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Surface tension draws fluid from capillaries to the alveolar spaces. Surfactant reduces fluid accumulation and keeps the airways dry by reducing surface tension. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of this kind of reaction does not depend on the substrate concentration, . Thus the concentration decreases linearly.
:The integrated rate law of zero order kinetics is:
In order to find the half-life, we have to replace the concentration value for the initial concentration divided by 2: and isolate the time:T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many scientific endeavors are dependent upon accurate quantification of drugs and endogenous substances in biological samples; the focus of bioanalysis in the pharmaceutical industry is to provide a quantitative measure of the active drug and/or its metabolite(s) for the purpose of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, bio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1/ In the 80's, diagnostic assays based on the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method were already being developed for human and veterinary applications. Following the reports of the first use of ELISA to detect plant viruses by Voller and Clarke (1976), Dr. Sutula introduced in 1981 the first commercial kit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zircon (ZrSiO) is commonly found in felsic igneous rock. Because both Ce and Ce can substitute for zirconium, Zircon often has a positive Ce anomaly. Ce substitutes with Zr much more easily than Ce because Ce (ionic radius 0.97Å) has the same charge and a similar ionic radius as Zr (ionic radius 0.84Å). Therefore, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion processes, the reaction rate is dependent on temperature in the following form (Arrhenius law),
where is the activation energy, and is the universal gas constant. In general, the condition is satisfied, where is the burnt gas temperature. This condition forms the basis for activation energy asymptot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At length-scales larger than the persistence length, the entropic flexibility of DNA is remarkably consistent with standard polymer physics models, such as the Kratky-Porod worm-like chain model. Consistent with the worm-like chain model is the observation that bending DNA is also described by Hooke's law at very small... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to time domain reflectometer (TDR), FD sensors are cheaper to build and have a faster response time. However, because of the complex electrical field around the probe, the sensor needs to be calibrated for different soil types. Some commercial sensors have been able to remove the soil type sensitivity by usin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Herbicide volatilisation or spray drift may result in herbicide affecting neighboring fields or plants, particularly in windy conditions. Sometimes, the wrong field or plants may be sprayed due to error. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dortmund Data Bank was founded in the 1970s at the University of Dortmund in Germany. The original reason for starting a vapor–liquid phase equilibria data collection was the development of the group contribution method UNIFAC which allows to estimate vapor pressures of mixtures.
The DDB has since been extended to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to water and ammonia, the clouds in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets contain ammonium sulfides. The reddish-brownish clouds are attributed to polysulfides, arising from the exposure of the ammonium sulfides to light. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(See also Bridgman's thermodynamic equations for the use of exact differentials in the theory of thermodynamic equations)
Suppose we have five state functions , and . Suppose that the state space is two-dimensional and any of the five quantities are differentiable. Then by the chain rule
but also by the chain rule:
and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ancient milk glasses used crystals of calcium antimonate, formed in the melt from calcium present in the glass and an antimony additive. Opaque yellow glasses contained crystals of lead antimonate; bindheimite mineral may have been used as the additive. Under oxidizing condition, lead also forms incompletely dissolved ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compressed-air engines were used in trams and shunters, and eventually found a successful niche in mining locomotives, although in the end they were replaced by electric trains, underground. Over the years designs increased in complexity, resulting in a triple expansion engine with air-to-air reheaters between each sta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Griess test is an analytical chemistry test which detects the presence of nitrite ion in solution. One of its most important uses is the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The Griess diazotization reaction, on which the Griess reagent relies, was first described in 1858 by Peter Griess. The test has also b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 15th century, the finery process, another process which shares the air-blowing principle with the Bessemer process, was developed in Europe. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield. This process had an enormous ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trail pheromone deposition from an organism is correlated with its environment. In the event where a food source is identified and a trail pheromone is deposited, certain wildlife may flock towards or away from the trail causing temporary or dispersal of the population or individual. With relocation of wildlife, surro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes. Because sulfate is energetically stable, before it can be metabolized it must first be activated by adenylation to form APS (adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate) thereby consuming ATP. The APS is then reduced by the enzyme APS reductase to form sulfite () and AMP. In orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Count median aerodynamic diameter (CMAD) is only used rarely. Half of the particles (by count) of a given aerosol have the aerodynamic diameter smaller than the CMAD, and the other half larger. A similar quantity, count median (geometric) diameter (CMD) is more common. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Porphyrin complexes consist of a square planar MN core. The periphery of the porphyrins, consisting of sp-hybridized carbons, generally display small deviations from planarity. "Ruffled" or saddle-shaped porphyrins is attributed to interactions of the system with its environment. Additionally, the metal is often not... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A monoisotopic element is an element which has only a single stable isotope (nuclide). There are 26 such elements, as listed.
Stability is experimentally defined for chemical elements, as there are a number of stable nuclides with atomic numbers over ~40 which are theoretically unstable, but apparently have half-lives ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sewage treatment plants (STP) based on activated sludge often cover large surface areas, necessitated mainly by the large settling tanks. To build compact STP's, biomass can be grown as biofilms on a carrier material, or as fast settling aerobic granular sludge without a carrier. Recent research showed the advantages ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Only certain combinations of symmetry elements are possible in a space group. Translations are always present, and the space group P1 has only translations and the identity element. The presence of mirrors implies glide planes as well, and the presence of rotation axes implies screw axes as well, but the converses are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The table below lists some of the properties of the BTX aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which are liquids at typical room conditions: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Patients receiving chronic treatment are relatively resistance to nondepolarising NMBAs due to the accelerated clearance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flush toilets often have some siphon effect as the bowl empties.
Some toilets also use the siphon principle to obtain the actual flush from the cistern. The flush is triggered by a lever or handle that operates a simple diaphragm-like piston pump that lifts enough water to the crest of the siphon to start the flow of w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Host-directed therapeutics, also called host targeted therapeutics, act via a host-mediated response to pathogens rather than acting directly on the pathogen, like traditional antibiotics. They can change the local environment in which the pathogen exists to make it less favorable for the pathogen to live and/or grow. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., ) should exist. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In spectroscopy a band head is the abrupt edge of a spectroscopic band. When a band is described as degrading to the violet, it means that for wavelengths above the band head wavelength, the spectrum is dark as the band comes to a sudden stop(just above/after the head), and below the wavelength the brightness of the ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the threat of punishment and the potential scrutiny he feared from his peers within the scientific community, Newton may have deliberately left his work on alchemical subjects unpublished. Newton was well known as being highly sensitive to criticism, such as the numerous instances when he was criticized by Rober... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through a variety of physical and chemical processes, chemical elements change in concentration and move around in what are called geochemical cycles. An understanding of these changes requires both detailed observation and theoretical models. Each chemical compound, element or isotope has a concentration that is a fun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2010, Shanon was awarded the Chevening Scholarship to pursue his Master of Arts (MA) in Religion in Contemporary Society at Kings College London. He completed his MA in 2011 and won the Shelford MA Prize from Kings School of Arts and Humanities.
He is currently a doctoral candidate at King's College London. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bromocresol purple (BCP) or 5′,5″-dibromo-o-cresolsulfophthalein, is a dye of the triphenylmethane family (triarylmethane dyes) and a pH indicator. It is colored yellow below pH 5.2, and violet above pH 6.8. In its cyclic sulfonate ester form, it has a pK value of 6.3, and is usually prepared as a 0.04% aqueous solutio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The strontium radioisotopes are very important, as strontium is a calcium mimic which is incorporated in bone growth and therefore has a great ability to harm humans. On the other hand, this also allows Sr to be used in the open source radiotherapy of bone tumors. This tends to be used in palliative care to reduce the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the Bay of Fundy having the highest tidal range in the world, most rivers draining into the upper bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have significant tidal bores. They include:
* The Petitcodiac River formerly had the highest bore in North America at over in height, but causeway construction between Moncto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-viral vectors for gene therapy present certain advantages over viral methods, such as large scale production and low host immunogenicity. However, non-viral methods initially produced lower levels of transfection and gene expression, and thus lower therapeutic efficacy. Newer technologies offer promise of solving t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892) was an English explorer-naturalist who surveyed the Amazon rainforest with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848. While Wallace returned in 1852, Bates remained for over a decade. Batess field research included collecting almost a hundred species of butterflies from the families Ithomiinae and He... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ISO standard 1133-1 governs the procedure for measurement of the melt flow rate. The procedure for determining MFI is as follows:
# A small amount of the polymer sample (around 4 to 5 grams) is taken in the specially designed MFI apparatus. A die with an opening of typically around 2 mm diameter is inserted into the ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This process allows for reheating of one or more melt inclusions in a furnace held at a constant pressure of one atmosphere to their original melt temperatures and then rapidly quenching in water to produce a homogenous glass phase. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titer (American English) or titre (British English) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2007 a new family of triazole NNRTIs was presented by researchers from the pharmaceutical company Ardea Biosciences. The selected candidate from the screening executed was RDEA806 belonging to the family of triazoles. It has similar resistance profile against selected NNRTI resistant HIV-1 strains to other next gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The result of a T-RFLP profiling is a graph called electropherogram which is an intensity plot representation of an electrophoresis experiment (gel or capillary). In an electropherogram the X-axis marks the sizes of the fragments while the Y-axis marks the fluorescence intensity of each fragment. Thus, what appears on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three patients' deaths have been reported in gene therapy trials, putting the field under close scrutiny. The first was that of Jesse Gelsinger, who died in 1999, because of immune rejection response. One X-SCID patient died of leukemia in 2003. In 2007, a rheumatoid arthritis patient died from an infection; the subseq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some trace fossils can be used as local index fossils, to date the rocks in which they are found, such as the burrow Arenicolites franconicus which occurs only in a layer of the Triassic Muschelkalk epoch, throughout wide areas in southern Germany.
The base of the Cambrian period is defined by the first appearance of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other compounds having different elements in the corners, various atoms or groups bonded to the corners are all part of this class of structures.
Inorganic cubane-type clusters include selenium tetrachloride, tellurium tetrachloride, and sodium silox.
Cubane clusters are common throughout bioinorganic chemistry. Ferred... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pleuger rudder (also known as a Dutch rudder) is a power assisted ship's rudder. It creates a flow of water in the direction the rudder points powered by an auxiliary electric motor. This aids maneuverability at low speeds greatly, since it operates on a similar principle to a thruster.
A ducted propeller is mount... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inevitably, [4+4] photocycloadditions carry the side reaction of [2+2] photocycloadditions. However, since these reactions are reversible, the most stable product may be formed through thermodynamic control. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although isomerization of proteins has been known about since 1968 when it was discovered by C. Tanford, proline isomerization and its use as a noncovalent histone tail modification was not discovered until 2006 by Nelson and his colleagues. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Essentially there are two types of chiral inversion, unidirectional and bidirectional. Inversion process is dependent on species and substrate.
;Unidirectional: chiral inversion (enzyme mediated) was described only with 2-arylpropionate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenopr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the northern end there are salt flats, which include a wetland of international importance. This area is preserved as a natural park administered by the regional government: the (‘San Pedro del Pinatar salt flats and sand beaches’). The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.
The isl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The evidence suggests that there is a general interdependence between base composition patterns and coding region availability. The coding region is thought to contain a higher GC-content than non-coding regions. There is further research that discovered that the longer the coding strand, the higher the GC-content. Sho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP or mDIP) is a large-scale (chromosome- or genome-wide) purification technique in molecular biology that is used to enrich for methylated DNA sequences. It consists of isolating methylated DNA fragments via an antibody raised against 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This technique was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current researchers have developed gene transfer systems on the basis of conservative transposition which can integrate new DNA in both invertebrates and vertebrate genomes. Scientists alter the genetic sequence of a transposon in a laboratory setting, then insert this sequence into a vector which is then inserted into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The western meadow vole (Microtus drummondii) is a species of North American vole found in midwestern and western Canada and the United States, and formerly in Mexico. It was formerly considered conspecific with the eastern meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus), but genetic studies indicate that it is a distinct species. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Further muscle development (especially upper body)
* Increased sweat and changes in body odor
* Prominence of veins and coarser skin
* Alterations in blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides)
* Increased red blood cell count | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The siRNA-induced post transcriptional gene silencing is initiated by the assembly of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The complex silences certain gene expression by cleaving the mRNA molecules coding the target genes. To begin the process, one of the two siRNA strands, the guide strand (anti-sense strand), w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sublimatory or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware, for purification of compounds by selective sublimation. In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation, except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since they were discovered in the mid-1960s, histone modifications have been predicted to affect transcription. The fact that most of the early post-translational modifications found were concentrated within the tail extensions that protrude from the nucleosome core lead to two main theories regarding the mechanism of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When water is added to cement, each of the compounds undergoes hydration and contributes to the final state of the concrete. Only calcium silicates contribute to the strength. Tricalcium silicate is responsible for most of the early strength (first 7 days). Dicalcium silicate, which reacts more slowly, only contributes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerobic granular sludge can be formed by applying specific process conditions that favour slow growing organisms such as PAOs (polyphosphate accumulating organisms) and GAOs (glycogen accumulating organisms). Another key part of granulation is selective wasting whereby slow settling floc-like sludge is discharged as wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The book An Album of Fluid Motion is a collection of black-and-white photographs of flow visualizations for different types of fluid flows. These flows include:
*Creeping flow
*Laminar flow
*Flow separation
*Vortices
*Fluid instability
*Fluid turbulence
*Free-surface flow
*Natural convection
*Subsonic flow
*Shock waves... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perhaps the simplest definition of electronegativity is that of Leland C. Allen, who has proposed that it is related to the average energy of the valence electrons in a free atom,
where ε are the one-electron energies of s- and p-electrons in the free atom and n are the number of s- and p-electrons in the valence shell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calfactant, also known as Infasurf, is an intratracheal suspension derived from the natural surfactant in calf lungs. It is used in premature infants with lung surfactant deficiency that causes infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salting in refers to the effect where increasing the ionic strength of a solution increases the solubility of a solute, such as a protein. This effect tends to be observed at lower ionic strengths.
Protein solubility is a complex function of physicochemical nature of the protein, pH, temperature, and the concentration ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many thiolate complexes are prepared by redox reactions. Organic disulfides oxidize low valence metals, as illustrated by the oxidation of titanocene dicarbonyl:
Some metal centers are oxidized by thiols, the coproduct being hydrogen gas:
These reactions may proceed by the oxidative addition of the thiol to Fe(0).
Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms.
They have either an aldehyde functional group in position 1 (aldoheptoses) or a ketone functional group in position 2, 3 or 4 (ketoheptoses). Ketoheptoses have 4 chiral centers, whereas aldoheptoses have 5. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper tubes are made from the large billets of copper that are gradually worked and drawn down to the required size. As the tubes are drawn they are heat treated to produce the correct mechanical properties. The organic oils and greases used to lubricate the tubes during the drawing processes are broken down during th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) is the second in a series of imaging spectrometer instruments developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for Earth remote sensing. This instrument uses scanning optics and four spectrometers to image a 614-pixel swath simultaneously in 224 adjacent spect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C-alkylation is a process for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The largest example of this takes place in the alkylation units of petrochemical plants, which convert low-molecular-weight alkenes into high octane gasoline components. Electron-rich species such as phenols are also commonly alkylated to produce a var... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 × 10 kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs.
The major source of man-made VOCs are:
* Fossil fuel use and production, e.g. incompletely combusted fossil fuels or unintended evaporation of fuels. The most prevalent VOC is ethane, a relatively inert compound.
* Sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cerevisterol (5α-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5,6β-triol) is a sterol. Originally described in the 1930s from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has since been found in several other fungi and, recently, in deep water coral. Cerevisterol has some in vitro bioactive properties, including cytotoxicity to some mammalian cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle aggregation is a widespread phenomenon, which spontaneously occurs in nature but is also widely explored in manufacturing. Some examples include.
Formation of river delta. When river water carrying suspended sediment particles reaches salty water, particle aggregation may be one of the factors responsible for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* vials of dry chemicals
* metal wires, such as copper, nickel or zinc
* metal filings, such as iron
* graphite rods
* a balance and weights
* a measuring cylinder
* a thermometer
* a magnifying glass
* pipettes
* beakers, retorts, flasks, test tubes, U-tubes or other reaction vessels
* cork stoppers
* watch glasses
* ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The name octasulfur is the most commonly used for this chemical. It is systematically named cyclo-octasulfur (which is the preferred IUPAC name) and cyclooctasulfane. It is also the final member of the thiocane heterocylic series, where every carbon atom is substituted with a sulfur atom, thus this sulfur allotrope is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalyst poisons lower catalyst activity. They are usually impurities in the synthesis gas. Permanent poisons cause irreversible loss of catalytic activity, while temporary poisons lower the activity while present. Sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, arsenic compounds, and chlorine compounds are permanent poisons. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of schools have been named after Albert, including Albertus Magnus High School in Bardonia, New York; Albertus Magnus Lyceum in River Forest, Illinois; and Albertus Magnus College in New Haven, Connecticut.
Albertus Magnus Science Hall at Thomas Aquinas College, in Santa Paula, California, is named in honor of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organisms such as limpets and sea stars use suction and mucus-like slimes to create Stefan adhesion, which makes pull-off much harder than lateral drag; this allows both attachment and mobility. Spores, embryos and juvenile forms may use temporary adhesives (often glycoproteins) to secure their initial attachment to su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several options to address biogenic sulfide corrosion problems: impairing HS formation, venting out the HS or using materials resistant to biogenic corrosion. For example, sewage flows more rapidly through steeper gradient sewers reducing time available for hydrogen sulfide generation. Likewise, removing slud... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The driving force for titanium foam's replacement of existing materials in the aerospace sector results from the following five factors:
*Weight reduction: as a substitute for steels and nickel-based superalloys;
*Application temperature: as a substitute for aluminum and nickel-based alloys and steels
*Corrosion resist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The underlying flame physics can be understood with the help of an idealized model consisting of a uniform one-dimensional tube of unburnt and burned gaseous fuel, separated by a thin transitional region of width in which the burning occurs. The burning region is commonly referred to as the flame or flame front. In eq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the applications of polymers with this effect are only suggestions for now, many possibilities have been proposed, but so far only a few have been used, the most important being medical devices and automotive elements, although the greatest success has been achieved with heat-shrinkable polyethylene, which is a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most commercial Mo/Tc generators use column chromatography, in which Mo in the form of molybdate, MoO is adsorbed onto acid alumina (AlO). When the Mo-99 decays it forms pertechnetate TcO, which, because of its single charge, is less tightly bound to the alumina. Pouring normal saline solution through the column of imm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bubble is made of transparent water enclosing transparent air. However, the soap film is as thin as the visible light wavelength, resulting in optical interference. This creates iridescence which, together with the bubbles spherical shape and fragility, contributes to its magical effect on children and adults alike. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactions best for pressure (geobarometers) are ones that have a large change in molar volume during the reaction. Higher pressures cause the reaction to decrease in total volume, and lighter pressures allow reaction to increase in total volume. Therefore, based on the proportion of minerals that have larger volume... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Otto Laporte Award (1972–2003) was an annual award by the American Physical Society (APS) to "recognize outstanding contributions to fluid dynamics" and to honour Otto Laporte (1902–1971). It was established as the Otto Laporte Memorial Lectureship by the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics in 1972, and became an APS aw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three subunits: a phosphate group and a sugar (ribose in the case of RNA, deoxyribose in DNA) make up the backbone of the nucleic acid strand, and attached to the sugar is one of a set of nucleobases. The nucleobases are im... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionic compounds normally dissociate into their constituent ions when they dissolve in water. For example, for silver chloride:
The expression for the equilibrium constant for this reaction is:
where is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant and braces indicate activity. The activity of a pure solid is, by definition, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atta-ur-Rahman (Urdu: عطاالرحمان; b. 22 September 1942), h-index 75, with 36,000 citations is a Pakistani organic chemist and is currently serving as Professor Emeritus at the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences at the University of Karachi and as Chairman of PM Task Force on Science and Technol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Muscle is a naturally aligned organ, with individual muscle fibers packed together into larger units called muscle fascicles. The uniaxial alignment of muscle fibers allows them to simultaneously contract in the same direction and properly propagate force on the bones via the tendons. Approximately 45% of the human bod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cation-exchange capacity is defined as the amount of positive charge that can be exchanged per mass of soil, usually measured in cmol/kg. Some texts use the older, equivalent units me/100g or meq/100g. CEC is measured in moles of electric charge, so a cation-exchange capacity of 10 cmol/kg could hold 10 cmol of Na cati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given the definition of the elasticity coefficient in terms of a partial derivative, it is possible, for example, to determine the elasticity of an arbitrary rate law by differentiating the rate law by the independent variable and scaling. For example, the elasticity coefficient for a mass-action rate law such as:
wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbohydrate markers are employed in a technique known as polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE), which is a measurable separation technique.
It allows for the analysis of enzyme hydrolysis products. It has been used in applications such as characterizing enzymes involved in hemicellulose de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photosynthetic partner in a lichen is called a photobiont. The photobionts in lichens come from a variety of simple prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the majority of lichens the photobiont is a green alga (Chlorophyta) or a cyanobacterium. In some lichens both types are present; in such cases, the alga is ty... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two-stroke, Four-stroke, and continuous machine are very different from each other. However it was shown that there is a quantum regime where all these machines become thermodynamically equivalent to each other. While the intra cycle dynamics in the equivalence regime is very different in different engine types, when t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter.
As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of physical chemistry, a nonthermal surface reaction refers to an elementary reaction between a thermally accommodated adsorbed surface species and a reactant which has not yet thermally accommodated to the surface.
The two main mechanisms classified as nonthermal are the Eley-Rideal and hot atom mediated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation can be used to rationalize a variety of chemical phenomena, including the anomeric effect, the gauche effect, the rotational barrier of ethane, the beta-silicon effect, the vibrational frequency of exocyclic carbonyl groups, and the relative stability of substituted carbocations and substituted carbon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal carbonyls react with reducing agents such as metallic sodium or sodium amalgam to give carbonylmetalate (or carbonylate) anions:
:Mn(CO) + 2 Na → 2 Na[Mn(CO)]
For iron pentacarbonyl, one obtains the tetracarbonylferrate with loss of CO:
:Fe(CO) + 2 Na → Na[Fe(CO)] + CO
Mercury can insert into the metal–metal bond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The general steps to prepare a complementary DNA (cDNA) library for sequencing are described below, but often vary between platforms.
# RNA Isolation: RNA is isolated from tissue and mixed with Deoxyribonuclease (DNase). DNase reduces the amount of genomic DNA. The amount of RNA degradation is checked with gel and capi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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