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What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s? | <text>What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?</text><reasoning>A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, inte... |
What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? | <text>What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?</text><reasoning>As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly ... |
When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression? | <text>When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?</text><reasoning>As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. ... |
Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at? | <text>Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?</text><reasoning>As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is di... |
Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression? | <text>Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?</text><reasoning>As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is direc... |
When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute? | <text>When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?</text><reasoning>As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is direc... |
What does the MP3 compression take advantage of? | <text>What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?</text><reasoning>The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of ... |
What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as? | <text>What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?</text><reasoning>The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another t... |
Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible. | <text>Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.</text><reasoning>The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaud... |
When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer? | <text>When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?</text><reasoning>The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone o... |
The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else? | <text>The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?</text><reasoning>The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaud... |
What was first proposed in 1979? | <text>What was first proposed in 1979?</text><reasoning>The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to p... |
Which country were the researchers located in? | <text>Which country were the researchers located in?</text><reasoning>The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to pu... |
Who was the first to produce hardware for speech? | <text>Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?</text><reasoning>The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to... |
What does LPC stand for? | <text>What does LPC stand for?</text><reasoning>The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce h... |
What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications? | <text>What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?</text><reasoning>The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. K... |
In babies, what is another element impacting immune response? | <text>In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?</text><reasoning>Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is p... |
Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means? | <text>Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?</text><reasoning>Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some Ig... |
For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants? | <text>For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?</text><reasoning>Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is pro... |
At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins? | <text>At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?</text><reasoning>Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at b... |
The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what? | <text>The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?</text><reasoning>Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. ... |
What was Jonathan Sterne's profession? | <text>What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?</text><reasoning>As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".</reasoning... |
Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc? | <text>Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?</text><reasoning>As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer... |
What did the hacker use to acquire the software? | <text>What did the hacker use to acquire the software?</text><reasoning>As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".<... |
The hacker re-wrote which element of the program? | <text>The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?</text><reasoning>As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".... |
How much did the new released program by the hacker cost? | <text>How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?</text><reasoning>As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraun... |
Which website offered MP3s for free? | <text>Which website offered MP3s for free?</text><reasoning>In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible.... |
How many MP3s were offered for free by the website? | <text>How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?</text><reasoning>In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nea... |
What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s? | <text>What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?</text><reasoning>In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have... |
How did people come into possession of MP3s? | <text>How did people come into possession of MP3s?</text><reasoning>In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly imp... |
Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network? | <text>Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?</text><reasoning>In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have pr... |
As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2? | <text>As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?</text><reasoning>An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 add... |
Where was this extension developed? | <text>Where was this extension developed?</text><reasoning>An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previousl... |
The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what? | <text>The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?</text><reasoning>An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampl... |
What is not an ISO recognized standard? | <text>What is not an ISO recognized standard?</text><reasoning>An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previ... |
As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format? | <text>As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?</text><reasoning>An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds... |
Where did MP3s begin to spread? | <text>Where did MP3s begin to spread?</text><reasoning>In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by... |
Which audio player was released in 1997? | <text>Which audio player was released in 1997?</text><reasoning>In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, dev... |
Who released the audio player? | <text>Who released the audio player?</text><reasoning>In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by ... |
What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player? | <text>What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?</text><reasoning>In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid stat... |
In which country was the first portable audio player developed? | <text>In which country was the first portable audio player developed?</text><reasoning>In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital ... |
What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to? | <text>What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?</text><reasoning>Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic Cit... |
The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game? | <text>The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?</text><reasoning>Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named... |
Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City? | <text>Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?</text><reasoning>Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and... |
What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game? | <text>What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game?</text><reasoning>Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and n... |
Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to? | <text>Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?</text><reasoning>Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlan... |
What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s? | <text>What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?</text><reasoning>The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (... |
What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing? | <text>What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?</text><reasoning>The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits aga... |
Who was the target of the record companies? | <text>Who was the target of the record companies?</text><reasoning>The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was ... |
What happened to Napster? | <text>What happened to Napster?</text><reasoning>The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut do... |
What defines the compression efficiency of encoders? | <text>What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?</text><reasoning>Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Di... |
Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal? | <text>Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?</text><reasoning>Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They... |
What does CD stand for? | <text>What does CD stand for?</text><reasoning>Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as referen... |
Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references? | <text>Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?</text><reasoning>Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They ma... |
What can CD parameters be used as references for? | <text>What can CD parameters be used as references for?</text><reasoning>Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc ... |
Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements? | <text>Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?</text><reasoning>The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as any... |
What are antibodies comprised of? | <text>What are antibodies comprised of?</text><reasoning>The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generatio... |
What cells produce antibodies? | <text>What cells produce antibodies?</text><reasoning>The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation o... |
The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words? | <text>The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?</text><reasoning>The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits... |
Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens? | <text>Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?</text><reasoning>The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are de... |
Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard? | <text>Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?</text><reasoning>Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or ... |
What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as? | <text>What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?</text><reasoning>Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2... |
At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio? | <text>At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?</text><reasoning>Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-... |
Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half? | <text>Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?</text><reasoning>Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 ... |
Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what? | <text>Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?</text><reasoning>Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards co... |
What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on? | <text>What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?</text><reasoning>Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster... |
Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service? | <text>Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?</text><reasoning>Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approve... |
What kind of music is sold by these companies? | <text>What kind of music is sold by these companies?</text><reasoning>Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Naps... |
Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally? | <text>Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?</text><reasoning>Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re... |
When was the first software MP3 encoder released? | <text>When was the first software MP3 encoder released?</text><reasoning>On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time softwa... |
What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder? | <text>What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?</text><reasoning>On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time sof... |
What was the filename extension? | <text>What was the filename extension?</text><reasoning>On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player Win... |
What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player? | <text>What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?</text><reasoning>On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real... |
What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen? | <text>What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?</text><reasoning>The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, becaus... |
Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by? | <text>Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?</text><reasoning>The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their ... |
What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants? | <text>What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?</text><reasoning>The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innat... |
Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient? | <text>Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?</text><reasoning>The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both ... |
Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this? | <text>Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?</text><reasoning>The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate ... |
Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs? | <text>Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?</text><reasoning>Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infrin... |
What kind of patents were allegedly inherited? | <text>What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?</text><reasoning>Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. ... |
How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on? | <text>How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?</text><reasoning>Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing sev... |
What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages? | <text>What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?</text><reasoning>Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing ... |
How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury? | <text>How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?</text><reasoning>Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing sev... |
How many domain samples are taken during encoding? | <text>How many domain samples are taken during encoding?</text><reasoning>During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization... |
When are 192 samples taken instead of 576? | <text>When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?</text><reasoning>During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise a... |
When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what? | <text>When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?</text><reasoning>During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the ... |
What accompanies a transient? | <text>What accompanies a transient?</text><reasoning>During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying t... |
What is the most famous immune system disease? | <text>What is the most famous immune system disease?</text><reasoning>The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).</reasoning><output>... |
What kind of disease is AIDS? | <text>What kind of disease is AIDS?</text><reasoning>The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).</reasoning><output>an immunodeficien... |
Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS? | <text>Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?</text><reasoning>The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).</reasoning><output>CD... |
What virus specifically suppresses those cells? | <text>What virus specifically suppresses those cells?</text><reasoning>The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).</reasoning><output... |
Who developed the reference simulation software? | <text>Who developed the reference simulation software?</text><reasoning>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer... |
Which language was the reference simulation software written in? | <text>Which language was the reference simulation software written in?</text><reasoning>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files... |
When was the reference software approved? | <text>When was the reference software approved?</text><reasoning>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Lay... |
When did the reference software become an international standard? | <text>When did the reference software become an international standard?</text><reasoning>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio file... |
What could the reference software demonstrate? | <text>What could the reference software demonstrate?</text><reasoning>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2... |
Who gave students a test to determine their preferences? | <text>Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?</text><reasoning>A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to mus... |
Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality? | <text>Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?</text><reasoning>A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' soun... |
Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend? | <text>Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?</text><reasoning>A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' soun... |
What kind of sound did students seem to prefer? | <text>What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?</text><reasoning>A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.</reas... |
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