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Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of juniper wood .	They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of juniper wood .
Some time before 1565 ( some sources say as early as 1500 ) , an enormous deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish , Cumbria , England .	Some time before 1565 ( it may have been as early as 1500 ) , an enormous deposit of graphite was discovered in Borrowdale , Cumbria .
The city is located in a pearl millet growing region , while manufacturing industries include bricks , ceramic goods , cement and weaving .	Manufacturing industries in the city include bricks , ceramic goods , cement and weaving .
There are also American , French and Nigerien cultural centres , seven major market centers including the large Niamey Grand Market , a traditional wrestling arena and a horse track .	The city also has American , French and Nigerien cultural centres , two major markets , and a traditional wrestling arena .
Attractions in the city include the Niger National Museum , incorporating a zoo , a museum of vernacular architecture , a craft center , and exhibits including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré .	The museum includes a zoo , a museum of vernacular architecture , a craft center , and displays including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré .
It is an administrative , cultural and economic center .	Naimey is the administrative , cultural and economic center of the country .
Niamey lies on the Niger River , primarily situated on the east bank .	The city is on the Niger River .
The city is also the site of Diori Hamani International Airport , the National School of Administration , Abdou Moumouni University , the Higher Institute of Mining , Industry and Geology which lies on the right bank of the river , and many institutes ( Centre numérique de Niamey , IRD , ICRISAT , Hydrologic Institute , etc. ) AMU has seen a number of protest actions over the years , including the 2006 Abdou Moumouni University protests .	The city is the site of Diori Hamani International Airport , the National School of Administration , and Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey .
Niamey was probably founded in the eighteenth century , but was of little importance to most of the country until the French developed a colonial post in the 1890s .	Niamey was probably founded during the 18th century .
In 1926 it became the capital of Niger , and the population gradually increased , from about 3,000 in 1930 to around 30,000 in 1960 .	In 1926 , it became the capital of Niger .
A major cause of the increase has been in migration for work and during droughts , as well a high population growth .	The major cause of the increase has been immigration during droughts .
He had a peak Elo rating of 2780 , and his 90 total months at world number one is second all-time behind only Garry Kasparov since the inception of the FIDE ranking list in 1970 .	He had a peak Elo rating of 2780 , and his 90 months at world number one are second only to the record of Garry Kasparov .
In April 2013 , Warner Bros president Jeff Robinov revealed that neither Nolan nor Bale are involved with the film .	In April 2013 , Warner Bros president Jeff Robinov revealed that neither Nolan nor Bale are in involved with the film .
On April 24 , 2013 , Snyder revealed that if Man of Steel were to be successful he would be asked to direct the film .	On April 24 , 2013 , Snyder revealed that if Man of Steel were to be successful he would be asked to direct the movie .
Stephen Amell , who portrays Oliver Queen\/Green Arrow on the series Arrow , told SciFiNow in July 2013 that he would like to portray the character in the film .	Stephen Amell , who portrays Oliver Queen\/Green Arrow on the series Arrow , told SciFiNow in July 2013 that he would like to portray the charcter in the film .
In Hebrew , the biblical word ha-satan ( השָׂטָן ) means `` the adversary '' or the obstacle , or even `` the prosecutor '' ( recognizing that God is viewed as the ultimate Judge ) .	`` Shaitan '' in Hebrew means `` adversary '' , an enemy or opponent .
Records were now played on a stereo .	Records were now played on `` a stereo '' .
In the 1950s , hi-fi became a generic term , to some extent displacing phonograph and record player .	In the 1950s , `` hi-fi '' became the popular term , replacing `` phonograph '' and `` record player '' .
However , it became much more natural to take the field approach and express these laws in terms of electric and magnetic fields ; in 1849 Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term `` field '' .	Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term `` field '' , in 1849 .
A field can be classified as a scalar field , a vector field , a spinor field or a tensor field according to whether the value of the field at each point is a scalar , a vector , a spinor or a tensor , respectively .	They are called vector fields or tensor fields .
This entity , the gravitational field , gave at each point in space the total gravitational force which would be felt by an object with unit mass at that point .	For example , one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space .
Some of the simplest physical fields are vector force fields .	They are called scalar fields .
The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia .	The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada , and the first by the province of British Columbia .
Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong .	Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) .
Also Jamaica , Mexico and Morocco returned to the Games after missing the Turin Games .	Also Jamaica , Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games .
82 National Olympic Committees ( NOC ) entered teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics .	82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics .
Previously , Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta .	Previously , Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary .
Cayman Islands , Colombia , Ghana , Montenegro , Pakistan , Peru and Serbia made their winter Olympic debuts .	Cayman Islands , Colombia , Ghana , Montenegro , Pakistan , Peru and Serbia were in their first winter Olympics .
The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , were a major international multi-sport event held from February 12 to February 28 , 2010 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the resort town of Whistler .	The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games , were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada in 2010 .
The streets pattern was completely remodeled in the 1860s by architect and urbanist Victor Besme .	The pattern of the streets was completely remodeled in the 1860s by architect and urbanist Victor Besme .
These were the years when the Louise Avenue , the Brussels-South railway station , and the new Saint Giles church were built , to be followed soon after by the new jail and city hall .	These were the years when the Louise Avenue , the Brussels-South railway station , and the new Saint Giles church were built .
As a result , the rural village of Saint-Gilles , known for centuries for its cabbage cultivation , went through an unprecedented construction spree .	As a result , the rural village of Saint-Gilles went through a big growth .
Korea Train eXpress ( KTX ) is South Korea 's high-speed rail system , operated by Korail .	Korea Train eXpress ( KTX ) is South Korea 's high-speed railway system , operated by Korail .
In 1989 , following the go-ahead for the project , the institutions to manage its preparation were established : the Gyeongbu High Speed Electric Railway & New International Airport Committee , and the High Speed Electric Railway Planning Department ( later renamed HSR Project Planning Board ) .	In 1989 , the institutions to manage its preparation were established : the Gyeongbu High Speed Electric Railway & New International Airport Committee , and the High Speed Electric Railway Planning Department .
The initial rolling stock was based on Alstom 's TGV Réseau , and was partly built in Korea .	The initial rolling stock was based on Alstom 's TGV Reseau , and was partly built in Korea .
KTX services were launched on April 1 , 2004 .	The construction of high-speed railway began in June 30 , 1992 , and KTX services were launched on April 1 , 2004 , making South Korea the world 's fifth country after Japan , France , Germany , Spain , and China to develop a high-speed train running above 300km\/h .
Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska .	Born Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa , she was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska .
She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis and her heart deposed at the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy ( Lorraine ) .	She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis , and her heart was deposed at the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy ( Lorraine ) .
The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the Cathedral of Strasbourg , Louis XV represented by his cousin the Duke of Orléans , Louis le Pieux .	The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the cathedral of Strasbourg , Louis XV being represented by his cousin Louis d'Orléans , Duke of Orléans .
Queen Marie never managed to acquire political influence .	They had eleven children : Queen Marie never managed to acquire any political influence .
She was the longest-serving queen consort of France .	She was the longest serving Queen consort of France .
Marie Leszczyńska ( Polish pronunciation : ( ˈmarja lɛʂˈtʂɨɲska ) ) , born Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska ( Trzebnica , 23 June 1703 - Versailles , 24 June 1768 ) was a queen consort of France .	Marie Leszczyńska ( Trzebnica , 23 June 1703 - Versailles , 24 June 1768 ) was a queen of France as wife of Louis XV .
She married King Louis XV of France and was the grandmother of Louis XVI , Louis XVIII , and Charles X . In France , she was referred to as Marie Leczinska .	In France , she was referred to as Marie Leczinska .
She is known to have had a close relationship with all of her children .	Marie had a very close relationship to her children .
The other , hidden sex organs are referred to as the secondary genitalia or internal genitalia .	The genitals include both organs that can be seen on the outside of the body ( the primary genitalia or external genitalia ) , as well as internal organs ( the secondary genitalia or internal genitalia ) .
A sex organ or primary sexual characteristic , as narrowly defined , is any anatomical part of the body involved in sexual reproduction and constituting the reproductive system in a complex organism , especially the external sex organs ; the external sex organs are also commonly referred to as the genitalia or genitals .	The sex organs , which scientists call the genitalia or genitals , are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction ( the making of young ) to take place .
Max Wertheimer ( April 15 , 1880 - October 12 , 1943 ) was an Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology , along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler .	Max Wertheimer ( Prague , 15 April 1880 - New Rochelle , New York , 12 October 1943 ) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology , with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler .
Although in declining health , he continued to work on his research of problem-solving , what he preferred to call `` productive thinking . ''	In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving , or what he preferred to call `` productive thinking '' .
Most performances are outside , with dozens of players , all in constant motion .	Most performances are outside , with tens of players , all in constant motion .
In some regional pungmul types , japsaek ( actors ) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators , blurring the boundary between performers and audience .	Finally , japsaek ( actors ) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators , blurring the boundary between performers and audience .
Drumming is the central element of pungmul .	Drumming is the most important element of Pungmul .
In an advanced troupe all performers may wear sangmo , which are hats with long ribbon attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns powered by knee bends .	Advanced performers sometimes wear sangmo , which are hats with long ribbon attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns by moving their heads .
Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari ( RR - ggwaenggwari ) ( small handheld gong ) player , and includes at least one person playing janggu ( hourglass drum ) , buk ( barrel drum ) , and jing ( gong ) .	Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari ( small handheld gong ) player , and includes at least one person playing janggu ( hourglass drum ) , buk ( barrel drum ) , and jing ( gong ) .
Minyo ( folksongs ) and chants are sometimes included in pungmul , and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along .	Minyo ( Korean traditional chants ) are performed in Pungmul sometimes , and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along .
It was originally played as part of farm work , on rural holidays , at other village community-building events , and to accompany shamanistic rituals , mask dance dramas , and other types of performance .	It was originally played as part of farm work , on rural holidays , at other village community-building events , and in shamanistic and Buddhistic rituals .
Pungmul is rooted in the dure ( collective labor ) farming culture .	Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture .
Following the drummers are dancers , who often play the sogo ( a small drum without enough resonance to contribute to the soundscape significantly ) and tend to have more elaborate-even acrobatic-choreography , particularly if the sogo-wielding dancers also manipulate the sangmo ribbon-hats .	Following the drummers are dancers , who often play the sogo ( a small drum that makes almost no sound ) and tend to have more elaborate choreography .
Pungmul performers wear a variety of colorful costumes .	Pungmul performers wear very gorgeous costumes .
Most minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan ( rhythmic patterns ) that are common to pungmul , sanjo , p ` ansori ( RR-pansori ) , and other traditional Korean musical genres .	Most Minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan ( rhythmic patterns ) that are common to Pungmul , Sanjo , P'ansori , and other traditional Korean musical genres .
The Fleece officially reopened - with a new roof and improved facilities - on 18 June 2005 .	The Fleece officially reopened on 18 June 2005 with a new roof and other upgrades .
Coordinates : 52 ° 5 ′ 32 ″ N 1 ° 51 ′ 56 ″ W \ / 52.09222 ° N 1.86556 ° W \ / 52.09222 ; -1.86556 The Fleece Inn is a public house in Bretforton , Worcestershire , in the Vale of Evesham : the half-timbered building , over six hundred years old , has been a pub since 1848 , and is now owned by the National Trust .	Coordinates : 52 ° 5 ′ 32 ″ N 1 ° 51 ′ 56 ″ W \ / 52.09222 ° N 1.86556 ° W \ / 52.09222 ; -1.86556 The Fleece Inn is a pub ( public house ) located in Bretforton , Worcestershire in the Vale of Evesham .
The inn was extensively damaged by fire on 27 February 2004 - repairs and rebuilding commenced on 1 November 2004 .	The inn was damaged by fire on 27 February 2004 .
Mary I ( 18 February 1516 - 17 November 1558 ) was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death .	Mary I ( 18 February 1516 - 17 November 1558 ) , also known as Mary Tudor , was Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death .
She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood .	She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII , and the only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon .
As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty , Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother .	She was the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty .
Within two weeks of Anne 's execution , Henry married Jane Seymour .	A month later , Henry VIII married Jane Seymour .
Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her younger half-sister and successor , Elizabeth I. Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich , London .	Mary Tudor was born on 18 February 1516 , in the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich .
The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine .	The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine people .
The GCV is organized under the Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package of the BCT Modernization program .	The GCV is part of the Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package of the BCT Modernization program .
The GCV family will be built around a common chassis .	The GCV family will be built around one or more common vehicle bodies .
The Ground Combat Vehicle ( GCV ) is the U.S. Army 's replacement program for armored fighting vehicles in Armored and Stryker brigade combat teams .	The Ground Combat Vehicle ( GCV ) is the U.S. Army 's replacement program for heavy tracked and wheeled armored fighting vehicles .
It is the U.S. Army 's intention that the IFV replace the M113 APC by 2018 , the M2 Bradley later , and the Stryker ICV in the midterm .	The IFV will replace the M113 APC by 2018 , the M2 Bradley and the Stryker ICV later .
The type and caliber of the weapons are still classified or open to interpretation by the industry .	The type and caliber of the weapons are still secret .
The GCV will have good cross-country mobility , with a baseline requirement of 30 mph off-road speed .	The GCV will have good off-road mobility while remaining fuel efficient .
Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15 .	Phosphorus has the chemical symbol P , and its atomic number is 15 .
The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus .	White and red phosphorus are the most common forms .
Limp vellum or limp-parchment bindings were used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries , and were sometimes gilt but were also often not embellished .	Limp vellum or limp-parchment bindings was used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries , and were sometimes gilt .
A quarter of the 180 copy edition of Johannes Gutenberg 's first Bible printed in 1455 with movable type was also printed on vellum , presumably because his market expected this for a high-quality book .	A quarter of the 180 copy edition of Johannes Gutenberg 's first Bible printed in 1455 was also printed on vellum , presumably because his costumers expected this for a high-quality book .
In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather , that is , as the covering for stiff board bindings .	In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather .
Most of the finer sort of medieval manuscripts , whether illuminated or not , were written on vellum .	Most of the best sort of medieval manuscripts were written on vellum .
Some Gandharan Buddhist texts were written on vellum , and all Sifrei Torah ( Hebrew : ספר תורה ; plural : ספרי תורה , Sifrei Torah ) are written on kosher klaf or vellum .	Some Buddhist texts were written on vellum , and all Sifrei Torah texts are written on vellum or alternatives .
It is prepared for writing or printing on , to produce single pages , scrolls , codices or books .	The vellum was used for single pages , scrolls , codices or books .
Vellum can be stained virtually any color but seldom is , as a great part of its beauty and appeal rests in its faint grain and hair markings , as well as its warmth and simplicity .	Vellum can be stained virtually any color but mainly is n't , as many people like its faint grain and hair markings , simply its simplicity .
Some brands of writing paper and other sorts of paper use the term `` vellum '' to suggest quality .	Vellum is a high-quality form of parchment .
Modern `` paper vellum '' ( vegetable vellum ) is a quite different synthetic material , used for a variety of purposes including plans , technical drawings , and blueprints .	Modern `` paper vellum '' ( sometimes called vegetable vellum ) is made out of synthetic material instead of mammal skin , but is used for the same purpose as normal vellum .
Paper was used for most book-printing , as it was cheaper and easier to process through a printing press and bind .	Paper was used for most book-printing , at the time .
A final finish may be achieved by abrading the surface with pumice , and treating with a preparation of lime or chalk to make it accept writing or printing ink .	A final finish is got by rubbing the surface with pumice , and treating it with lime or chalk .
In Europe , from Roman times , the term vellum was used for the best quality of prepared skin , regardless of the animal from which the hide was obtained , calf , sheep , and goat all being commonly used ( other animals , including pig , deer , donkey , horse , or camel have been used ) .	calves , sheep , goat and even camel are known to have been used to make vellum .
A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and denser construction methods .	A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and more dense construction methods .
In 1820 the city wall was torn down , with the exception of the individual towers and gates , and the defensive ditches were filled in .	In 1820 the city wall was torn down , with exception of the individual towers and gates , and the defensive ditches were filled in .
A Theatre and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883 , which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96 .	A Theater and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883 , which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96 .
The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau were extended through numerous new institutions .	The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau have been extended through numerous new institutions .
On 27 December 1797 , the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau .	On December 27 , 1797 , the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau .
Aarau was founded around AD 1240 by the counts of Kyburg .	Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg .
The city was linked up to the Swiss Central Railway in 1856 .	The city connected to the Swiss Central Railroad in 1856 .
A former cloth warehouse was converted into a small theater in 1974 , and the alternative culture center KIFF ( Culture in the fodder factory ) was established in a former animal fodder factory .	A former cloth warehouse was transformed into a small theater in 1974 , and the alternative culture center KIFF ( Culture in the fodder factory ) was established in a former animal fodder factory .
These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for educational reform and the enlightened , revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau .	These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for education reform and the enlightened , revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau .
On 22 March 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic .	On March 22 , 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic .
One characteristic of the city is its painted gables , for which Aarau is sometimes called the `` City of beautiful Gables '' .	One special characteristic of the city is its painted gables , for which Aarau is sometimes called the `` City of beautiful Gables '' .
The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particularly great in Aarau , and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border .	The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particarly great in Aarau , and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border .

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