text stringlengths 1 717 | output stringlengths 116 17.8k |
|---|---|
Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor? | <text>Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?</text><reasoning>During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract... |
In what type of settlement did most Jews live? | <text>In what type of settlement did most Jews live?</text><reasoning>Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to conv... |
In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England? | <text>In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?</text><reasoning>Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pr... |
What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to? | <text>What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?</text><reasoning>Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing p... |
In what part of Europe did the Slavs live? | <text>In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?</text><reasoning>Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert ... |
What was the religion of the Slavs? | <text>What was the religion of the Slavs?</text><reasoning>Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Chri... |
What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages? | <text>What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the ... |
Who was the pioneer of cenobitism? | <text>Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?</text><reasoning>The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on c... |
Who composed the Benedictine Rule? | <text>Who composed the Benedictine Rule?</text><reasoning>The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on c... |
From what part of England did Bede come? | <text>From what part of England did Bede come?</text><reasoning>The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuse... |
What was the title of the leader of a monastery? | <text>What was the title of the leader of a monastery?</text><reasoning>The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type tha... |
What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy? | <text>What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?</text><reasoning>The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of ... |
What type of clergy were monks? | <text>What type of clergy were monks?</text><reasoning>The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than... |
What percentage of the European population consisted of monks? | <text>What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?</text><reasoning>The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of th... |
What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from? | <text>What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?</text><reasoning>The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion ... |
From what class were many parish priests? | <text>From what class were many parish priests?</text><reasoning>The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually... |
The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era? | <text>The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?</text><reasoning>The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Car... |
What region raised a militia army called the fyrd? | <text>What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?</text><reasoning>The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Althou... |
What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages? | <text>What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingia... |
Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period? | <text>Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?</text><reasoning>The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined... |
Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages? | <text>Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free populatio... |
What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347? | <text>What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decl... |
About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000? | <text>About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniq... |
During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants? | <text>During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain uncle... |
Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live? | <text>Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural t... |
What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands? | <text>What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: impro... |
What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin? | <text>What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?</text><reasoning>Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements ... |
Of what dynasty was Otto I a member? | <text>Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?</text><reasoning>Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in No... |
What group did Otto I defeat? | <text>What group did Otto I defeat?</text><reasoning>Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbr... |
In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor? | <text>In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?</text><reasoning>Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish set... |
In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary? | <text>In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?</text><reasoning>Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a m... |
What were castles originally built out of? | <text>What were castles originally built out of?</text><reasoning>Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor... |
What group constituted the lowest nobility? | <text>What group constituted the lowest nobility?</text><reasoning>Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a mano... |
In what century were castles first built? | <text>In what century were castles first built?</text><reasoning>Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor ... |
What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages? | <text>What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending ... |
When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended? | <text>When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended?</text><reasoning>The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on t... |
In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople? | <text>In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople?</text><reasoning>The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the contex... |
When did Ferdinand II die? | <text>When did Ferdinand II die?</text><reasoning>The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christ... |
Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member? | <text>Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member?</text><reasoning>In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a unifor... |
During what period did Constantine VII reign? | <text>During what period did Constantine VII reign?</text><reasoning>In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of... |
During what century did John Geometres flourish? | <text>During what century did John Geometres flourish?</text><reasoning>In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension... |
In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded? | <text>In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?</text><reasoning>In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension... |
What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims? | <text>What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?</text><reasoning>In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christia... |
How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150? | <text>How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?</text><reasoning>In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north h... |
Along with León, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150? | <text>Along with León, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?</text><reasoning>In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconqu... |
What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031? | <text>What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?</text><reasoning>In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coal... |
What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s? | <text>What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?</text><reasoning>In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had co... |
Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called? | <text>Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?</text><reasoning>Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and... |
Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309? | <text>Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?</text><reasoning>Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers to... |
What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades? | <text>What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?</text><reasoning>Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars a... |
In what century did the Northern Crusades begin? | <text>In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?</text><reasoning>Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took ... |
What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades? | <text>What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?</text><reasoning>Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers too... |
When did the Hundred Years' War begin? | <text>When did the Hundred Years' War begin?</text><reasoning>Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to t... |
What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward? | <text>What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?</text><reasoning>Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, l... |
Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French? | <text>Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?</text><reasoning>Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the ... |
What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc? | <text>What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?</text><reasoning>Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leadi... |
Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries? | <text>Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?</text><reasoning>In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of t... |
What was invented in approximately 1286? | <text>What was invented in approximately 1286?</text><reasoning>In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of... |
Near what city were concave spectacles invented? | <text>Near what city were concave spectacles invented?</text><reasoning>In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and th... |
Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common? | <text>Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?</text><reasoning>Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and... |
What is a notable cross made during this era? | <text>What is a notable cross made during this era?</text><reasoning>Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced ... |
Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire? | <text>Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?</text><reasoning>Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzant... |
What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold? | <text>What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?</text><reasoning>Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine ar... |
Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found? | <text>Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?</text><reasoning>Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced... |
What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on? | <text>What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?</text><reasoning>In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered int... |
Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic? | <text>Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?</text><reasoning>In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shore... |
Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo? | <text>Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?</text><reasoning>In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreemen... |
What accounting method was utilized in this period? | <text>What accounting method was utilized in this period?</text><reasoning>In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entere... |
In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced? | <text>In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?</text><reasoning>In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entere... |
Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages? | <text>Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms ... |
Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary? | <text>Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their... |
Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages? | <text>Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New... |
In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary? | <text>In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland,... |
What is another name for canon law? | <text>What is another name for canon law?</text><reasoning>Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by... |
What is another name for Roman law? | <text>What is another name for Roman law?</text><reasoning>Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by... |
Where could one study Roman law in 1100? | <text>Where could one study Roman law in 1100?</text><reasoning>Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, a... |
In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered? | <text>In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?</text><reasoning>Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in t... |
Who wrote the Decretum? | <text>Who wrote the Decretum?</text><reasoning>Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman ... |
What pope launched the First crusade? | <text>What pope launched the First crusade?</text><reasoning>The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for ai... |
At what gathering was the First Crusade preached? | <text>At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?</text><reasoning>The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–... |
In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed? | <text>In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?</text><reasoning>The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–111... |
What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade? | <text>What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?</text><reasoning>The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alex... |
In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem? | <text>In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?</text><reasoning>The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081... |
What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system? | <text>What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?</text><reasoning>The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase ... |
What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system? | <text>What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?</text><reasoning>The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase ... |
What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow? | <text>What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?</text><reasoning>The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in pr... |
What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils? | <text>What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?</text><reasoning>The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent in... |
In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen? | <text>In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?</text><reasoning>The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent incre... |
When was the phoneme as a concept introduced? | <text>When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?</text><reasoning>The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He... |
Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student? | <text>Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?</text><reasoning>The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He ... |
What nationality was de Courtenay? | <text>What nationality was de Courtenay?</text><reasoning>The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worke... |
What was de Courtenay's profession? | <text>What was de Courtenay's profession?</text><reasoning>The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also work... |
Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay? | <text>Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?</text><reasoning>The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology... |
During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia? | <text>During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?</text><reasoning>In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and cap... |
In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought? | <text>In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?</text><reasoning>In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured th... |
Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert? | <text>Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?</text><reasoning>In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured... |
Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks? | <text>Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?</text><reasoning>In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzant... |
During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia? | <text>During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?</text><reasoning>In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and cap... |
What was the purpose of the Third Crusade? | <text>What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?</text><reasoning>The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades... |
Who took Jerusalem in 1187? | <text>Who took Jerusalem in 1187?</text><reasoning>The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the T... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.