english stringlengths 2 3.06k | non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k | language stringclasses 52 values |
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And nobody minds that; we actively welcome it. | E a ninguén lle importa. Gústanos. | en-gl |
It's like a consenting intellectual S&M activity. | 就像是雙方同意，來場學術上的激烈性愛一樣。 | en-zh-tw |
(Laughter) So what I'm going to show you is all of the main things, all of the main features of my discipline, evidence-based medicine. | Size burada göstereceğim şey benim alanıma ait ana kavram, ana kavramların başında geliyor-- kanıta-dayalı tıp. | en-tr |
And I will talk you through all of these and demonstrate how they work, exclusively using examples of people getting stuff wrong. | Et je vais vous guider à travers tout cela et vous démontrer comment cela fonctionne, uniquement avec des exemples de gens comprenant mal les choses. | en-fr-ca |
We'll start with the absolute weakest form of evidence known to man, and that is authority. | Jadi kita akan mulai dengan bentuk bukti terlemah yang diketahui manusia, dan itu adalah otoritas. Dalam ilmu pengetahuan, kita tidak peduli berapa banyak huruf yang ada pada nama Anda. | en-id |
In science, we don't care how many letters you have after your name -- we want to know what your reasons are for believing something. | V znanosti hočemo vedeti, kateri so vaši razlogi za verjetje v določeno stvar. Kako veste, da je nekaj za nas dobro | en-sl |
How do you know that something is good for us or bad for us? | 還是不好？ | en-zh-tw |
But we're also unimpressed by authority because it's so easy to contrive. | Maar we zijn ook onder de indruk van autoriteit omdat ze zo gemakkelijk te simuleren is. | en-nl |
This is somebody called Dr. Gillian McKeith, PhD, or, to give her full medical title, Gillian McKeith. | Ovo je netko tko se zove Dr. Gillian McKeith, dr.sc., ili punom liječničkom titulom - Gillian McKeith. | en-hr |
(Laughter) Again, every country has somebody like this. | (Tiếng cười) Mỗi nước đều có những người thế này. Bà ấy là quân sư về ăn kiêng trên tivi. | en-vi |
She has five series of prime-time television, giving out very lavish and exotic health advice. | Ze heeft vijf televisieprogramma's in primetime lopen waarin ze uitgebreide en exotische gezondheidsadviezen verstrekt. | en-nl |
She, it turns out, has a non-accredited correspondence course PhD from somewhere in America. | Ajo, nga sa del, Ph.D-në e ka nga një shkollë me korrespondencë dhe jo e akredituar, prej diku në Amerikë. | en-sq |
She also boasts that she's a certified professional member of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants, which sounds very glamorous; you get a certificate. | Bà ấy cũng khoe rằng mình là chuyên gia được chứng nhận của Hội cố vấn dinh dưỡng Hoa Kỳ, nghe có vẻ thú vị và hấp dẫn. Bạn có 1 cái bằng và tất cả mọi thứ. | en-vi |
This one belongs to my dead cat, Hettie. She was a horrible cat. | Aquest és el de la meva difunta gata Hetti. Era una gata horrible. | en-ca |
You go to the website, fill out the form, give them $60, it arrives in the post. | Vas á web, enches o impreso, dáslles 60 dólares e chégache por correo. Pero esta non é a única razón para pensar que é idiota. | en-gl |
That's not the only reason we think this person is an idiot. | Sie kommt auch daher und sagt Sachen wie: | en-de |
She also says things like eat lots of dark green leaves, they contain chlorophyll and really oxygenate your blood. | "Vous devriez manger beaucoup de feuilles vertes foncées, parce qu'elles contiennent beaucoup de chlorophylle, et cela oxygènera vraiment votre sang". Et qui que ce soit ayant pris des cours de biologie à l'école se rappelle | en-fr-ca |
And anybody who's done school biology remembers that chlorophyll and chloroplasts only make oxygen in sunlight, and it's quite dark in your bowels after you've eaten spinach. | що хлорофіл і хлоропласти виробляють кисень лише на сонячному світлі, і у вашому шлунку доволі темно, після того як ви з'їли шпинат. | en-uk |
Next, we need proper science, proper evidence. | Dalje, neophodna je prava nauka, pravi dokazi. | en-sr |
So: "Red wine can help prevent breast cancer." | "O viño tinto axuda a previr o cancro de mama." | en-gl |
This is a headline from The Daily Telegraph in the UK. | Aşa apare pe pagina de titlu din ziarul Daily Telegraph din Marea Britanie. "Un pahar de vin roşu pe zi ar putea preveni cancerul de sân." | en-ro |
"A glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer." | Então você encontra esse jornal e o que você acha | en-pt-br |
So you find this paper, and find that it is a real piece of science. | Pero collemos o xornal e descubrimos que é un verdadeiro artigo científico. | en-gl |
It's a description of the changes in the behavior of one enzyme when you drip a chemical extracted from some red grape skin onto some cancer cells in a dish on a bench in a laboratory somewhere. | É a descrición dos cambios nun enzima ao colocar unha gota dun produto químico extraído da tona da uva tinta en células cancerosas nunha mesa de laboratorio en algures. | en-gl |
And that's a really useful thing to describe in a scientific paper. | Es ist wirklich nützlich, das in einem wissenschaftlichen Artikel zu beschreiben, | en-de |
But on the question of your own personal risk of getting breast cancer if you drink red wine, it tells you absolutely bugger all. | pero en cuanto al riesgo personal de contraer cáncer de mama si tomamos vino tinto, no nos está diciendo absolutamente nada. Y, resulta que el riesgo de contraer cáncer de mama | en-es |
Actually, it turns out that your risk of breast cancer increases slightly with every amount of alcohol you drink. | U stvari, ispostavilo se da se rizik razvijanja raka dojki pomalo povećava sa svakom čašom alkohola koju popijete. | en-sr |
So what we want are studies in real human people. | Bu nedenle bizim istediğimiz insanlar üzerinde yapılan çalışmaları görmek. | en-tr |
And here's another example. | و یک مثال دیگه می زنم. | en-fa |
This is from Britain's "leading" diet nutritionist in the Daily Mirror, our second-biggest selling newspaper. | Il vient du nutritionniste vedette du Daily Mirror, le second plus gros journal en Angleterre. "Une étude australienne de 2001 | en-fr |
"An Australian study in 2001 found that olive oil, in combination with fruits, vegetables and pulses, offers measurable protection against skin wrinklings," and give the advice: "If you eat olive oil and vegetables, you'll have fewer wrinkles." | olivolja i kombination med frukt, grönsaker och baljväxter ger ett mätbart skydd mot rynkor i huden." Och sedan ger de dig rådet: "Om du äter olivolja och grönsaker, får du färre rynkor." Och de talar hjälpsamt om vart du kan hitta artikeln. | en-sv |
They helpfully tell you how to find the paper, and what you find is an observational study. | Nekiállunk megkeresni a cikket és találunk egy megfigyeléseken alapuló tanulmányt. Természetesen senki nem volt képes | en-hu |
Obviously, nobody has been able to go back to 1930, get all the people born in one maternity unit, and half of them eat lots of fruit and veg and olive oil, half of them eat McDonald's, and then we see how many wrinkles you've got later. | tornar al 1930, agafar tota la gent nascuda en una unitat de maternitat, i que la meitat mengessin molta fruita, verdures i oli d'oliva, i que l'altra meitat mengés al McDonald's, i aleshores veuríem quantes arrugues acaben tenint. | en-ca |
You have to take a snapshot of how people are now. | Ви лише в змозі дивитися, як люди виглядають зараз. І ви, звичайно, з'ясовуєте, | en-uk |
And what you find is, of course: people who eat veg and olive oil have fewer wrinkles. | die groenten en olijfolie eten minder rimpels hebben. | en-nl |
But that's because people who eat fruit and veg and olive oil are freaks -- they're not normal, they're like you; they come to events like this. | Maar dat komt omdat mensen die groenten, fruit en olijfolie eten freaks zijn, niet normaal. Ze zijn zoals jullie en komen naar evenementen als dit hier. | en-nl |
(Laughter) They're posh, they're wealthy, less likely to have outdoor jobs, less likely to do manual labor, they have better social support, are less likely to smoke; for a host of fascinating, interlocking social, political and cultural reasons, they're less likely to have wrinkles. | Elas são elegantes, são ricas, é menos provável que tenham empregos ao ar livre, é menos provável que façam trabalhos manuais, têm melhor apoio social, é menos provável que fumem -- então, por um completo e fascinante entrelaçamento de razões sociais, políticas e culturais, é menos provável que elas tenham rugas na pele. Isso não significa que sejam os vegetais ou o óleo de oliva. | en-pt-br |
That doesn't mean it's the vegetables or olive oil. | (Śmiech) | en-pl |
(Laughter) So ideally, what you want to do is a trial. | ดังนั้นตามหลักการแล้วสิ่งที่คุณต้องทำคือการทดลอง | en-th |
People think they're familiar with the idea of a trial. | Jeder denkt, er sei mit dem Konzept eines Experiments total vertraut. | en-de |
Trials are old; the first one was in the Bible, Daniel 1:12. | Tyrimai labai seni. Pirmasis tyrimas minimas Biblijoje -- Danieliaus 1:12. | en-lt |
It's straightforward: take a bunch of people, split them in half, treat one group one way, the other group, the other way. | 這試驗很簡單，你找一群人，把他們分兩組 這兩組人，你都用不同的方法去對待他們 過了一下子之後 | en-zh-tw |
A while later, you see what happened to each of them. | và quan sát những gì xảy ra đối với mỗi người. Vậy, tôi sẽ nói cho bạn về một thí nghiệm, | en-vi |
I'm going to tell you about one trial, which is probably the most well-reported trial in the UK news media over the past decade. | která je pravděpodobně nejlépe rozšířenou zkouškou v britských mediích za poslední desetiletí. A je to zkouška tablet rybího oleje. | en-cs |
This is the trial of fish oil pills. | Założenie było takie, że pigułki te poprawiają szkolne osiągnięcia | en-pl |
The claim: fish oil pills improve school performance and behavior in mainstream children. | pour la majorité des enfants. Et ils ont dit : "Nous faisons un test. | en-fr-ca |
They said, "We did a trial. | i ponašanje kod prosečne dece. | en-sr |
All the previous ones were positive, this one will be too." | Isso deveria sempre fazer soar o alarme. | en-pt-br |
That should ring alarm bells: if you know the answer to your trial, you shouldn't be doing one. | 當你已經知道實驗的結果，那還做它幹什麼 | en-zh-tw |
Either you've rigged it by design, or you've got enough data so there's no need to randomize people anymore. | O está manipulado desde el diseño, o hay suficiente información y ya no hay necesidad de aleatorizar personas. | en-es |
So this is what they were going to do in their trial: They were taking 3,000 children, they were going to give them these huge fish oil pills, six of them a day, and then, a year later, measure their school exam performance and compare their performance against what they predicted their exam performance would have been if they hadn't had the pills. | Oto na czym miał polegać wspomniany eksperyment. Próba składała się z 3000 dzieci, którym dawano tabletki tranowe, sześć na dzień, a rok później zbadano wyniki ich szkolnych egzaminów i porównano te wyniki z przewidywanymi rezultatami, zakładając że nie zażywały pigułek. | en-pl |
Now, can anybody spot a flaw in this design? | Bây giờ có ai tìm lỗ hổng trong thử nghiệm này? | en-vi |
(Laughter) And no professors of clinical trial methodology are allowed to answer this question. | ولم يكن هناك أى بروفسور أكاديمى متخصص فى التجربة متاح له أن يجيب هذا السؤال. | en-ar |
So there's no control group. | Jadi tidak ada kontrol, tidak ada grup kontrol. | en-id |
But that sounds really techie, right? That's a technical term. | Però això sona massa científic. És un terme tècnic. | en-ca |
The kids got the pills, and their performance improved. | Os rapaces tomaron as pílulas e o seu rendemento mellorou. | en-gl |
What else could it possibly be if it wasn't the pills? | Que se serait-il passé sans les pilules ? | en-fr |
They got older; we all develop over time. | Medraron. Todos evolucionamos co tempo. | en-gl |
And of course, there's the placebo effect, one of the most fascinating things in the whole of medicine. | In seveda obstaja placebo učinek. Placebo učinek je ena najbolj zanimivih stvari v vsej medicini. Ne gre samo za jemanje tablete, kar povzroči, da se vaše delovanje izboljša in bolečina zmanjša. | en-sl |
It's not just taking a pill and performance or pain improving; it's about our beliefs and expectations, the cultural meaning of a treatment. | Речь о ваших убеждениях и ожиданиях. Речь идёт о культурном значении лечения. | en-ru |
And this has been demonstrated in a whole raft of fascinating studies comparing one kind of placebo against another. | Iar acest lucru a fost demonstrat într-o gamă largă de studii fascinante care compară un anumit tip de placebo cu altul. | en-ro |
So we know, for example, that two sugar pills a day are a more effective treatment for gastric ulcers than one sugar pill. | Znamo, primjerice, da su dvije šećerne tablete na dan učinkovitije u liječenju želučanih čireva od jedne šećerne tablete. Dvije su šećerne tablete bolje od jedne. | en-hr |
That's an outrageous and ridiculous finding, but it's true. | C'est une découverte ridicule et révoltante, mais c'est vrai. | en-fr |
We know from three different studies on three different types of pain that a saltwater injection is a more effective treatment than a sugar pill, a dummy pill with no medicine in it, not because the injection or pills do anything physically to the body, but because an injection feels like a much more dramatic intervention. | Från tre olika studier på tre olika typer av smärta att en saltvatten injektion är den mest effektiva behandlingen för smärta än att ta ett sockerpiller, än att skenpiller som inte har något medicin i det -- inte för att injektionen eller pillren gör något fysisk med kroppen. utan för att en injektion känns som en mer dramatiskt ingrepp. | en-sv |
So we know that our beliefs and expectations can be manipulated, which is why we do trials where we control against a placebo, where one half of the people get the real treatment, and the other half get placebo. | Tad žinome, kad mūsų įsitikinimais ir lūkesčiais galima manipuliuoti, būtent todėl ir atliekame tyrimus, kur lyginame rezultatus su placebo efektu, kur pusė žmonių gauna tikrus vaistus, o kita pusė gauna placebą. | en-lt |
But that's not enough. | Maar daar blijft het niet bij. | en-nl |
What I've just shown you are examples of the very simple and straightforward ways that journalists and food supplement pill peddlers and naturopaths can distort evidence for their own purposes. | O que acabei de mostrar-lhes são formas muito simples e diretas com que jornalistas, vendedores de pílulas de suplemento alimentar e naturalistas podem distorcer provas para seus propósitos. | en-pt-br |
What I find really fascinating is that the pharmaceutical industry uses exactly the same kinds of tricks and devices, but slightly more sophisticated versions of them, in order to distort the evidence they give to doctors and patients, and which we use to make vitally important decisions. | Ce que je trouve vraiment fascinant c'est que l'industrie pharmaceutique utilise exactement le même genre de trucs et de systèmes, mais dans des versions légèrement plus sophistiquées, afin de déformer les preuves qu'ils fournissent aux médecins et patients, et que nous utilisons pour prendre de vitales décisions. | en-fr-ca |
So firstly, trials against placebo: everybody thinks a trial should be a comparison of your new drug against placebo. | Pertama, uji coba terhadap plasebo: setiap orang berpikir mereka tahu bagaimana uji coba seharusnya adalah perbandingan dari obat baru Anda terhadap plasebo. Tapi sebenarnya pada banyak situasi hal itu salah. | en-id |
But in a lot of situations that's wrong; often, we already have a good treatment currently available. | Protože většinou již máme v současnosti dostupnou velmi dobrou léčbu, | en-cs |
So we don't want to know that your alternative new treatment is better than nothing, but that it's better than the best available treatment we have. | er vi ikke interesserede i at vide at den nye behandlingsmulighed er bedre end ingenting. Vi vil vide at den er bedre end den bedste behandlingsmulighed som allerede findes. | en-da |
And yet, repeatedly, you consistently see people doing trials still against placebo. | И въпреки това, нееднократно, вие виждате хора, които последователно провеждат експерименти, все още използвайки сравнение с пласибо. | en-bg |
And you can get licensed to bring your drug to market with only data showing that it's better than nothing, which is useless for a doctor like me trying to make a decision. | И можете да получите разрешително вашето лекарство да се продава на пазара само с данни, показващи че е по-добро от нищо, което е безполезно за лекар като мен, който се опитва да вземе решение. Но това не е единственият начин, по който можете да манипулирате данните си. | en-bg |
But that's not the only way you can rig your data. | Je kunt je data ook manipuleren | en-nl |
You can also rig your data by making the thing you compare your new drug against really rubbish. | tornando aquilo que você compara com seu novo medicamento realmente um lixo. Você pode aplicar a droga concorrente em uma dose muito baixa, | en-pt-br |
You can give the competing drug in too low a dose, so people aren't properly treated. | để mọi người không được điều trị đúng cách. Bạn có thể cung cấp cho các loại thuốc có tính cạnh tranh với một liều lượng cao, | en-vi |
You can give the competing drug in too high a dose, so people get side effects. | 副作用が出るようにすることもできます これは統合失調症に対する | en-ja |
And this is exactly what happened with antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. | com a medicação antipsicótica para esquizofrenia. | en-pt-br |
Twenty years ago, a new generation of antipsychotic drugs were brought in; the promise was they would have fewer side effects. | 20ปีที่แล้วยาร้กษาทางจิตรุ่นใหม่ถูกนำเข้ามา และคำมั่นสัญญาก็คือมันจะมีผลข้างเคียงของยาน้อยที่สุด | en-th |
So people set about doing trials of the new drugs against the old drugs. | אז אנשים התחילו לערוך ניסויים על התרופות האלה בהשוואה לתרופות הישנות, | en-he |
But they gave the old drugs in ridiculously high doses: 20 milligrams a day of haloperidol. | aber sie verabreichten die alten Medikamente in lächerlich hohen Dosen – 20 Milligramm Haloperidol am Tag. Es ist ein vorgefasster Schluss, | en-de |
And it's a foregone conclusion if you give a drug at that high a dose, it will have more side effects, and your new drug will look better. | 그렇게 높은 1회 복용량의 약을 주면 더 많은 부작용이 있을것이고 새로운 약이 더 좋게 보이겠지요 | en-ko |
Ten years ago, history repeated itself, when risperidone, the first of the new-generation antipsychotic drugs, came off copyright, so anybody could make copies. | Hace 10 años la historia se repitió, es interesante, cuando la risperidona, el primero de una nueva generación de antipsicóticos, no tenía más derechos de autor, así que cualquiera podía imitarlo. | en-es |
Everybody wanted to show their drug was better than risperidone, so you see trials comparing new antipsychotic drugs against risperidone at eight milligrams a day. | Tout le monde voulait montrer que leur médicament était meilleur que le rispéridone, on a donc vu une quantité de tests comparant de nouveaux neuroleptiques avec le rispéridone à 8 mg par jour. Encore une fois, pas un dosage absurde, pas un dosage illégal, | en-fr |
Again, not an insane dose, not an illegal dose, but very much at the high end of normal. | Outra vez, non é unha dose absurda, non é ilegal, pero está moi cerca de superar o normal. | en-gl |
And so it's no surprise that overall, industry-funded trials are four times more likely to give a positive result than independently sponsored trials. | Jadi itu bukan hal mengejutkan bahwa pada umumnya, uji coba yang disponsori oleh industri 4 kali lebih mungkin menghasilkan hasil yang bagus dibandingkan uji coba yang didanai secara terpisah. | en-id |
But -- and it's a big but -- (Laughter) it turns out, when you look at the methods used by industry-funded trials, that they're actually better than independently sponsored trials. | Nhưng - đó là một chữ nhưng lớn (Tiếng cười) hóa ra, khi bạn nhìn các phương pháp của các thử nghiệm do công nghiệp y dược tài trợ, chúng thật sự tốt hơn nhiều so với những thử nghiệm tự tài trợ. | en-vi |
And yet, they always manage to get the result that they want. | Und trotzdem schaffen sie es immer, die Resultate zu bekommen, die sie wollen. | en-de |
(Laughter) How can we explain this strange phenomenon? | Como podemos explicar esse estranho fenômeno? | en-pt-br |
Well, it turns out that what happens is the negative data goes missing in action; it's withheld from doctors and patients. | Hóa ra những gì đã xảy ra là những thông tin tiêu cực đều đã mất tích nó được giấu kín khỏi các bác sĩ và các bệnh nhân. | en-vi |
And this is the most important aspect of the whole story. | و این مهم ترین جنبۀ کل داستانه. اون در رأس هرم شواهد قرار داره. | en-fa |
It's at the top of the pyramid of evidence. | Нужна ни е цялата информация за определеното лечение, | en-bg |
We need to have all of the data on a particular treatment to know whether or not it really is effective. | ahhoz, hogy eldöntsük, valóban hatékony-e. Két különböző módon lehet kiszúrni, | en-hu |
There are two different ways you can spot whether some data has gone missing. | hogy valahol eltűntek adatok. | en-hu |
You can use statistics or you can use stories. | Možete koristiti statistiku ili se oslanjati na priče. | en-sr |
I prefer statistics, so that's what I'll do first. | من شخصاً آمار را ترجیح میدم، پس اول به این می پردازم. | en-fa |
This is a funnel plot. | Das hier nennt man einen Funnel Plot. | en-de |
A funnel plot is a very clever way of spotting if small negative trials have disappeared, have gone missing in action. | Jest bardzo sprytnym narzędziem stwierdzającym zniknięcie danych w małych, dających negatywne rezultaty doświadczeniach. | en-pl |
This is a graph of all of the trials done on a particular treatment. | Tole je graf vseh testov, ki so bili narejeni na določenem zdravilu. | en-sl |
As you go up towards the top of the graph, what you see is each dot is a trial. | Ketika Anda bergerak ke bagian atas grafiknya, apa yang Anda lihat setiap titik adalah sebuah uji coba. | en-id |
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