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The cyano group in HCN can add to the carbonyl group to form cyanohydrins, . In this reaction the ion is the nucleophile that attacks the partially positive carbon atom of the carbonyl group. The mechanism involves a pair of electrons from the carbonyl-group double bond transferring to the oxygen atom, leaving it sing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 2008 study explored the usage of femtosecond laser irradiation to create permanent spatial arrangements in transparent materials, particularly in its usage to form a singular foamed layer upon biopolymers such as collagen or curcumin. Foaming these surfaces results in a variety of surface modifications that may impro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmacoinformatics is also referred to as pharmacy informatics. According to the article "Pharmacy Informatics: What You Need to Know Now" by the University of Illinois at Chicago Pharmacoinformatics may be defined as: “the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If half of the tetrahedral sites of the parent FCC lattice are filled by ions of opposite charge, the structure formed is the zincblende crystal structure. If all the tetrahedral sites of the parent FCC lattice are filled by ions of opposite charge, the structure formed is the fluorite structure or antifluorite structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Navier–Stokes momentum equation can be derived as a particular form of the Cauchy momentum equation, whose general convective form is
By setting the Cauchy stress tensor to be the sum of a viscosity term (the deviatoric stress) and a pressure term (volumetric stress), we arrive at
where
* is the material deriva... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among aquatic vegetation, the lily pad is perhaps the most recognizable, commonly associated with ponds and lakes. Their flexibility allows for increased loads, enabling them to support animals, such as frogs, many times their own weight.
Some aquatic flowers, such as the daisy Bellis perennis, use compliance as a surv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A prototype 2 nanometer thick COF layer on a graphene substrate was used to filter dye from industrial wastewater. Once full, the COF can be cleaned and reused. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As of 2015, several bodies of water in the state of Washington were contaminated with PCBs, including the Columbia River, the Duwamish River, Green Lake, Lake Washington, the Okanogan River, Puget Sound, the Spokane River, the Walla Walla River, the Wenatchee River, and the Yakima River. A study by Washington State pub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Berthelots reagent is an alkaline solution of phenol and hypochlorite, used in analytical chemistry. It is named after its inventor, Marcellin Berthelot. Ammonia reacts with Berthelots reagent to form a blue product which is used in a colorimetric method for determining ammonia. The reagent can also be used for determ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously.
A and B can react to form C and D or, in the reverse reaction, C and D can react to form A and B. This is distinct from a reversible process in thermodynamics.
Weak acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isocyanates can present respiratory hazards as particulates, vapors or aerosols. Autobody shop workers are a very commonly examined population for isocyanate exposure as they are repeatedly exposed when spray painting automobiles and can be exposed when installing truck bed liners. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has slow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another class of high performance polymer frameworks with regular porosity and high surface area is based on triazine materials which can be achieved by dynamic trimerization reaction of simple, cheap, and abundant aromatic nitriles in ionothermal conditions (molten zinc chloride at high temperature (400 °C)). CTF-1 is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1966 to 1980 Fraser-Reid was on the faculty of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario where he established a research group known as "Fraser-Reid's Rowdies". The primary emphasis of his work at this point was the synthesis of chiral natural products using carbohydrates as the starting materials. In 1975, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A material may have lower melting point in nanoparticle form than in the bulk form. For example, 2.5 nm gold nanoparticles melt at about 300 °C, whereas bulk gold melts at 1064 °C. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioaccumulation should be considered during the utilization of the triad approach depending on the study goals. It preparation for measuring bioaccumulation, it must be specified if the test will serve to assess secondary poisoning or biomagnification (Chapman, 1997). Bioaccumulation analysis should be conducted approp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fundamental thermodynamic relation and statistical mechanical principles can be derived from one another. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Campbell was a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Otago from 1948 to 1988. He was appointed as an assistant lecturer in 1948, rising to become a professor in 1971, and the Mellor Professor of Chemistry in 1983. He served as a member of the University Council from 1963 to 1971, dean of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNases are ubiquitous and can often contaminate and subsequently degrade RNA samples in the laboratory, so RNA integrity can very easily be compromised, leading to a number of laboratory techniques designed to eliminate their impact. However, these methods are not fool-proof, and so samples can still be degraded, neces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chromosome loops shown in the figure, bringing an enhancer to the promoter of its target gene, may be directed and formed by the eRNA transcribed from the enhancer after the enhancer is activated.
A transcribed enhancer RNA (eRNA) interacting with the complex of Mediator proteins (see Figure), especially Mediator s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms. It is most notably present in nitrogenase which is an essential part of nitrogen fixation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following table lists some reported reactions that are relevant to photogeochemical study, including reactions that involve only naturally occurring compounds as well as complementary reactions that involve synthetic but related compounds. The selection of reactions and references given is merely illustrative and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another).
The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modified Active Gas Sampling (MAGS) is an environmental engineering assessment technique which rapidly detects unsaturated soil source areas impacted by volatile organic compounds. The technique was developed by HSA Engineers & Scientists in Fort Myers, Florida in 2002, led by Richard Lewis, Steven Folsom, and Brian Mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some other plants live in association with a cyanobiont (cyanobacteria such as Nostoc) which fix nitrogen for them:
* Some lichens such as Lobaria and Peltigera
* Mosquito fern (Azolla species)
* Cycads
* Gunnera
* Blasia (liverwort)
* Hornworts
Some symbiotic relationships involving agriculturally-important plants are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An oil dispersant is a mixture of emulsifiers and solvents that helps break oil into small droplets following an oil spill. Small droplets are easier to disperse throughout a water volume, and small droplets may be more readily biodegraded by microbes in the water. Dispersant use involves a trade-off between exposing c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The major component of the Earth's upper mantle is silica (SiO), which makes it the primary source of silica in hydrothermal fluids. SiO is a stable component. It often appears as quartz in volcanic rocks. Some quartz that is derived from pre-existing rocks, appear in the form of sand and detrital quartz that interact ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The termination of transcription of pre-rRNA genes by polymerase Pol I is performed by a system that needs a specific transcription termination factor. The mechanism used bears some resemblance to the rho-dependent termination in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of ribosomal DNA repeats, sometimes distrib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Base saturation expresses the percentage of potential CEC occupied by the cations Ca, Mg, K or Na. These are traditionally termed "base cations" because they are non-acidic, although they are not bases in the usual chemical sense. Base saturation provides an index of soil weathering and reflects the availability of exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic gap bind neurotransmitter molecules. Receptors can respond in either of two general ways. First, the receptors may directly open ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, causing ions to enter or exit the cell and changing the local transmembrane potenti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relative permittivity is typically denoted as (sometimes , lowercase kappa) and is defined as
where ε(ω) is the complex frequency-dependent permittivity of the material, and ε is the vacuum permittivity.
Relative permittivity is a dimensionless number that is in general complex-valued; its real and imaginary parts are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GEBIK and GEBIF equations describe the dynamics of the following state variables
:; S : substrate concentration
:; P : product concentration
:; E : enzyme concentration
:; C : complex concentration
:; B : biomass concentration
Both S and P contain at least one isotopic expression of a tracer atom. For instance, if ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .
*Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
*Münster, A. (1970), Classical Thermodynamics, translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although trials are commonly conducted at major medical centers, some participants are excluded due to the distance and expenses required for travel, leading to hardship, disadvantage, and inequity for participants, especially those in rural and underserved communities. In the 21st century, efforts are made to collect ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medicine, the number needed to harm (NNH) is an epidemiological measure that indicates how many persons on average need to be exposed to a risk factor over a specific period to cause harm in an average of one person who would not otherwise have been harmed. It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intrastrand DNA crosslinks have strong effects on organisms because these lesions interfere with transcription and replication. These effects can be put to good use (addressing cancer) or they can be lethal to the host organism. The drug cisplatin functions by formation of intrastrand crosslinks in DNA. Other crosslin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
His numerous awards include:
*1972: Awarded the Corday-Morgan medal in Inorganic Chemistry by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
*1977: Medal in Transition Metal Chemistry from the RSC
*1982: Tilden Prize and Lectureship, RSC
*1984: American Chemical Society Award in Inorganic Chemistry
*1985: Elected a Fellow of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wastewater quality indicators are laboratory test methodologies to assess suitability of wastewater for disposal, treatment or reuse. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A superhelix is a molecular structure in which a helix is itself coiled into a helix. This is significant to both proteins and genetic material, such as overwound circular DNA.
The earliest significant reference in molecular biology is from 1971, by F. B. Fuller:
About the writhing number, mathematician W. F. Pohl says... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process () is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase:
:A + B → A + B
In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor).
In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis:
:P + gly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several techniques of re-utilising the spoil tips exist, usually including either geotechnics or recycling. Most commonly, old spoil tips are partially revegetated to provide valuable green spaces since they are inappropriate for building purposes. At Nœux-les-Mines, an artificial ski slope has been constructed on the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dda gene is 31,219 base pair long. The GenBank accession number is AAD42555. The coding strand (see also: sense strand) begins in base number 9,410 and ends in base number 10,729. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 heme enzyme that oxidizes cholesterol in the position 7 using molecular oxygen. It is an oxidoreductase. CYP7A1 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is important for the synthesis of bile acid and the regulation of cholesterol levels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dissolved free sulfides (HS, HS and S) are very aggressive species for the corrosion of many metals such as steel, stainless steel, and copper. Sulfides present in aqueous solution are responsible for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of steel, and is also known as sulfide stress cracking. Corrosion is a major concern in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Automated mineralogy is a generic term describing a range of analytical solutions, areas of commercial enterprise, and a growing field of scientific research and engineering applications involving largely automated and quantitative analysis of minerals, rocks and man-made materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc is an efficient Lewis acid, making it a useful catalytic agent in hydroxylation and other enzymatic reactions. The metal also has a flexible coordination geometry, which allows proteins using it to rapidly shift conformations to perform biological reactions. Two examples of zinc-containing enzymes are carbonic anh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate (TMOF) is the organic compound with the formula HC(OCH). A colorless liquid, it is the simplest orthoester. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the formation of methyl ethers. The product of reaction of an aldehyde with trimethyl orthoformate is an acetal. In general cases, these acetal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The molecular mechanism of RNAa is not fully understood. Similar to RNAi, it has been shown that mammalian RNAa requires members of the Ago clade of Argonaute proteins, particularly Ago2, but possesses kinetics distinct from RNAi. In contrast to RNAi, promoter-targeted saRNAs induce prolonged activation of gene expres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vat leaching involves contacting material, which has usually undergone size reduction and classification, with leach solution in large vats. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Latent semantic structure indexing (LaSSI) is a technique for calculating chemical similarity derived from latent semantic analysis (LSA).
LaSSI was developed at Merck & Co. and patented in 2007 by Richard Hull, Eugene Fluder, Suresh Singh, Robert Sheridan, Robert Nachbar and Simon Kearsley. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The solvothermal approach is the most common used in the literature but typically requires long reaction times due to the insolubility of the organic SBUs in nonorganic media and the time necessary to reach thermodynamic COF products. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If , the resulting flow is a sort of hexagonal version of the case considered above. Streamlines are given by, and the flow in this case may be interpreted as flow into a 60° corner. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoeth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nucleotide sequences of interest are preserved as inserts to a plasmid or the genome of a bacteriophage that has been used to infect bacterial cells.
Vectors are propagated most commonly in bacterial cells, but if using a YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) then yeast cells may be used. Vectors could also be propagat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of severe memory impairment and is caused by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neuritis, and neuronal loss. It is thought that Alzheimers disease may be due to unnecessary protein accumulation of β Amyloid. In fact, Senile plaques are dense, protein deposits... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The red form of HgO can be made by heating Hg in oxygen at roughly 350 °C, or by pyrolysis of Hg(NO). The yellow form can be obtained by precipitation of aqueous Hg with alkali. The difference in color is due to particle size; both forms have the same structure consisting of near linear O-Hg-O units linked in zigzag ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Effectively, the postulate states that the structure of a transition state resembles that of the species nearest to it in free energy. This can be explained with reference to potential energy diagrams:
In case (a), which is an exothermic reaction, the energy of the transition state is closer in energy to that of the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Self-replicating stretches of eukaryotic genomes known as retrotransposons utilize reverse transcriptase to move from one position in the genome to another via an RNA intermediate. They are found abundantly in the genomes of plants and animals. Telomerase is another reverse transcriptase found in many eukaryotes, inclu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When iodide is added to a solution of hexacyanoferrate(III), the following equilibrium exists:
Under strongly acidic solution, the above equilibrium lies far to the right hand side, but is reversed in almost neutral solution. This makes analysis of hexacyanoferrate(III) troublesome as the iodide and thiosulfate decompo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to modulate synaptic activity. Synaptic vesicles and dense core vesicles can have differential activation properties for release, resulting in context-dependent corelease combinations. For example, insect motor neurons are glutamatergic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA) is an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is an omega-3 fatty acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The interpretation of scattering measurements made at the multiangular locations relies upon some knowledge of the a priori properties of the particles or molecules measured. The scattering characteristics of different classes of such scatterers may be interpreted best by application of an appropriate theory. For examp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Taylor–Maccoll flow refers to the steady flow behind a conical shock wave that is attached to a solid cone. The flow is named after G. I. Taylor and J. W. Maccoll, whom described the flow in 1933, guided by an earlier work of Theodore von Kármán. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary gene amplification technique that has revolutionized modern biochemistry. Polymerase chain reaction was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. There are four steps to a proper polymerase chain reaction: 1) denaturation 2) extension 3) insertion (of gene to be expressed) and fin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H. Hydrogen produced in this manner is often called biohydrogen. The conversion is effected by bacteria and protozoa, which employ enzymes. Fermentative hydrogen production is one of several anaerobic conversions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isocyanide dichlorides are organic compounds containing the RN=CCl functional group. Classically they are obtained by chlorination of isocyanides. Phenylcarbylamine chloride is a well-characterized example. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A very small minority of free neutron decays (about four per million) are so-called "two-body decays", in which the proton, electron and antineutrino are produced, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 eV energy necessary to escape the proton, and therefore simply remains bound to it, as a neutral hydrogen atom. In t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Grignard reaction is conducted under anhydrous conditions. Otherwise, the reaction will fail because the Grignard reagent will act as a base rather than a nucleophile and pick up a labile proton rather than attacking the electrophilic site. This will result in no formation of the desired product as the R-group of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The field of chemical ecology has elucidated additional types of plant multitrophic interactions that entail the transfer of defensive compounds across multiple trophic levels. For example, certain plant species in the Castilleja and Plantago genera have been found to produce defensive compounds called iridoid glycosid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H (PGH). PGH, in turn, is converted by other enzymes to several other prostaglandins (which are mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever) and to thromboxane A (which stimulates platelet aggreg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For decades after Libby performed the first radiocarbon dating experiments, the only way to measure the in a sample was to detect the radioactive decay of individual carbon atoms. In this approach, what is measured is the activity, in number of decay events per unit mass per time period, of the sample. This method is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In homogeneous catalysis, C-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathways and thereby increases enantioselectivit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The commercial development of the Cell occurred indirectly as a result of problems being experienced in MIMs Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator (sometimes referred to as a "mill" in the mining industry). MIM had been operating a lead–zinc concentrator at Mount Isa since 1931, although lead–zinc ore was substituted with c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify an amino acid. The degeneracy of the genetic code is what accounts for the existence of synonymous mutations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes are biological catalysts: biopolymers that catalyze a reaction. Although a small number of natural enzymes are built from RNA–termed Ribozymes–most enzymes are proteins. Like any other protein, an enzyme is an amino acid polymer with added cofactors and other post-translational modifications. Often, most of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different types of kerogen have differing potentials to produce oil during maturation. These various types of kerogen can be distinguished on a van Krevelen diagram. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PDE5 inhibitors have been shown to have various macrovascular, microvascular and metabolic benefits in diabetes mellitus, and in a large study of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus the agents were found to significantly reduce patients' risk of death from any cause. It is unclear to what extent this observation reflects... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Large numbers of samples can be automatically injected onto an HPLC system, by the use of HPLC autosamplers. In addition, HPLC autosamplers have an injection volume and technique which is exactly the same for each injection, consequently they provide a high degree of injection volume precision.
It is possible to enab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synapses are functional connections between neurons, or between neurons and other types of cells. A typical neuron gives rise to several thousand synapses, although there are some types that make far fewer. Most synapses connect axons to dendrites, but there are also other types of connections, including axon-to-cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beletskaya was born in Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Russia) in 1933. She graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1955 where she focused her undergraduate research on organoarsenic chemistry. She obtained the Candidate of Chemistry (analogous to Ph.D.) degree in 1958. For this de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deutetrabenazine is a deuterated version of tetrabenazine. It was developed by Auspex then acquired by Teva in 2015 and approved by the FDA in 2017 as a treatment for chorea associated with Huntington's disease; it has a longer half life than the non-deuterated form of tetrabenazine, which had been approved earlier for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the major breakthrough of commercial application of laser peening on the F101 engine to resolve a major operational problem, laser peening attracted attention around the globe. Researchers in many countries and industries undertook investigations to extend understanding of the laser shock peening process and mater... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When block copolymer micelles do not display the characteristic relaxation processes of surfactant micelles, these are called kinetically frozen micelles. These can be achieved in two ways: when the unimers forming the micelles are not soluble in the solvent of the micelle solution, or if the core forming blocks are gl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another accepted explanation for the anomeric effect is the equatorial configuration has the dipoles involving both heteroatoms partially aligned, and therefore repelling each other. By contrast the axial configuration has these dipoles roughly opposing, thus representing a more stable and lower energy state.
Both the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclohexane conformations are any of several three-dimensional shapes adopted by molecules of cyclohexane. Because many compounds feature structurally similar six-membered rings, the structure and dynamics of cyclohexane are important prototypes of a wide range of compounds.
The internal angles of a regular, flat hexag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clustering of genes in prokaryotes was known for a long time. Their genes are grouped in operons, genes within operons share a common promoter unit. These genes are mostly functionally related. The genome of prokaryotes is relatively very simple and compact. In eukaryotes the genome is huge and only a small amount of i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium looping compares favorably with several post-combustion capture technologies. Amine scrubbing is the capture technology closest to being market-ready, and calcium looping has several marked benefits over it. When modeled on a 580 MW coal-fired power plant, Calcium looping experienced not only a smaller efficien... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The regulation of transcription by enhancers has been studied since the 1980s. Large or multi-component transcription regulators with a range of mechanistic properties, including locus control regions, clustered open regulatory elements, and transcription initiation platforms, were observed shortly thereafter. More rec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multiferroic composite structures in bulk form are explored for high-sensitivity ac magnetic field sensors and electrically tunable microwave devices such as filters, oscillators and phase shifters (in which the ferri-, ferro- or antiferro-magnetic resonance is tuned electrically instead of magnetically). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tim Requarth, reviewing The Vital Question for The New York Times, finds the book "seductive and often convincing, though speculation far outpaces evidence in many of the book’s passages. But perhaps for a biological theory of everything, that's to be expected, even welcomed."
Peter Forbes, reviewing The Vital Question... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The beta particles from small amounts of tritium cause chemicals called phosphors to glow. This radioluminescence is used in self-powered lighting devices called betalights, which are used for night illumination of firearm sights, watches, exit signs, map lights, navigational compasses (such as current-use M-1950 U.S. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phonon-electron scattering can also contribute when the material is heavily doped. The corresponding relaxation time is given as:
The parameter is conduction electrons concentration, ε is deformation potential, ρ is mass density and m* is effective electron mass. It is usually assumed that contribution to thermal cond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two examples of natural phosphoramidates are phosphocreatine and the phosphoramidate formed when histidine residues in histidine kinases are phosphorylated.
An example of a phosphorodiamidate is morpholino which is used in molecular biology. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Emma Schymanski (born Emma Craven) is chemist known for her work identifying unknown organic compounds, particularly pollutants, and is an advocate for open science. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GLVs can also have antimicrobial effects. Some plants express HPL, the main enzyme of GLV synthesis. The rates of fungal spore growth in HPL over-expressing have been compared with HPL silencing mutants to the wild type plants. Results from the study showed lower rates of fungal growth and higher GLV emissions on the H... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proposed mechanism for cationic photopolymerization begins with the photoexcitation of the initiator. Once excited, both homolytic cleavage and dissociation of a counter anion takes place, generating a cationic radical (R), an aryl radical (R') and an unaltered counter anion (X). The abstraction of a lewis acid by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The measure of the promoter activity has a broad meaning. The promoter activity could be measured for different situations or research questions, such as:
* estimation of the level of expression in comparison (relative) to some known value
* how fast a gene is expressed after induction
* the timing of expression rela... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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