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Nitrogen and phosphorus grow a K. brevis red tide. Although K. brevis is initiated off shore, it will grow from nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) found on the shore. Along the southwest coast of Florida, when surface summer south winds blow phosphorus, nitrogen, green algae, and cyanobacteria into K. brevis that has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much palladium forms during the fission process. In nuclear reprocessing, not all of the fission palladium dissolves; also some palladium that dissolves at first comes out of solution later. Palladium-rich dissolver fines (particles) are often removed as they interfere with the solvent extraction process by stabilising... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
De Hevesy married Pia Riis in 1924. They had one son and three daughters together, one of whom (Eugenie) married a grandson of the Swedish Nobel laureate Svante Arrhenius. De Hevesy died in 1966 at the age of eighty and was buried in Freiburg. In 2000, his body was moved to the Kerepesi Cemetery in Budapest, Hungary. H... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two-step thermochemical cycles, often involving metal oxides, can be divided into two categories depending on the nature of the reaction: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile cycles utilize metal species that sublime during the reduction of the metal oxides, and non-volatile cycles can be further categorized into stoich... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bioinformatic search of the sequence databases identified one homologue of the MRS2 gene of yeast in a range of metazoans. The protein has a very similar sequence and predicted TM topology to the yeast protein, and the GMN motif is intact at the end of the first TM domain. The human protein, hsaMrs2p, has been locali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For MLLL, a total of five geometric isomers and six stereoisomers are possible.
# One isomer in which all three pairs of identical ligands are trans
# Three isomers in which one pair of identical ligands (L or L or L) is trans while the other two pairs of ligands are mutually cis.
# Two enantiomeric pair in which all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The general equation can then be written as
where the "force" term corresponds to the forces exerted on the particles by an external influence (not by the particles themselves), the "diff" term represents the diffusion of particles, and "coll" is the collision term – accounting for the forces acting between particles i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid, solid–solid or liquid–liquid interface. Generally, dewetting describes the process of retraction of a fluid from a non-wettable surface it was forced to cover. The opposite process—spreading of a liquid on a substrate—is called wet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cultivation practices include polyculture (growing multiple types of plants), crop rotation, planting crops in areas where the pests that damage them do not live, timing planting according to when pests will be least problematic, and use of trap crops that attract pests away from the real crop. Trap crops have successf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The APPI interface for LC–MS was developed simultaneously by Bruins and Syage in 2000. APPI is another LC–MS ion source/ interface for the analysis of neutral compounds that cannot be ionized using ESI. This interface is similar to the APCI ion source, but instead of a corona discharge, the ionization occurs by using p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EBSD is conducted using an SEM equipped with an EBSD detector containing at least a phosphor screen, compact lens and low-light Charge-coupled device (CCD) or Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) camera. , commercially available EBSD systems typically come with one of two different CCD cameras: for fast measu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An organophosphinic acid is an organophosphorus compound with the formula RHPOH (R = alkyl, aryl). One or both P-H bonds in the parent hypophosphorous acid (aka phosphinic acid) are replaced by organic groups. The Cyanex family of dialkylphosphinic acids are used in hydrometallurgy to extract metals from ores. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For fully developed internal laminar flow, the Nusselt numbers tend towards a constant value for long pipes.
For internal flow:
where:
:D = Hydraulic diameter
:k = thermal conductivity of the fluid
:h = convective heat transfer coefficient | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A "photoelectrochemical cell" is one of two distinct classes of device. The first produces electrical energy similarly to a dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell, which meets the standard definition of a photovoltaic cell. The second is a photoelectrolytic cell, that is, a device which uses light incident on a photosensiti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recombinant subunit vaccines are safe for administration. However, mild local reactions, including induration and swelling of the injection site, along with fever, fatigue and headache may be encountered after vaccination. Occurrence of severe hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis is rare, but can possibly lead to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Senapathy discovered that stop codons occur as key parts in every genetic element in eukaryotic genes. The table and figure show that the key parts of the core promoter elements, the lariat signal, the donor and acceptor splice signals, and the poly-A addition signal consist of one or more stop codons. This finding cor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The advantage of TEC-RED over SAGE is that no restriction endonuclease is needed for the initial linker binding. This prevents bias associated with restriction site sequences that will be missing from some genes, as is seen in SAGE. The ability to have a snapshot of specific RNA isoforms allows the deduction of differe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide has been discussed as a precursor to amino acids and nucleic acids, and is proposed to have played a part in the origin of life. Although the relationship of these chemical reactions to the origin of life theory remains speculative, studies in this area have led to discoveries of new pathways to organi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A more general Couette flow includes a constant pressure gradient in a direction parallel to the plates. The Navier–Stokes equations are
where is the dynamic viscosity. Integrating the above equation twice and applying the boundary conditions (same as in the case of Couette flow without pressure gradient) gives
The p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 19th century, "millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Assembly of the SNAREs into the "trans" complexes likely bridges the opposing lipid bilayers of membranes belonging to cell and secretory granule, bringing them in proximity and inducing their fusion. The influx of calcium into the cell triggers the completion of the assembly reaction, which is mediated by an interacti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents. Nucleofection, also referred to as nucleofector technology, was invented by the biotechnology company Amaxa. "Nucleofector" and "nucleofection... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lactols can participate in a variety of chemical reactions including:
* Oxidation to form lactones
* Reaction with alcohols to form acetals
** The reaction of sugars with alcohols or other nucleophiles leads to the formation of glycosides
* Reduction (deoxygenation) to form cyclic ethers | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Milorganite is the trademark of a biosolids fertilizer produced by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. The recycled organic nitrogen fertilizer from the Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is sold throughout North America, reduces the need for manufactured nutrients.
* Loop is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation (light). Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, solid state, and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic esters, ketones, and aldehydes with an α-hydrogen ( bond adjacent to the carbonyl group) often form enols. The reaction involves migration of a proton () from carbon to oxygen:
In the case of ketones, the conversion is called a keto-enol tautomerism, although this name is often more generally applied to all suc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface tension is visible in other common phenomena, especially when surfactants are used to decrease it:
* Soap bubbles have very large surface areas with very little mass. Bubbles in pure water are unstable. The addition of surfactants, however, can have a stabilizing effect on the bubbles (see Marangoni effect). Su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schematic view and experimental setups of the RIC wettability testing method is described in Figure 1. Core plugs are divided into 3–4 core samples, each of 3.8 cm average diameter and 1.5 cm length. The lateral area of each core sample is sealed by epoxy resin to ensure one-dimensional liquid penetration into the core... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Petrobactin is a bis-catechol siderophore found in M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, A. macleodii, and the anthrax-producing B. anthracis. Like other siderophores petrobactin is a highly specific iron(III) transport ligand, contributing to the marine microbial uptake of environmental iron.
The iron-chelated petrobactin complex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was clear to many scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment. On 25 January 1939, a Columbia University group conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States, which was done in the basement of Pupin Hall. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the ability to introduce diverse functionality into COFs’ structure, catalytic sites can be fine-tuned in conjunction with other advantageous properties like conductivity and stability to afford efficient and selective catalysts. COFs have been used as heterogeneous catalysts in organic, electrochemical, as well... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*marsh gas/air
*carburetted hydrogen
*light carburetted hydrogen
*heavy inflammable air
*dicarburet of hydrogen
*fire-damp
*gas of the acetates | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stereochemistry of macromolecules can be defined even more precisely with the introduction of triads. An isotactic triad (mm) is made up of two adjacent meso diads, a syndiotactic triad (also spelled syndyotactic) (rr) consists of two adjacent racemo diads, and a heterotactic triad (rm) is composed of a racemo di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of processes of surface growth in areas ranging from mechanics of growing gravitational bodies through propagating fronts of phase transitions, epitaxial growth of nanostructures and 3D printing, growth of plants, and cell mobility require non-Euclidean description because of incompatibility of boundary condit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The degree of dissociation α (also known as degree of ionization), is a way of representing the strength of an acid. It is defined as the ratio of the number of ionized molecules and the number of molecules dissolved in water. It can be represented as a decimal number or as a percentage. One can classify strong acids a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, there had been discussion connecting copy number variations to gene families. Gene families are defined as a set of related genes that serve similar functions but have minor temporal or spatial differences and these genes likely derived from one ancestral gene. The main reason copy number variations are conne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, a nickel-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling has been developed which allows for the coupling of non-activated alkyl halides to acetylene without the use of palladium, although a copper co-catalyst is still needed. It has also been reported that gold can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst, which was demonstrated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
where is the velocity of the fluid just after interacting with the rotor. This can be written as . The radial component of the velocity will be zero; this must be true if we are to use the annular ring approach; to assume otherwise would suggest interference between annular rings at some point downstream. Since we ass... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOCCHCOOH) and eth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relative entropy is directly related to the Fisher information metric. This can be made explicit as follows. Assume that the probability distributions and are both parameterized by some (possibly multi-dimensional) parameter . Consider then two close by values of and so that the parameter differs by only a small a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The CSI method is not without some shortcomings. In particular, its performance drops if chemical shift assignments are mis-referenced or incomplete. It is also quite sensitive to the choice of random coil shifts used to calculate the secondary shifts and it generally identifies alpha helices (>85% accuracy) better t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are no expected pharmacokinetic interactions between thalidomide and other medicines due to its neutral effects on P-glycoprotein and the cytochrome P450 family. It may interact with sedatives due to its sedative action and bradycardic agents, like beta-blockers, due to its bradycardia-inducing effects. Risk of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis was reported in 1924 and the basic approach underpins several industrial routes. In its general form, the reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, in ammonia or ammonia derivatives. Applicat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The glycosylation reaction involves the coupling of a glycosyl donor and a glycosyl acceptor via initiation using an activator under suitable reaction conditions.
* A glycosyl donor is a sugar with a suitable leaving group at the anomeric position. This group, under the reaction conditions, is activated and via the fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Candelabro Trivulzio in the Milan Cathedral, a seven-branch bronze candlestick measuring 5 meters in height, has a base and lower part decorated with intricately designed ornament which is considered by many to be French work of the 13th century; the upper part with the branches was added in the second half of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amongst members of the ETS family, there is extensive conservation in the DNA-binding ETS domain and, therefore, a lot of redundancy in DNA binding. It is thought that interactions with other proteins (eg: Modulator of the activity of Ets called Mae) is one way in which specific binding to DNA is achieved. Transcriptio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Long-term use of high doses of tramadol causes physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome. These include both symptoms typical of opioid withdrawal and those associated with serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) withdrawal; symptoms include numbness, tingling, paresthesia, and tinnitus. Psychiatric sympto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, potential flow or irrotational flow refers to a description of a fluid flow with no vorticity in it. Such a description typically arises in the limit of vanishing viscosity, i.e., for an inviscid fluid and with no vorticity present in the flow.
Potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Boden und Bodenbildung Kolloidchemischer Betrachtung, 1918
* Anleitung zum quantitativischen agrikulturchemischen Praktikum, 1919 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eutrophication, an influx of nutrients (phosphate/nitrate), often a byproduct of agricultural run-off and sewage discharge, can result in large but short-lived algae blooms. Upon a bloom's conclusion, the dead algae sink to the bottom and are broken down until all oxygen is expended. Such a case is the Gulf of Mexico ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins. The proteins of STAT family transmit signals from a receptor complex to the nucleus and activate gene expression. Similarly as other STAT f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SK channels are expressed throughout the central nervous system. They are highly conserved in mammals as well as in other organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. SK channels are specifically involved in the medium afterhyperpolarizing potential (mAHP). They affect both the intrinsic excita... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Homozygosity/Autozygosity mapping is a powerful technique, but is only valid when searching for a mutation segregating within a small, closed population. Such a small population, possibly created by the founder effect, will have a limited gene pool, and thus any inherited disease will probably be a result of two copie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dysfunction of potassium channels, including SK channels, is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
SK channel blockers control the firing rate (the number of action potentials produced by a neuron in a given time) and the firing pattern (th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Noncompetitive inhibitors of CYP2C9 enzyme include nifedipine, tranylcypromine, phenethyl isothiocyanate, and 6-hydroxyflavone. Computer docking simulation and constructed mutants substituted indicate that the noncompetitive binding site of 6-hydroxyflavone is the reported allosteric binding site of CYP2C9 enzyme. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
#Microinject the embryo with DNA coding for transposase and a plasmid with the reporter gene and transposase recognition sequences (and often the E. coli reporter gene and origin of replication, etc.).
#Random transposition occurs, inserting the reporter gene randomly. The insertion tends to occur near actively transcr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The complete breakdown of glucose releasing its energy is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which rel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Striations or string-like structures, also known as Birkeland currents, are seen in many plasmas, like the plasma ball, the aurora, lightning, electric arcs, solar flares, and supernova remnants. They are sometimes associated with larger current densities, and the interaction with the magnetic field can form a magnetic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Galvanic cells are extensions of spontaneous redox reactions, but have been merely designed to harness the energy produced from said reaction. For example, when one immerses a strip of zinc metal (Zn) in an aqueous solution of copper sulfate (CuSO), dark-colored solid deposits will collect on the surface of the zinc me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formula of S53P4 was first developed in the early 1990s in Turku, Finland, at Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku. It has received the product claim for use in bone cavity filling in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in 2011. S53P4 is among the most studied bioactive glasses on the market with over ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spite of the apparent complexity of the flow transition, application of simple analytic tools to a two dimensional analysis is effective in providing analytic results which closely parallel both field and laboratory results. Analysis shows:
* Height of the jump: the relationship between the depths before and after t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neisseria meningitidis has multiple type II restriction endonuclease systems that are employed in natural genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is a process by which a recipient bacterial cell can take up DNA from a neighboring donor bacterial cell and integrate this DNA into its genome by recombinatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scaffolds localize the signaling reaction to a specific area in the cell, a process that could be important for the local production of signaling intermediates. A particular example of this process is the scaffold, A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs), which target cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to various site... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ventilation rate, for commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric flow rate of outdoor air, introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) in the imperial system, or liters per second (L/s) in the metric system (even though ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fusion of Armstrong's acid in NaOH gives the disodium salt of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, which can be acidified to give the diol. The intermediate in this hydrolysis, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, is also useful. Nitration gives nitrodisulfonic acids, which are precursors to amino derivatives.
The disodium salt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A powerful research technique is to simultaneously measure chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange to obtain a full picture of the response of plants to their environment. One technique is to simultaneously measure CO fixation and PSII photochemistry at different light intensities, in non-photorespiratory conditions.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
I, with a half-life of 8 days, is a hazard from nuclear fallout because iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland. See also Radiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster#Iodine-131 and
Downwinders#Nevada.
In common with Sr, I is used for the treatment of cancer. A small dose of I can be used in a thyroid fun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nanoDSF technology was used to confirm on-target binding of BI-3231 to HSD17B13 and to elucidate its uncompetitive mode of inhibition with regards to NAD. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bullous keratopathy that is characterized by corneal stromal edema related to cell loss and endothelial decompensation as well as subepithelial fibrosis and corneal vascularization in further cases, results vision problems due to loss of corneal transparency. Fibrin glue is used as a sutureless method onto the corneal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1988 Alexander von Humboldt fellowship of Germany: Research with Jürgen Martens at the University of Oldenburg and Hans Brückner University of Giessen.
* 1992 European Economic Community Fellowship: Research with Peter Shewry University of Bristol
* 1993 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
* 2001 Fellow of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of a vapor bubble adds an additional component for analysis given that the vapor bubble could contain a significant proportion of the HO and CO originally in the melt sampled by the melt inclusion. If the vapor bubble is composed primarily of CO, Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the density of C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mappae clavicula is a medieval Latin text containing manufacturing recipes for crafts materials, including for metals, glass, mosaics, and dyes and tints for materials. The information and style in the recipes is very terse. Each recipe consists of the names of the ingredients and typically about two sentences on c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on their band structure, materials are characterised with a direct band gap or indirect band gap. In the free-electron model, k is the momentum of a free electron and assumes unique values within the Brillouin zone that outlines the periodicity of the crystal lattice. If the momentum of the lowest energy state in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pressure drop (often abbreviated as "dP" or "ΔP") is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network. A pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a conduit (such as a channel, pipe, or tube). This friction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, enols are less stable than their keto equivalents because of the favorability of the C=O double bond over C=C double bond. However, enols can be stabilized kinetically or thermodynamically.
Some enols are sufficiently stabilized kinetically so that they can be characterized.
Delocalization can stabilize the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Masri founded and manages the first Palestinian equity fund, a 90 million investment initiative known as "Siraj Fund" in 2003, and the companys first fun "Siraj Palestine Fund I" was launched in February 2011, the company was founded for the sole purpose of managing investment funds in Palestine. The company focuses on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first publication of the structure of wheel shaped cluster anion, first determined for the nitrosyl derivative by Achim Müller et al. was announced in New Scientist as "Big Wheel rolls back the molecular frontier". Further work by the same group then refined the initial findings and determined the structure of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SP-B is encoded by SFTPB, a single, 11425 nucleotide long gene on chromosome 2. Mutations in this gene are the basis for several of the lung conditions mentioned above. Both frameshift mutations and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found correlated to a variety of lung conditions. A frame shift... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic relations have been observed in many systems and, since their conception, have gone by many terms, among which are the Meyer-Neldel effect or rule, the Barclay-Butler rule, the theta rule, and the Smith-Topley effect. Generally, chemists will talk about the isokinetic relation (IKR), from the importance of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry has traditionally used drift tubes as ion traps. However, radio frequency ion funnels offer an attractive alternative, as they improve compound specific sensitivity significantly. This is due to increasing the effective reaction time and focusing the ions. The same pressure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on their location around the world, gyres can be regions of high biological productivity or low productivity. Each gyre has a unique ecological profile but can be grouped by region due to dominating characteristics. Generally, productivity is greater for cyclonic gyres (e.g., subpolar gyres) that drive upwell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second analysis, taking into account the measured Faraday efficiency, yielded an actual excess heat of 0.13% +/- 0.48%. In other words, when the actual Faraday efficiency was measured and taken into account, the energy balance of the cells was zero, with no excess heat. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern concept of polymers credited to Hermann Staudinger, who substantiated the existence of covalently linked ultralong molecules in 1920, which he called as macromolecules. The preamble of the field of supramolecular polymers can be considered dye-aggregates and host-guest complexes. In early 19th century, scienti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers at the University of North Carolina published an article in Clinical Biochemistry which found Baby wash products could cause false drug test results. Newborn drug screening has a significant implications in both the healthcare and legal domains, on occasion resulting in involvement by social services or fa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, condensation polymers are any kind of polymers whose process of polymerization involves a condensation reaction (i.e. a small molecule, such as water or methanol, is produced as a byproduct). Natural proteins as well as some common plastics such as nylon and PETE are formed in this way. Condensa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measurement consists of packing the powder into a cylindrical "bed" having a known porosity (i.e. volume of air-space between particles divided by total bed volume). A pressure drop is set up along the length of the bed cylinder. The resulting flow-rate of air through the bed yields the specific surface by the Kozeny... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cavitation can occur in control valves. If the actual pressure drop across the valve as defined by the upstream and downstream pressures in the system is greater than the sizing calculations allow, pressure drop flashing or cavitation may occur. The change from a liquid state to a vapor state results from the increase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroamination has been examined with a variety of amines, unsaturated substrates, and vastly different catalysts. Amines that have been investigated span a wide scope including primary, secondary, cyclic, acyclic, and anilines with diverse steric and electronic substituents. The unsaturated substrates that have been i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenotypic threshold effect is when there is a certain amount of wild-type mtDNA present in the mitochondrion which is able to balance out the number of mutated mtDNA. As a result, the phenotype is normal. However, if the number of wild-type mtDNA decreases and the number of mutant mtDNA increases, resulting in an imba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amino acid metabolism in plants has been deemed a controversial topic, due to the lack of concrete evidence for any particular pathway. However, it has been suggested that enzymes related to the production and use of propionyl-CoA are involved. Associated with this is the metabolism of isobutyryl-CoA. These two molecul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paul Sydney Braterman (born August 1938) is Emeritus Professor of chemistry at the University of North Texas and honorary senior Research Fellow in Chemistry at the University of Glasgow. Braterman is also a science writer and education campaigner. The author of "From Stars to Stalagmites", and over 120 technical publ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium-containing NASICON-type crystals are described by the general formula , in which M stands for a metal or a metalloid (Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Ge), and display a complex three-dimensional network of corner-sharing octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra. Lithium ions are hosted in voids in between, which can be subdivided i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound crystallizes from a heated solution of mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, and precisely 2% water in acetone. Attempted synthesis in concentrated aqueous solution will give the pale orange monohydrate instead. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids and amines to form a colored compound "Ruhemann's purple" (RP). Spraying with a zinc chloride solution forms a 1:1 complex RP:, which is more readily detected as it fluoresces more intensely than RP. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an approach to calculation of the impact, activity-based costing (ABC) will be used for calculations of environmental costs. Emblemssvåg and Bras worked and analyzed the ABC as a method for environmental analyses. The method substitutes the cost for the production in money with an environmental emission, e.g. CO emi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trioxidane readily decomposes into water and singlet oxygen, with a half-life of about 16 minutes in organic solvents at room temperature, but only milliseconds in water. It reacts with organic sulfides to form sulfoxides, but little else is known of its reactivity.
Recent research found that trioxidane is the active i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some sulfate-reducing bacteria produce hydrogen sulfide, which can cause sulfide stress cracking. Acidithiobacillus bacteria produce sulfuric acid; Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans frequently damages sewer pipes. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans directly oxidizes iron to iron oxides and iron hydroxides; the rusticles forming on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Seeded supersonic nozzle Seeded supersonic nozzles are mostly used to create clusters of low-boiling-point metal. In this source method metal is vaporized in a hot oven. The metal vapor is mixed with (seeded in) inert carrier gas. The vapor mixture is ejected into a vacuum chamber via a small hole, producing a superson... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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