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How many million people died from the Black Death?	<text>How many million people died from the Black Death?</text><reasoning>These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were e...
What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?	<text>What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?</text><reasoning>These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. To...
What English popular revolt took place during this period?	<text>What English popular revolt took place during this period?</text><reasoning>These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Town...
What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?	<text>What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?</text><reasoning>These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were espe...
When was the first known use of the word "computer"?	<text>When was the first known use of the word "computer"?</text><reasoning>The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy ...
In which book, was the term "computer" first used?	<text>In which book, was the term "computer" first used?</text><reasoning>The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy da...
Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?	<text>Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?</text><reasoning>The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth ...
From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?	<text>From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?</text><reasoning>The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician t...
What was replaced by the spinning wheel?	<text>What was replaced by the spinning wheel?</text><reasoning>In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still...
What invention replaced laces on clothing?	<text>What invention replaced laces on clothing?</text><reasoning>In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that sti...
What new type of windmill was invented in this period?	<text>What new type of windmill was invented in this period?</text><reasoning>In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinem...
In what country did the blast furnace first appear?	<text>In what country did the blast furnace first appear?</text><reasoning>In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement...
Where did patent law originate?	<text>Where did patent law originate?</text><reasoning>In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly ...
Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?	<text>Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?</text><reasoning>Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text o...
In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?	<text>In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?</text><reasoning>Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the...
Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?	<text>Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?</text><reasoning>Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to t...
What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?	<text>What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?</text><reasoning>Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access t...
How did Jan Hus die?	<text>How did Jan Hus die?</text><reasoning>Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as wel...
What is Edward Grant a historian of?	<text>What is Edward Grant a historian of?</text><reasoning>Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradit...
Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?	<text>Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?</text><reasoning>Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made po...
According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?	<text>According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?</text><reasoning>Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18t...
Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?	<text>Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?</text><reasoning>In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the A...
What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?	<text>What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?</text><reasoning>In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, th...
What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?	<text>What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?</text><reasoning>In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cap...
What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?	<text>What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?</text><reasoning>In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cap...
What English monarch financed John Cabot?	<text>What English monarch financed John Cabot?</text><reasoning>In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verd...
Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?	<text>Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries w...
What troops were uniquely successful in English service?	<text>What troops were uniquely successful in English service?</text><reasoning>One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the sa...
What influenced the increasing development of armor?	<text>What influenced the increasing development of armor?</text><reasoning>One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same s...
What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?	<text>What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?</text><reasoning>One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the s...
Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?	<text>Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?</text><reasoning>One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forc...
Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?	<text>Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?</text><reasoning>In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland,...
During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?	<text>During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?</text><reasoning>In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hun...
What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?	<text>What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?</text><reasoning>In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerf...
What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?	<text>What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?</text><reasoning>In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerf...
Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?	<text>Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?</text><reasoning>In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Pola...
What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?	<text>What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salia...
What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?	<text>What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?</text><reasoning>During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who fam...
The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?	<text>The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?</text><reasoning>During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced ...
What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?	<text>What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?</text><reasoning>During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salia...