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What are the major organs of the immune system? | <text>What are the major organs of the immune system?</text><reasoning>Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the... |
Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system? | <text>Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?</text><reasoning>Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid o... |
How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations? | <text>How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?</text><reasoning>Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. Th... |
Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases? | <text>Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?</text><reasoning>Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. ... |
What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as? | <text>What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?</text><reasoning>The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immu... |
Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component? | <text>Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?</text><reasoning>The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune sy... |
What is one type of adaptive immune system component? | <text>What is one type of adaptive immune system component?</text><reasoning>The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system a... |
Name the other type of adaptive immune system component? | <text>Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?</text><reasoning>The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune syste... |
The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures? | <text>The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?</text><reasoning>The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive i... |
A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor? | <text>A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?</text><reasoning>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed... |
What would an example of lossy audio encoding be? | <text>What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?</text><reasoning>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits t... |
Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file? | <text>Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?</text><reasoning>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the f... |
What does the bit rate of the file actually mean? | <text>What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?</text><reasoning>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits t... |
If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what? | <text>If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?</text><reasoning>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specif... |
Which two fields of study are associated with immunology? | <text>Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?</text><reasoning>Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens i... |
Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another? | <text>Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?</text><reasoning>Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athen... |
When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body? | <text>When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?</text><reasoning>Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the p... |
Which Greek historian made that notation? | <text>Which Greek historian made that notation?</text><reasoning>Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucy... |
When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory? | <text>When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?</text><reasoning>Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague ... |
In general, what does immunology study? | <text>In general, what does immunology study?</text><reasoning>Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the imm... |
Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being? | <text>Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?</text><reasoning>Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of bot... |
Name three types of immunological disorders? | <text>Name three types of immunological disorders?</text><reasoning>Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of th... |
Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence? | <text>Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?</text><reasoning>Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and ... |
What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications? | <text>What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?</text><reasoning>Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both healt... |
What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III? | <text>What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?</text><reasoning>MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de fac... |
What kind of audio is the coding format for? | <text>What kind of audio is the coding format for?</text><reasoning>MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto stan... |
Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? | <text>Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?</text><reasoning>MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well a... |
What does MP3 use to format it's data? | <text>What does MP3 use to format it's data?</text><reasoning>MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard o... |
Where will MP3 files most commonly be found? | <text>Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?</text><reasoning>MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto stan... |
What does the compression target in the song? | <text>What does the compression target in the song?</text><reasoning>The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to disc... |
The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people? | <text>The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?</text><reasoning>The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It... |
What is this method commonly referred to as? | <text>What is this method commonly referred to as?</text><reasoning>The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to disca... |
What kind of model is used in this kind of compression? | <text>What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?</text><reasoning>The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic mode... |
These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing? | <text>These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?</text><reasoning>The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as p... |
What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study? | <text>What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?</text><reasoning>Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as ... |
Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study? | <text>Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?</text><reasoning>Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for grad... |
The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings? | <text>The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?</text><reasoning>Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for gradu... |
The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what? | <text>The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?</text><reasoning>Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduat... |
What two conditions apply to good immunological study? | <text>What two conditions apply to good immunological study?</text><reasoning>Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for gra... |
The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as? | <text>The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?</text><reasoning>Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. Th... |
What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology? | <text>What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?</text><reasoning>Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. Th... |
Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses? | <text>Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?</text><reasoning>Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the... |
Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what? | <text>Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?</text><reasoning>Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the pr... |
Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside? | <text>Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?</text><reasoning>Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth... |
Who designed MP3? | <text>Who designed MP3?</text><reasoning>MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, ... |
What was the first standard that this group had? | <text>What was the first standard that this group had?</text><reasoning>MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, A... |
The first standard later developed into which standard? | <text>The first standard later developed into which standard?</text><reasoning>MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hann... |
When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard? | <text>When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?</text><reasoning>MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, Uni... |
When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published? | <text>When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?</text><reasoning>MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell... |
Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what? | <text>Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?</text><reasoning>In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part ... |
Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | <text>Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?</text><reasoning>In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part... |
What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have? | <text>What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?</text><reasoning>In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and... |
How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree? | <text>How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?</text><reasoning>In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a cli... |
What program requires an additional two years of study? | <text>What program requires an additional two years of study?</text><reasoning>In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinic... |
Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters? | <text>Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?</text><reasoning>Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer ... |
What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai? | <text>What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?</text><reasoning>Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Al... |
AAI immunology courses include what two components? | <text>AAI immunology courses include what two components?</text><reasoning>Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany M... |
What does the introductory AAI immunology course do? | <text>What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?</text><reasoning>Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany ... |
The Langone Medical Center is part of what college? | <text>The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?</text><reasoning>Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany M... |
How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them? | <text>How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?</text><reasoning>There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families... |
How many households were there in Atlantic City? | <text>How many households were there in Atlantic City?</text><reasoning>There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all househo... |
How many households were made up of individuals? | <text>How many households were made up of individuals?</text><reasoning>There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all househo... |
What was the average household size in Atlantic City? | <text>What was the average household size in Atlantic City?</text><reasoning>There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all ho... |
What was the average family size in Atlantic City? | <text>What was the average family size in Atlantic City?</text><reasoning>There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all house... |
What was the name given to the proposal? | <text>What was the name given to the proposal?</text><reasoning>ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.</reasoning><output>ASPEC</output> |
What did the joint proposal provide? | <text>What did the joint proposal provide?</text><reasoning>ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.</reasoning><output>the highest coding efficiency</output> |
Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal? | <text>Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?</text><reasoning>ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.</reasoning><output>AT&T Be... |
What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio? | <text>What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?</text><reasoning>The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for mos... |
What kind of compression is used? | <text>What kind of compression is used?</text><reasoning>The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setti... |
If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD? | <text>If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?</text><reasoning>The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for mo... |
How many total bit/s would a CD have? | <text>How many total bit/s would a CD have?</text><reasoning>The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the s... |
How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have? | <text>How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?</text><reasoning>The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file ... |
When were the algorithms approved? | <text>When were the algorithms approved?</text><reasoning>All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in... |
When were the approved algorithms finalized? | <text>When were the approved algorithms finalized?</text><reasoning>All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), pu... |
What was the first started suite by MPEG? | <text>What was the first started suite by MPEG?</text><reasoning>All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), publi... |
What was the official name of the internation standard? | <text>What was the official name of the internation standard?</text><reasoning>All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 ... |
When was the international standard published? | <text>When was the international standard published?</text><reasoning>All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), ... |
What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II? | <text>What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?</text><reasoning>Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Unde... |
Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard? | <text>Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?</text><reasoning>Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the ... |
Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I? | <text>Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?</text><reasoning>Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under th... |
Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II? | <text>Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?</text><reasoning>Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under t... |
What does OCF stand for? | <text>What does OCF stand for?</text><reasoning>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPE... |
What does PXFM stand for? | <text>What does PXFM stand for?</text><reasoning>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MP... |
What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into? | <text>What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?</text><reasoning>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merg... |
Which competition did ASPEC win? | <text>Which competition did ASPEC win?</text><reasoning>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitte... |
What was the first practical implementation based on? | <text>What was the first practical implementation based on?</text><reasoning>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPE... |
What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology? | <text>What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?</text><reasoning>In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is trig... |
What triggers an immune response according to CST? | <text>What triggers an immune response according to CST?</text><reasoning>In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/no... |
In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response? | <text>In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?</text><reasoning>In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/... |
What property of T cells caused modification of CST? | <text>What property of T cells caused modification of CST?</text><reasoning>In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/... |
When was clonal selection theory first proposed? | <text>When was clonal selection theory first proposed?</text><reasoning>In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nons... |
What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3? | <text>What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?</text><reasoning>The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it... |
Who was the artist of the first song used? | <text>Who was the artist of the first song used?</text><reasoning>The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely... |
Who adjusted the song? | <text>Who adjusted the song?</text><reasoning>The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety... |
The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? | <text>The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?</text><reasoning>The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure... |
What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve? | <text>What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?</text><reasoning>The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, maki... |
What did the working group integrate their ideas with? | <text>What did the working group integrate their ideas with?</text><reasoning>A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, int... |
Where was the filter bank taken from? | <text>Where was the filter bank taken from?</text><reasoning>A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filte... |
What did the working group take ideas from? | <text>What did the working group take ideas from?</text><reasoning>A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the... |
What did the working group eventually create? | <text>What did the working group eventually create?</text><reasoning>A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated t... |
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