text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Deuterium can be used to reinforce specific oxidation-vulnerable C-H bonds within essential or conditionally essential nutrients, such as certain amino acids, or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), making them more resistant to oxidative damage. Deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, slow down t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a source of CO to the atmosphere balancing the impact of rock weathering and terrestrial particulate organic carbon; now it has become a sink for the excess atmospheric CO. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an organotin anion (e.g.see an alternative name for such a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cold solutions (−10 to −20 °C) are stable for days. Decomposition is accelerated by light and heavy metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Isa Process was originally developed for the CRL copper electrorefinery in Townsville. It was subsequently licensed to the Copper Range Company for its White Pine copper refinery.
The next licence issued was for an electrowinning application at the Broken Hill Associated Smelters (“BHAS”) lead smelter at Port Pirie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most popular biofoam in the use of biomedical devices is PLA as well. PLA's properties are also desirable in biomedical applications, especially in combination with other polymers. Specifically, its biocompatibility and biodegradability make it favorable in tissue engineering through the use of FDM-3D printing. PLA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animals that eat PCB-contaminated food, even for short periods of time, suffer liver damage and may die. In 1968 in Japan, 400,000 birds died after eating poultry feed that was contaminated with PCBs. Animals that ingest smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months develop various health effects, includ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain isotopes of trace metals are preferentially oxidized or reduced; thus, transitions between redox species of the metal ions (e.g., Fe → Fe) are fractionating, resulting in different isotopic compositions between the different redox pools in the environment. Additionally, at high temperatures, metals ions can eva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a thin fluid film that spans a stationary closed contour boundary. Let be the normal component of the velocity field and be the contravariant components of the tangential velocity projection. Let be the covariant surface derivative, be the covariant curvature tensor, be the mixed curvature tensor and be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other uses of DNA in chemistry are in DNA-templated synthesis, Enantioselective catalysis, DNA nanowires and DNA computing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two different configurations that form polarization gradients: lin⊥lin and σσ. Both configurations provide cooling, however, the type of polarization gradient and the physical mechanism for cooling are different between the two. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Supercritical adsorption also referred to as the adsorption of supercritical fluids, is the adsorption at above-critical temperatures. There are different tacit understandings of supercritical fluids. For example, “a fluid is considered to be ‘supercritical’ when its temperature and pressure exceed the temperature and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nazi German government used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A major advantage of DamID over ChIP seq is that profiling of protein binding sites can be assayed in a particular cell type in vivo without requiring the physical separation of a subpopulation of cells. This allows for investigation into developmental or physiological processes in animal models. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To calculate the pressure drop in a given reactor, the following equation may be deduced
This arrangement of the Ergun equation makes clear its close relationship to the simpler Kozeny-Carman equation which describes laminar flow of fluids across packed beds via the first term on the right hand side. On the continuum l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A simpler version of the filament stretching rheometer, the falling plate rheometer sandwiches liquid between two solid surfaces. The top plate is fixed, and bottom plate falls under the influence of gravity, drawing out a string of the liquid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ultrasensitivity can be achieved through several mechanisms:
#Multistep mechanisms (examples: cooperativity) and multisite phosphorylation
#Buffering mechanisms (examples: decoy phosphorylation sites) or stoichiometric inhibitors
#Changes in localisation (such as translocation across the nuclear envelope)
#Saturation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tungsten is one of the oldest metal ions to be incorporated in biological systems, preceding the Great Oxygenation Event. Before the abundance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, oceans teemed with sulfur and tungsten, while molybdenum, a metal that is highly similar chemically, was inaccessible in solid form. The abundan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quinones methides are commonly invoked in biochemistry, but are rarely observed as long-lived intermediates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Associative substitution describes a pathway by which compounds interchange ligands. The terminology is typically applied to organometallic and coordination complexes, but resembles the Sn2 mechanism in organic chemistry. The opposite pathway is dissociative substitution, being analogous to the Sn1 pathway. Intermedia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Empress Maria Theresia of Austria reformed the measures and weights of the Habsburg monarchy in 1761. The weight of an apothecaries' pound of 12 ounces was increased to a value that was later (after the kilogramme was defined) found to be 420.009 g; this was called the . It was defined as of the unusually heavy Habsbu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beginning with the equation of motion for a frictionless fluid (the Euler equations) and taking the curl, one arrives at the equation of motion for the curl of the fluid velocity, that is to say, the vorticity.
In a fluid that is not all of the same density, a source term appears in the vorticity equation whenever surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Air stripping is the transferring of volatile components of a liquid into an air stream. It is an environmental engineering technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds.
Volatile compounds have relatively high vapor pressure and low aqueous solubility characterized... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 is produced in heterodimer form by B cells and antigen-presenting cells. Binding of IL-12 to IL-12R, which is composed of two different subunits (IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2), leads to the interaction of IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2 with JAK2 and TYK2, which is followed by phosphorylation of STAT4 tyrosi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth. All of these elements are nonmetals.
In a human body, the four elements—C, H, O, and N—compose about 96% of the weight, and major minerals (macr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rosocyanine and rubrocurcumin are two red colored materials, which are formed by the reaction between curcumin and borates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In industry, cavitation is often used to homogenize, or mix and break down, suspended particles in a colloidal liquid compound such as paint mixtures or milk. Many industrial mixing machines are based upon this design principle. It is usually achieved through impeller design or by forcing the mixture through an annular... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On June 28, 2007, a team at the J. Craig Venter Institute published an article in Science Express, saying that they had successfully transplanted the natural DNA from a Mycoplasma mycoides bacterium into a Mycoplasma capricolum cell, creating a bacterium which behaved like a M. mycoides.
On Oct 6, 2007, Craig Venter an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The plastid is the site of diverse and complex lipid synthesis in plants. The carbon used to form the majority of the lipid is from acetyl-CoA, which is the decarboxylation product of pyruvate. Pyruvate may enter the plastid from the cytosol by passive diffusion through the membrane after production in glycolysis. Pyru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Siddiqui B.S., Afshan F., Rasheed M., Kardar N., Begum S., Faizi S. (2002) Medicinal Plants - A Source of Potential Chemicals of Diverse Structures and Biological Activity. In: Şener B. (eds) Biodiversity. Springer, Boston, MA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common reaction of metal carboxylates is their displacement by more basic ligands. Acetate is a common leaving group. They are especially prone to protonolysis, which is widely used to introduce ligands, displacing the carboxylic acid. In this way octachlorodimolybdate is produced from dimolybdenum tetraacetate:
Acet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Earths core is believed to be mostly an alloy of iron and nickel. The density indicates that it also contains a significant amount of lighter elements. Elements such as hydrogen would be stable in the Earths core, however the conditions at the formation of the core would not be suitable for its inclusion. Carbon is a v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of alkyl chains into some chemical compounds increases their lipophilicity. This strategy has been used to increase the antimicrobial activity of flavanones and chalcones. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other alternatives include "laserweeding" – the use of novel agricultural robots for weed control using lasers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Old World, the first metals smelted were tin and lead. The earliest known cast lead beads were found in the Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia (Turkey), and dated from about 6500 BC, but the metal may have been known earlier.
Since the discovery happened several millennia before the invention of writing, there is no wr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disease gene identification techniques often follow the same overall procedure. DNA is first collected from several patients who are believed to have the same genetic disease. Then, their DNA samples are analyzed and screened to determine probable regions where the mutation could potentially reside. These techniques... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be subclassified according to the nature of the carbonyl and alkene groups. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In those cases where operational complexities negate the use of a cored mains frequency approach, the standard RF or MF induction heater can be used. This type of unit uses turns of copper tube wound into an electromagnetic coil. There are no cores required, the coil needs to simply surround or be inserted into the par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the RNA transcript reaches 7 nucleotides long, transcription enters the elongation phase, the beginning of which is characterised by the collapsing of the DNA bubble and the ejection of TFIIB. This is thought to be because the nascent RNA clashes with the B linker helix when it is 6 bases long and upon further elo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Chi site or Chi sequence is a short stretch of DNA in the genome of a bacterium near which homologous recombination is more likely to occur than on average across the genome. Chi sites serve as stimulators of DNA double-strand break repair in bacteria, which can arise from radiation or chemical treatments, or result ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Design and fabrication of E-AB aptamers is consistent with methods used for previously reported aptamers. SELEX is a well known selection method for fabrication and selection of nucleotide aptamers. In 1990s, scientists introduced SELEX. Aptamers are chosen based on their in vitro target recognition through this proces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert Crabtree is renowned for his influential work on hydrogenation, particularly his contributions to the development of the Crabtree catalyst. This catalyst, utilizing iridium as the active metal, displays exceptional efficiency, regio- and stereoselectivity in hydrogenation reactions. Notably, when terpinen-4-ol u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate Parduczia sp. This code, along with translation tables 28 and 31, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. Translation termination probably relies on con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work. This can be counteracted by setting up Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support. TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid action following a flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Evalyn Bostock, (1917–1944) British actress who died from accidentally drinking carbon tetrachloride after mistaking it for her drink while working in a photographic darkroom.
* Harry Edwards (1887–1952), an American director who died from carbon tetrachloride poisoning shortly after directing his first television pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2013, Russia and China banned ractopamine in pork, and Russia also in beef, deeming it unfit for human consumption. Because the traditional Chinese diet embraces pig offal, and because ractopamine is concentrated by the gastro-intestinal system of animals, Chinese officials have banned ractopamine. Other countries i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the modern understanding, the superficially unoccupied p-orbital on a (meta)stable carbene is not, in fact, fully empty. Instead, the carbene Lewis structures are in resonance with dative bonds toward adjacent lone-pair or pi-bond orbitals.
Early workers attributed the stability of Arduengo carbenes to the bulky N-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ERK1/2 pathway of mammals is probably the best-characterized MAPK system. The most important upstream activators of this pathway are the Raf proteins (A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf), the key mediators of response to growth factors (EGF, FGF, PDGF, etc.); but other MAP3Ks such as c-Mos and Tpl2/Cot can also play the same ro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MCSGP process consists of several, at least two, chromatographic columns which are switched in position opposite to the flow direction. Most of the columns are equipped with a gradient pump to adjust the modifier concentration at the column inlet. Some columns are connected directly, so that non pure product stream... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In proteomics, MALDI is used for the rapid identification of proteins isolated by using gel electrophoresis: SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography, strong/weak ion exchange, isotope coded protein labeling (ICPL), and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Peptide mass fingerprinting is the most... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After CCNY, Haines taught elementary school science at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He then became a laboratory assistant to Richard Block at the Boyce Thompson Institute where he studied the microorganism Ochromonas danica. When Block died in a plane crash, Haines took over his research projects. In 1964 he o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthetic salmon calcitonin may be used therapeutically in humans, as it is twenty times more active than human calcitonin and has a longer half-life. It is used as therapy for Paget's disease, severe hypercalcemia, and in some cases, gynecomastia. It is also used as a therapy against osteoporosis working as an inhibit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several examples can be found in organic syntheses.
Below lithium–halogen exchange is a step in the synthesis of morphine. Here n-butyllithium is used to perform lithium–halogen exchange with bromide. The nucleophilic carbanion center quickly undergoes carbolithiation to the double bond, generating an anion stabilized ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The leucine synthesis pathway diverges from the valine pathway beginning with α-ketoisovalerate. α-Isopropylmalate synthase catalyzes this condensation with acetyl CoA to produce α-isopropylmalate. An isomerase converts α-isopropylmalate to β-isopropylmalate. The third step is the NAD-dependent oxidation of β-isopropyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The technique works backwards from the target to identify a precursor molecule and an enzyme that converts it into the target, and then a second precursor that can produce the first and so on until a simple, inexpensive molecule becomes the beginning of the series. For each precursor, the enzyme is evolved using induce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bathochromic shift is typically demonstrated using a spectrophotometer, colorimeter, or spectroradiometer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Earth's atmosphere, the speed of sound varies greatly from about at high altitudes to about at high temperatures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cresol red can be used in many common molecular biology reactions in place of other loading dyes. Cresol Red does not inhibit Taq polymerase to the same degree as other common loading dyes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cell adhesion laminin-111 and other isoforms are important proteins that anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The linkage between cells and the ECM is formed by binding cell surface receptors to one end of the laminin α chain and binding ECM components to another region of the laminin. Globular domains (G... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The consumption of polluted water leads to many deaths. In the year 2015, 1.8 million people world wide died because of water pollution and over 1 billion people became ill. Low-income and third-world communities are especially endangered, because they often live close to industries with high emission. Hazards like wat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2010, AstraZeneca announced a co-promotion agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to distribute Nexium in Japan. In September 2011, Nexium was approved for sale and was launched by Daiichi Sankyo in Japan. Esomeprazole was approved for use in the United States in February 2001. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to the N-substituted thiocarbamate is shown below. The reaction proceeds under acidic conditions. The alcohol accepts a hydrogen ion from sulfuric acid to form a water, which then leaves, creating a carbocation. The mesomeric form of the cyanogroup reacts with the carbocat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conformational isomerism is a form of isomerism that describes the phenomenon of molecules with the same structural formula but with different shapes due to rotations about one or more bonds. Different conformations can have different energies, can usually interconvert, and are very rarely isolatable. For example, ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antimicrobial resistance is the driving force for the development of new antimicrobial agents. The complexity and diversity of resistance mechanisms has defined the need for new and improved β-lactam antibiotics. With their broad spectrum the cephalosporins have come to dominate β-lactam chemotherapy although they ofte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While each country is free to choose its team by whatever means it seems appropriate, the selection process usually involves holding regional and national olympiad competitions. Many countries hold "training camps" for its top students, where mentors from the country give the students accelerated college-level courses ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The atomic electron tomography technique is performed in transmission electron microscopes capable of reaching sub-Angstrom resolution. A collection of 2D images taken at numerous different tilt angles is acquired from the sample in question, and then used to reconstruct a 3D image. After image acquisition, a significa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common side effects patients experience are a headache or a chronic cough. The chronic cough develops in about 20% of people treated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first version of HMDB was released on January 1, 2007, followed by two subsequent versions on January 1, 2009 (version 2.0), August 1, 2009 (version 2.5), September 18, 2012 (version 3.0) and Jan. 1, 2013 (version 3.5), 2017 (version 4.0)., 2022 (version 5.0). Details for each of the major HMDB versions (up to vers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular beams can be used to create nanocluster beams of virtually any element. They can be synthesized in high vacuum by with molecular beam techniques combined with a mass spectrometer for mass selection, separation and analysis. And finally detected with detectors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of a transcription factory appears to be determined by cell type, transcriptional activity of the cell and also the method of technique used to visualise the structure. The generalised view of a transcription factory would feature between 4 – 30 RNA polymerase molecules and it is thought that the more tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium looping is considered as potential promising solutions to reduce CO capture energy penalty. There are many advantages from the calcium looping methods. Firstly, the method has been proved to yield a low efficiency penalties (5-8% points) while other mature CO capture systems yield a higher efficiency penalti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Avrami equation was applied in cancer biophysics in two aspects. First aspect is connected with tumor growth and cancer cells kinetics, which can be described by the sigmoidal curve. In this context the Avrami function was discussed as an alternative to the widely used Gompertz curve. In the second aspect the Avram... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The separate condenser showed dramatic potential for improvements on the Newcomen engine but Watt was still discouraged by seemingly insurmountable problems before a marketable engine could be perfected. It was only after entering into partnership with Matthew Boulton that such became reality. Watt told Boulton about h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water, air, alcohol, glycerol, and thin motor oil are all examples of Newtonian fluids over the range of shear stresses and shear rates encountered in everyday life. Single-phase fluids made up of small molecules are generally (although not exclusively) Newtonian. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Previtamin D is an intermediate in the production of cholecalciferol (vitamin D).
It is formed by the action of UV light, most specifically UVB light of wavelengths between 295 and 300 nm, acting on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermal layers of the skin.
The B ring of the steroid nucleus structure is broken open, m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hyper–Rayleigh scattering optical activity ( ), a form of chiroptical harmonic scattering, is a nonlinear optical physical effect whereby chiral scatterers (such as nanoparticles or molecules) convert light (or other electromagnetic radiation) to higher frequencies via harmonic generation processes, in a way that the i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides (LDHs). It has affinity for anions as chloride and iodide and is capable of retaining them to a certain extent in its crystallographical structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1947, scrolls were discovered in caves near the Dead Sea that proved to contain writing in Hebrew and Aramaic, most of which are thought to have been produced by the Essenes, a small Jewish sect. These scrolls are of great significance in the study of Biblical texts because many of them contain the earliest known ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ordinary (non-time) crystals form through spontaneous symmetry breaking related to a spatial symmetry. Such processes can produce materials with interesting properties, such as diamonds, salt crystals, and ferromagnetic metals. By analogy, a time crystal arises through the spontaneous breaking of a time-translation sym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Molecular Kink Paradigm envisions a representative network chain as a series of vectors that follow the chain contour within its tube. Each vector represents the equilibrium end-to-end distance of a kink. The actual 3-dimensional path of the chain is not pertinent, since all elastic forces are assumed to operate al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most countries, sewage collection and treatment are subject to local and national regulations and standards. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retinyl esters from animal-sourced foods (or synthesized for dietary supplements for humans and domesticated animals) are acted upon by retinyl ester hydrolases in the lumen of the small intestine to release free retinol. Retinol enters intestinal absorptive cells by passive diffusion. Absorption efficiency is in the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Coulter Counter was created by Wallace H. Coulter in 1949. The Coulter counter consists of two electrolyte reservoirs that are connected by a small channel, through which a current of ions flow. Each particle drawn through the channel causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid. The change in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hot-dip galvanizing deposits a thick, robust layer of zinc iron alloys on the surface of a steel item. In the case of automobile bodies, where additional decorative coatings of paint will be applied, a thinner form of galvanizing is applied by electrogalvanizing. The hot-dip process generally does not reduce strength t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The distribution constant (or partition ratio) (K) is the equilibrium constant for the distribution of an analyte in two immiscible solvents.
In chromatography, for a particular solvent, it is equal to the ratio of its molar concentration in the stationary phase to its molar concentration in the mobile phase, also appr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The atomic mass constant can also be expressed as its energy-equivalent, mc. The 2018 CODATA recommended values are:
The megaelectronvolt mass-equivalent (MeV/c) is commonly used as a unit of mass in particle physics, and these values are also important for the practical determination of relative atomic masses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquids can interact with two main types of solid surfaces. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high-energy and low-energy solids. The relative energy of a solid has to do with the bulk nature of the solid itself. Solids such as metals, glasses, and ceramics are known as hard solids because the chemica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A reducer reduces the pipe size from a larger to a smaller bore (inner diameter). Alternatively, reducer may refer to any fitting which causes a change in pipe diameter. This change may be intended to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size. The reduction length is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The initial discovery of this family of proteins is attributed to Adler et al. (1967). First identified as E. coli mutants that could not produce a properly localized septum, resulting in the generation of minicells
due to mislocalized cell division occurring near the bacterial poles. This caused miniature vesicles to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Porous crystalline solids consist of secondary building units (SBUs) which assemble to form a periodic and porous framework. An almost infinite number of frameworks can be formed through various SBU combinations leading to unique material properties for applications in separations, storage, and heterogeneous catalysis.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid solution strengthening increases yield strength of the material by increasing the shear stress, , to move dislocations:
where c is the concentration of the solute atoms, G is the shear modulus, b is the magnitude of the Burger's vector, and is the lattice strain due to the solute. This is composed of two terms, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most ceramics are extremely hard and must be wet-sawed with a circular blade embedded with diamond particles. A metallography or lapidary saw equipped with a low-density diamond blade is usually suitable. The blade must be cooled by a continuous liquid spray. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advected contours, e.g. of trace gases (such as ozone) in the stratosphere,
can be validated with satellite remote sensing instruments using a method called isoline retrieval. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires only small quantities of material. Separations in paper chromatography involve the principle of partition. In paper chromatography, su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fim switch in Escherichia coli is the mechanism by which the fim gene cluster, encoding Type I Pili, is transcriptionally controlled.
These pili are virulence factors involved in adhesion, especially important in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The gene undergoes phase variation mediated via two recombinases and is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1997, Roberts and Szostak showed that fusions between a synthetic mRNA and its encoded myc epitope could be enriched from a pool of random sequence mRNA-polypeptide fusions by immunoprecipitation.
Nine years later, Fukuda and colleagues chose mRNA display method for in vitro evolution of single-chain Fv (scFv) antib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The iconography of the tympanum and archivolts of the late 13th-century portal of Strasbourg Cathedral was inspired by Alberts writings. Albert is frequently mentioned by Dante, who made his doctrine of free will the basis of his ethical system. In his Divine Comedy, Dante places Albertus with his pupil Thomas Aquinas ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the assay, a fraction of the free receptor is captured by the solid phase ligand and subsequently labeled with a fluorescent secondary molecule (Figure 1). The short contact time with the solid phase does not allow significant dissociation of the pre-formed complexes in the solution. Solution dissociation is thu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.