id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570b8627ec8fbc190045ba63 | how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim? | up to 160 acres | [
"Great_Plains\n\nTo allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded ... |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba64 | how long did the person have to live on the land? | five years | [
"Great_Plains\n\nTo allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded ... |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba65 | when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? | 1904 | [
"Great_Plains\n\nTo allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded ... |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba66 | the dominion act was passed in what year | 1871 | [
"Great_Plains\n\nTo allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded ... |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6c | Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used? | scientific | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space... |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6d | What technology is used by night-vision devices? | active near-infrared illumination | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space... |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6e | What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds? | Infrared astronomy | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space... |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6f | What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe? | red | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space... |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba70 | What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss? | Infrared thermal-imaging cameras | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space... |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba76 | At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light? | 700 nm | [
"Infrared\n\nThe onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make ... |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba77 | What sort of light is generated by IR lasers? | near-IR | [
"Infrared\n\nThe onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make ... |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba78 | Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red? | 780 nm | [
"Infrared\n\nThe onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make ... |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba79 | Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color? | 1050 nm | [
"Infrared\n\nThe onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make ... |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba7a | What objects are notably bright in near IR? | Leaves | [
"Infrared\n\nThe onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make ... |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba80 | What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body? | emissivity | [
"Infrared\n\nThe concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared im... |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba81 | How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity? | hotter | [
"Infrared\n\nThe concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared im... |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba82 | Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly? | infrared cameras | [
"Infrared\n\nThe concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared im... |
570b909a6b8089140040f982 | What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them? | Infrared vibrational spectroscopy | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have... |
570b909a6b8089140040f983 | What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed? | it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have... |
570b909a6b8089140040f984 | What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to? | the frequencies of infrared light | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have... |
570b909a6b8089140040f985 | What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum? | the mid-infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have... |
570b91106b8089140040f98a | What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum? | infrared filters | [
"Infrared\n\nIn infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especiall... |
570b91106b8089140040f98b | What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers? | Digital cameras | [
"Infrared\n\nIn infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especiall... |
570b91106b8089140040f98c | What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation? | 'T-ray' imaging | [
"Infrared\n\nIn infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especiall... |
570b91106b8089140040f98d | What is another name for terahertz radiation? | far-infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nIn infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especiall... |
570b91106b8089140040f98e | What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging? | terahertz time-domain spectroscopy | [
"Infrared\n\nIn infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especiall... |
570b92316b8089140040f994 | What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it? | Infrared reflectography | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows... |
570b92316b8089140040f995 | What shows up particularly well in reflectograms? | carbon black | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows... |
570b92316b8089140040f996 | What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist? | pentimenti | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows... |
570b92846b8089140040f99a | Who discovered infrared radiation? | William Herschel | [
"Infrared\n\nThe discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, ... |
570b92846b8089140040f99b | In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation? | 1800 | [
"Infrared\n\nThe discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, ... |
570b92846b8089140040f99c | To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation? | the Royal Society of London | [
"Infrared\n\nThe discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, ... |
570b92846b8089140040f99d | What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared? | a prism | [
"Infrared\n\nThe discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, ... |
570b92846b8089140040f99e | What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum? | Calorific Rays | [
"Infrared\n\nThe discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, ... |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a4 | What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation? | heat radiation | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then... |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a5 | What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light? | 49% | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then... |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a6 | What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? | 8 to 25 | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then... |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a7 | Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth? | visible | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then... |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ac | What is another term for infrared homing? | Infrared tracking | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrare... |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ad | What devices make use of infrared homing? | Missiles | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrare... |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ae | What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking? | heat-seekers | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrare... |
570b93a36b8089140040f9af | Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat? | vehicle engines | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrare... |
570b93a36b8089140040f9b0 | What does IR stand for? | infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrare... |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b6 | Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high? | Cumulonimbus | [
"Infrared\n\nHigh, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such ... |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b7 | What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared? | white | [
"Infrared\n\nHigh, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such ... |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b8 | Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer? | Stratocumulus | [
"Infrared\n\nHigh, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such ... |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b9 | What color are Strarus clouds in infrared? | grey | [
"Infrared\n\nHigh, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such ... |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9ba | What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers? | 1.58–1.64 | [
"Infrared\n\nHigh, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such ... |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c0 | What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth? | water vapor in the atmosphere | [
"Infrared\n\nThe sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory a... |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c1 | To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited? | at a high altitude | [
"Infrared\n\nThe sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory a... |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c2 | Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft? | balloon | [
"Infrared\n\nThe sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory a... |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c3 | What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere? | Space telescopes | [
"Infrared\n\nThe sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory a... |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba86 | What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see? | Near-infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nNear-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical... |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba87 | Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared? | water absorption | [
"Infrared\n\nNear-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical... |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba88 | In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive? | 1,050 | [
"Infrared\n\nNear-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical... |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba89 | What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs? | 950 | [
"Infrared\n\nNear-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical... |
570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8e | What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature? | Heat | [
"Infrared\n\nHeat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission fro... |
570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8f | What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum? | thermal radiation | [
"Infrared\n\nHeat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission fro... |
570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba90 | What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum? | the solar corona | [
"Infrared\n\nHeat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission fro... |
570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba91 | The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum? | infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nHeat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission fro... |
570ba229ec8fbc190045ba96 | What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers? | 0.9–14 | [
"Infrared\n\nThermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, ther... |
570ba229ec8fbc190045ba97 | In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range? | 900–14,000 | [
"Infrared\n\nThermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, ther... |
570ba229ec8fbc190045ba98 | What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature? | the black body radiation law | [
"Infrared\n\nThermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, ther... |
570ba229ec8fbc190045ba99 | What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases? | increases | [
"Infrared\n\nThermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, ther... |
570ba229ec8fbc190045ba9a | What type of cameras see infrared radiation? | Thermographic | [
"Infrared\n\nThermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, ther... |
570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa0 | What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow? | imbedded stars | [
"Infrared\n\nThe infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Star... |
570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa1 | What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light? | protostars | [
"Infrared\n\nThe infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Star... |
570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa2 | What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light? | Stars | [
"Infrared\n\nThe infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Star... |
570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c8 | What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light? | night vision | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible l... |
570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c9 | What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into? | electrons | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible l... |
570ba2ff6b8089140040f9ca | Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light? | electrical | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible l... |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9ce | What is the IrDA? | the Infrared Data Association | [
"Infrared\n\nIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit ... |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9cf | What does the acronym LEDs stand for? | light-emitting diodes | [
"Infrared\n\nIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit ... |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d0 | What is a term for when something is switched on and off? | modulated | [
"Infrared\n\nIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit ... |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d1 | What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current? | silicon photodiode | [
"Infrared\n\nIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit ... |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d2 | Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms? | IR does not penetrate walls | [
"Infrared\n\nIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit ... |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa6 | What letter represents the index of refraction? | n | [
"Infrared\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via th... |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa7 | What letter represents the extinction Coefficient? | k | [
"Infrared\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via th... |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa8 | What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient? | Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion | [
"Infrared\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via th... |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa9 | Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures? | sidewall angle | [
"Infrared\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via th... |
570baaabec8fbc190045baaa | What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction? | light | [
"Infrared\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via th... |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab0 | What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches? | Infrared cleaning | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three... |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab1 | Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel? | green | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three... |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab2 | Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust? | scaling | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three... |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab3 | Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners? | infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nInfrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three... |
570baba0ec8fbc190045bab8 | Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun? | clouds | [
"Infrared\n\nEarth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlor... |
570baba0ec8fbc190045bab9 | After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted? | infrared | [
"Infrared\n\nEarth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlor... |
570baba0ec8fbc190045baba | Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth? | cloud droplets | [
"Infrared\n\nEarth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlor... |
570baba0ec8fbc190045babb | What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to? | greenhouse | [
"Infrared\n\nEarth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlor... |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0a | What term refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth? | Biodiversity | [
"Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organi... |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0b | What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to? | genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation | [
"Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organi... |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0c | What type of biodiversity happens near the equator? | Terrestrial biodiversity | [
"Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organi... |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0d | Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant? | It is richest in the tropics. | [
"Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organi... |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0e | Where is sea surface temperature the highest? | along coasts in the Western Pacific | [
"Biodiversity\n\nBiodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organi... |
570bc2566b8089140040fa14 | Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper? | Bruce A. Wilcox | [
"Biodiversity\n\nThis multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National ... |
570bc2566b8089140040fa15 | Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper? | International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) | [
"Biodiversity\n\nThis multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National ... |
570bc2566b8089140040fa16 | At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented? | 1982 World National Parks Conference | [
"Biodiversity\n\nThis multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National ... |
570bc2566b8089140040fa17 | What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"? | 1992 | [
"Biodiversity\n\nThis multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National ... |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1c | What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model? | the Phanerozoic | [
"Biodiversity\n\nOn the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guid... |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1d | What model is widely used in macrosociology? | hyperbolic model | [
"Biodiversity\n\nOn the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guid... |
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