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In that case stoichiometric information can be obtained during the reaction , which helps identify the products .	In that case stoichiometric information can be obtained during the reaction .
It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics , mineralogy , crystallography , ceramics , metallurgy , thermodynamics , materials science and electronics with a focus on the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization .	It has much in common with solid-state physics , mineralogy , crystallography , ceramics , metallurgy , thermodynamics , materials science and electronics .
Solid-state chemistry , also sometimes referred to as materials chemistry , is the study of the synthesis , structure , and properties of solid phase materials , particularly , but not necessarily exclusively of , non-molecular solids .	Solid-state chemistry , ( also called materials chemistry ) is the study of the synthesis , structure , and properties of solid phase materials .
Such reactions are often carried out in a tube that is open ended on both sides and through which the gas is passed .	Such reactions are often carried out in a tube with open ended on both sides and through which the gas flows .
If volatile reactants are involved the reactants are often put in an ampoule that is evacuated - often while keeping the reactant mixture cold e.g. by keeping the bottom of the ampoule in liquid nitrogen - and then sealed .	If volatile reactants are involved , the reactants are often put in an ampoule and then all air is removed .
Others form adducts with other gases , e.g. CO or ethylene .	Others solids form adducts with other gases , ( for example CO or ethylene ) .
A variation of this is to let the reaction take place inside a measuring device such as a TGA .	A variation of this is to let the reaction take place inside a measuring device such as a thermogravimetric analysis ( TGA ) .
At times the solvent is used hydrothermally , i.e. under pressure at temperatures higher than the normal boiling point .	At times the solvent is used under pressure at temperatures higher than the normal boiling point ( hydrothermally ) .
These are often carried out in a sealed ampoule to which a small amount of a transport agent , e.g. iodine is added .	These are often carried out by adding a small amount of a transport agent ( for example , iodine ) to a sealed ampoule .
Our understanding of how reactions proceed at the atomic level in the solid state was advanced considerably by Carl Wagner 's work on oxidation rate theory , counter diffusion of ions , and defect chemistry .	Carl Wagner 's worked on oxidation rate theory , counter diffusion of ions , and defect chemistry .
Redox reactions are sometimes conducted by electrocrystallisation , as illustrated by the preparation of the Bechgaard salts from tetrathiafulvalene .	Redox reactions are sometimes conducted by electrocrystallisation .
1100 ° C. Special equipment e.g. ovens consisting of a tantalum tube through which an electric current is passed can be used for even higher temperatures up to 2000 ° C . Such high temperatures are at times required to induce diffusion of the reactants , but this depends strongly on the system studied .	Such high temperatures are at times required to induce diffusion of the reactants .
For example , bulk solids are prepared using tube furnaces , which allow reactions to be conducted up to ca .	For example , chemists use tube furnaces to prepare bulk solids .
Many solids react readily with reactive gas species like chlorine , iodine , oxygen etc. .	Many solids react readily with reactive gases such as chlorine , iodine , oxygen or others .
For non-metallic materials it is often possible to obtain UV\/VIS spectra .	For non-metallic materials , chemists try to get ultra-violet\/visible spectra .
The invention of X-ray crystallography in the early 1900s by William Lawrence Bragg enabled further innovation .	William Lawrence Bragg invented X-ray crystallography in the early 1900s , which brought further discoveries .
While the whole area is north of the 22-degree line , a smaller area south of latitude 22 ° , referred to as Bir Tawil , joins the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude line - neither Sudan nor Egypt claims Bir Tawil .	While the whole area is north of the 22 degree line , a smaller area south of latitude 22 , referred to as Bir Tawil , joins the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude line - neither Sudan nor Egypt claim Bir Tawil .
Only the southern 290-kilometre ( 180 mi ) demarcation , which follows latitude 22 ° , is a straight line .	Only the southern 290 kilometres ( 180 mi ) demarcation , which follows latitude 22 , is a straight line .
These improvements , as well as periodic upgrades to older tanks , have allowed this long-serving vehicle to remain in front-line service .	These improvements , as well as periodic upgrades to older tanks have allowed this long-serving vehicle to remain in front-line service .
The M1 Abrams is an American third-generation main battle tank produced by the United States .	The M1 Abrams is a modern main battle tank used by the United States .
The M1A3 was under early development as of 2009 .	The M1A3 is currently under development .
The M1 Abrams entered U.S. service in 1980 , replacing the M60 tank .	The M1 Abrams entered U.S. service in 1980 , replacing the M60 Patton .
Weighing nearly 68 short tons ( almost 62 metric tons ) , it is one of the heaviest main battle tanks in service .	It is one of the heaviest tanks in service , weighing almost 70 short tons .
The M1 remains the principal main battle tank of the United States Army and Marine Corps , and the armies of Egypt , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Australia , and Iraq .	It is the principal ( main ) main battle tank of the United States Army and Marine Corps , and the armies of Egypt , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Australia , and in 2010 Iraq .
Highly mobile , designed for modern armored ground warfare , the M1 is well armed and heavily armored .	It is a well armed , well protected , and fast tank designed for modern armored ground warfare .
They might stay at home and do housework for other family members , or they might work outside the house .	They might stay at home and do housework for other family members , or they might work outside the house like a man .
They worked in workshops , banks , shops and other businesses as well as in churches , schools and the town council .	They worked in workshops , trading , banks and other businesses as well as in churches , schools and the town council .
In many urban societies , there were few jobs that a woman was allowed to do .	In many urban societies , there have been few jobs that a woman was allowed to do .
At this time many big factories were set up , first in England then in other European countries and the United States .	At this time many big factories were set up , first in England then in some other European countries and the United States as well .
In rural societies , where the main work is farming , women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house , and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry , usually because of the season .	In rural societies , where the main work is farming women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house , brewed weak alcoholic drinks ( such as ale and mead ) and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry , usually because of the season .
In most families where there was a husband and wife , the social norm dictated that it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be the `` housewife '' ( homemaker ) .	In most families where there was a husband and wife , everybody thought it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be a `` housewife '' ( homemaker ) .
In societies of hunters and gatherers , for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people , the men hunt animals for meat , and the women gather other foods such as grain , fruit and vegetables .	In societies where people are hunters and gatherers , for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people , it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat , and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain , fruit and vegetables .
By the 1960s in western countries , it was becoming more accepted for a woman to work and be a `` career girl '' until the woman got married , when she should stop work and be a `` housewife '' .	By the 1960s in western countries there was still an idea that it was all right for a woman to work and be a `` career girl '' ( which was what they called a young woman with a well-paying job ) until the woman got married , when she should stop work and be a `` housewife '' ( homemaker ) .
In the early 20th century the two world wars ( World War I , 1914-18 , and World War II , 1939-45 ) were fought by men from many countries .	In the first half of the 20th century ( 1901-1950 ) there were two big wars ( World War I and World War II ) that were fought by men from many countries .
In every society there are some women who never marry .	Every society always has some women who never marry .
In the late 20th century , it became harder for a family to live on a single wage .	( See above : The term `` homemaker ) In the late 20th century , it became harder and harder for a family to live on the wage of a man who has just an ordinary job .
But the reality was often different : often , if a family had a business , not only the husband but also the wife would work to make money in the business .	Often , if a family had a business , then not just the husband but also the wife would work to make money in the business .
In the 19th century more and more women in industrialising countries stopped being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did .	In the 19th century ( 1801-1900 ) more and more women began to stop being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did .
Even when homes were very simple and there were few possessions , men and women did different jobs .	Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things , men and women did different jobs .
For many thousands of years , men have generally been thought of as the main `` breadwinners '' in families : it was mainly their job to hunt animals for food , grow food crops or earn money , while the women have cared for children , prepared food for eating , cleaned the house , and made and cared for clothes .	This means that it has been the job of men to do work in which animals were hunted for food by one or more men , or the men grew food crops or earned money to pay for food , while the women have cared for children , prepared food for eating , cleaned the home , and made and cared for clothes .
Examples of the heavy work that a traditional housewife ( homemaker ) in a rural society would do are : In rural studies , the word `` housewife '' is occasionally used to refer to the person who does the majority of the chores within a farm 's compound as opposed to field and livestock work .	Examples of the heavy work that a traditional `` housewife '' ( homemaker ) in a rural society would do are : An urban society is when most people live in towns and cities .
One of the reasons was that it is much easier to gather fruit while looking after a baby than to hunt a fast-moving animal .	It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip or back than to hunt a fast-moving animal .
It is becoming more commonplace for the husband and wife to be employed in paid work and both share in the `` housework '' and caring for the children .	Nowadays , in many families where both the husband and wife do paid work , both partners share in the `` housework '' and caring for the children .
Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children respectably taken care of .	Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children spotlessly clean , their husband 's shirts neatly pressed , and tasty meals to eat every night .
The originator of the procedure , António Egas Moniz , shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 for the `` discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses '' , although the awarding of the prize has been subject to controversy .	He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 `` for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses '' .
For Roy Porter , once `` the doyen '' of medical history , the often violent and invasive psychiatric interventions developed during the 1930s and 1940s are indicative of both the well-intentioned desire of psychiatrists to find some medical means of alleviating the suffering of the vast number of patients then in psychiatric hospitals and also the relative lack of social power of those same patients to resist the increasingly radical and even reckless interventions of asylum doctors .	Also , those same patients had little power to resist the increasingly radical and even reckless interventions of asylum doctors .
Leucotomy was first undertaken in 1935 under the direction of the Portuguese neurologist ( and inventor of the term psychosurgery ) António Egas Moniz .	It was invented in 1935 by António Egas Moniz , a Portuguese neurologist .
It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain .	The operation cut the connections from the pre-frontal cortex ( front part of the frontal lobes ) to the rest of the brain .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.86 square miles ( 4.82 km2 ) , of which , 1.75 square miles ( 4.53 km2 ) is land and 0.11 square miles ( 0.28 km2 ) is water .	Of this , 1.75 square miles ( 4.53 km2 ) is land and 0.11 square miles ( 0.28 km2 ) is water .
Originally named Bear Creek , Durand is located on the banks of the Chippewa River approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) from its confluence with the Mississippi River .	It is on the banks of the Chippewa River about 15 miles ( 24 km ) from its confluence with the Mississippi River .
The city is located within the Town of Durand and is also the county seat .	The city is in the Town of Durand .
The Durand area was first settled in 1856 when 21 year old Miles Durand Prindle came up the river in a keel boat named the `` Dutch Lady , '' and took government land on the site of the present city .	Prindle came up the river in a keel boat named the `` Dutch Lady . ''
Durand was incorporated on April 12 , 1887 .	Durand became a city on April 12 , 1887 .
The population was 1,931 at the 2010 census .	As of the 2010 census , 1,931 people lived there .
Liston failed to live up to his fearsome reputation when he lost the title in 1964 to 7-1 underdog Muhammad Ali ( then known as Cassius Clay ) .	He lost the championship to Muhammad Ali ( then known as Cassius Clay ) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight .
A candy cane is a cane-shaped hard candy stick associated with Christmas .	A candy cane is a hard cane-shaped candy stick .
During this time , it has passed overhead ( culmination ) once and underfoot once ( at an hour angle of 00:00 and 12:00 respectively ) , so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above mentioned , about 12 hours and 25 minutes .	During this time , it has passed overhead once and underfoot once , so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above mentioned , about 12 hours and 25 minutes .
Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes , exactly half a tidal lunar day , which is the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next , and thus is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon .	The period of the tide is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes , exactly half a tidal lunar day .
Tide changes proceed via the following stages : Tides produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams .	Tides also make oscillating currents known as tidal streams ( ~ ` rip tides ' ) .
When there are two high tides each day with different heights ( and two low tides also of different heights ) , the pattern is called a mixed semi-diurnal tide .	In most places , there are two tides a day .
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth .	A tide is the periodic rising and falling of Earth 's ocean surface caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans .
Yancey died of a stroke secondary to diabetes in Chicago on September 17 , 1951 .	Yancey died of a stroke in Chicago on September 17 , 1951 .
He began teaching himself piano at 15 , and by 1915 had become a noted pianist and was already influencing younger musicians , including Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons .	He was a well known pianist by 1915 , and influenced younger musicians , such as Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons .
While most of his recordings were solo , later in his career he and his wife Estelle Yancey recorded together ( she as a vocalist ) under the name ` Jimmy and Mama Yancey ' .	Most of his records were solo piano , but later in his career he also recorded with vocals by his wife , Estelle Yancey , under the name ` Jimmy and Mama Yancey ' .
James Edwards `` Jimmy '' Yancey ( February 20 , 1894 - September 17 , 1951 ) was an African American boogie-woogie pianist , composer , and lyricist .	James Edwards `` Jimmy '' Yancey ( February 20 , 1898 - September 17 , 1951 ) was an American pianist who was famous for his boogie woogie playing .
Yancey was born in Chicago in ( depending on the source ) 1894 or 1898 .	Yancey was born in Chicago in 1895 or 1898 .
His older brother , Alonzo Yancey ( 1894-1944 ) was also a pianist , while their father was a vaudeville guitarist and singer .	His older brother Alonzo Yancey was also a pianist ; their father was a guitarist .
Throughout his life , he held on to his job as a groundskeeper for the Chicago White Sox .	Throughout his life , Yancey kept a job as groundskeeper for the Chicago White Sox .
The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan 's Curse , the third book of the five in the series .	The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan 's Curse , which is the third book of the five in the series .
It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Lightning Thief .	It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and is the sequel to The Lightning Thief .
The Sea of Monsters was generally well received and was nominated for numerous awards , including the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick and the 2009 Mark Twain Award .	The Sea of Monsters received good reviews and was nominated for many awards such as the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick and the 2009 Mark Twain Award .
The Sea of Monsters is a fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan published in 2006 .	It was written by Rick Riordan and published in 2006 .
Annabeth takes Percy and Tyson to Camp Half-Blood , but they arrive to find the camp under attack by two bronze Colchis bulls .	Annabeth rescues Percy and takes Percy and Tyson to Camp Half-Blood .
This book chronicles the adventures of thirteen-year-old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus and save the camp from a Titan 's attack by bringing the Golden Fleece to cure Thalia 's poisoned pine tree .	It describes how he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus .
They ask Tantalus to send someone on a quest to find the Golden Fleece , and he sends Clarisse .	Tantalus sends Clarisse , the daughter of the god of war , Ares , to get the Fleece .
It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback and was released in audiobook format on September 6 , 2006 .	It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback .
Percy manages to contact Camp Half-Blood through an Iris message ( which allows long-distance communication through rainbows ) , and tricks Luke into admitting that he poisoned Thalia 's tree , proving Chiron 's innocence .	In this way , he tricks Luke into saying he poisoned Thalia 's tree .
William 's second son , Richard , had died in a hunting accident , leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William 's estate .	He became King when his brother , William II , died in a hunting accident .
Aaron Hunt ( born 4 September 1986 ) is a German footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga .	He plays as midfielder for Werder Bremen since 2004 .
The Dominican city of Pedernales is the capital of the Pedernales Province , in the Dominican Republic .	When the Pedernales province was created in 1957 , the city of Pedernales became the head municipality of the new province .
The Maple Leafs have won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the twenty-four championships of their primary rival , the Montreal Canadiens .	The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times , more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens .
The Toronto Maple Leafs ( officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club ) is a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto , Ontario , Canada .	The Toronto Maple Leafs are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .
There he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ( 1923 ) ( By Rocket into Interplanetary Space ) ( in German ) by rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth .	He bought with his extra money the book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ( English : The Rocket Into Interplanetary Space ) by Hermann Oberth , which is the basis of the modern rocket research .
Wernher Magnus Maximilian , Freiherr von Braun ( March 23 , 1912 - June 16 , 1977 ) was a German rocket engineer and space architect .	Dr. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun ( 23 March 1912-16 June 1977 ) was a German engineer and scientist .
His father , conservative civil servant Magnus Freiherr von Braun ( 1878-1972 ) , served as a Minister of Agriculture in the Federal Cabinet during the Weimar Republic .	During the Weimar Republic , his father was the minister for food and agriculture , Magnus Freiherr von Braun .
Fold mountains are formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents .	Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents .
Fold mountains are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth 's crust .	Fold mountains are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth 's crust .
When plates and the continents riding on them collide , the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table , particularly if there is a mechanically weak layer such as salt .	When plates and the continents riding on them collide , the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table , particularly if there is a mechanically weak basal layer such as salt .
In the time before either plate tectonic theory developed , or the internal architecture of thrust belts became well understood , the term was used for most mountain belts , such as the Himalayas .	In the time before plate tectonics became well understood , the term was used for mountain belts , such as the Himalayas .
The term is still fairly common in physical geography literature but has otherwise generally fallen out of use except as described below .	The term is rather out of date , though still fairly common in physical geography literature .
Individual Triceratops are estimated to have reached about 7.9 to 9.0 m ( 26.0-29 .5 ft ) in length , 2.9 to 3.0 m ( 9.5-9 .8 ft ) in height , and 6.1-12 .0 tonnes ( 13,000-26 ,000 lb ) in weight .	Individual Triceratops were about 7.9 to 9.0 m ( 26.0-29 .5 ft ) in length , 2.9 to 3.0 m ( 9.5-9 .8 ft ) in height , and 6.1-12 .0 tonnes ( 13,000-26 ,000 lb ) in weight .
Most other ceratopsids had large fenestrae in their frills , while those of Triceratops were noticeably solid .	Most other ceratopsids had large holes ( fenestrae ) in their frills , while those of Triceratops were noticeably solid .
Although certainly quadrupedal , the posture of these dinosaurs has long been the subject of some debate .	The posture of these dinosaurs has long been the subject of some debate .
Triceratops species possessed a sturdy build , with strong limbs , short hands with three hooves each , and short feet with four hooves each .	Triceratops species were sturdy , with strong limbs and short three-hoofed hands and four-hoofed feet .
Ichnological evidence in the form of trackways from horned dinosaurs , and recent reconstructions of skeletons ( both physical and digital ) seem to show that Triceratops and other ceratopsids maintained an upright stance during normal locomotion , with the elbows flexed and slightly bowed out , in an intermediate state between fully upright and fully sprawling ( as in the modern rhinoceros ) .	However , evidence of trackways , and reconstructions of skeletons show that Triceratops and other ceratopsids had an upright stance during normal locomotion , with the elbows flexed and slightly bowed out .
Triceratops has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889 , including at least one complete individual skeleton .	Many fossils of Triceratops have been collected since the genus was first described in 1889 .
Vulcans appear in all six Star Trek television series , four of which feature a Vulcan or a half-Vulcan as a main character .	Vulcans are featured in all six Star Trek series , four of which featured a Vulcan as a main character .
They later became one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets .	They were the first extraterrestrial species encountered by Humans , and later became one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets .
In the various Star Trek television series and movies , they are noted for their attempt to live by reason and logic with no interference from emotion .	Vulcans are a humanoid species in the fictional Star Trek universe who hail from the planet Vulcan , and are noted for their attempt to live by reason and logic with no interference from emotion .
The first formal formulation was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824-26 as what became known as the `` Meckel-Serres Law '' , it attempted to provide a link between comparative embryology and a `` pattern of unification '' in the organic world .	It was an idea of Étienne Serres in 1824-26 .

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