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Nathaniel Wallich FRS ( 28 January 1786 - 28 April 1854 ) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India , initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the East India Company .	Nathaniel Wallich FRS ( 28 January 1786 - 28 April 1854 ) was a medical doctor and botanist from Denmark .
Ill health forced Wallich to spend the years 1811-1813 in the more temperate climate of Mauritius , whence he continued his studies .	Because of bad health , Wallich spent the years 1811-1813 in the more temperate climate of Mauritius , where he continued his studies .
Wallich was also temporarily appointed Superintendent of East India Company 's Botanical Garden at Calcutta and later permanently joined the Garden in 1817 and served there till 1846 when he retired from the service .	Wallich joined the East India Company 's Botanical Garden in 1817 and served there until 1846 when he retired from the service .
Wallich obtained the diploma of the Royal Academy of Surgeons at Copenhagen and at the end of the year was appointed as Surgeon in the Danish settlement at Serampore , then known as Frederiksnagore in Bengal .	At the end of the year he was appointed as doctor in the Danish colony of Serampore , then known as Frederiksnagore in Bengal ( now in West Bengal ) .
He later adopted the name Nathan Wallich , and as an adult Nathaniel .	Nathaniel changed his name to Nathan Wallich , later Nathaniel , as an adult .
A limitation of Turing machines is that they do not model the strengths of a particular arrangement well .	There are two purposes of a Turing machine .
The Turing machine is not intended as practical computing technology , but rather as a hypothetical device representing a computing machine .	If a Turing machine is used for the computation of functions it only has one end state .
He was the tenth World Chess Champion , holding the title from 1969 to 1972 .	He was the tenth World Chess Champion , holding the title from late 1969 to 1972 .
Spassky won the Soviet Chess Championship twice outright ( 1961 , 1973 ) , and twice lost in playoffs ( 1956 , 1963 ) , after tying for first place during the event proper .	p381 Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright ( 1961 , 1973 ) , and twice more lost in playoffs ( 1956 , 1963 ) .
During his 14 year tenure as national coach , his record was 87 victories , 30 draws and 22 defeats in 139 matches .	During his 14 years as national coach he reached 87 victories , 30 draws and 22 defeats in 139 matches .
He played for Dresdner SC , winning the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 as well as the cup in 1941 and 1942 .	With this team he won the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 and the cup in 1941 and 1942 .
Helmut Schön ( 15 September 1915 in Dresden , Germany - 23 February 1996 in Wiesbaden , Germany ) was a German football player and manager .	Helmut Schön ( 15 September , 1915 - 23 February 1996 ) is a former German football player .
He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941 , scoring 17 goals .	He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941 .
Nadia Hasnaoui ( Arabic نادية حسناوي ) ( born 10 June 1963 ) is a Norwegian television presenter .	Nadia Hasnaoui ( Arabic : نادية حسناوي ; born 10 June 1963 ) is a Norwegian television presenter .
Under Allied occupation and division , two other separate national teams were also recognized by FIFA : the Saarland team ( 1950-1956 ) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic ( 1952-1990 ) .	These include the East German team ( 1952-1990 ) and the Saarland team ( 1950-1956 ) .
Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908 , against Switzerland in Basel , with the Swiss winning 5-3 .	The Germany national football team is the national football team in Germany .
Thomas Victor O'Carroll ( born 1945 ) is an Irish writer ( with dual Irish\/British nationality ) , activist for paedophilia advocacy , and a convicted distributor of child pornography .	Thomas Victor O'Carroll ( born 1945 ) is an Irish writer .
After a campaign by outraged Amazon readers , Amazon dropped the book , along with several other books that appeared to promote paedophilia , including O'Carroll 's earlier book , Paedophilia : The Radical Case .	In 1980 O'Carroll 's first book , Paedophilia : The Radical Case , was published .
Skor is a candy bar produced by The Hershey Company .	Skor is a chocolate bar made by The Hershey Company .
Nazism , or National Socialism in full ( German : Nationalsozialismus ) , is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and state as well as other related far-right groups .	Nazism ( or National Socialism ; German : Nationalsozialismus ) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany .
The ancient Egyptians believed that a human soul was made up of five parts : the Ren , the Ba , the Ka , the Sheut , and the Ib .	The ancient Egyptians believed the soul was divided into five parts Ren , Ba , Ka , Sheut , and Ib .
Snekkjas were one of the most common types of ship .	Snekkjas were one of the most common types of warship .
Skeid ( skeið ) , meaning ` that which cuts through water , ' ships were larger warships , consisting of more than 30 rowing benches .	Skeid ( skeið ) , meaning ` that which cuts through water , ' ships were larger warships .
The snekkja , meaning ` thin and projecting , ' was typically the smallest longship used in warfare and was classified as a ship with at least 20 rowing benches .	A specialized type of ship with at least 20 rowing benches was called a snekkja , meaning ` thin and projecting . '
Gorillas live in groups called troops .	Gorillas are peaceful animals that live in family groups called troops .
Gorillas , unlike chimpanzees or orangutans , tend to sleep in nests on the ground .	Gorillas sleep in nests that they build on the ground .
The organizations which run the world 's two leading professional golf tours have the initials PGA in their names , but they are now independent of the Professional Golfers ' Associations which established them : Originally , PGAs were the central bodies for all forms of professional golf in their territories , but now...	The organizations which run the world 's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names .
Other women 's bodies have territorial designations in their names , like LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea .	For example , LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea .
There are several PGAs around the world , including : The women 's equivalent term is Ladies Professional Golf Association , commonly abbreviated to LPGA .	There are several PGAs around the world .
Large numbers of the very distant galaxies seen , for example , in the Hubble Deep Field are known to be starbursts , but they are too far away to be studied in any detail .	Many very distant galaxies seen , for example , in the Hubble Deep Field are known to be starbursts , but they are too far away to be studied in any detail .
Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us determine the history of galaxy formation and evolution .	Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us explore the history of galaxy formation and evolution .
The majority of starburst galaxies are in the midst of a merger or close encounter with another galaxy .	Most starburst galaxies are in the midst of a galaxy merger or at least close encounter with another galaxy .
However , starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe , and are more common further away - indicating that there were more of them billions of years ago .	Starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe , and are more common further away .
In a starburst galaxy , the rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will consume all of its gas reservoir , from which the stars are forming , on a timescale much shorter than the age of the galaxy .	In a starburst galaxy , the rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will consume all of its gas reservoir , from which the stars are forming , quickly .
A starburst galaxy is a galaxy undergoing an exceptionally high rate of star formation , as compared to the long-term average rate of star formation in the galaxy or the star formation rate observed in most other galaxies .	A starburst galaxy is a galaxy undergoing a very high rate of star formation .
Observing nearby examples and exploring their characteristics can give us an idea of what was happening in the early universe as the light we see from these distant galaxies left them when the universe was much younger ( see redshift ) .	The light we see from distant galaxies left them when the universe was much younger ( see redshift ) .
As such , the starburst nature of a galaxy is a phase , and one that typically occupies a brief period of a galaxy 's evolution .	So , the starburst nature of a galaxy is a short phase in a galaxy 's evolution .
Classifying types of starburst galaxies is difficult since starburst galaxies do not represent a specific type in and of themselves .	Well-known starburst galaxies include
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit , Michigan , in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s .	Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Detroit , Michigan during the mid-1980s .
Juan Atkins also believes that the first acid house producers , seeking to distance house music from disco , emulated the techno sound .	Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Techno music .
`` Techno '' is also commonly confused with generalized descriptors , such as electronic music and electronic dance music .	At the same time , the word `` techno '' is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music , especially in the Americas and Australia .
Eris was discovered by the team of Mike Brown , Chad Trujillo , and David Rabinowitz on January 5 , 2005 , from images taken on October 21 , 2003 .	Eris was discovered by Michael E. Brown , Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz on January 5 , 2005 , when they were having a close look at some images of the outer Solar System taken in 2003 .
It was inspired by the title character of the television series Xena : Warrior Princess .	Eris was originally called Xena , after the main character of the television series Xena : Warrior Princess .
More observations released in October 2005 revealed that Eris had a moon , later named Dysnomia .	Eris has one moon called Dysnomia .
It has one known moon , Dysnomia .	Eris has one moon called Dysnomia .
Eris is named after the goddess Eris ( Greek Ἔρις ) , a personification of strife and discord .	Eris is named after the goddess of strife , discord , contention and rivalry in Greek mythology .
It is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) and a member of a high-eccentricity population known as the scattered disc .	Eris is a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) .
The flag of the Russian Federation is a tricolor flag consisting of three equal horizontal fields ; white on the top , blue in the middle and red on the bottom .	It has three equal large horizontal strips : white on top , blue in the middle , and red on the bottom .
Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex , the Danish group Høst and the Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group , the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time : the periodical Cobra , a series of collaborations between various members called Peintures-...	Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex , the Danish group Høst and the Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group , the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time ; the periodical Cobra , a series of collaborations between various members called Peintures-...
COBRA was formed by Karel Appel , Constant , Corneille , Christian Dotremont , Asger Jorn , and Joseph Noiret on 8 November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame , Paris , with the signing of a manifesto , `` La Cause Était Entendue '' ( `` The Case Was Settled '' ) , drawn up by Dotremont .	COBRA was formed by Karel Appel , Constant , Corneille , Christian Dotremont , Asger Jorn , and Joseph Noiret on the 8th November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame , Paris , with the signing of a manifesto , `` La Cause Était Entendue '' ( The Case Was Settled ) , drawn up by Dotremont .
The first of these was held at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam , November 1949 , the other at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liège in 1951 .	The first of these was held at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam , November ( 1949 ) , the other at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liège ( 1951 ) .
In November 1949 the group officially changed its name to Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux with membership having spread across Europe and the USA , although this name has never stuck .	In November 1949 the group officially changed its name to ` Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux ' with membership having spread across Europe and the USA , although this name has never stuck .
COBRA ( or CoBrA ) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1948 to 1951 .	COBRA ( or CoBrA ) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951 .
Other participants in COBRA included : Notable artists who had contact with , and\/or were influenced by COBRA :	Participants in COBRA included :
The silver ram on blue represents the Faroe Islands and the similarly colored polar bear represents Greenland .	The polar bear represents Greenland and the ram represents the Faroe Islands .
The national coat of arms of Denmark ( Danish : Danmarks rigsvåben ) consists of three crowned blue lions accompanied by nine red hearts , all in a golden shield .	The coat of arms of Denmark consists of three crowned blue lions with nine red hearts , all in a golden shield .
The royal coat of arms is more complex .	In 1959 , the large coat of arms changed status and became the royal coat of arms - that is a coat of arms for the king and the royal family .
Until c. 1960 , Denmark used both a `` small '' and a `` large '' coat of arms , similar to the system still used in Sweden .	Until around 1960 Denmark also had a large coat of arms .
+44 ( read as Plus 44 ) was an American rock band formed in Los Angeles , California in 2005 .	The +44 , or Plus 44 , was a punk rock group that formed in 2004 .
The group consisted of vocalist and bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker of Blink-182 , lead guitarist Shane Gallagher of The Nervous Return and rhythm guitarist Craig Fairbaugh of Mercy Killers .	It was started by former Blink-182 members Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker , with guitarist Craig Fairbaugh from the band Transplants , and Shane Gallagher from the Nervous Return .
The Apollo program , also known as Project Apollo , was the third human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the United States ' civilian space agency , and the program was responsible for the landing of the first humans on Earth 's Moon in 1969 .	The Apollo program ( or Project Apollo ) was a project by the United States ' National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) .
Svalbard is the home of the armored polar bears in Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials trilogy .	Svalbard is the home of the armored polar bears in Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials trilogy of books .
Novelists , screenwriters and filmmakers have set their works in Svalbard , an archipelago in the Arctic which constitutes the northernmost part of Norway .	Novelists , screenwriters and filmmakers have set their works in Svalbard , an archipelago in the Arctic which is the northernmost part of Norway .
This trilogy of fantasy novels , coming together to form an epic comprising Northern Lights ( 1995 , published as The Golden Compass in North America ) , The Subtle Knife ( 1997 ) , and The Amber Spyglass ( 2000 ) .	This trilogy of fantasy novels form an epic that includes Northern Lights ( 1995 , published as The Golden Compass in North America ) , The Subtle Knife ( 1997 ) , and The Amber Spyglass ( 2000 ) .
The Svalbard Passage by Thomas Kirkwood is a tense thriller set in the US , Norway and Svalbard during the Cold War .	The Svalbard Passage by Thomas Kirkwood is a thriller set in the US , Norway and Svalbard during the Cold War .
Dark Matter , by Michelle Paver , is a ghost story set in 1937 in an isolated bay in Svalbard .	Dark Matter , by Michelle Paver , is a ghost story set in 1937 in a lonely bay in Svalbard .
It was one of the two 1980s Norwegian films which '' ... found large audiences and made their mark internationally '' .	It was one of the two 1980s Norwegian films which '' ... found large audiences ... internationally '' .
The Norwegian crime writer and glaciologist Monica Kristensen has written a novel set in Svalbard entitled Operation Fritham .	The Norwegian crime writer and glacier expert Monica Kristensen has written a novel set in Svalbard entitled Operation Fritham .
The Commonwealth Club of California declared North of Danger as best juvenile book of 1978 .	The Commonwealth Club of California called North of Danger the best juvenile book of 1978 .
Bear Island is a 1971 thriller novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean about a movie crew who travels to Svalbard .	Bear Island is a 1971 thriller novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean .
The main character , who must solve the mystery , is the head of the Svalbard police force .	The head of the Svalbard police force has to solve the mystery .
The Solitude Of Thomas Cave , by Georgina Harding , is a novel about a sailor who bets his shipmates that he can overwinter in Svalbard .	The Solitude Of Thomas Cave , by Georgina Harding , is a novel about a sailor who spends a whole winter in Svalbard .
The three novels have won various awards , most notably the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize , won by The Amber Spyglass .	The three novels have won awards , including the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize , won by The Amber Spyglass .
The film , which was directed by Ola Solum , includes beautiful depictions of the region 's white icebergs and desolate mountain ranges .	The film , which was directed by Ola Solum , shows the white icebergs and mountain ranges .
The trilogy as a whole took third place in the BBC 's Big Read poll in 2003 .	The won third place in the BBC 's Big Read poll in 2003 .
It follows the coming-of-age of two children , Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry , as they wander through a series of parallel universes against a backdrop of epic events .	It follows the story of two children , Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry .
When the group arrives in Svalbard , members of the crew start dying under unusual circumstances .	When the group arrives in Svalbard , members of the crew start to get killed .
The novel tells the story of a small group of World War II veterans who meet in Svalbard to commemorate Operation Fritham , a 1942 Norwegian military operation which aimed at securing the rich coal mines on Spitsbergen and denying their use to Nazi Germany .	The novel tells the story of a group of World War II veterans who meet in Svalbard to remember Operation Fritham .
A group of scientists land in Svalbard and prepare to overwinter in an abandoned mining camp .	A group of scientists go to Svalbard and prepare to spend the winter in an old mining camp .
The story involves fantasy elements such as witches and armored polar bears , and alludes to a broad range of ideas from such fields as physics , philosophy , and theology .	The story involves fantasy story parts such as witches and armored polar bears .
A review states that the `` descriptions of scenery are outstanding '' such as the language used to describe frozen streams '' as `` a temple of white streaks that weave out and back into one another like the boughs and twigs of a tree '' .	A review states that the `` descriptions of scenery are outstanding '' .
The film was released in North America on September 30 , 2005 by Universal Pictures .	The movie was released in North America on September 30 , 2005 by Universal Pictures .
Serenity visual effects supervisor Loni Peristere told the Los Angeles Times , `` Traditionally this would have been , like , a 30-day shoot .	Serenity visual effects supervisor Loni Peristere said in a Los Angeles Times article : `` Traditionally this would have been , like , a 30-day shoot .
After Universal acquired the film rights from Fox , Whedon began writing the screenplay .	After Universal Studios got the movie rights to Firefly from Fox , Whedon began writing the screenplay .
When attempts to have another network acquire the show failed , creator Joss Whedon attempted to sell it as a film .	After trying to get another network to show the series , creator Joss Whedon tried to sell it as a movie .
The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War , having fought on the losing side .	The captain and first mate fought together on the losing side of Unification War .
Through a business connection , he was introduced to Mary Parent with Universal Studios , who immediately signed on after watching the episodes on DVD .	He was introduced to Mary Parent with Universal Pictures , who agreed to make the movie after watching the episodes on DVD .
Serenity is a 2005 American space western film written and directed by Joss Whedon .	It was written and directed by Joss Whedon .
One cost-cutting item that could not be reused from the television show was the original set of the interior of the spaceship Serenity , which had to be entirely rebuilt based on images of the Firefly DVD set .	One item from the television show that could not be used again was the original set of the inside of the ship Serenity .
The film is based on Firefly , a television series canceled by the Fox Broadcasting Company in December 2002 , after 11 of its 14 produced episodes had aired .	The movie is based on Firefly , a television series that was canceled by Fox in December 2002 .
The Operative 's ship is destroyed , but he survives by riding an escape pod to safety .	The Operative 's ship is destroyed , and he also goes to the planet in an escape pod .
Their lives of petty crime are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret .	Their lives of small crime are interrupted by a passenger with mental abilities who has a dangerous secret .
Instead , the crew fashioned a trailer with a cantilevered arm attached to the `` hovercraft '' and shot the scene while riding up Templin Highway north of Santa Clarita .	They built a trailer connected to the `` hover craft '' in the movie and shot the scene while riding up a highway north of Santa Clarita .
Whedon announced the film would be titled Serenity to differentiate it from the TV series .	Joss Whedon said that the movie would be called Serenity to keep it separate from the TV series .
On September 17 , 2004 , Whedon announced on the film 's official website that shooting had been completed .	On September 17 2004 , Joss Whedon said on the movie 's official site that shooting was done .
Zoic Studios , the company that produced the graphics for the series , had to perform a complete overhaul of their computer model of Serenity , as the television model would not stand up to the high-definition scrutiny of cinema screens ( and high-definition video resolution ) .	The company that did the graphics for the series also had to change the computer model of Serenity .
Universal , while on board with the film , was not willing to spend the typical $ 100 million for a story set in space .	Universal did not want to spend the normal amount of money for a story set in space ( $ 100 million ) .
As of 2009 , its population was estimated at 41,739,000 .	As of 2009 the population was estimated at 41,739,000 .
Central America has an area of 524,000 square kilometers ( 202,000 sq mi ) , or almost 0.1 % of the Earth 's surface .	Central America has an area of 524,000 square kilometers ( 202,000 sq mi ) .
Volcanic eruptions are common in the region .	Volcanic eruptions are common .

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