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Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history? | <text>Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?</text><reasoning>The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the ... |
Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain? | <text>Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?</text><reasoning>The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the... |
When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published? | <text>When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?</text><reasoning>The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept... |
The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what? | <text>The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?</text><reasoning>The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties o... |
What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another? | <text>What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?</text><reasoning>The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of ... |
People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what? | <text>People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?</text><reasoning>Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblo... |
The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what? | <text>The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?</text><reasoning>Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these ar... |
The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain? | <text>The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?</text><reasoning>Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each o... |
The midbrain region of the brain is known as what? | <text>The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?</text><reasoning>Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas ... |
Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain? | <text>Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?</text><reasoning>Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of thes... |
Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells? | <text>Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?</text><reasoning>The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including ... |
Glial cells are also referred to as what? | <text>Glial cells are also referred to as what?</text><reasoning>The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabol... |
Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells? | <text>Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?</text><reasoning>The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of criti... |
Axons send signals that are named what? | <text>Axons send signals that are named what?</text><reasoning>The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic... |
What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals? | <text>What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?</text><reasoning>The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including s... |
How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear? | <text>How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?</text><reasoning>The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals abou... |
During which scientific period did vertebrates appear? | <text>During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?</text><reasoning>The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about... |
Sharks appeared at about how many Mya? | <text>Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?</text><reasoning>The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each s... |
The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what? | <text>The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?</text><reasoning>The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals ... |
At how many mya did mammals first appear in time? | <text>At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?</text><reasoning>The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 ... |
What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism? | <text>What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?</text><reasoning>All vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition ... |
Glial cells control what inside the brain? | <text>Glial cells control what inside the brain?</text><reasoning>All vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid t... |
Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what? | <text>Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?</text><reasoning>Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bil... |
Bilaterians are animals that have what? | <text>Bilaterians are animals that have what?</text><reasoning>Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetri... |
The Cambrian period was how long ago? | <text>The Cambrian period was how long ago?</text><reasoning>Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric ... |
A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what? | <text>A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?</text><reasoning>Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally... |
What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well? | <text>What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?</text><reasoning>Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, mea... |
The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what? | <text>The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?</text><reasoning>From an evolutionary-biological perspective, the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it a... |
Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside? | <text>Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?</text><reasoning>The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membra... |
The color of the brain inside is what? | <text>The color of the brain inside is what?</text><reasoning>The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges... |
Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues? | <text>Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?</text><reasoning>The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes calle... |
Meninges separate what structure from the brain? | <text>Meninges separate what structure from the brain?</text><reasoning>The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes calle... |
The blood-brain barrier is made up of what? | <text>The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?</text><reasoning>The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called men... |
What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures? | <text>What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?</text><reasoning>The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or loc... |
What is the most complex organ in an animal's body? | <text>What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?</text><reasoning>The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised ... |
In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex? | <text>In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?</text><reasoning>The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or local... |
Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what? | <text>Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?</text><reasoning>The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diff... |
A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what? | <text>A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?</text><reasoning>The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse o... |
A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what? | <text>A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?</text><reasoning>Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a ... |
What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development? | <text>What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?</text><reasoning>Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly ... |
Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas? | <text>Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?</text><reasoning>Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates include... |
The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates? | <text>The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?</text><reasoning>Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing netwo... |
Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area? | <text>Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?</text><reasoning>Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes ... |
The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals? | <text>The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?</text><reasoning>Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30... |
What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates? | <text>What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?</text><reasoning>Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appea... |
The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what? | <text>The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?</text><reasoning>Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear... |
Mammals have a pallium that involved into what? | <text>Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?</text><reasoning>Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly... |
The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure? | <text>The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?</text><reasoning>Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, whi... |
Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain? | <text>Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?</text><reasoning>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alte... |
What do neurotransmitters attach to? | <text>What do neurotransmitters attach to?</text><reasoning>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical propertie... |
Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule? | <text>Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?</text><reasoning>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the elec... |
Serotonin comes from what part of the brain? | <text>Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?</text><reasoning>There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusi... |
Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain? | <text>Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?</text><reasoning>There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary ai... |
Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal? | <text>Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?</text><reasoning>There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—come... |
Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what? | <text>Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?</text><reasoning>There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary a... |
The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year? | <text>The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?</text><reasoning>The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was ... |
Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move? | <text>Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?</text><reasoning>The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influent... |
What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain? | <text>What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?</text><reasoning>Furthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are arguably too abstractive to be representative of b... |
What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain? | <text>What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?</text><reasoning>Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all th... |
All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what? | <text>All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?</text><reasoning>Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the... |
The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain? | <text>The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?</text><reasoning>In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons c... |
The olfactory bulb is related to what sense? | <text>The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?</text><reasoning>In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. Th... |
What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories? | <text>What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?</text><reasoning>In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generat... |
Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime? | <text>Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?</text><reasoning>In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be g... |
Neurogenesis is the process of what? | <text>Neurogenesis is the process of what?</text><reasoning>In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two ar... |
GABA is the abbreviation for what? | <text>GABA is the abbreviation for what?</text><reasoning>The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters ca... |
Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory? | <text>Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?</text><reasoning>The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using th... |
The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what? | <text>The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?</text><reasoning>The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neu... |
Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters? | <text>Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?</text><reasoning>The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neuron... |
A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what? | <text>A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?</text><reasoning>The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neur... |
Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain? | <text>Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?</text><reasoning>The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered ... |
Damage to the reticular formation can cause what? | <text>Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?</text><reasoning>The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely th... |
The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what? | <text>The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?</text><reasoning>The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scatter... |
The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body? | <text>The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?</text><reasoning>In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The auto... |
What system in the body controls heart rate? | <text>What system in the body controls heart rate?</text><reasoning>In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects he... |
What system in the body controls salivation? | <text>What system in the body controls salivation?</text><reasoning>In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects he... |
Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what? | <text>Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?</text><reasoning>In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic... |
Which system in the body controls urination? | <text>Which system in the body controls urination?</text><reasoning>In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects he... |
The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what? | <text>The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?</text><reasoning>The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in... |
Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid? | <text>Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?</text><reasoning>The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened b... |
The two main areas of the brain are what colors? | <text>The two main areas of the brain are what colors?</text><reasoning>The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol... |
What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain? | <text>What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?</text><reasoning>The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened ... |
Grey matter of the brain is what color? | <text>Grey matter of the brain is what color?</text><reasoning>The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other... |
What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain? | <text>What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?</text><reasoning>Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice... |
The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates? | <text>The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?</text><reasoning>For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the bac... |
The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center? | <text>The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?</text><reasoning>For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the b... |
The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what? | <text>The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?</text><reasoning>For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the bac... |
The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one? | <text>The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?</text><reasoning>For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is in... |
The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle? | <text>The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?</text><reasoning>For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is ... |
The physician Galen was from which country in history? | <text>The physician Galen was from which country in history?</text><reasoning>The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the ... |
What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased? | <text>What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?</text><reasoning>The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating tha... |
Who coined the term pneumata psychikon? | <text>Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?</text><reasoning>The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connec... |
Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what? | <text>Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?</text><reasoning>The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body ... |
What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar? | <text>What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?</text><reasoning>One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orie... |
What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense? | <text>What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?</text><reasoning>One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation,... |
The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what? | <text>The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?</text><reasoning>One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head... |
The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what? | <text>The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?</text><reasoning>One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, hea... |
Homeostasis is defined as what? | <text>Homeostasis is defined as what?</text><reasoning>For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The abi... |
Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase? | <text>Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?</text><reasoning>For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. T... |
The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist? | <text>The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?</text><reasoning>For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen l... |
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