n\nA 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes...
570bc7826b8089140040fa3d
Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?
in fresh water
[ "Biodiversity\n\nA 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes...
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf2
What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?
an introduced species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves...
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf3
Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?
In Belgium
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves...
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf4
What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?
leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves...
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf5
What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?
endemic and other local species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves...
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf6
What types of new species can be introduced?
The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves...
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafc
What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?
The forests
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like huntin...
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafd
How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?
5150
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like huntin...
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafe
How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?
1837
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like huntin...
570bcd11ec8fbc190045baff
What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?
endemic species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like huntin...
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bb00
What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?
hunting and grazing
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like huntin...
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb06
What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?
the Convention on Biological Diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nGlobal agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. ...
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb07
What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?
the Convention on Biological Diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nGlobal agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. ...
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb08
What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?
the Convention on Biological Diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nGlobal agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. ...
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb09
What is the process of collecting natural products?
bioprospecting
[ "Biodiversity\n\nGlobal agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. ...
570bceb66b8089140040fa4c
What can typically cause mass extinctions?
Rapid environmental changes
[ "Biodiversity\n\nRapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2...
570bceb66b8089140040fa4d
What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?
More than 99 percent
[ "Biodiversity\n\nRapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2...
570bceb66b8089140040fa4e
How many species have ever lived on earth?
over five billion species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nRapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2...
570bceb66b8089140040fa4f
How many species currently live on earth?
Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,
[ "Biodiversity\n\nRapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2...
570bceb66b8089140040fa50
What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?
50 billion tonnes
[ "Biodiversity\n\nRapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2...
570bd0036b8089140040fa56
Which era included a rapid growth period?
the Cambrian explosion
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little ov...
570bd0036b8089140040fa57
The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?
the last 540 million years
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little ov...
570bd0036b8089140040fa58
In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?
the Cambrian explosion
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little ov...
570bd0036b8089140040fa59
What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?
vertebrate diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little ov...
570bd0036b8089140040fa5a
In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?
the Permian-Triassic extinction event
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little ov...
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb18
Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?
Jared Diamond
[ "Biodiversity\n\nJared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative ...
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb19
What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?
Evil Quartet
[ "Biodiversity\n\nJared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative ...
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1a
What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?
HIPPO
[ "Biodiversity\n\nJared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative ...
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1b
What is the most authoritative classification in use today?
IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats
[ "Biodiversity\n\nJared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative ...
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1c
What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?
the World Wildlife Fund
[ "Biodiversity\n\nJared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative ...
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb28
What can threaten endemic species with extinction?
genetic pollution
[ "Biodiversity\n\nEndemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an...
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb29
What are another names for genetic pollution?
uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping
[ "Biodiversity\n\nEndemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an...
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2a
What causes genetic pollution?
either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nEndemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an...
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2b
What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?
Hybridization and introgression
[ "Biodiversity\n\nEndemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an...
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2c
What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?
The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nEndemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an...
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb32
What is the estimate age of the Earth?
about 4.54 billion years old
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in ...
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb33
What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?
the Eoarchean Era
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in ...
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb34
What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?
Hadean Eon
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in ...
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb35
Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?
Western Australia
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in ...
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb36
Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?
Western Greenland
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in ...
570bd3b26b8089140040fa70
What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?
The fossil record
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections...
570bd3b26b8089140040fa71
Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?
how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections...
570bd3b26b8089140040fa72
What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?
from 2 million to 100 million
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections...
570bd3b26b8089140040fa73
What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?
Diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections...
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb46
What are two types of Agricultural diversity?
‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nAgricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g...
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb47
What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?
Planned diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nAgricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g...
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48
What type of diversity arrives uninvited?
associated diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nAgricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g...
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb49
What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?
associated diversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nAgricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g...
570bd5e26b8089140040fa78
What is becoming an international political issue?
Biodiversity's relevance to human health
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are a...
570bd5e26b8089140040fa79
What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?
climate change
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are a...
570bd5e26b8089140040fa7a
What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?
changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are a...
570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b
What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?
those that buffer against infectious disease transmission
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are a...
570bd6f56b8089140040fa80
How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?
five major mass extinctions
[ "Biodiversity\n\nSince life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular p...
570bd6f56b8089140040fa81
When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?
the Cambrian explosion
[ "Biodiversity\n\nSince life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular p...
570bd6f56b8089140040fa82
What happened in the Carboniferous?
rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life.
[ "Biodiversity\n\nSince life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular p...
570bd6f56b8089140040fa83
When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event?
251 million years ago
[ "Biodiversity\n\nSince life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular p...
570bd6f56b8089140040fa84
How long did vertebrate recovery take?
30 million years
[ "Biodiversity\n\nSince life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular p...
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb56
What century started the increase of species invasions?
1900s
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ...
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb57
Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?
humans
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ...
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb58
What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?
zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ...
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb59
What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?
lion fish
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ...
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb68
How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
20,000 plant species
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBrazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high ...
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb69
How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
1,350 vertebrates
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBrazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high ...
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6a
Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?
Colombia
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBrazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high ...
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6b
Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?
Colombia
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBrazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high ...
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6c
What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?
Madagascar
[ "Biodiversity\n\nBrazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high ...
570bd9336b8089140040fa8a
What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?
global carrying capacity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tet...
570bd9336b8089140040fa8b
What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?
life in the sea
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tet...
570bd9336b8089140040fa8c
What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?
life on land
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tet...
570bd9336b8089140040fa8d
What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?
64 per cent
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tet...
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7c
What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?
world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFrom 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive gr...
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7d
What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?
From 1950
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFrom 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive gr...
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7e
What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?
more than 9 billion
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFrom 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive gr...
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7f
Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?
Sir David King
[ "Biodiversity\n\nFrom 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive gr...
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb84
What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?
The control of associated biodiversity
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then ...
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb85
What farms use biologically destructive pesticides
monoculture farms
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then ...
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb86
What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?
polyculture farmers
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then ...
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb87
What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?
polyculture farmers
[ "Biodiversity\n\nThe control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then ...
570bdbd46b8089140040fa92
What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?
National park and nature reserve
[ "Biodiversity\n\nNational park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is...
570bdbd46b8089140040fa93
Who selects National parks?
governments or private organizations
[ "Biodiversity\n\nNational park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is...
570bdbd46b8089140040fa94
What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?
with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation
[ "Biodiversity\n\nNational park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is...
570bdbd46b8089140040fa95
Who usually owns and manages National parks?
national or state governments
[ "Biodiversity\n\nNational park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is...
570bdbd46b8089140040fa96
What activities are prohibited in national parks?
Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals
[ "Biodiversity\n\nNational park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is...
570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb94
Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?
Sigmar Gabriel
[ "Biodiversity\n\nDuring the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Es...