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The gel fragment is placed in a dialysis tube that is permeable to fluids but impermeable to molecules at the size of DNA, thus preventing the DNA from passing through the membrane when soaked in TE buffer. An electric field is established around the tubing (in a way similar to gel electrophoresis) long enough so that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Falconbridge Limited in mid-1981 commissioned a copper smelter and refinery near Timmins, Ontario, to treat concentrate from its Kidd Mine. However, at the outset, the quality of the cathode copper produced in the Kidd refinery suffered from the presence of higher than usual concentrations of lead and selenium in the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On the DO sag curve a minimum concentration occurs at some point, along a stream. If the Streeter–Phelps equation is differentiated with respect to time, and set equal to zero, the time at which the minimum DO occurs is expressed by
To find the value of the critical oxygen deficit, , the Streeter–Phelps equation is com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red in appearance from the iron(III) oxide, while the core is bright orange due to the presence of crystals of goethite. There are several morphologies of the rusticle, some of which are conical, cylindrical, and rusticle on the seafloor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomic spectral lines are due to transitions of electrons between different atomic energy levels E, followed by emission of photons. Atomic levels are a manifestation of the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and nuclei. The energy levels of two atoms, the nuclei of which are different isotopes of the same e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LDH in humans uses His(193) as the proton acceptor, and works in unison with the coenzyme (Arg99 and Asn138), and substrate (Arg106; Arg169; Thr248) binding residues. The His(193) active site, is not only found in the human form of LDH, but is found in many different animals, showing the convergent evolution of LDH. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This covers in more detail ways the environment can be protected through political means. This is done by introducing students to qualitative and quantitative tools in classes such as economics, sociology, political science and energy and resources. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The importance of mediated transport proteins is visualized with the presence of mutations that render the transport proteins nonfunctional. A prime example of this are mutations found within the Archain 1 gene which codes for the transport proteins COPI and COPII. The main function of these transport proteins is to fa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon is present in all biological material including skeletal remains, charcoal and food residues and plays an integral role in the dating of materials, through radiocarbon dating. The ratio of different carbon isotopes naturally fluctuates over time, and, by analysing the composition of carbon dioxide (CO) in ancien... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1899, physicists Ernest Rutherford (working in McGill University in Montreal, Canada) and Paul Villard (working in Paris) separated radiation into three types: eventually named alpha, beta, and gamma by Rutherford, based on penetration of objects and deflection by a magnetic field. Alpha rays were defined by Rutherf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gibson assembly method is a relatively straightforward DNA assembly method, requiring only a few additional reagents: the 5 T5 exonuclease, Phusion DNA polymerase, and Taq DNA ligase. The DNA fragments to be assembled are synthesised to have overlapping 5 and 3' ends in the order that they are to be assembled in. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In freshwater or estuarine systems close to land, nitrate can reach concentrations that are lethal to fish. While nitrate is much less toxic than ammonia, levels over 30 ppm of nitrate can inhibit growth, impair the immune system and cause stress in some aquatic species. Nitrate toxicity remains a subject of debate.
In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For low energy photons the wavelength shift becomes negligible () and the Klein–Nishina formula reduces to the classical Thomson expression:
which is symmetrical in the scattering angle, i.e. the photon is just as likely to scatter backwards as forwards. With increasing energy this symmetry is broken and the photon bec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The visual cycle occurs via G-protein coupled receptors called retinylidene proteins which consists of a visual opsin and a chromophore 11-cis-retinal. The 11-cis-retinal is covalently linked to the opsin receptor via Schiff base. When it absorbs a photon, 11-cis-retinal undergoes photoisomerization to all-trans-retina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dual tiling is called an order-7-3 floret pentagonal tiling, and is related to the floret pentagonal tiling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drinking birds, also known as insatiable birdies, dunking birds, drinky birds, water birds, dipping birds, and “Sippy Chickens” are toy heat engines that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They are sometimes incorrectly considered examples of a perpetual motion device. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the turbulent flow regime, the relationship between the Fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number is more complex and is governed by the Colebrook equation which is implicit in :
Various explicit approximations of the related Darcy friction factor have been developed for turbulent flow.
Stuart W. Churchill de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* MT-CYB: mtDNA encoded cytochrome b; mutations associated with exercise intolerance
* CYC1: cytochrome c1
* CYCS: cytochrome c
* UQCRFS1: Rieske iron sulfur protein
* UQCRB: Ubiquinone binding protein, mutation linked with mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 3
* UQCRH: hinge protein
* UQCRC2: Core 2, mut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* April 12, 1915 born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
* 1936: BS, University of California, Berkeley (Chemistry)
* 1940: PhD, University of California, Berkeley (Physiology)
* 1936–1937: Paraffin Company, Inc., Control Chemist
* 1940–1941: University of California, Berkeley, Upjohn Fellow
* 1942–1943: Manhattan Project, Chica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry Natural Product Report Lectureship Award
* 2011 UK's under 40 Organic Chemistry delegate for EuCheM’s Young Investigators Workshop
* 2011 Thieme Chemistry Journal Award
* 2006 Royal Society of Chemistry - Meldola prize | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate. The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate, because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures.
Historically, the structures of many hydrates were unknown, and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to speci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A retinalophototroph is one of two different types of phototrophs, and are named for retinal-binding proteins (microbial rhodopsins) they utilize for cell signaling and converting light into energy. Like all phototrophs, retinalophototrophs absorb photons to initiate their cellular processes. In contrast with chloropho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vectorette PCR is similar to PCR with the difference being that it is capable of obtaining the sequence desired for amplification from an already known primer site. While PCR needs information of already known sequences at both ends, Vectorette PCR only requires previous knowledge of one. This means that is able to app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like biotic molecules, position specific isotope enrichments in abiotic molecules can reflect the source of chemical precursors and synthesis pathways. The energy for abiotic reactions can come from many different sources, which will affect fractionation. For instance, metal catalysts can speed up abiotic reactions. Re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In flash smelting, the concentrate is dispersed in an air or oxygen stream and the smelting reactions are largely completed while the mineral particles are still in flight. The reacted particles then settle in a bath at the bottom of the furnace, where they behave like calcine in a reverberatory furnace. A slag layer f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an infinite three-dimensional lattice , defined by its primitive vectors and the subscript of integers , its reciprocal lattice with the integer subscript can be determined by generating its three reciprocal primitive vectors
where is the scalar triple product. The choice of these is to satisfy as the known ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equilibrium of this reaction shows a significant temperature dependence and the equilibrium constant decreases with an increase in temperature, that is, higher hydrogen formation is observed at lower temperatures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some hypotheses relating to diamond formation posit a possible role for cavitation—namely cavitation in the kimberlite pipes providing the extreme pressure needed to change pure carbon into the rare allotrope that is diamond. The loudest three sounds ever recorded, during the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, are now understo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Traditionally bun ingots were seen as a primary product of smelting, forming at the base of a furnace beneath a layer of less dense slag. However, experimental reconstruction of copper smelting showed that regular plano-convex ingots are difficult to form within the smelting furnace, producing only small ingots or copp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature. Specifically, it measures the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at a constant pressure, such that lower coefficients describe lower propensity for change in size. Several types of coef... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent investigations suggest that complex I is a potent source of reactive oxygen species. Complex I can produce superoxide (as well as hydrogen peroxide), through at least two different pathways. During forward electron transfer, only very small amounts of superoxide are produced (probably less than 0.1% of the overa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The magnitude and composition of the starvation response (i.e. metabolic adaptation) was estimated in a study of 8 individuals living in isolation in Biosphere 2 for two years. During their isolation, they gradually lost an average of 15% (range: 9–24%) of their body weight due to harsh conditions. On emerging from iso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Enders SAMP/RAMP hydrazone alkylation reaction is an asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation reaction facilitated by pyrrolidine chiral auxiliaries. It was pioneered by E. J. Corey and Dieter Enders in 1976, and was further developed by Enders and his group. This method is usually a three-step sequence. The first s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high surface tension of water causes droplets to assume a nearly spherical shape, since a sphere has minimal surface area, and this shape therefore minimizes the solid-liquid surface energy. On contact of liquid with a surface, adhesion forces result in wetting of the surface. Either complete or incomplete wetting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biofoams are biological or biologically derived foams, making up lightweight and porous cellular solids. A relatively new term, its use in academia began in the 1980s in relation to the scum that formed on activated sludge plants.
Biofoams is a broad umbrella term that covers a large variety of topics including natural... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The contribution of each gas to the enhanced greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20-year time frame. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MDN measures total mercury concentrations on a weekly basis (methyl mercury is measured monthly at some sites), which provides wet deposition data for surface waters and other waterways. The goal is to deliver accurate information that allows researchers to evaluate the linkage between mercury and health, which is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The surface energy is measured in units of joules per square meter, which is equivalent in the case of liquids to surface tension, measured in newtons per meter. The overall surface tension/energy of a liquid can be acquired through various methods using a tensiometer or using the pendant drop method and maximum bubble... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Development of theoretical models describing grain growth is an active field of research. Many models have been proposed for grain growth, but no theory has yet been put forth that has been independently validated to apply across the full range of conditions and many questions remain open. By no means is the following ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vanadium(III) bromide and molybdenum(IV) bromide were prepared by treatment of the higher chlorides with HBr. These reactions proceed via redox reactions: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general α-Keggin anions are synthesized in acidic solutions. For example, 12-phosphotungstic acid is formed by condensing phosphate ion with tungstate ions. The heteropolyacid that is formed has the Keggin structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Conception Bay in Newfoundland, Southeastern coast of Canada, a series of Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian-linked volcanic rocks were silicified. The rocks mainly consist of rhyolitic and basaltic flows, with crystal tuffs and breccia interbedded. Regional silicification was taken place as a preliminary alteration proce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unhindered aldimines tend to cyclize, as illustrated by the condensation of methylamine and formaldehyde, which gives the hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine.
Imine polymers (polyimines) can be synthesised from multivalent aldehydes and amines. The polymerisation reaction proceeds directly when the aldehyde and amine monomers are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shortly after World War II, a second approach to drug therapy of cancer began. Sidney Farber, a pathologist at Harvard Medical School, studied the effects of folic acid on leukemia patients. Folic acid, a vitamin crucial for DNA metabolism (the significance of DNA was not known at that time), had been discovered by Lu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The wetlands that surround the lake spread over an area of 0.63 km, and are enclosed into an ancient shoreline. The origin of this larger open water lake remains unclear. If the lake level has remained stable, then the reduction in lake size is solely due to the conversion of these open waters into wetlands. Alternativ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethers like diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF) can form highly explosive organic peroxides upon exposure to oxygen and light. THF is normally more likely to form such peroxides than diethyl ether. One of the most susceptible solvents is diisopropyl ether, but all ethers are considered to be potential peroxide sour... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PAVA is used widely as a less lethal, temporary defence tool around the world including in the United Kingdom, India, Switzerland, and others. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They are important in inflammation, immune responses and in intracellular signalling events. The ICAM family consists of five members, designated ICAM-1 to ICAM-5. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steric approach control is common in conjugate addition reactions. Thus, in cyclic substrates, a trans relationship between substituents on the α- and β-carbons is common. The configuration at the α-position is less predictable, especially in cases when epimerization can occur. On the basis of steric approach control, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Work performed in the Bradbury laboratory showed that nucleosomes reconstituted onto the 5S DNA positioning sequence were able to reposition themselves translationally onto adjacent sequences when incubated thermally. Later work showed that this repositioning did not require disruption of the histone octamer but was co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boiling is also a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of vapor below the surface of the liquid. Boiling occurs when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the atmospheric pressure. The temperature at which boiling occ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A solar-powered desalination unit produces potable water from saline water by using a photovoltaic system to supply the energy. Solar power works well for water purification in settings lacking grid electricity and can reduce operating costs and greenhouse emissions. For example, a solar-powered desalination unit desig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many C–H activation reactions, particularly those involving late transition metals, require carboxylate or carbonate bases. The need for this reaction component often suggests the occurrence of a CMD pathway. However, in order to be classified as CMD, the transition state does not need to involve the carboxylate as a l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In common use, the research definition, including post-transition metals and metalloids, is extended to include compounds such as cementite, FeC. These compounds, sometimes termed interstitial compounds, can be stoichiometric, and share similar properties to the intermetallic compounds defined above. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leng has several roles, her most current is Chief Scientist for Environmental Change Adaptation and Resilience at the British Geological Survey. She is also Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, a collaboration between the British Geological Survey and the University of Nottingham, Leng leads research ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (, , ; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen by volume (with Alexander von Humboldt), for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol–water mixtures, which led... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GPC is a type of chromatography in which analytes are separated, based on their size or hydrodynamic volume (radius of gyration). This differs from other chromatographic techniques, which depend upon chemical or physical interactions between the mobile and stationary phases to separate analytes. Separation occurs via t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progesterone is produced in high amounts in the ovaries (by the corpus luteum) from the onset of puberty to menopause, and is also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands after the onset of adrenarche in both males and females. To a lesser extent, progesterone is produced in nervous tissue, especially in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the ability of rapid screening of diverse compounds (such as small molecules or siRNAs) to identify active compounds, HTS has led to an explosion in the rate of data generated in recent years
Consequently, one of the most fundamental challenges in HTS experiments is to glean biochemical significance from mounds of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chloroplast stroma contains many proteins, though the most common and important is RuBisCO, which is probably also the most abundant protein on the planet. RuBisCO is the enzyme that fixes CO into sugar molecules. In plants, RuBisCO is abundant in all chloroplasts, though in plants, it is confined to the bundle s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An acid is classified as "strong" when the concentration of its undissociated species is too low to be measured. Any aqueous acid with a pK value of less than 0 is almost completely deprotonated and is considered a strong acid. All such acids transfer their protons to water and form the solvent cation species (HO in aq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vectorette PCR is a variation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed in 1988. The original PCR was created and also patented during the 1980s. Vectorette PCR was first noted and described in an article in 1990 by John H. Riley and his team. Since then, multiple variants of PCR have been created. Vectorette PCR foc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One-bond coupling is illustrated by PH where J(P,H) is 189 Hz. Two-bond couplings, e.g. PCH are an order of magnitude smaller. The situation for phosphorus-carbon couplings are more complicated since the two-bond couplings are often larger than one-bond couplings. The J(C,P) values for triphenylphosphine are respectiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given a uniform velocity of a fluid at any position in space:
This flow is incompressible because the velocity is constant, the first derivatives of the velocity components are zero, and the total divergence is zero:
Given the circulation is always zero the flow is also irrotational, we can derive this from the Kelvin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The advantage of the approximation arises because when considering a flow of, say, warm and cold water of density and one needs only to consider a single density : the difference is negligible. Dimensional analysis shows that, under these circumstances, the only sensible way that acceleration due to gravity should ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CKLF1 is the first member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins to be defined and the most investigated of its four isoforms. Studies conducted in freshly isolated cells, cultured cells, animals, and tissue samples indicate that CKLF1 is a chemokine-like chemotactic factor that act... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-catenin has also been implicated in regulation of cell fates through asymmetric cell division in the model organism C. elegans. Similarly to the Xenopus oocytes, this is essentially the result of non-equal distribution of Dsh, Frizzled, axin and APC in the cytoplasm of the mother cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of ractopamine in Russia is prohibited. On 6 June 2011, the Russian Ministry of Agriculture notified key meat import/exporters in Russia of a future prohibition of ractopamine in meat imported to Russia.
On 7 December 2012, the prohibition went into force, and pork and beef export to Russia required submission ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following analysis is taken largely from the work of Burton and Bush, and offers some mathematical insight into the role that flexibility plays in improving load-bearing characteristics of floating objects.
Consider two plates of infinite width, thickness , and length that are connected by a torsional spring with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The benzyl halide 1 reacts with hexamine to a quaternary ammonium salt 3, each time just alkylating one nitrogen atom. Then the benzylammonium undergoes an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis process.
Depending on the hydrolysis conditions, the hexamine unit might instead break apart, leaving a benzyl amine (the Delépine reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Angiogenin is a key protein implicated in angiogenesis in normal and tumor growth. Angiogenin interacts with endothelial and smooth muscle cells resulting in cell migration, invasion, proliferation and formation of tubular structures. Ang binds to actin of both smooth muscle and endothelial cells to form complexes that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. Protecting group st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gaseous methylglyoxal has two carbonyl groups, an aldehyde and a ketone. In the presence of water, it exists as hydrates and oligomers. The formation of these hydrates is indicative of the high reactivity of MGO, which is relevant to its biological behavior. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advances in the field of recombinant protein engineering and expression, protein purification, NMR, X-ray crystallography and computational chemistry have improved the skills of drug designers to use data that have been gathered on the three-dimensional structures of protein ligand complexes.
Most bacterial species hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews, covering chemical and biomolecular engineering. The co-editors are Michael F. Doherty and Rachel A. Segalman. As of 2023, Journal Citation Reports, gives the journal an impact factor of 8.4. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radon-222 has been classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans. In September 2009, the World Health Organization released a comprehensive global initiative on radon that recommended a reference level of 100 Bq/m for radon, urging establishment or strengthening of radon meas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In his spare time Kowalski enjoyed horse-breeding and riding, sailing, hiking and backpacking, his Harley-Davidison motorcycle and skiing. According to Chemical & Engineering News, "After his retirement in 1999, Kowalski joined the Fort Lewis Mesa fire department in Durango, Colo., where he specialized in the handling ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The company was founded on June 15, 1917, with Spanish-French financial support, with a capital stock of 25 million pesetas. It was born in the context of a boom in Spanish industry, in the heat of the First World War. Two foreign capital companies were involved in its creation, the Sociedad Minera y Metalúrgica de Peñ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Criegee intermediates are formed by the gas-phase reactions of alkenes and ozone in the Earths atmosphere. Ozone adds across the carbon–carbon double bond of the alkene to form a molozonide, which then decomposes to produce a carbonyl (RRCO) and a carbonyl oxide. The latter is known as the Criegee intermediate.
The al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Used from ~1837 to reduce local action which degraded operation of Voltaic piles. See History of the battery#Invention.
* To chemically reduce metallic ions in solution. See Jones reductor.
*To reduce ketones and aldehydes to alkanes via the Clemmensen reduction in acidic conditions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Five major sources of dissolved silica to the marine environment can be distinguished:
* Riverine influx of dissolved silica to the oceans: 4.2 ± 0.8 × 10 g SiO yr
* Submarine volcanism and associated hydrothermal emanations: 1.9 ± 1.0 × 10 g SiO yr
* Glacial weathering: 2 × 10 g SiO yr
* Low temperature submarine wea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ability of AMGs modulating the metabolic capacities of their hosts can influence the abundance and distribution of specific microbial taxa. In turn, this shapes the overall composition of microbial communities, with potential cascading effects on higher trophic levels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, CBED was applied to study graphene and other 2D monolayer crystals and van der Waals structures. For 2D crystals, the analysis of CBED patterns is simplified, because the intensity distribution in a CBED disk is directly related to the atomic arrangement in the crystal. The deformations at a nanometer resolut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The courses of study are closely related to the research activities to provide interdisciplinary and research-oriented training.
The institute offers a broad bachelor programme with contents of marine, environmental and landscape-ecological sciences as well as four Master Programmes which are: Marine Environmental Scie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Top-down synthesis of the clusters can be achieved by the "etching" of larger metallic nanoparticles with redox-active, thiol-containing biomolecules. In this process, gold atoms on the nanoparticles' surface react with the thiol, dissolving as gold-thiolate complexes until the dissolution reaction stops; this leaves ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound as well as the fraction of creosote, having at 293.15 K a vapour pressure of 0,01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use;". The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive was the main policy instrument for the reduction of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microarray data is often normalized within arrays to control for systematic biases in dye coupling and hybridization efficiencies, as well as other technical biases in the DNA probes and the print tip used to spot the array. By minimizing these systematic variations, true biological differences can be found. To determi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mixture of racemic acid and meso-tartaric acid is formed when dextro-Tartaric acid is heated in water at 165 °C for about 2 days. meso-Tartaric acid can also be prepared from dibromosuccinic acid using silver hydroxide:
:HOCCHBrCHBrCOH + 2 AgOH → HOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COH + 2 AgBr
meso-Tartaric acid can be separated from re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, phosphonium coupling is a cross-coupling reaction for organic synthesis. It is a mild, efficient, chemoselective and versatile methodology for the formation of C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–S bond of unactivated and unprotected tautomerizable heterocycles. The method was originally reported in 2004. The C–... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two primary approaches to the organic synthesis of catenanes. The first is to simply perform a ring-closing reaction with the hope that some of the rings will form around other rings giving the desired catenane product. This so-called "statistical approach" led to the first synthesis of a catenane; however, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A second application in cement for the bulk material analyzer is raw mix proportioning. An analyzer placed just upstream of the raw mill can monitor the chemistry of the raw mix and automatically trigger an adjustment in the proportions of the reclaimed stockpile and the correctives. By doing so, the plant is able to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The surface tension of pure liquid water in contact with its vapor has been given by IAPWS as
where both and the critical temperature = 647.096 K are expressed in kelvins. The region of validity the entire vapor–liquid saturation curve, from the triple point (0.01 °C) to the critical point. It also provides reasonabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2005 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award
* 2008 Eurosensors Fellow
* 2011 DECHEMA Award of the Max Buchner Research Foundation | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The winnowing-fan (λίκνον [líknon], also meaning a "cradle") featured in the rites accorded Dionysus and in the Eleusinian Mysteries: "it was a simple agricultural implement taken over and mysticized by the religion of Dionysus," Jane Ellen Harrison remarked. Dionysus Liknites ("Dionysus of the winnowing fan") was wake... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a colloidal dispersion, the colloid-colloid interaction potential is approximated as the interaction potential between two hard spheres. For two hard spheres of diameter of , the interaction potential as a function of interparticle separation is:
called the hard-sphere potential where is the center-to-center distan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycogen branching enzyme belongs to the α-amylase family of enzymes, which include α-amylases, pullulanas/isoamylase, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGT), and branching enzyme. Shown by x-ray crystallography, glycogen branching enzyme has four marginally asymmetric units each that are organized into three domains: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Elliptc LCSs are closed and nested material surfaces that act as building blocks of the Lagrangian equivalents of vortices, i.e., rotation-dominated regions of trajectories that generally traverse the phase space without substantial stretching or folding. They mimic the behavior of Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a crucial role in a type of synaptic plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) which requires the presence of calcium/calmodulin. CaMKII contributes to the phosphorylation of an AMPA receptor which increases the sensitivity of AMPA receptors. Furthermore, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Hawa Mahal of Jaipur, also utilizes the Venturi effect, by allowing cool air to pass through, thus making the whole area more pleasant during the high temperatures in summer.
* Large cities where wind is forced between buildings - the gap between the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center was an extreme examp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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