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what mainly opened the great plains for settlement? | <text>what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?</text><reasoning>The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at ... |
what did the railroads make it easy to do? | <text>what did the railroads make it easy to do?</text><reasoning>The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rat... |
who did the railroads sell cheap lands to? | <text>who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?</text><reasoning>The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rat... |
who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s? | <text>who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?</text><reasoning>The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land... |
What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth? | <text>What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?</text><reasoning>The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation... |
To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited? | <text>To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?</text><reasoning>The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospher... |
Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft? | <text>Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?</text><reasoning>The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. Thi... |
What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere? | <text>What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?</text><reasoning>The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows.... |
What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers? | <text>What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?</text><reasoning>Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects base... |
In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range? | <text>In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?</text><reasoning>Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on ... |
What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature? | <text>What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?</text><reasoning>Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted b... |
What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases? | <text>What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?</text><reasoning>Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by ... |
What type of cameras see infrared radiation? | <text>What type of cameras see infrared radiation?</text><reasoning>Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatur... |
Who recorded the album School's Out? | <text>Who recorded the album School's Out?</text><reasoning>In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, a... |
Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band? | <text>Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?</text><reasoning>In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their epon... |
Who was the lead singer of Montrose? | <text>Who was the lead singer of Montrose?</text><reasoning>In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, a... |
Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year? | <text>Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?</text><reasoning>In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their e... |
Who had a hit single with "(Don't Fear) The Reaper"? | <text>Who had a hit single with "(Don't Fear) The Reaper"?</text><reasoning>In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their ep... |
What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow? | <text>What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?</text><reasoning>The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be ... |
What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light? | <text>What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?</text><reasoning>The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can ... |
What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light? | <text>What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?</text><reasoning>The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrare... |
At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light? | <text>At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?</text><reasoning>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human ey... |
What sort of light is generated by IR lasers? | <text>What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?</text><reasoning>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light ... |
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red? | <text>Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?</text><reasoning>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is marked... |
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color? | <text>Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?</text><reasoning>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defi... |
What objects are notably bright in near IR? | <text>What objects are notably bright in near IR?</text><reasoning>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light ab... |
What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine? | <text>What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?</text><reasoning>A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certi... |
What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single? | <text>What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?</text><reasoning>A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC rele... |
What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000? | <text>What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?</text><reasoning>A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and ... |
Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots? | <text>Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?</text><reasoning>A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC releas... |
What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called? | <text>What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?</text><reasoning>A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC ... |
Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high? | <text>Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?</text><reasoning>High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or bl... |
What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared? | <text>What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?</text><reasoning>High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One di... |
Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer? | <text>Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?</text><reasoning>High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. ... |
What color are Strarus clouds in infrared? | <text>What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?</text><reasoning>High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadva... |
What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers? | <text>What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?</text><reasoning>High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey o... |
What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them? | <text>What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?</text><reasoning>Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates ... |
What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed? | <text>What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?</text><reasoning>Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a freq... |
What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to? | <text>What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?</text><reasoning>Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency ch... |
What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum? | <text>What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?</text><reasoning>Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency charac... |
What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature? | <text>What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?</text><reasoning>Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is ch... |
What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum? | <text>What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?</text><reasoning>Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particu... |
What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum? | <text>What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?</text><reasoning>Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular ... |
The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum? | <text>The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?</text><reasoning>Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by ... |
What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see? | <text>What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?</text><reasoning>Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanis... |
Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared? | <text>Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?</text><reasoning>Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other d... |
In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive? | <text>In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?</text><reasoning>Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms... |
What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs? | <text>What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?</text><reasoning>Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (e... |
What letter represents the index of refraction? | <text>What letter represents the index of refraction?</text><reasoning>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and t... |
What letter represents the extinction Coefficient? | <text>What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?</text><reasoning>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) an... |
What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient? | <text>What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?</text><reasoning>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconducto... |
Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures? | <text>Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?</text><reasoning>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuri... |
What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction? | <text>What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?</text><reasoning>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of ... |
What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches? | <text>What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?</text><reasoning>Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by ... |
Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel? | <text>Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?</text><reasoning>Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrare... |
Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust? | <text>Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?</text><reasoning>Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon th... |
Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners? | <text>Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?</text><reasoning>Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works... |
Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun? | <text>Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?</text><reasoning>Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water... |
After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted? | <text>After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?</text><reasoning>Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and wa... |
Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth? | <text>Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?</text><reasoning>Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly c... |
What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to? | <text>What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?</text><reasoning>Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and wat... |
What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model? | <text>What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?</text><reasoning>On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic mod... |
What model is widely used in macrosociology? | <text>What model is widely used in macrosociology?</text><reasoning>On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter ... |
What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback? | <text>What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?</text><reasoning>On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than wit... |
What model implies a second-order positive feedback? | <text>What model implies a second-order positive feedback?</text><reasoning>On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The... |
What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity? | <text>What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?</text><reasoning>On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than ... |
Who describes the "Evil Quartet"? | <text>Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?</text><reasoning>Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-h... |
What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions? | <text>What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?</text><reasoning>Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Inv... |
What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting? | <text>What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?</text><reasoning>Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat ... |
What is the most authoritative classification in use today? | <text>What is the most authoritative classification in use today?</text><reasoning>Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human o... |
What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats? | <text>What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?</text><reasoning>Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Po... |
What did some software do to the ASCII characters? | <text>What did some software do to the ASCII characters?</text><reasoning>Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input... |
What interpretation became common in Unix systmes? | <text>What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?</text><reasoning>Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input... |
What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"? | <text>What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"?</text><reasoning>Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove ... |
who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by? | <text>who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?</text><reasoning>The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion ... |
what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of? | <text>what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?</text><reasoning>The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plai... |
how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? | <text>how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920?</text><reasoning>The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitant... |
who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893? | <text>who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?</text><reasoning>The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square ... |
how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas? | <text>how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?</text><reasoning>The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilo... |
how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return? | <text>how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?</text><reasoning>The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants ... |
What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body? | <text>What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?</text><reasoning>The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate fr... |
How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity? | <text>How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?</text><reasoning>The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the i... |
Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly? | <text>Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?</text><reasoning>The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a bl... |
What can typically cause mass extinctions? | <text>What can typically cause mass extinctions?</text><reasoning>Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from... |
What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct? | <text>What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?</text><reasoning>Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current specie... |
How many species have ever lived on earth? | <text>How many species have ever lived on earth?</text><reasoning>Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from... |
How many species currently live on earth? | <text>How many species currently live on earth?</text><reasoning>Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from ... |
What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth? | <text>What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?</text><reasoning>Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the nu... |
Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper? | <text>Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?</text><reasoning>This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature a... |
Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper? | <text>Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?</text><reasoning>This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and N... |
At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented? | <text>At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?</text><reasoning>This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of N... |
What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"? | <text>What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"?</text><reasoning>This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the C... |
When was ISO/IEC 646 published? | <text>When was ISO/IEC 646 published?</text><reasoning>From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful charac... |
What was ASCII inteded to be? | <text>What was ASCII inteded to be?</text><reasoning>From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characte... |
When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation? | <text>When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?</text><reasoning>From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common bu... |
What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points? | <text>What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?</text><reasoning>From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common... |
What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces? | <text>What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?</text><reasoning>Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, dis... |
Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner? | <text>Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?</text><reasoning>Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the T... |
What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa? | <text>What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?</text><reasoning>Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the fee... |
What species struggle to with the introduction of new species? | <text>What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?</text><reasoning>Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding ... |
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