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By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants .	By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumor and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants .
Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System ( gene gun ) by John Sanford in the 1980s .	Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System ( gene gun ) by John Sanford in 1990 .
In 1944 this `` transforming principle '' was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty .	In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty .
Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .	Griffith thought some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .
They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria `` transformation '' ( See Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment ) .	They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria ` transformation ' .
Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacteri...	The other two are conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) , and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host ) .
Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called `` transfection '' .	Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called `` transfection '' .
`` Transformation '' may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells , including animal and plant cells ; however , because `` transformation '' has a special meaning in relation to animal cells , indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for ani...	Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells , such as animal and plant cells .
The results of Avery et al. 's experiments were at first skeptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery 's experiments were acc...	Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery 's experiments accepted .
Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria , but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells .	Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria , and can also be done artificially .
In molecular biology , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material ( exogenous DNA ) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane ( s ) .	In molecular biology , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings .
The discovery of artificially induced competence in E. coli created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria which allows for simpler molecular cloning methods in biotechnology and research , and it is now a routinely used laboratory procedure .	This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research .
If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new , it is a purely synthetic process .	If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new , it is a `` purely synthetic process '' .
If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to new compounds , the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic process .	If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds , the synthesis is called a `` semisynthetic process '' .
A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product .	A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that reduces the yield of the wanted product .
The general form of a direct combination reaction is : A + B → AB where A and B are elements or compounds , and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include : 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl ( formation of table salt ) S + O2 → SO2 ( formation of sulfur dioxide ) 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 ( iron rusting...	The chemical equation for a direct combination reaction is : A + B → AB where A and B are elements or compounds , and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include : 2Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl ( formation of table salt ) S + O2 → SO2 ( formation of sulfur dioxide ) 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 ( ir...
Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product , or an intermediate product .	Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product , or an intermediate product .
This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions .	This happens by physical and chemical manipulations .
The other meaning of chemical synthesis is narrow and restricted to a specific kind of chemical reaction , a direct combination reaction , in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product .	In a direct combination reaction , two or more reactants combine to form a single product .
Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond converting reactant A to reaction product B . In cascade reactions multiple chemical transformations take place within a single reactant , in multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and in a telescopic synthesis one...	In cascade reactions multiple chemical changes take place within a single reactant .
A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants .	These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants .
This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel such as a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask .	( The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask . )
Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward the Nobel Prize for Chemistry .	The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists , such as Robert Burns Woodward , the Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds .	Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis .
The word synthesis in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist Hermann Kolbe .	The chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was the first to use the word synthesis in its present day meaning .
In the total synthesis of a complex product it may take multiple steps to synthesize the product of interest , and inordinate amounts of time .	The total synthesis of a complex product may take many steps to reach the goal product .
In chemistry , chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product , or several products .	In chemistry , chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product , or several products .
Roberto Luongo ( \ / luːˈɒŋɡoʊ \ / ; born April 4 , 1979 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .	Roberto Luongo ( born April 4 , 1979 ) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .
Luongo 's efforts helped the Canucks reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 17 years .	It was Luongo 's first time to reach the playoffs .
In music , relative keys are the major and minor scales that have the same key signatures .	When a piece of music is in a major key , the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature .
G major and E minor both have a single sharp in their key signature at F ♯ ; therefore , E minor is the relative minor of G major , and conversely G major is the relative major of E minor .	C major is called the relative major of A minor .
In the mid-1980s , the government divided the department of Zelaya - consisting of the eastern half of the country - into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule within the Republic .	In the mid-1980s , the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule .
There is also an East Asian community of Japanese , Taiwanese and Chinese .	There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian , Armenian , Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000 , and an East Asian community of Japanese , Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000 .
Ninety percent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands .	Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands .
The population is 54 % urban with Managua ( capital ) being the largest city , home to over a million inhabitants .	The population is 54 % urban .
Wulfhere died later in 675 .	Wulfhere died in early 675 .
Wulfhere or Wulfar ( died 675 ) was King of Mercia from 658 until 675 AD .	Wulfhere or Wulfar ( † 675 ) was an early King of Mercia .
Wulfhere was the son of Penda of Mercia .	Wulfhere was a younger son of King Penda .
By 670 , when Oswiu died , Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain .	By the time Oswiu died in 670 Wulfhere was the overlord of most of southern England .
Oswiu then ruled all Mercia himself .	Oswiu then took control of all Mercia and ruled it three years .