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The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?	<text>The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?</text><reasoning>In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoma...
When was the London Review?	<text>When was the London Review?</text><reasoning>For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:</reasoning><output>1861</output>
Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?	<text>Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?</text><reasoning>For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:</reasoning><output>The London Review of 1861</output>
Who wrote The London Review of 1861?	<text>Who wrote The London Review of 1861?</text><reasoning>For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:</reasoning><output>(Telford and Barber</output>
When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?	<text>When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?</text><reasoning>By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of appr...
What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?	<text>What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?</text><reasoning>By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of ...
China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?	<text>China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?</text><reasoning>By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as disto...
What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?	<text>What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?</text><reasoning>By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was ev...
What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?	<text>What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?</text><reasoning>By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the la...
Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?	<text>Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?</text><reasoning>The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the ...
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?	<text>The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?</text><reasoning>The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pal...
What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?	<text>What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?</text><reasoning>The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan...
Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?	<text>Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?</text><reasoning>The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an expos...
The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?	<text>The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?</text><reasoning>The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of...
What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?	<text>What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?</text><reasoning>The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contra...
Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?	<text>Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?</text><reasoning>In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and functio...
What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?	<text>What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?</text><reasoning>Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at it...
Where were the piratical kingdoms from?	<text>Where were the piratical kingdoms from?</text><reasoning>Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included be...
Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?	<text>Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?</text><reasoning>Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was...
What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?	<text>What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?</text><reasoning>Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was ...
The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"	<text>The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"</text><reasoning>Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part ...
What has pleased western historians?	<text>What has pleased western historians?</text><reasoning>It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginnin...
What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?	<text>What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?</text><reasoning>It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "...
What was the Ottoman Empire created from?	<text>What was the Ottoman Empire created from?</text><reasoning>It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beg...
How did the last Roman emperor die?	<text>How did the last Roman emperor die?</text><reasoning>It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning...
Where was the Roman emperor's capital?	<text>Where was the Roman emperor's capital?</text><reasoning>It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginn...
What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?	<text>What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?</text><reasoning>Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times w...
What was said must represent usage by that administration?	<text>What was said must represent usage by that administration?</text><reasoning>Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was c...
Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?	<text>Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?</text><reasoning>Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter t...
When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?	<text>When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?</text><reasoning>In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meado...
Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?	<text>Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?</text><reasoning>In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the sugg...
What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?	<text>What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?</text><reasoning>In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion b...
How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?	<text>How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?</text><reasoning>The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at th...
The Balkan states were primarily what religion?	<text>The Balkan states were primarily what religion?</text><reasoning>The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the A...
When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?	<text>When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?</text><reasoning>The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Ar...
What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?	<text>What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?</text><reasoning>The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Otto...
What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?	<text>What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?</text><reasoning>The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans str...
What region was explicitly excluded?	<text>What region was explicitly excluded?</text><reasoning>The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.</reasoning><output>India</o...
What region has no mention?	<text>What region has no mention?</text><reasoning>The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.</reasoning><output>the Balkans</outp...
Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?	<text>Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?</text><reasoning>The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatol...