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Passive blue roof systems control the rate at which water drains from a rooftop through non-mechanical means. Unlike active systems which inhibit water flow through drainage pipes, passive systems temporarily detain water on the surface of the roof by lengthening the path the water must take in order to reach outlet dr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this class it is worthwhile to highlight the small non-peptide molecules LM22A-24 and LM11A-31 developed by Longo and Massa. Through the modulation of p75NTR activity, these compounds downregulate degenerative and upregulate trophic signaling. In particular, LM11A-31 was found to inhibit several pathophysiological m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of iron isotopes may also have applications when studying potential evidence for life on other planets. The ability of microbes to utilize iron in their metabolisms makes it possible for organisms to survive in anoxic, iron-rich environments, such as Mars. Thus, the continual improvement of knowledge regarding ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies performed seeded scaffolds made of polymers with various cell lines in vitro, in which the scaffolds degraded over time while leaving behind a cellular matrix and proteins. The first study on tissue engineering of heart valves was published in 1995. During 1995 and 1996, Shinoka used a scaffold made of polyglyc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Household RO units use a lot of water because they have low back pressure. Household RO water purifiers typically produce one liter of usable water and 3-25 liters of wastewater. The remainder is discharged, usually into the drain. Because wastewater carries the rejected contaminants, recovering this water is not pract... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FDA hydrolysis is often used to measure activity in soil and compost samples; however, it may not give an accurate reading if microbes with lower activity phases, such as esterases, cleave the fluorescein first.
It is also used in combination with propidium iodide (PI) to determine viability in eukaryotic cells. Living... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The product scope of this reaction is extremely broad with the use of different substrates; however development of different functionalities has required accompanied studies to determine the proper catalyst system. The most typical class of reactions involves coupling between C–COOH and C–X bonds, however C–COOH and C–... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Therapeutic antibody discovery
* Cell-receptor monoclonal antibody development
* In vivo animal study-grade antibodies development
* Molecular modeling
* Antibody sequencing
* Anti-idiotype antibody production
* Anti-protein antibodies for pharmacokinetics studies
* Immunogenicity assays for reagents and controls
* I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems:
* The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some acti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type II rearrangements often involve double hydrogen migration in a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nucle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a severe form of localized external corrosion that occurs in carbon and low alloy steel equipment that has been insulated. This form of corrosion occurs when water is absorbed by or collected in the insulation. The equipment begins to corrode as it is exposed to water and oxygen. C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kinetic resolution is a possible method for irreversibly differentiating a pair of enantiomers due to (potentially) different activation energies. While both enantiomers are at the same Gibbs free energy level by definition, and the products of the reaction with both enantiomers are also at equal levels, the , or trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a 1998 study, tritium concentrations in surface seawater and atmospheric water vapor (10 meters above the surface) were sampled at the following locations: the Sulu Sea, the Fremantle Bay, the Bay of Bengal, the Penang Bay, and the Strait of Malacca. Results indicated that the tritium concentration in surface seawat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Considering the limitations of the dose-response concept, a novel Abstract Drug Toxicity Index (DTI) has been proposed recently. DTI redefines drug toxicity, identifies hepatotoxic drugs, gives mechanistic insights, predicts clinical outcomes and has potential as a screening tool. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Morphine is the prototype of opioid analgesics
* Propranolol is the prototype of the beta blockers
* Chlorpromazine is the prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic
* Imipramine is the prototypical tricyclic antidepressant, and itself a derivative of chlorpromazine
* Diazepam is the prototype of the benzodiazepine
* D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-receptors are membrane-bound receptors coupled to G-proteins. Three types of β-receptors have been identified by molecular pharmacology. β receptors make up to 75% of all beta receptors and are predominantly located in the heart. β receptors are found in vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. β receptors, which are pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining the three-dimensional structures and the properties adopted by many proteins. Compared to the , , and bonds that comprise most polymers, hydrogen bonds are far weaker, perhaps 5%. Thus, hydrogen bonds can be broken by chemical or mechanical means while retaining ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann (; 22 February 1902 – 22 April 1980) was a German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in December 1938, identified the element barium as a product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons. Their observation was the key piece of evidence necessary to identify the previously unknown phenomenon of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martin Schröder was born in Taplow, Buckinghamshire of Estonian refugee parents in 1954, and was educated at Montem Primary School and Slough Grammar School. He is first in family to attend university, and was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from the University of Sheffield in 1975 and a PhD from Impe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glass-ceramics are used in medical applications due to their unique interaction, or lack thereof, with human body tissue. Bioceramics are typically placed into the following groups based on their biocompatibility: biopassive (bioinert), bioactive, or resorbable ceramics.
Biopassive (bioinert) ceramics are, as the name ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aircraft engines with a fixed exhaust nozzle area have a single steady-state operating or running line which is fixed by fuel flow from idle to maximum speed. Variable vane angles and flow areas (bleed valves) in the compressor don't change the running line at a particular operating point because the angles and valve p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All equilibrium constants vary with temperature according to the van 't Hoff equation
is the gas constant and is the absolute temperature. Thus, for exothermic reactions, the standard enthalpy change, , is negative and K decreases with temperature. For endothermic reactions, is positive and K increases with temperat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The soils and sediments most prone to becoming acid sulfate soils formed within the last 10,000 years, after the last major sea level rise. When the sea level rose and inundated the land, sulfate in the seawater mixed with land sediments containing iron oxides and organic matter. Under these anaerobic conditions, litho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is important to note that A-values do not predict the physical size of a molecule, only the steric effect. For example, the tert-butyl group (A-value=4.9) has a larger A-value than the trimethylsilyl group (A-value=2.5), yet the tert-butyl group actually occupies less space. This difference can be attributed to the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beatriz Roldán Cuenya (born 1976 in Oviedo) is a Spanish physicist working in surface science and catalysis. Since 2017 she has been director of the Department of Interface Science at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin, Germany. Since April 2023, she has also been interim director of the Depa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid.
The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.
The impact of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was invented in 2014 by Xochitl Dominguez Benetton at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, in Belgium. The patent for the process granted in Europe was filed in 2015 and its expiration is anticipated in 2036. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially in the process of degradation, fatty acids are stored in adipocytes. The breakdown of this fat is known as lipolysis. The products of lipolysis, free fatty acids, are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body. During the breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids, more than 75% of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the human genome, CCL7 is encoded by the CCL7 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. This region contains the gene for the MCP subset of CC chemokines. The CCL7 gene has been given the locus symbol SCYA7.
The gene consists of three exons and two introns. The first exon ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A microcoil is a tiny electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a spiral or helix which could be a solenoid or a planar structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the entire sample is loaded, the feed is switched to the displacer, chosen to have higher affinity than any sample component. The displacer forms a sharp-edged zone at the head of the column, pushing the other components downstream. Each sample component now acts as a displacer for the lower-affinity solutes, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In alchemy, cadmia (Latin for cadmium) is an oxide of zinc (tutty; from tutiya, via Persian, from Sanskrit तुत्थ tuttha) which collects on the sides of furnaces where copper or brass was smelted, and zinc sublimed. The term is also applied to an ore of cobalt.
For the cadmium produced in furnaces, there were five iden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plaster casting is similar to sand casting except that plaster of paris is used instead of sand as a mold material. Generally, the form takes less than a week to prepare, after which a production rate of 1–10 units/hr-mold is achieved, with items as massive as and as small as with very good surface finish and close t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oblique shocks are often preferable in engineering applications when compared to normal shocks. This can be attributed to the fact that using one or a combination of oblique shock waves results in more favourable post-shock conditions (smaller increase in entropy, less stagnation pressure loss, etc.) when compared to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cnidarians such as Hydra have become attractive model organisms to study the evolution of immunity. However, despite long-term efforts, stably transgenic animals could not be generated, severely limiting the functional analysis of genes. For analytical purposes, therefore, an important technical breakthrough in the fie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reynolds number interpretation has been extended into the area of arbitrary complex systems. Such as financial flows, nonlinear networks, etc. In the latter case, an artificial viscosity is reduced to a nonlinear mechanism of energy distribution in complex network media. Reynolds number then represents a basic control ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C-MORE: SUPER HI-CAT (Center for Microbial Oceanography- Research and Education: Survey of Underwater Plastic Ecosystem Response Hawaii to California Transit)
The SUPER HI-CAT research cruise was the first effort to study the microbial communities and the biogeochemistry associated with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The unidirectional shape-shape-memory effect was first observed by Chand and Read in 1951 in a Gold-Cadmium alloy and in 1963 Buehler described this effect for nitinol, which is an equiatomic Nickel-Titanium alloy.
This effect in metals and ceramics is based on a change in the crystal structure, called martensitic phas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soret held the chairs of chemistry (1873-1887) and medical physics (1887-1890) at the University of Geneva.
Soret determined the chemical composition and density of ozone and the conditions for its production. He described it correctly as being composed of three oxygen atoms bound together.
Soret also developed optical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Samarium–neodymium is an isotope system which can be utilised to provide a date as well as isotopic fingerprints of geological materials, and various other materials including archaeological finds (pots, ceramics).
Sm decays to produce Nd with a half life of 1.06x10 years.
Dating is achieved usually by trying to produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds that contain phosphorus exhibit unique chemistry due to the ability of phosphorus to form more bonds than nitrogen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
René Roy uses carbohydrate chemistry to develop neoglycoconjugates and polymers to treat disease related to glycoproteins such as bacterial infections and cancers. His synthesis of new glycan structures, among which glycopolymers, glycodendrimers, and glycodendrimersomes (terms that he first developed) enabled progress... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed electronic transitions between the energy levels of atoms. They can be used for one-electron and multi-electron atoms. They take into account the specific selection rules related to changes in angular momentum of the electron. The diagrams are named after Walter ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modification of human genes in order to treat genetic diseases is referred to as gene therapy. Gene therapy is a medical procedure that involves inserting genetic material into a patients cells to repair or fix a malfunctioning gene in order to treat hereditary illnesses. Between 1989 and December 2018, over 2,900 clin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2013, eighteen cases of overdoses had been reported with doses of up to 14.4 grams, none of them fatal. No specific antidote for overdose exists and treatment is purely supportive. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite being larger and heavier than other bioaerosols, some studies show that pollen can be transported thousands of kilometers. They are a major source of wind-dispersed allergens, coming particularly from seasonal releases from grasses and trees. Tracking distance, transport, resources, and deposition of pollen to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and ultimately into amino acids. Protein catabolism is a key function of digestion process. Protein catabolism often begins with pepsin, which converts proteins into polypeptides. These polypeptides are then further degraded.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AMOC is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. The major possible mechanism causing the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly is based on the fact that freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. Observed freshwater increase originates probably fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil has been used non-medically as a "smart drug" by various groups, including students, office workers, transhumanists, and professionals in various sectors. Its use is attributed by these individuals to its potential for enhancing attention, cognitive capabilities, and alertness.
The effectiveness of modafinil ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal complexes of aldehydes and ketones describes coordination complexes with aldehyde (RCHO) and ketone ligands. Because aldehydes and ketones are common, the area is of fundamental interest. Some reactions that are useful in organic chemistry involve such complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide, like other gases, is soluble in water. However, unlike many other gases (oxygen for instance), it reacts with water and forms a balance of several ionic and non-ionic species (collectively known as dissolved inorganic carbon, or DIC). These are dissolved free carbon dioxide (CO ), carbonic acid (HCO),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of disorders which disrupt normal functioning of ion channels and have disastrous consequences for the organism. Genetic and autoimmune disorders of ion channels and their modifiers are known as channelopathies. See :Category:Channelopathies for a full list.
* Shaker gene mutations cause a defect in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stacking of the nucleotides in a double helix is a major determinant of the helixs stability. With the added surface area and hydrogen available for bonding, stacking potential for the nucleobases increases with the addition of a benzene spacer. By increasing the separation between the nitrogenous bases and either suga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* NASA (1969), [http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/courses/aoe4065/NASADesignSPs/sp8031.pdf Slosh suppression] , May 1969, PDF, 36p
* NASA (1966), [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670006555.pdf Dynamic behavior of liquids in moving containers with applications to propellants in space vehicle f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single-sized aggregate without any binder, e.g. loose gravel, stone-chippings, is another alternative. Although it can only be safely used in walkways and very low-speed, low-traffic settings, e.g. car-parks and drives, its potential cumulative area is great. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An attractant is any chemical that attracts an organism, e.g. i) synthetic lures; ii) aggregation and sex pheromones (intraspecific interactions); and iii) synomone (interspecific interactions) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During capping, a 7-methylguanosine residue is attached to the 5-terminal end of the primary transcripts.This is otherwise known as the GTP or 5 cap. The 5 cap is used to increase mRNA stability. Further, the 5 cap is used as an attachment point for ribosomes. Beyond this, the 5' cap has also been shown to have a role ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Factors governing organic reactions are essentially the same as that of any chemical reaction. Factors specific to organic reactions are those that determine the stability of reactants and products such as conjugation, hyperconjugation and aromaticity and the presence and stability of reactive intermediates such as fre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiation emitted from a surface can propagate in any direction from the surface. Irradiation can also be incident upon a surface from any direction. The amount of irradiation on a surface is therefore dependent on the relative orientation of both the emitter and the receiver. The parameter radiation intensity, is use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with sulfuric acid to give the corresponding sulfonic acids: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The department consists of thirteen (13) research laboratories in different fields of chemical engineering and allied fields, and also hosts the Chemical Engineering Analytical Laboratory (CEAL), which offers analytical services to the university and industry.
CEAL houses a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), a Fourie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some techniques commonly used in bioanalytical studies include:
*Hyphenated techniques
**LC–MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry)
**GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry)
**LC–DAD (liquid chromatography–diode array detection)
**CE–MS (capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry)
*Chromatographic methods
**... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PDE inhibitors have been identified as new potential therapeutics in areas such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, asthma, COPD, protozoal infections (including malaria) and schizophrenia.
PDE also are important in seizure incidence. For example, PDE compromised the antiep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EPE foams are low density, semi-rigid, closed cell foam that are generally somewhere in stiffness/compliance between Expanded polystyrene and Polyurethane. Production of EPE foams is similar to that of expanded polystyrene, but starting with PE beads. Typical densities are with the lower figure being common. Densities... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Helium accumulates in the cores of stars as a result of the proton–proton chain reaction and the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle.
Nuclear fusion reaction of two helium-4 nuclei produces beryllium-8, which is highly unstable, and decays back into smaller nuclei with a half-life of , unless within that time a third alpha pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flow injection analysis (FIA), was introduced in 1975 by Ruzicka and Hansen, The first generation of FIA technology, termed flow injection (FI), was inspired by the AutoAnalyzer technique invented by Skeggs in early 1950s. While Skeggs' AutoAnalyzer uses air segmentation to separate a flowing stream into numerous discr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theoretically, the ATP yield for each oxidation cycle where two carbons are broken down at a time is 17, as each NADH produces 3 ATP, FADH produces 2 ATP and a full rotation of Acetyl-CoA in citric acid cycle produces 12 ATP. In practice, it is closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selegiline has been limitedly studied in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in both children/adolescents and adults. In a small randomized trial of selegiline for treatment of ADHD in children, there were improvements in attention, hyperactivity, and learning/memory performance but not in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI) is a complex of activated protein C (APC) and protein C inhibitor (PCI). It has been measured in coagulation testing to evaluate coagulation, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular complications. It is a marker of thrombin generation and indicates hypercoagulability. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But all solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was set up to allow interdisciplinary communication between environmental scientists around the world. It was founded in 1979 in North America. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PT is released from B. pertussis in an inactive form. Following PT binding to a cell membrane receptor, it is taken up in an endosome, after which it undergoes retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum. At some point during this transport, the A subunit (or protomer) becomes activated, p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hammett acidity function, H, can replace the pH in concentrated solutions. It is defined using an equation analogous to the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation:
where log(x) is the common logarithm of x, and pK, which is the conjugate acid of a very weak base B, with a very negative pK</sub>. In this way, it is rather a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodate is part of a series of oxyacids in which iodine can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. A number of neutral iodine oxides are also known. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The advantages of the method include:
* uniquely wide field of view (because translation complexes of any type, including scanning small ribosomal subunits, are captured for the first time);
* potentially more natural representation of complex dynamics (because all, and not only selected, translation processes are arre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A component is any part of a molecule or molecules that function as a unit in a pericyclic reaction. A component consists of one or more atoms and any of the following types of associated orbitals:
* An isolated p- or sp-orbital (unfilled or filled, symbol ω)
* A conjugated π system (symbol π)
* A σ bond (symbol σ)
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a NASA satellite mission intended to provide global space-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (). The original spacecraft was lost in a launch failure on 24 February 2009, when the payload fairing of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to separate during ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bifidus factor (bifidogenic factor) is a compound that specifically enhances the growth of bifidobacteria in either a product or in the intestines of humans and/or animals. Several products have been marketed as bifidogenic factors, such as several prebiotics and methyl-N-acetyl D-glucosamine in human milk. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nephelometer or aerosol photometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magic numbers are connected with the number of metal atoms in those thiolate-protected clusters which display an outstanding stability. Such clusters can be synthesized monodispersely and are end products of the etching procedure after an addition of excess thiols does not lead to further metal dissolution. Some import... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Japanese mathematical physicist Ryogo Kubo, the spacing of energy levels can be predicted by
</blockquote>
where E is Fermi energy and N is the number of atoms. For quantum confinement 𝛿 can be estimated to be equal to the thermal energy (), where k is Boltzmanns constant and T' is temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nearly all animals have more than one kind of Hb present in the RBC. Multiple Hb isoforms (see isoforms) are particularly common in ectotherms, but especially in fish that are required to cope with both fluctuating temperature and oxygen availability. Hbs isolated from the European eel can be separated into anodic and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
alkB is an iron-dependent oxidoreductase, and it is associated with DNA repair because this gene is able to repair lesions in phage DNA prior to infection. It has been also demonstrated that alkB is required for reactivation of MMS-treated (methylating agent methyl methanesulfonate) single-stranded phage and since ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Homogeneity testing for a candidate reference material typically involves replicated measurements on multiple units or subsamples of the material.
Homogeneity tests for CRMs follow planned experimental designs. Because the experiment is intended to test for (or estimate the size of) variation in value between different... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, ammonia (NH) is soluble in both water (aq) and the organic solvent trichloromethane (CHCl) - two immiscible solvents. If ammonia is first dissolved in water, and then an equal volume of trichloromethane is added, and the two liquids shaken together, the following equilibrium is established:
:K = [NH ]/[NH... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Prince, Leon M., Microemulsions in Theory and Practice Academic Press (1977) .
*Rosano, Henri L and Clausse, Marc, eds., Microemulsion Systems (Surfactant Science Series) Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1987) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At 17, he discussed the question of the materiality of heat with his Quaker friend and mentor Robert Dunkin. Dunkin remarked: I tell thee what, Humphry, thou art the most quibbling hand at a dispute I ever met with in my life. One winter day he took Davy to the Lariggan River to show him that rubbing two plates of ice ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Zwikker reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.5 g of copper (II) sulfate in 100 ml of distilled water. Part B consists of 5% pyridine (v/v) in chloroform. One drop of each is added to the substance to be tested and any... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this book, Jung argues for a reevaluation of the symbolism of Alchemy as being intimately related to the psychoanalytical process. Using a cycle of dreams of one of his patients he shows how the symbols used by the Alchemists occur in the psyche as part of the reservoir of mythological images drawn upon by the indiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ionization rate of a hydrogen atom in an alternating electric field, like that of a laser, can be treated, in the appropriate limit, as the DC ionization rate averaged over a single period of the electric field's oscillation. Multiphoton and tunnel ionization of an atom or a molecule describes the same process by w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The title, Mappae clavicula, is absurd, translating approximately as the little key to the small cloth. The best explanation is that it is a mis-translation from a Greek original, in which χειρόκμητον kheirókmēton (knack or trick of the trade) was mis-read as χειρόμακτρον kheirómaktron (hand-towel). This is consistent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot baths of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nitrates such as sodium nitrate (), and/or nitrites such as sodium nitrite (NaNO) at are used to convert the surface of the material into magnetite (FeO). Water must be periodically added to the bath, with proper controls to prevent a steam explosion.
Hot blackening involves dipp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stereochemistry has important applications in the field of medicine, particularly pharmaceuticals. An often cited example of the importance of stereochemistry relates to the thalidomide disaster. Thalidomide is a pharmaceutical drug, first prepared in 1957 in Germany, prescribed for treating morning sickness in pregna... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before performing any kind of immobilization techniques, some factors should be in mind. It is necessary to understand the chemical and physical effects on an enzyme following immobilization. Enzyme stability and kinetic characteristics can be altered due to changes in the microenvironment conditions of the enzyme afte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various aromatic alkynes can be employed to yield desired disubstituted products with satisfactory yields. Aliphatic alkynes are generally less reactive. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Society traces its origins back to an organization of young Parisian chemists who began meeting in May 1857 under the name Société Chimique, with the goal of self-study and mutual education. In 1858 the established chemist Adolphe Wurtz joined the society, now named the Société Chimique de Paris, and immediately t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The advantages of an oxidation-reduction reactor in gas chromatography include
* The reactor ensures uniform sensitivity to most organic molecules, leading to consistent and reliable detection across a wide range of analytes.
* By eliminating the need for multiple calibrations and standards, the reactor increases the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
KREEP, an acronym built from the letters K (the atomic symbol for potassium), REE (rare-earth elements) and P (for phosphorus), is a geochemical component of some lunar impact breccia and basaltic rocks. Its most significant feature is somewhat enhanced concentration of a majority of so-called "incompatible" elements (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The absorbance of a material that has only one absorbing species also depends on the pathlength and the concentration of the species, according to the Beer–Lambert law
where
* is the molar absorption coefficient of that material;
* is the molar concentration of those species;
* is the path length.
Different disciplines... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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