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When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions? | <text>When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions?</text><reasoning>The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative p... |
What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople? | <text>What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople?</text><reasoning>The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative prom... |
During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete? | <text>During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete?</text><reasoning>The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative pr... |
What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible? | <text>What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?</text><reasoning>In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important,... |
In what year did Jerome die? | <text>In what year did Jerome die?</text><reasoning>In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical s... |
In what century did Gregory of Tours live? | <text>In what century did Gregory of Tours live?</text><reasoning>In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became... |
Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century? | <text>Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?</text><reasoning>In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, an... |
When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris? | <text>When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?</text><reasoning>In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it becam... |
In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place? | <text>In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?</text><reasoning>The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe wa... |
What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad? | <text>What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?</text><reasoning>The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the ove... |
What was the capital of the Abbasid state? | <text>What was the capital of the Abbasid state?</text><reasoning>The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the ove... |
What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period? | <text>What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?</text><reasoning>The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overt... |
What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces? | <text>What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?</text><reasoning>The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Euro... |
Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history? | <text>Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?</text><reasoning>The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.</reasoning><o... |
How many major periods is European history divided into? | <text>How many major periods is European history divided into?</text><reasoning>The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.</reasoning><output>three</output> |
What is another name for Antiquity? | <text>What is another name for Antiquity?</text><reasoning>The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.</reasoning><output>classical civilisation</output> |
What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period? | <text>What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?</text><reasoning>Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entou... |
Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite? | <text>Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?</text><reasoning>Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supporte... |
Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value? | <text>Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?</text><reasoning>Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entou... |
In what society did women have status as abbesses? | <text>In what society did women have status as abbesses?</text><reasoning>Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fig... |
In what country did Gregory of Tours live? | <text>In what country did Gregory of Tours live?</text><reasoning>Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters wh... |
How many people might live in a large peasant settlement? | <text>How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?</text><reasoning>Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the... |
What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat? | <text>What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?</text><reasoning>Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century.... |
In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear? | <text>In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?</text><reasoning>Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th centur... |
Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from? | <text>Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?</text><reasoning>Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life rem... |
What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era? | <text>What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?</text><reasoning>Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th centu... |
What language was used by the eastern church? | <text>What language was used by the eastern church?</text><reasoning>Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practice... |
What language did the western church use? | <text>What language did the western church use?</text><reasoning>Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, a... |
When did the eastern and western churches split? | <text>When did the eastern and western churches split?</text><reasoning>Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, pract... |
Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split? | <text>Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?</text><reasoning>Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in lang... |
What was the eastern church subsequently known as? | <text>What was the eastern church subsequently known as?</text><reasoning>Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, pra... |
In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy? | <text>In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?</text><reasoning>Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co... |
What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy? | <text>What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?</text><reasoning>Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-... |
Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436? | <text>Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?</text><reasoning>Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operat... |
In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle? | <text>In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?</text><reasoning>Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-... |
Who was the first notable king of the Franks? | <text>Who was the first notable king of the Franks?</text><reasoning>Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-opera... |
When did Aspar die? | <text>When did Aspar die?</text><reasoning>The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such ... |
What year saw the death of Gundobad? | <text>What year saw the death of Gundobad?</text><reasoning>The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into ... |
What notable Roman figure died in 408? | <text>What notable Roman figure died in 408?</text><reasoning>The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples int... |
The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms? | <text>The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?</text><reasoning>The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not ju... |
Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies? | <text>Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?</text><reasoning>The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions b... |
In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire? | <text>In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire?</text><reasoning>In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the si... |
Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire? | <text>Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire?</text><reasoning>In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situ... |
In what province did the Ostrogoths settle? | <text>In what province did the Ostrogoths settle?</text><reasoning>In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ost... |
At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed? | <text>At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?</text><reasoning>In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the O... |
When did the Battle of Adrianople occur? | <text>When did the Battle of Adrianople occur?</text><reasoning>In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ostrog... |
About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy? | <text>About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?</text><reasoning>The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for rel... |
In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence? | <text>In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?</text><reasoning>The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political... |
When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain? | <text>When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?</text><reasoning>The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership.... |
When did Columbanus die? | <text>When did Columbanus die?</text><reasoning>The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior ... |
When were the Constantinian basilicas built? | <text>When were the Constantinian basilicas built?</text><reasoning>Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire r... |
In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed? | <text>In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?</text><reasoning>Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th centu... |
What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use? | <text>What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?</text><reasoning>Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th cent... |
What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica? | <text>What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?</text><reasoning>Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Caroling... |
How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave? | <text>How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?</text><reasoning>Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingi... |
In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end? | <text>In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?</text><reasoning>As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern secti... |
In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies? | <text>In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?</text><reasoning>As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section... |
Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place? | <text>Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?</text><reasoning>As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section ... |
What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code? | <text>What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?</text><reasoning>As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; mos... |
Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled? | <text>Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?</text><reasoning>As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empi... |
Where was Charlemagne's court based? | <text>Where was Charlemagne's court based?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The E... |
What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne? | <text>What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgi... |
Of what ethnicity was Alcuin? | <text>Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English ... |
In what year did Alcuin die? | <text>In what year did Alcuin die?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English m... |
What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as? | <text>What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and script... |
Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries? | <text>Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?</text><reasoning>Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converte... |
Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople? | <text>Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?</text><reasoning>Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christian... |
Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period? | <text>Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?</text><reasoning>Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Chri... |
Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period? | <text>Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?</text><reasoning>Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Som... |
How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last? | <text>How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?</text><reasoning>A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the ... |
Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom? | <text>Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?</text><reasoning>A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in contr... |
In what modern country were Louis the German's lands? | <text>In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?</text><reasoning>A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in contro... |
In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands? | <text>In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?</text><reasoning>A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in contro... |
When did Louis the Child die? | <text>When did Louis the Child die?</text><reasoning>A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eas... |
What group settled in Iceland during this period? | <text>What group settled in Iceland during this period?</text><reasoning>The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. I... |
Who was king of the Franks in 899? | <text>Who was king of the Franks in 899?</text><reasoning>The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viki... |
What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld? | <text>What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?</text><reasoning>The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. ... |
In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur? | <text>In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?</text><reasoning>The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 9... |
Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813? | <text>Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis ... |
How long did Louis the Pious reign? | <text>How long did Louis the Pious reign?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his suc... |
Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious? | <text>Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his ... |
Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious? | <text>Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?</text><reasoning>Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as ... |
What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel? | <text>What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?</text><reasoning>The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, a... |
In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria? | <text>In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?</text><reasoning>The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and ... |
Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia? | <text>Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?</text><reasoning>The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and g... |
Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin? | <text>Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?</text><reasoning>The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained,... |
On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title? | <text>On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?</text><reasoning>The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the we... |
Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire? | <text>Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?</text><reasoning>The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by... |
About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire? | <text>About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?</text><reasoning>The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the w... |
In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live? | <text>In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?</text><reasoning>The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously con... |
Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade? | <text>Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?</text><reasoning>The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously con... |
Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom? | <text>Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?</text><reasoning>The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from C... |
What dynasty ruled Neustria? | <text>What dynasty ruled Neustria?</text><reasoning>The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between A... |
From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry? | <text>From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?</text><reasoning>The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th cent... |
What was the title of Pippin? | <text>What was the title of Pippin?</text><reasoning>The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between ... |
What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers? | <text>What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?</text><reasoning>The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous... |
What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies? | <text>What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?</text><reasoning>During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-ty... |
What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of? | <text>What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?</text><reasoning>During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract... |
What Scythian weapon was used during this era? | <text>What Scythian weapon was used during this era?</text><reasoning>During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldier... |
What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow? | <text>What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?</text><reasoning>During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldi... |
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