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These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally .	These people may spread power equally or not equally .
An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic .	An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or passed down from father to son .
In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea determined the maritime border in the Torres Strait .	In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea worked out the correct position of the maritime border in the Torres Strait .
Although some of the Torres Strait islands lie just off the coast of New Guinea , they were annexed in 1879 by Queensland , then a British colony .	Although some of the Torres Strait islands are just off the coast of New Guinea , they were taken over in 1879 by Queensland , then a British colony .
It was Dalrymple who named the strait after Torres .	Dalrymple named the strait after Torres .
Over 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders live on the Islands and 42,000 live on the mainland .	While there are about 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living on the islands , about 42,000 islanders now live on the mainland .
The islands ' indigenous inhabitants are the Torres Strait Islanders , Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of adjoining New Guinea .	They are Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of New Guinea .
There was an important pearling industry from the 1860s until about 1970 when it collapsed in the face of competition from the plastics industry .	There was an important pearling business in the strait from the 1860s until about 1970 .
This discovery led Dalrymple to publish the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770-1771 , which aroused widespread interest in his claim of the existence of an unknown continent .	Dalrymple wrote a book , the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770-1771 .
Their maritime-based trade and interactions with the Papuans to the north and the Australian Aboriginal communities have maintained a steady cultural diffusion between the three societal groups , dating back thousands of years at least .	They traded with the Papuans to the north and the Australian Aboriginal people for thousands of years .
Pearl-shelling was responsible for the arrival of experienced divers from many countries , notably Japan .	Pearl-shelling brought many experienced divers from many countries , especially Japan .
The islands of the Torres Strait have been inhabited for at least 2,500 years and possibly much longer .	There is evidence of people living on the Torres Strait islands for at least 2,500 years .
He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea , and may also have sighted the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland , however no specific records exist that indicate he did so .	He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea .
Inception is a 2010 British-American science fiction heist thriller film written , co-produced , and directed by Christopher Nolan .	Inception is a 2010 American science fiction action heist movie written , produced , and directed by Christopher Nolan .
The film stars a large ensemble cast that includes Leonardo DiCaprio , Ellen Page , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Marion Cotillard , Ken Watanabe , Tom Hardy , Dileep Rao , Cillian Murphy , Tom Berenger , and Michael Caine .	The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Ken Watanabe , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Marion Cotillard , Ellen Page , Tom Hardy , Cillian Murphy , Tom Berenger , and Michael Caine .
Feeling he needed to have more experience with large-scale film production , Nolan retired the project and instead worked on Batman Begins ( 2005 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , and The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) .	Because Nolan wanted to have more experience working with big-scale movies , he chose to work on Batman Begins , The Prestige and The Dark Knight .
He spent six months revising the script before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009 .	He spent six months polishing up the script for Inception before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009 .
Inception was filmed in six countries and four continents , beginning in Tokyo on June 19 , 2009 , and finishing in Canada on November 22 , 2009 .	Filming spanned six countries and four continents , beginning in Tokyo on June 19 , 2009 and finishing in Canada in late November of the same year .
Shortly after finishing Insomnia ( 2002 ) , Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about `` dream stealers '' envisioning a horror film inspired by lucid dreaming and presented the idea to Warner Bros. .	In 2001 , Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers , presenting the idea to Warner Bros. .
Inception was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16 , 2010 .	Inception was first screened in London on July 8 , 2010 and was shown in standard and IMAX theaters on July 14 , 2010 .
DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb , a professional thief who commits corporate espionage by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets .	DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb , a thief who collects information from the subconscious mind of his victims while they dream .
Overall the film made $ 62.7 million and debuted at No. 1 on its opening weekend .	The movie had a lot of positive reviews and earned over $ 21 million on its opening day , and $ 62.7 million in the first weekend .
Nolan 's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film 's $ 100 million in advertising expenditure , with most of the publicity involving viral marketing .	Nolan 's success with The Dark Knight helped gain the movie $ 100 million to spend on advertising .
Parupalli Kashyap ( born 8 September 1986 ) is a badminton player from India .	Parupalli Kashyap ( Telugu : కశ్యప్ ) ( born 8 September 1986 ) , also known as Kashyap Parupalli , is an Indian athlete .
Most syllables have an onset .	Monosyllables have only one vowel sound ; polysyllables have more than one .
The hind feet each had three short toes , while each forefoot had five toes ; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof .	The back legs each had three short toes , while the front legs had five toes .
Stegosaurian teeth were small , triangular and flat ; wear facets show that they did grind their food .	Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces .
The tail appears to have been held well clear of the ground , while the head of Stegosaurus was positioned relatively low down , probably no higher than 1 meter ( 3.3 ft ) above the ground .	Because of its short front legs , its head was close to the ground , probably no higher than 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) .
The quadrupedal Stegosaurus is one of the most easily identifiable dinosaur genera , due to the distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates rising vertically along the rounded back and the two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of the tail .	It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs , with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back , and the long spikes on its tail .
The skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity akin to that of apes and of bipedal upright walk akin to that of humans , supporting the debated view that bipedalism preceded increase in brain size in human evolution .	The skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity akin to that of apes and of bipedal upright walk akin to that of humans .
Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago , and is classified as a hominid .	Lucy lived about 3.2 million years ago , and is classified as a hominid .
This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity ( for example , a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm − 1 ) .	This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity ( for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm − 1 ) .
If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency .	If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule , then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency .
A group of atoms in a molecule ( e.g. , CH2 ) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole .	A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole .
Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond .	Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency which is characteristic of that bond .
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy ( see also near-infrared spectroscopy ) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds .	Infrared vibrational spectroscopy ( IR spectroscopy ) can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds .
A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded .	The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample .
Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam .	Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals .
Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are `` grid-connected hybrids '' , `` Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle '' ( GO-HEV ) or simply `` gas-optional hybrids '' .	A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle-both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor .
Although most parallel hybrids incorporate an electric motor between the vehicle 's engine and transmission , a parallel hybrid can also use its engine to drive one of the vehicle 's axles , while its electric motor drives the other axle and\/or a generator used for recharging the batteries .	Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries-rather than directly powering the wheels-are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs .
Karl Duncker ( 2 February 1903 in Leipzig - 23 February 1940 ) was a Gestalt psychologist .	Karl Duncker ( Leipzig , 2 February 1903 - 23 February 1940 ) was a German psychologist .
It is a container in the problem situation but must be used as a shelf in the solution situation .	It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution .
In 1935 , exiled by the Nazis , he got an assistantship in Cambridge with Frederic Charles Bartlett and later emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Wolfgang Köhler 's at Swarthmore College .	In 1935 , exiled by the Nazis , he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett .
Duncker coined the term functional fixedness for describing the difficulties in visual perception and in problem solving that arise from the fact that one element of a whole situation already has a ( fixed ) function which has to be changed for making the correct perception or for finding the solution to the problem .	Duncker coined the term functional fixedness in visual perception and problem solving .
The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman , MT by the Bozeman Pass .	The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman , Montana by the Bozeman Pass .
The valley hosts other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs , including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant , Montana , La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner , and Hunter 's Hot Springs near Livingston .	The valley has other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs , including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant , Montana , La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner , and Hunter 's Hot Springs near Livingston .
The Yellowstone River flows through the valley and is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek .	It is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek .
Coordinates : 45 ° 23 ′ 47 ″ N 110 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ W \ / 45.39639 ° N 110.73583 ° W \ / 45.39639 ; -110.73583 Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County , Montana .	Coordinates : 45 ° 23 ′ 47 ″ N 110 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ W \ / 45.39639 ° N 110.73583 ° W \ / 45.39639 ; -110.73583 Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana .
The valley is flanked by the Absaroka Range on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west .	The Absaroka Range is on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west .
The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone .	The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone National Park .
It is located in the southern portion of the valley on the eastern side of the river within the Absaroka mountain range .	It is in the Absaroka mountain range .
The valley lies predominantly along a north-south axis , and is anchored to the north by Livingston , Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon , approximately fifteen miles north of Gardiner , Montana and the north entrance of Yellowstone Park .	It is anchored to the north by Livingston , Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon which is about fifteen miles north of Gardiner , Montana .
Today , the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone , MT from the west via U.S. Route 191\/U .	Today , the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone , Montana from the west , from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate , Montana , from the east at Cody , Wyoming , and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson , Wyoming .
The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 ° F ( 57 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 , at Furnace Creek , which is the hottest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth .	On July 10 1913 , it was 134 ° F ( 57 ° C ) , which is the hottest recorded temperature in the world .
It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km2 ) .	It contains 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km2 ) in California and Nevada .
Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California .	Death Valley is a valley in the U.S. state of California .
Located near the border of California and Nevada , in the Great Basin , east of the Sierra Nevada mountains , Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve .	Much of Death Valley is part of Death Valley National Park .
Death Valley 's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America at 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level .	One feature , named Badwater Basin , is the lowest place in North America .
Situated within the Mojave Desert , it is the lowest and driest area in North America , and currently the hottest in the world .	It is the hottest , driest , and lowest place in North America .
Linda Barwick , an ethnomusicologist , says that though traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony , in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law .	Linda Barwick , an ethnomusicologist , says that traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony , but in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law .
The mouthpiece can be constructed of beeswax , hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman .	The mouthpiece can be made of beeswax , hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman .
Recordings exist of modern didgeridoo players playing continuously for more than 40 minutes ; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto ( 1994 ) plays for over 50 minutes continuously .	There are recordings of modern didgeridoo players playing without stopping for more than 40 minutes ; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto ( 1994 ) plays for over 50 minutes continuously .
Other variations in the didgeridoo 's sound can be made by adding vocalizations to the drone .	Other changes in the didgeridoo 's sound can be made by adding vocal sounds to the drone .
Traditional instruments made by Aboriginal craftsmen in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a ` sugarbag ' mouthpiece .	Traditional instruments made by Aboriginals in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a ` sugarbag ' mouthpiece .
Pair sticks , sometimes called clapsticks or bilma , establish the beat for the songs during ceremonies .	Pair sticks , sometimes called clapsticks or bilma , set the beat for the songs during ceremonies .
To produce these sounds , the players simply have to use their vocal cords to produce the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument .	To make these sounds , the players simply have to use their voice to make the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument .
Most of the vocalizations are related to sounds emitted by Australian animals , such as the dingo or the kookaburra .	Most of the sounds are related to the sounds of Australian animals , such as the dingo or the kookaburra .
Traditionally , only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonial occasions , although both men and women may dance .	Traditionally , only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonies , but both men and women may dance .
The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks are precise , and these patterns have been handed down for many generations .	The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks use patterns that have been handed down for many generations .
A rim of beeswax may be applied to the mouthpiece end .	A rim of beeswax may be put on to the mouthpiece end .
Adding vocalizations increases the complexity of the playing .	Adding vocal sounds increases the complexity of the playing .
Traditionally and originally , the didgeridoo was primarily played as an accompaniment to ceremonial dancing and singing .	The didgeridoo was mainly played for ceremonial dancing and singing .
Didgeridoo design innovation started in the late 20th Century using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes .	Didgeridoo design changes started in the late 20th century using new materials and different shapes .
The didgeridoo is played with continuously vibrating lips to produce the drone while using a special breathing technique called circular breathing .	It is played with continuously vibrating lips to make the drone while using a special way of breathing called circular breathing .
Today , the majority of didgeridoo playing is for recreational purposes in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world .	Today , most didgeridoo playing is for entertainment in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world .
These didges typically have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25 '' down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length corresponding to the desired key .	These didgeridoos usually have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25 '' down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length made to the needed key .
Authentic Aboriginal didgeridoos are produced in traditionally oriented communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to collect the raw materials .	Aboriginal didgeridoos are made in the traditional communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to get the materials .
On 3 September 2008 , however , publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book `` The Daring Book for Girls '' which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument after Aboriginal academics accused HarperCollins of `` extreme cultural insensitivity '' .	On September 3 , 2008 , the publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book `` The Daring Book for Girls '' , scheduled to be published in October , which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument .
They are usually made from hardwoods , especially the various eucalyptus species that are endemic to the region .	They are usually made from hardwoods , usually eucalyptus species that are native to the area .
Modern didgeridoo designs are distinct from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo , and are innovations recognized by musicologists .	Modern didgeridoo designs are different from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo .
This black beeswax comes from wild bees and has a distinctive aroma .	This is black beeswax from wild bees and has a its own special smell .
Generally the main trunk of the tree is harvested , though a substantial branch may be used instead .	The main trunk of the tree is used , though a big branch may be used instead .
Non-traditional didgeridoos can also be made from PVC piping , non-native hard woods ( typically split , hollowed and rejoined ) , glass , fiberglass , metal , agave , clay , hemp ( in the form of a bioplastic named zelfo ) , and even carbon fiber .	Didgeridoos can also be made from PVC pipes , non-native hard woods ( which are split , hollowed and rejoined ) , fiberglass , metal , agave , clay , hemp ( a bioplastic named zelfo ) , and even carbon fiber .
By use of this technique , a skilled player can replenish the air in their lungs , and with practice can sustain a note for as long as desired .	A skilled player can refill the air in their lungs .
The results range from very high-pitched sounds to much lower guttural vibrations .	The results range from very high-pitched sounds to very low sounds .
Musicologists classify it as a brass aerophone .	Musicologists say it is a brass aerophone .
A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng , on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau , from the freshwater period ( that was begun 1500 years ago ) shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr Ceremony .	A rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng , on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau , dates from the freshwater period .
In PVC , an appropriately sized rubber stopper with a hole cut into it is equally acceptable , or to finely sand and buff the end of the pipe to create a comfortable mouthpiece .	In PVC , rubber stopper with a hole cut into it can be used .
Generally , the longer the instrument , the lower the pitch or key of the instrument .	The longer the instrument , the lower the pitch or key of the instrument .
Female didgeridoo players do exist , but their playing takes place in an informal context and is not specifically encouraged by Aboriginal elders .	There were female didgeridoo players , but they did not play in ceremonies and it was not encouraged .
However , it was also common for didgeridoos to be played for solo or recreational purposes outside of ceremonial gatherings .	It was also common for didgeridoos to be played for entertainment outside of ceremonial life .
The earliest occurrences of the word in print include a 1919 issue of Smith 's Weekly where it was referred to as an `` infernal didjerry '' which `` produced but one sound - ( phonic ) didjerry , didjerry , didjerry and so on ad infinitum '' , the 1919 Australian National Dictionary , The Bulletin in 1924 and the writings of Herbert Basedow in 1926 .	The earliest examples of the word in print was in a 1919 issue of Smith 's Weekly where it was called an `` infernal didjerry '' which `` produced but one sound - ( which sounded like ) didjerry , didjerry , didjerry and so on '' .
These formants , and especially their variation during the inhalation and exhalation phases of circular breathing , give the instrument its readily recognizable sound .	The rhythm of the circular breathing , gives the instrument its readily recognizable sound .
It is sometimes described as a natural wooden trumpet or `` drone pipe '' .	It is best described as being a wooden trumpet or drone .
For surviving Aboriginal groups of northern Australia , the didgeridoo is still an integral part of ceremonial life , as it accompanies singers and dancers in cultural ceremonies that continue .	In northern Australia , the didgeridoo is still a very important as it plays for singers and dancers in surviving cultural ceremonies .
Once a suitably hollow tree is found , it is cut down and cleaned out , the bark is taken off , the ends trimmed , and the exterior is shaped ; this results in a finished instrument .	The bark is taken off , the ends are trimmed , and there is some shaping of the outside .
Yiḏaki ( sometimes spelt yirdaki ) is one of the most commonly used names , although - strictly speaking - it refers to a specific type of instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land .	Yirdaki , also sometimes spelt yidaki , is for the instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land .
Fellow of the British Society Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo functions '' ... as an aural kaleidoscope of timbres '' and that `` the extremely difficult virtuoso techniques developed by expert performers find no parallel elsewhere . ''	Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo is like '' ... an aural kaleidoscope of timbres '' .
The museum 's galleries were completely rebuilt and relaunched in 1996 as The Earth Galleries , with the other exhibitions in the Waterhouse building retitled The Life Galleries .	The museum 's galleries were completely rebuilt and relaunched in 1996 as The Earth Galleries , with the exhibitions in the Waterhouse building retitled The Life Galleries .
Built in two distinct phases , with two new buildings adjacent to the main Waterhouse building , it is the most significant new development project in the museum 's history .	Built in two phases , with two new buildings adjacent to the main Waterhouse building , it is the most important new project in the museum 's history .

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