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From 2005 to 2007 , GP2 Series team ART Grand Prix was also sponsored by Marlboro .	During the 2007 GP2 Series Season , ART Grand Prix was also sponsored by Marlboro .
It is well known for its billboard advertisements , magazine ads of the Marlboro Man , and its long associated history in the sponsorship of motorsport .	It is famous for its billboard advertisements and magazine ads of the Marlboro Man .
As well as this , in Motorcycling Grand Prix , Marlboro sponsored the Kenny Roberts Yamaha team in 500cc as well as one of his former riders , Wayne Rainey 's team in the 250cc class .	In Motorcycling Grand Prix , Marlboro sponsored the Yamaha team in 500cc and 250cc class .
Five years after his death in 1988 , Marlboro began to take over as the primary sponsor , which they would be later officially branded as Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro .	Later the team was officially named Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro .
Since their start in Formula One , Marlboro has also sponsored numerous teams and races , from Joest Racing in Group C in 1983 to Toyota at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1999 ( despite a tobacco ban in France ) and Marlboro Masters Formula Three race in Zandvoort .	Since their start in Formula One , Marlboro has also sponsored numerous teams and races .
This comes at a time when tobacco sponsorship has become wholly illegal in the European Union ( including F1 races ) and other major teams have withdrawn from relationships with tobacco companies , for example McLaren ended their eight-year relationship with West , Renault broke with Japan Tobacco and British American Tobacco withdrew in 2006 .	Other major teams have withdrawn from relationships with tobacco companies .
Marlboro also sponsored the Alfa Romeo F1 Team between 1980 and 1983 , although unable to match up to its pre-war and 1950s heyday , the team only achieving one pole position , one fastest lap and four podium finishes .	Marlboro also sponsored the Alfa Romeo Formula One team between 1980 and 1983 .
Marlboro also has a long history in rallying sponsorship , including with the factory World Rally Championship teams of Toyota ( notably with Freddy Loix until the end of 1998 ) , Mitsubishi ( to whom Loix moved from 1999 until 2001 , with the iconic livery remaining on successive Lancer Evolutions until the marque 's temporary WRC withdrawal at the end of 2002 ) , and Peugeot , from 2003 to 2005 .	Marlboro also has a long history in rallying sponsorship , including with the factory World Rally Championship teams of Toyota , Mitsubishi , and Peugeot .
The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884 , built using the cut and cover method .	In 1884 , the Circle Line was finished .
During the war many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters .	In the war , some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs .
The Underground serves 270 stations .	The Underground 's trains usually drive to 270 stations .
The private companies that owned and ran the railways were merged in 1933 to form the London Passenger Transport Board .	In 1933 a company was formed of all the bus , tram and underground companies , called London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) .
Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter ( such as S Stock , used on the Metropolitan line ) , while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction ( for example , 1996 Stock , used on the Jubilee line ) .	The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made .
Center ( C ) is a position in American football and Canadian football ( in the latter the position is spelled `` center , '' following Commonwealth spelling conventions ) .	Center ( C ) is a position in American football and Canadian football .
Scarface is a 1983 American crime drama film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Oliver Stone .	Scarface is a 1983 American crime thriller movie .
An antigen ( short for antibody generator ) , is defined as any substance that binds to a specific antibody and elicits an adaptive immune response .	One class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
Acquired immunity is triggered in vertebrates when a pathogen evades the innate immune system and ( 1 ) generates a threshold level of antigen and ( 2 ) generates `` stranger '' or `` danger '' signals activating dendritic cells .	Adaptive immunity is triggered in vertebrates when a pathogen evades the innate immune system and generates a threshold level of antigen .
The adaptive immune system , also known as the acquired immune system or , more rarely , as the specific immune system , is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized , systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth .	The adaptive immune system is made of specialized cells and processes which kill pathogens or prevent their attack .
The major functions of the acquired immune system include : The cells of the acquired immune system are T and B lymphocytes ; lymphocytes are a subset of leukocyte .	The major functions of the adaptive immune system include :
A place is described in the Act as `` any geographical or topographical feature or any district , division , locality , region , city , town , village , settlement or railway station or any other place within the territories and waters of the State of New South Wales but does not include any road , any local government area , urban area , county or district under the Local Government Act , electoral district or subdivision , or any school '' .	A place is any geographical or topographical feature or any district , division , locality , region , city , town , village , settlement or railway station or any other place within the territories and waters of the State of New South Wales .
In recent years the Board has been given the power to preserve and promote Aboriginal languages and acknowledge Aboriginal culture through place naming in NSW .	The Board has the power to keep and promote Aboriginal languages and acknowledge Aboriginal culture through place naming in NSW .
The Board 's policy mirrors the U.S. Board of Geographical names in that it seeks to eliminate possessive names from all place names in NSW .	The Board 's policy is the same as the U.S. Board of Geographical Names , which removes possessive names from all place names in NSW .
The Board does this by preferencing traditional Aboriginal place names or names with Aboriginal origin wherever it can .	The Board does this by using traditional Aboriginal place names or names with Aboriginal origin wherever it can .
The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales , a statutory authority of the Land and Property Information division , Department of Finance and Services in the Government of New South Wales , is the official body for naming and recording details of places and geographical names in the state of New South Wales , Australia .	The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales is the official organization that records details of places and geographical names in New South Wales , Australia .
The Board consists of nine members , four of which are those people who hold the office of , or are a respective nominee of : The other members are nominated by : The Geographical Names Act , 1966 , empowers the Board to assign names to places , to investigate and determine the form , spelling , meaning , pronunciation , origin and history of any geographical name and the application of such name with regard to position , extent or otherwise .	Four of the members ( or someone who represents them ) are : : The other members are selected by : The Geographical Names Act , 1966 , gives the Board the right to name places , and to find out and decide on the form , spelling , meaning , pronunciation , origin and history of any geographical name .
The Board is dedicated to restoring traditional Aboriginal names to features with introduced names through its dual naming policy and recognizing important traditional Aboriginal placenames alongside longstanding introduced names .	The Board can give traditional Aboriginal names to features that have been given introduced names through its dual naming policy .
The Library of Alexandria , in Egypt , was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world .	The Library of Alexandria , in Egypt , was the largest and most important library of the ancient world .
Rome 's first public library was established by Asinius Pollio .	Rome 's first public library was established by Asinius Pollio who was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar .
A research library is most often an academic or national library , but a large special library may have a research library within its special field and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries .	Special libraries are those libraries that are not public libraries or academic libraries .
Unlike a public library , a national library rarely allows citizens to borrow books .	Most libraries let people borrow books for several weeks .
Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions , such as colleges and universities .	Many colleges and universities have large academic libraries .
The empire had been divided then later re-united again under Constantine the Great who moved the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD to the city of Byzantium which was renamed Constantinople .	When the Roman Empire fell in 330 AD , many books went east to the city of Byzantium where a large library was built .
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang was an American long-range , single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II , the Korean War and other conflicts .	The P-51 Mustang was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II .
Al-Sufi also wrote about the astrolabe , finding numerous additional uses for it : he described over 1000 different uses , in areas as diverse as astronomy , astrology , horoscopes , navigation , surveying , timekeeping , Qibla , Salat prayer , etc. .	Al-Sufi also wrote about the astrolabe , finding numerous additional uses for it : he described over 1000 different uses , in areas as diverse as astronomy , astrology , horoscopes , navigation , surveying , timekeeping , Qibla , Salah prayer , etc. .
He contributed several corrections to Ptolemy 's star list and did his own brightness and magnitude estimates which frequently deviated from those in Ptolemy 's work .	He made several corrections to Ptolemy 's star-list and did his own brightness and magnitude estimates which often differed from those in Ptolemy 's work .
He identified the Large Magellanic Cloud , which is visible from Yemen , though not from Isfahan ; it was not seen by Europeans until Magellan 's voyage in the 16th century .	He identified the Large Magellanic Cloud , which is visible from Yemen , though not from Isfahan .
He lived at the court of Emir Adud ad-Daula in Isfahan , Persia , and worked on translating and expanding Greek astronomical works , especially the Almagest of Ptolemy .	He lived at the court of Emir Adud ad-Daula in Isfahan , Persia .
He was one of the famous nine Muslim astronomers .	Al-Sufi was one of the nine noted Muslim astronomers .
Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964 , describing much of his work , both in textual descriptions and pictures .	Al-Sufi wrote his Book of Fixed Stars in 964 , in text and pictures .
He was a major translator into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy that had been centred in Alexandria , the first to attempt to relate the Greek with the traditional Arabic star names and constellations , which were completely unrelated and overlapped in complicated ways .	He was a major translator into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy done mainly in Alexandria .
` Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( Persian : عبدالرحمن صوفی ) ( December 9 , 903 .	` Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( 7 December 903 - 25 May 986 ) , known as al-Sufi , was a Persian astronomer .
It marked the start of the `` Gutenberg Revolution '' and the age of the printed book in the West .	Although it is not the first book to be printed by Gutenberg 's new movable type system , it is his major work , and of central importance for the start of the `` Gutenberg Revolution '' and the `` Age of the Printed Book '' .
The Gutenberg Bible ( also known as the 42-line Bible , the Mazarin Bible or the B42 ) was the first major book printed in the West using movable type .	The Gutenberg Bible ( also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible ) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg , in Mainz , Germany in the 15th century .
Alyson Renae `` Aly '' Michalka ( \ / mɪˈʃɑːkə \ / ; born March 25 , 1989 ) is an American actress and recording artist .	Alyson Renee `` Aly '' Michalka born March 25 , 1989 is an American actress and musician .
She has also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movies Now You See It ... , and Cow Belles , in which she appears opposite her sister .	She has been in other Disney Channel productions like Now You See It ... and Cow Belles .
In 2004 , Michalka was cast in the role of Keely Teslow on the Disney Channel 's Phil of the Future .	She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future .
The district of Wittenberg consists of the following towns : After the resolution of 6 October 2005 , as part of municipal reform , the ( then ) 27 towns and municipalities of the former Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel , formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district , were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007 .	After the resolution of 6 October 2005 , as part of municipal reform , the 27 towns and communities of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel , formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district , were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007 .
Francis I ( Francis Stephen ; 8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765 ) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany , though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions .	Francis I ( Francis Stephen ; 8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765 ) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany , though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions .
With his wife , Maria Theresa , he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty .	With his wife , Maria Theresa of Austria , he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty .
From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine .	From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine , but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France .
In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year , but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes .	In the Early Middles Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year but this style tended to hampered the analysis of events and causes .
During the Renaissance , history was written about states or nations .	History was written about states or nations during the Renaissance .
They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ , that of the Church and that of their patrons , the dynastic history of the local rulers .	They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ , the Church and of their patrons , the dynastic history of the local rulers .
An example of this type of writing is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which were the work of several different writers : it was started during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century , but one copy was still being updated in 1154 .	An example of this type of writing are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which were the work of several different writers and start during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century and one copy of which was still being updated in 1154 .
Voltaire described the history of certain ages that he considered important , rather than describing events in chronological order .	Voltaire described the history of certain ages that were important according to him , instead of describing events in a chronological order .
Greek historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology .	Written history appeared first with the ancient Greeks , whose historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology .
The French Annales School radically changed the focus of historical research in France during the 20th century by stressing long-term social history , rather than political or diplomatic themes .	The French Annales School radically changed history during the 20th century .
The earliest known critical historical works were The Histories , composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( 484 - c. 425 BCE ) who later became known as the `` father of history '' ( Cicero ) .	The very first historical works were The Histories composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( 484 BC-ca .425 BC ) , who became later known as the ` father of history ' ( Cicero ) .
The Romans adopted the Greek tradition , writing at first in Greek , but eventually chronicling their history in a freshly non-Greek language .	The Romans adopted the Greek tradition , becoming the first people to write history in a non-Greek language .
Historiography refers to both the study of the methodology of historians and the development of `` history '' as a discipline , and also to a body of historical work on a particular subject .	The word historiography can also refer to a body of historical work .
He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event , while his successor Xenophon ( c. 431 - 355 BCE ) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis .	431-355 BC ) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis .
Biography , although popular throughout antiquity , was introduced as a branch of history by the works of Plutarch ( c. 46 - 127 CE ) and Suetonius ( c. 69 - after 130 CE ) who described the deeds and characters of ancient personalities , stressing their human side .	Plutarch ( c. 46 - 127 ) and Suetonius ( c. 69-after 130 ) introduced biography as a branch of history .
Livy ( 59 BCE - 17 CE ) records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire .	Livy ( 59 BC-AD 17 ) who records the rise of Rome from city-state to world dominion .
By 798 Coenwulf was in a position to invade in return , killing Caradog ap Meirion , the King of Gwynedd .	In one of these battles Caradog ap Meirion , the king of Gwynedd was killed .
Coenwulf ( also spelled Cenwulf , Kenulf , or Kenwulph ) was King of Mercia from December 796 until his death in 821 .	Coenwulf ( also spelled Cenwulf and Kenulf ) ( † 821 ) was a Mercian nobleman and the King of Mercia from December 796 until his death .
Opera seria was less popular in France , where the national genre of French opera was preferred .	In France the opera seria was not so popular .
Italian opera seria ( invariably to Italian libretti ) was produced not only in Italy but also in Habsburg Austria , England , Saxony and other German states , even in Spain , and other countries .	Italian opera seria was always in the Italian language , even when it was composed or performed in other countries such as Germany , Austria , England and Spain .
The culmination of these reforms arrived in the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck .	In the later part of the 18th century Christoph Willibald Gluck changed a lot of traditions in opera .
In 1796 Ampère met Julie Carron , and in 1799 they were married .	In 1796 , he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron , and married her in 1799 .
André-Marie Ampère ( 20 January 1775 - 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main founders of the science of classical electromagnetism , which he referred to as `` electrodynamics '' .	André-Marie Ampère ( January 20 , 1775 - June 10 , 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism .
The SI unit of measurement of electric current , the ampere , is named after him .	An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him .
Johnny Appleseed left an estate of over 1,200 acres ( 490 ha ) of valuable nurseries to his sister .	At the time of his death , Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries , and he left these to his sister .
He also owned four plots in Allen County , Indiana , including a nursery in Milan Township , with 15,000 trees .	He additionally had four plots located in Allen County , Indiana , which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees .
In Fort Wayne , since 1975 , the Johnny Appleseed Festival is held the third full weekend in September in Johnny Appleseed Park and Archer Park .	He was born in Leominster , Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne , Indiana .
John Chapman ( September 26 , 1774 - March 11 , 1845 ) , often called Johnny Appleseed , was an American pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees to large parts of Pennsylvania , Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois , as well as the northern counties of present day West Virginia .	John `` Johnny Appleseed '' Chapman ( September 26 , 1774 - March 11 , 1847 ) is an American folk hero .
There are stories of Johnny Appleseed practicing his nurseryman craft in the Wilkes-Barre area and of picking seeds from the pomace at Potomac cider mills in the late 1790s .	There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as `` a Bible missionary '' on the Potomac when he was a young man , and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia , picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s .
The cheese is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands , but its name is not protected .	The cheese is named after the city of Gouda , which is famous for it .
A head juror is called the `` foreperson , '' `` foreman '' or `` presiding juror '' .	A member of a jury is called a juror .
The inhabitants of Cevio speak a dialect that is very different from standard Italian .	The inhabitants of Cevio speak using a language that is different from the Italian .
In 1858 the municipality of Linescio was separated from it .	In 1858 , the municipality of Linescio broke off from it .
Cevio is the capital of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .	Coordinates : 46 ° 19 ′ N 8 ° 36 ′ E Cevio is the capital of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .
Cevio lies 23 km ( 14 mi ) northwest of Locarno in the upper Vallemaggia .	Cevio can be found about 23 kilometers northwest of the city of Locarno in the upper Vallemaggia .
On 22 October 2006 Cevio grew by incorporating the villages of Bignasco and Cavergno , previously municipalities in their own right .	On 22 October 2006 , Cevio became bigger when it came together with the villages of Bignasco and Cavergno .
The municipality has long been the principal town of the district .	Cevio has been the main town of the district for a long time .
He said that phrases like `` for the moment '' and `` for now '' are `` not the kind of qualifications one normally hears when bishops and cardinals discuss celibacy . ''	He said that phrases like `` for the moment '' and `` for now '' are `` not the kind of qualifications one normally hears when bishops and cardinals discuss celibacy '' .
It can change , '' but added : `` For the moment , I am in favor of maintaining celibacy , with all its pros and cons , because we have ten centuries of good experiences rather than failures ... Tradition has weight and validity . ''	It can change '' but added : `` For the moment , I am in favor of maintaining celibacy , with all its pros and cons , because we have ten centuries of good experiences rather than failures ( ... ) Tradition has weight and validity . ''
He noted that `` in the Byzantine , Ukrainian , Russian , and Greek Catholic Churches ... the priests can be married , but the bishops have to be celibate '' .	He noted that `` in the Byzantine , Ukranian , Russian , and Greek Catholic Churches ( ... ) the priests can be married , but the bishops have to be celibate '' .
The National Catholic Reporter 's Vatican analyst , Thomas Reese , also a Jesuit , called Bergoglio 's use of `` conditional language '' regarding the rule of celibacy `` remarkable '' .	National Catholic Reporter Vatican analyst Thomas Reese , also a Jesuit , called Bergoglio 's use of `` conditional language '' regarding the rule of celibacy `` remarkable '' .
He commented that celibacy `` is a matter of discipline , not of faith .	In this book , he said that celibacy `` is a matter of discipline , not of faith .
Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born in Flores , a barrio of Buenos Aires .	Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born in Buenos Aires .
Throughout his public life , both as an individual and as a religious leader , Pope Francis has been noted for his humility , his concern for the poor , and his commitment to dialogue as a way to build bridges between people of all backgrounds , beliefs , and faiths .	Throughout his life , both as an individual and a religious leader , he has been known for his humility , his concern for the poor , and his commitment to dialogue as a way to build bridges between people of all backgrounds , beliefs , and faiths .
In criticizing the priests who refused to baptize children born to unmarried women , Cardinal Bergoglio argued that the mothers had done the right thing by giving life to the child and should not be shunned by the church : As a cardinal , Bergoglio 's views regarding the celibacy of priests were recorded in the book On Heaven and Earth , a record of conversations conducted with a Buenos Aires rabbi .	When Bergoglio was cardinal , his views regarding the celibacy of priests were recorded in the book On Heaven and Earth , a record of conversations conducted with a Buenos Aires rabbi .
He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 , and was created a Cardinal in 2001 by Blessed Pope John Paul II .	Pope John Paul II appointed Bergoglio as the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 .
He spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt , Germany , while considering possible dissertation topics , before returning to Argentina to serve as a confessor and spiritual director to the Jesuit community in Córdoba .	In the mid-1980 's he began work on a doctoral degree at Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt , Germany .
Francis ( Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio , 17 December 1936 ) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church , in which capacity he is Bishop of Rome and absolute Sovereign of the Vatican City State .	Pope Francis ( Latin : Franciscus , Italian : Francesco , Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio on 17 December 1936 ) is the 267th and current pope of the Catholic Church .
He chose his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi .	The name comes from St. Francis of Assisi .
Francis is the first Jesuit Pope , the first Pope from the Americas , the first Pope from the Southern Hemisphere and the first non-European Pope since Pope Gregory III in 741 , 1272 years earlier .	Francis is the first Jesuit pope .
He is known for having a simpler and less formal approach to the papacy , most notably by choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guesthouse rather than the papal apartments of the Apostolic Palace formerly used by his predecessors .	Since his election to the papacy , he has shown a simpler and less formal approach to the office , choosing to live in the Vatican guesthouse and not the papal residence .
The Musical Offering ( German title : Musikalisches Opfer or Das Musikalische Opfer ) , BWV 1079 , is a collection of canons and fugues and other pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach , all based on a single musical theme given to him by Frederick the Great ( Frederick II of Prussia ) , to whom they are dedicated .	The Musical Offering ( German title Musikalisches Opfer or Das Musikalische Opfer ) , BWV 1079 , is a collection of several pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach .
The collection has its roots in a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on May 7 , 1747 .	The idea for this music started at a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on 7 May 1747 .

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