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These two components , used together , allow a much finer degree of substance identification than either unit used separately .	These two machines , used together , allow a much finer precision of substance identification than either unit used separately .
Other detectors may be encountered such as time of flight ( TOF ) , tandem quadrupoles ( MS-MS ) ( see below ) , or in the case of an ion trap MSn where n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages .	Other detectors are used such as time of flight ( TOF ) , tandem quadrupoles ( MS-MS ) ( see below ) , or in the case of an ion trap MSn .
Spectral library searches employ matching algorithms such as Probability Based Matching and dot-product matching that are used with methods of analysis written by many method standardization agencies .	The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching .
To additionally confirm the likelihood of a potentially positive result , it is relatively important to be sure that the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard .	To improve the chances of reading a positive result correctly , the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard .
The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample while gas chromatography using a traditional detector ( e.g. Flame ionization detector ) can not differentiate between multiple molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column ( i.e. have the same retention time ) , wh...	The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample .
In 1967 , the Finnigan Instrument Corporation was formed and in early 1968 , delivered the first prototype quadrupole GC\/MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University .	In early 1968 , delivered the first prototype quadrapole GC-MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University .
A non-specific test merely indicates that a substance falls into a category of substances .	A non-specific test only says that categories of substances are in the sample .
One of the main benefits of using chemical ionization is that a mass fragment closely corresponding to the molecular weight of the analyte of interest is produced .	This is because CI produces at least one mass fragment with a weight , that is nearly the same as the molecular weight of the analyte of interest .
The most common type of mass spectrometer ( MS ) associated with a gas chromatograph ( GC ) is the quadrupole mass spectrometer , sometimes referred to by the Hewlett-Packard ( now Agilent ) trade name `` Mass Selective Detector '' ( MSD ) .	Hewlett-Packard ( now Agilent ) markets it under trade name `` Mass Selective Detector '' ( MSD ) .
The development of affordable and miniaturized computers has helped in the simplification of the use of this instrument , as well as allowed great improvements in the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample .	The development of small computers has helped in the simplification of GC-MS machines .
The song is ranked # 387 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .	The song is ranked # 377 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .
Ray Charles ' recording hit number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , beginning on Monday , October 9 , 1961 .	Ray Charles 's song was number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in fall of 1961 .
They were mostly middle-ranking courtesans , and only semiprofessional entertainers-unlike the dancers of the 1890s , such as La Goulue and Jane Avril , who were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere .	The dancers of the 1890s , such as La Goulue and Jane Avril , were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere .
The Infernal Galop from Jacques Offenbach 's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most associated with the can-can .	The Galop from Jacques Offenbach 's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most often played with the can-can ( a somewhat simplified form and a more evolved one Can-Can ( Orpheus in the Underworld ) .
The can-can ( sometimes non-hyphenated as in the original French : cancan French pronunciation : ( kɑ̃kɑ̃ ) ) is a high-energy and physically demanding music hall dance , traditionally performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts , petticoats , and black stockings .	The can-can ( also spelled cancan or Can Can ) is a music hall dance , performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts , petticoats , and black stockings , like the fashions of the 1890s .
The female dancers of the Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves that were later incorporated by the choreographer Pierre Sandrini in the spectacular `` French Cancan '' , which he devised at the Moulin Rouge in the 1920s and presented at his own Bal Tabarin from 1928 .	The female dancers of the French Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves .
It is estimated to contain 1 % of the total mass of the asteroid belt .	Juno is an S-type asteroid , and is estimated to contain 1 % of the total mass of the asteroid belt .
Juno was discovered on September 1 , 1804 , by German astronomer Karl L. Harding .	3 Juno is a main belt asteroid discovered by Karl Ludwig Harding on September 1 , 1804 .
3 Juno is named after the mythological Juno , the highest Roman goddess .	Juno was the third asteroid discovered in the Solar System and is named after Juno , the Roman goddess that is the queen of all gods .
The source code was later re-released under the GNU General Public License in 1999 .	It is written mostly in C . The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License .
These moths have several unusual features .	These moths have many unusual features .
All three species are commonly observed raiding beehives of different species of honey bee for honey ; A. atropos only attacks colonies of the well-known Western honey bee , Apis mellifera .	All three species are commonly seen raiding beehives of different species of honey bee for honey , but A. atropos only attacks colonies of the well-known Western honey bee , Apis mellifera .
All three species have three larval color forms : typically , green , brown , and yellow .	All three species have three larval color forms : usually green , brown , or yellow .
None of the three species is restricted to a single family of host plant ; hosts are typically of the families Solanaceae , Verbenaceae , Oleaceae , Bignoniaceae , and others .	Many of the types of plants used are in the families Solanaceae , Verbenaceae , Oleaceae , Bignoniaceae , and others .
The sound is produced by expelling air from the pharynx , often accompanied by flashing of the brightly colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators .	The sound is made by moving air from the pharynx , often along with the flashing of the brightly-colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators .
All three species have the ability to emit a loud squeak if irritated .	All three species can make a loud squeak if irritated .
They can move about in hives without being disturbed because they mimic the scent of the bees .	They are able to move about in hives unhurt because they mimic the scent of the bees .
All three species are fairly similar in size , coloration , and life cycle .	All three species are about the same in size , coloration , and life cycle .
Eggs are laid singly under old leaves of a host plant and are green or grey-blue .	Eggs are laid one by one under old leaves of the hostplant , and are green or grey-blue .
The larvae are stout , reaching 120-130 mm , with a prominent tail horn .	The larvae are strong , reaching 120-130 mm , with a tail horn that stands out or can be seen easily .
The name Death 's - head Hawkmoth refers to any one of the three moth species of the genus Acherontia ( Acherontia atropos , Acherontia styx and Acherontia lachesis ) .	The ( A. atropos , A. styx and A. lachesis ) , and are in the genus Acherontia .
The novel has been the subject of interpretations primarily focusing on the historical role of book burning in suppressing dissenting ideas .	Over the years , the novel has been subject to various interpretations , primarily focusing on the historical role of book burning in suppressing dissenting ideas .
Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury published in 1953 .	Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian fiction novel .
François Truffaut wrote and directed a film adaptation of the novel in 1966 , and a BBC Radio dramatization was produced in 1982 .	A movie version of the novel was released in 1966 , and at least two BBC Radio 4 dramatizations have also been aired , both of which follow the book very closely .
On 1 April 1944 Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland due to navigation errors .	On April 1 , 1944 , Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland .
Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages , documented to have struck its own coins from 1045 .	Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages , documented to have struck its own coins starting in 1045 .
Schaffhausen is located in a finger of Swiss territory surrounded on three sides by Germany .	Schaffhausen is in a finger of Swiss territory surrounded on three sides by Germany .
Schaffhausen hosts some well-known industrial companies like Georg Fischer ( piping systems , machine tools and automotives ) , an internationally reputed manufacturer of watches ( IWC ) , pharmaceutical industry ( Cilag , founded by Bernhard Joos ) and BB Biotech ( biotechnologies ) .	Schaffhausen has some well-known industrial companies ( Georg Fischer ) in piping systems , machine tools and automotives , one internationally-reputed watches manufacturer ( IWC ) , and drug industry ( Cilag , founded by Bernhard Joos ) .
Schaffhausen ( German : Schaffhausen ( help · info ) , Swiss German : Schafuuse , French : Schaffhouse , Italian : Sciaffusa ) is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name ; it has an estimated population of 34,587 as of December 2008 ( update ) .	Schaffhausen is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name .
The class of weapon as it exists today evolved as a hybrid between a submachine gun and a carbine , retaining the compact size and ammunition capacity of the former while adding the power , accuracy and penetration of the latter .	The class of weapon as it exists today evolved as a hybrid between a submachine gun and a carbine , keeping the compact size and ammunition capacity of the submachine gun while adding the power , accuracy and penetration of the carbine .
A personal defense weapon ( PDW ) is a compact semi-automatic or fully automatic firearm similar in most respects to a submachine gun , but firing a ( often proprietary ) rifle round , giving a PDW better range , accuracy and armor-penetrating capability than submachine guns , which fire pistol-caliber cartridges .	It is similar in most respects to a submachine gun , but firing a rifle round , giving a PDW better range , accuracy and armour-penetrating capability than submachine guns , which fire pistol-caliber cartridges .
Denim is the color of denim cloth , which after being dyed with indigo dye , is used to make jeans .	Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth , which is used to make what are called blue jeans ( they should really be called indigo jeans ) .
The color electric indigo is a bright and saturated color between the traditional indigo and violet .	Indigo is a hue lying between blue and violet .
Like many other colors ( orange , rose , and violet are the best-known ) , indigo gets its name from an object in the natural world-the plant named indigo once used for dyeing cloth ( see also Indigo dye ) .	Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant , used to dye cloth .
The color of indigo dye is a different color than either spectrum indigo or pigment indigo .	The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant .
Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven colors in his spectrum .	Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow .
This color is also called deep indigo .	This shade of indigo , called indigo dye ( shown at left above in the picture and in the color chart below ) , is darker than the spectrum indigo shown above .
Cicero is considered one of the most significant rhetoricians of all time .	Cicero was one of their famous orators .
Common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled , edible kernel as a nut .	Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled , edible kernel as a nut .
A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed ( rarely two ) in which the ovary wall becomes very hard ( stony or woody ) at maturity , and where the seed remains attached or fused with the ovary wall .	A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed ( rarely two ) .
Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell , unlike nuts such as hazelnuts , chestnuts , and acorns , which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary .	But nuts ( such as hazelnuts , hickories , chestnuts and acorns ) have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside .
A nut is a fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed , where the hard-shelled fruit does not open to release the seed ( indehiscent ) .	Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit , where the fruit does not open to release the seed .
Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries ( see flower ) and all are indehiscent ( not opening at maturity ) .	Most seeds come from fruits , and the seeds are released from the fruit .
In 2009 , the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis were found in the Cerrejón Formation of the coal mines of Cerrejón in La Guajira , Colombia .	The site was in the Cerrejón Formation in La Guajira , Colombia .
She served as the Director General of the UN World Health Organization and is now a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General , Ban Ki-moon .	She now is a Special Envoy on climate change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon .
from the University of Oslo .	She gained a degree from the University of Oslo and a master 's degree from Harvard University .
Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in domestic cooking .	Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in cooking at home .
In the United States , FD&C numbers ( which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods , drugs and cosmetics ) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature , while in the European Union , E numbers are used for all additives , both synthetic and natural , that are approved...	In the United States , FD&C ( generally indicates that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in Foods , Drugs and Cosmetics ) numbers are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature .
The FDA lists `` color additives exempt from certification '' for food in subpart A of the Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21 Part 73 .	The FDA lists `` color additives exempt from certification '' for food .
People associate certain colors with certain flavors , and the color of food can influence the perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine .	The color of the food can therefore influence its perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine .
Food coloring , or color additive , is any dye , pigment or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or drink .	A food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink to change its color .
Sometimes the aim is to simulate a color that is perceived by the consumer as natural , such as adding red coloring to glacé cherries ( which would otherwise be beige ) , but sometimes it is for effect , like the green ketchup that Heinz launched in 1999 .	An example would be to add red coloring to glacé cherries .
Food colorings are tested for safety by various bodies around the world and sometimes different bodies have different views on food color safety .	Sometimes , different testing-bodies have different opinions on the safety of a certain coloring .
While naturally derived colors are not required to be certified by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world ( including the FDA ) , they still need to be approved for use in that country .	Natural colors are not required to be tested by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world , including the United States FDA .
There are 3-foot-bridges in the city : the Millennium Bridge , the Seán O'Casey Bridge and the Ha ` penny Bridge .	There are 3 foot bridges in the city : the Millennium Bridge , the Seán O'Casey Bridge and the Ha ` penny Bridge .
Notable are the West-Link Bridge on the M50 motorway , the Seán Heuston Bridge and O'Connell Bridge .	Large bridges are the West-Link Bridge on the M50 motorway , the Seán Heuston Bridge and O'Connell Bridge .
The Liffey Descent canoeing event , held each year since 1960 , covers a 27 km ( 17 mi ) course from Straffan to Islandbridge .	The Liffey Descent canoeing event covers a 27 km ( 17 mi ) course from Straffan to Islandbridge .
Its major tributaries include the River Dodder , the River Poddle and the River Camac .	Its major tributaries include the King 's River , River Dodder , the River Poddle and the River Camac .
There are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river , at Poulaphouca , Golden Falls and Leixlip .	There are dams built for three hydroelectric power stations along the river , at Poulaphouca , Golden Falls and Leixlip .
Around 60 % of the Liffey 's flow is abstracted for drinking water , and to supply industry .	Around 60 % of the Liffey 's flow is used for drinking water , and to supply industry .
Crossings further upriver include the Liffey Bridge at Celbridge , `` The Bridge at 16 '' ( a 19th-century pedestrian suspension bridge at what is now the K Club ) , and the Leinster Aqueduct - which carries the Grand Canal over the Liffey at Caragh .	Bridges outside of Dublin include the Liffey Bridge at Celbridge , `` The Bridge at 16 '' ( a 19th century pedestrian suspension bridge ) , and the Leinster Aqueduct - which takes the Grand Canal over the Liffey at Caragh .
Island Bridge ( a predecessor of the current bridge ) was added in 1577 .	Island Bridge was added in 1577 .
In recent years , the only regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service , which runs guided tours along the River Liffey through Dublin City center .	In recent years , the only regular traffic on the river within the city is a boat which runs guided tours along the River Liffey through Dublin City center .
Upstream from the city , at Chapelizod , the river is used by private , university and Garda rowing clubs .	The river is used by private , university and Garda rowing clubs in Chapelizod .
The Liffey ( An Life in Irish ) is a river in Ireland , which flows through the center of Dublin .	The Liffey ( An Life in Irish ) is a river in Ireland .
Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants .	Much of this makes its way back into the river after it is cleaned in wastewater treatment plants .
Downstream of the East-Link bridge , the river is still mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic , with some recreational use also .	Downstream of the East-Link bridge , the river is still mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic .
A popular myth is that Liffey water is used to brew Guinness but this is not true as Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains .	Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains .
With the development of commercial Dublin in the 17th century , four new bridges were added between 1670 and 1684 : Barrack , or Bloody Bridge , ( the forerunner of the current Rory O'More Bridge ) , Essex Bridge ( Grattan Bridge ) , Ormond Bridge ( O'Donovan Rossa Bridge ) and Arran Bridge .	They were Barrack , or Bloody Bridge , ( what is now Rory O'More Bridge ) , Essex Bridge ( Grattan Bridge ) , Ormond Bridge ( O'Donovan Rossa Bridge ) and Arran Bridge .
The earliest stone bridge over the Liffey of which there is solid evidence was the Bridge of Dublin ( on the site of the current Fr .	The earliest stone bridge over the Liffey was the Bridge of Dublin .
This bridge with four arches included various buildings such as a chapel , bakehouse and possibly an inn and replaced an earlier wooden bridge ( Dubhghalls Bridge ) on the same site .	It replaced an earlier wooden bridge ( Dubhghalls Bridge ) on the same site .
The Liffey does not feature natural lakes , and has few islands .	The Liffey does not have any natural lakes , and has only a few islands .
A well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s , the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. James 's Gate Brewery .	The Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness were cargo ships that were used to export Guinness from the St. James 's Gate Brewery .
A suspension bridge , it swivels to allow river traffic to pass .	It is a suspension bridge , it can move to allow river traffic to pass .
See Annals of Inisfallen ( AI ) The Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow mountains , forming from many streamlets .	The Liffey starts with a lot of small streams in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow mountains .
The oldest bridge still standing is the Mellows Bridge , ( originally Queens Bridge ) constructed in 1764 on the site of the Arran Bridge , which was destroyed by floods in 1763 .	It was built in 1764 after the Arran Bridge ( which was there before ) was destroyed by floods in 1763 .
The word Liphe ( or Life ) referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran , but eventually came to refer to the river itself .	The word Liphe ( or Life ) was the name of the plain ( flat area of land ) through which the river flowed but was later used to name the river itself .
The river was previously named An Ruirthech , meaning `` fast ( or strong ) runner '' .	The river was called An Ruirthech , meaning `` fast ( or strong ) runner '' before it was called Liffey .
The river supplies much of Dublin 's water , and a range of recreational opportunities .	The river supplies much of Dublin 's water .
It flows for around 125 km ( 78 mi ) through counties Wicklow , Kildare and Dublin before entering the Irish Sea at its mouth at the midpoint of Dublin Bay , on a line extending from the Baily lighthouse to the Muglin Rocks .	It flows for around 125 km ( 78 mi ) through counties Wicklow , Kildare and Dublin .
It was also known as the Anna Liffey , possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life , the Irish phrase that translates into English as River Liffey .	It was also known as the Anna Liffey , possibly because of the Irish for `` River Liffey '' - Abhainn na Life which sounds like `` Anna Liffey '' in English .
There remain areas of rapids , notably as the river approaches Dublin city .	There are a few areas with rapids , mostly as the river comes close to Dublin city .
Marc Houalla was born February 10 , 1961 at Rueil-Malmaison , is a French public servant .	Marc Houalla , born the 10th of February 1961 at Rueil-Malmaison , is a French aerospace engineer .
A graduate from the ENAC ( IÉNAC L82 ) and holder of a MBA from HEC Paris ( 1990 ) , he began his career in 1985 as an engineer at the civil aviation department of Canada .	Graduate from the ENAC ( IÉNAC L82 ) and having a MBA from HEC Paris ( 1990 ) , he has done different jobs in air transport such as director of SEFA before being joining the French Civil Aviation University .
In 1892 the Gilbert Islands consented to become a British protectorate together with the nearby Ellice Islands .	In 1892 , the Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate with the Ellice Islands ( nowadays known as Tuvalu ) , together called Gilbert and Ellice Islands .
The name Kiribati is the local pronunciation of Gilberts , which derives from the main island chain , named the Gilbert Islands after the British explorer Thomas Gilbert , who sailed through the islands in 1788 .	Kiribati used to be called the Gilbert Islands .
Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 , as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. .	Apple Records was a record label started by The Beatles , which was active from 1968 until 1975 .
The uranium-lead dating method relies on two separate decay chains , the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb , with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb , with a half-life of 704 million years .	The method relies on two separate decay chains , the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb , with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb , with a half-life of 704 million years .
These types of minerals often produce lower precision ages than igneous and metamorphic minerals traditionally used for age dating , but are more common in the geologic record .	These minerals often produce lower precision ages than igneous and metamorphic minerals traditionally used for age dating , but are more common in the geologic record .
The zircon mineral incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystalline structure , but strongly rejects lead .	Zircon incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystalline structure , but strongly rejects lead .

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