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In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur? | <text>In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?</text><reasoning>The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades... |
What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade? | <text>What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?</text><reasoning>The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to furthe... |
After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside? | <text>After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?</text><reasoning>The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to... |
Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period? | <text>Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?</text><reasoning>The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, a... |
What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships? | <text>What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?</text><reasoning>The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding i... |
What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period? | <text>What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?</text><reasoning>The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the us... |
What type of rudder was introduced during this period? | <text>What type of rudder was introduced during this period?</text><reasoning>The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use o... |
What type of sails were first used during this era? | <text>What type of sails were first used during this era?</text><reasoning>The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of t... |
What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to? | <text>What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?</text><reasoning>An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.</reasoning><output>phonological theory</output> |
What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology? | <text>What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?</text><reasoning>An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.</reasoning><output>synchronic and diachronic accounts</output> |
When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being? | <text>When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?</text><reasoning>An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.</reasoning><output>recent years.</output> |
What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take? | <text>What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?</text><reasoning>An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.</reasoning><output>integrated</output> |
What followed government phonology? | <text>What followed government phonology?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>strict-CV phonology</output> |
Where is government phonology popular? | <text>Where is government phonology popular?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>the United Kingdom,</output> |
What theory is seen more in the US? | <text>What theory is seen more in the US?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>optimality theory</output> |
What language does phonology as a word come from? | <text>What language does phonology as a word come from?</text><reasoning>The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939... |
What Greek word is -logy derived from? | <text>What Greek word is -logy derived from?</text><reasoning>The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines p... |
Who in 1939 defined phonology? | <text>Who in 1939 defined phonology?</text><reasoning>The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology... |
A distinction was drawn between language and what? | <text>A distinction was drawn between language and what?</text><reasoning>The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (193... |
When did Lass write about phonology? | <text>When did Lass write about phonology?</text><reasoning>The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines pho... |
Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops? | <text>Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?</text><reasoning>During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form o... |
What form of art had the most prestige in this era? | <text>What form of art had the most prestige in this era?</text><reasoning>During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of dev... |
When did Giotto die? | <text>When did Giotto die?</text><reasoning>During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Me... |
What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period? | <text>What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?</text><reasoning>During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as ... |
Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period? | <text>Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?</text><reasoning>During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours d... |
In what century was thought given to monastic reform? | <text>In what century was thought given to monastic reform?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was est... |
In what year was Cluny Abbey founded? | <text>In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part... |
In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded? | <text>In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was establish... |
Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for? | <text>Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was e... |
What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny? | <text>What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was establish... |
When was Government phonology first seen? | <text>When was Government phonology first seen?</text><reasoning>Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to the... |
What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology? | <text>What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?</text><reasoning>Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follo... |
Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology? | <text>Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?</text><reasoning>Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and... |
In what years did the Great Famine occur? | <text>In what years did the Great Famine occur?</text><reasoning>The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable w... |
What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures? | <text>What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?</text><reasoning>The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left th... |
What period preceded the Little Ice Age? | <text>What period preceded the Little Ice Age?</text><reasoning>The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable wh... |
Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe? | <text>Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?</text><reasoning>The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the popula... |
In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease? | <text>In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?</text><reasoning>The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left... |
Who was a noted figure in Mosan art? | <text>Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?</text><reasoning>Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasti... |
What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun? | <text>What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?</text><reasoning>Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège,... |
On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted? | <text>On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?</text><reasoning>Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such ... |
Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe? | <text>Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?</text><reasoning>Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style i... |
What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester? | <text>What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?</text><reasoning>Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a fo... |
Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066? | <text>Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?</text><reasoning>Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 ... |
During what period did William reign over England? | <text>During what period did William reign over England?</text><reasoning>Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Norma... |
When did Robert Guiscard die? | <text>When did Robert Guiscard die?</text><reasoning>Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 unde... |
What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard? | <text>What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?</text><reasoning>Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Du... |
To what dynasty did Henry II belong? | <text>To what dynasty did Henry II belong?</text><reasoning>Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 10... |
Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century? | <text>Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?</text><reasoning>In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humi... |
What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders? | <text>What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?</text><reasoning>In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to retur... |
How did the mendicant orders make a living? | <text>How did the mendicant orders make a living?</text><reasoning>In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the... |
What was the crusade against the Cathars called? | <text>What was the crusade against the Cathars called?</text><reasoning>In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return t... |
Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period? | <text>Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?</text><reasoning>In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Walden... |
Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula? | <text>Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?</text><reasoning>Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The ... |
Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period? | <text>Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?</text><reasoning>Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengt... |
What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation? | <text>What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?</text><reasoning>Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the ... |
What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament? | <text>What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?</text><reasoning>Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the per... |
What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era? | <text>What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?</text><reasoning>Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period s... |
In what century was Romanesque architecture first used? | <text>In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?</text><reasoning>In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildi... |
What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France? | <text>What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?</text><reasoning>In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman br... |
Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era? | <text>Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?</text><reasoning>In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman br... |
What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century? | <text>What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?</text><reasoning>In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick a... |
Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur? | <text>Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?</text><reasoning>In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick a... |
In what year were the Jews expelled from England? | <text>In what year were the Jews expelled from England?</text><reasoning>Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492... |
What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community? | <text>What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?</text><reasoning>Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spa... |
Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to? | <text>Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?</text><reasoning>Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled... |
In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain? | <text>In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?</text><reasoning>Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and ... |
Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to? | <text>Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?</text><reasoning>Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews we... |
What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to? | <text>What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Ciste... |
When did Bernard of Clairvaux die? | <text>When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter es... |
Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era? | <text>Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians ... |
Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages? | <text>Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New mon... |
Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages? | <text>Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, includ... |
During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur? | <text>During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Contro... |
What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy? | <text>What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controvers... |
In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to? | <text>In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in... |
What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of? | <text>What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?</text><reasoning>Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investi... |
During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur? | <text>During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?</text><reasoning>During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great ... |
What is another term for the Avignon Papacy? | <text>What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?</text><reasoning>During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Sch... |
When did the Great Schism end? | <text>When did the Great Schism end?</text><reasoning>During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting f... |
How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance? | <text>How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?</text><reasoning>During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), ... |
Who was made pope in 1417? | <text>Who was made pope in 1417?</text><reasoning>During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from ... |
Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers? | <text>Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?</text><reasoning>Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile dev... |
How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers? | <text>How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?</text><reasoning>Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers... |
By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs? | <text>By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?</text><reasoning>Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although ser... |
At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs? | <text>At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?</text><reasoning>Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdo... |
In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period? | <text>In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?</text><reasoning>Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Weste... |
Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period? | <text>Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?</text><reasoning>Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Al... |
What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period? | <text>What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?</text><reasoning>Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined... |
What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to? | <text>What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?</text><reasoning>During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Pl... |
Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by? | <text>Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?</text><reasoning>During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts un... |
What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law? | <text>What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?</text><reasoning>During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the ... |
Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages? | <text>Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?</text><reasoning>During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Th... |
What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus? | <text>What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?</text><reasoning>During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their ef... |
Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261? | <text>Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?</text><reasoning>Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peni... |
Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands? | <text>Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?</text><reasoning>Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. T... |
What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia? | <text>What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?</text><reasoning>Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula ne... |
In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans? | <text>In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?</text><reasoning>Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsu... |
Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo? | <text>Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?</text><reasoning>Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constanti... |
When did the Black Death start? | <text>When did the Black Death start?</text><reasoning>These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit ... |
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