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1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.11.6-001] Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide services to an authorized UE independently of the UE’s GNSS capability.
[PR 5.11.6-002] Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite ac... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12 Use case on UAVs using satellite access | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.1 Description | In Mediterranean climate regions, forest fires are quite common in summer months due to temperature rise [14]. The early detection and monitoring of forest fire is important for fire suppression quickly and reducing the loss of human and property. Therefore, how to detect the forest fire in real time and accurately is ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.2 Pre-conditions | Forest fire monitoring centre has several UAVs to patrol the Forest A. Each UAV has a 4K camera for collecting real-time pictures.
In Forest A, there is no terrestrial network. So, the Forest fire monitoring centre has signed contract with Sat A, an operator with satellite communication services. Then, these UAVs can s... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.3 Service Flows | 1. The UAV A takes a real-time picture with its 4-way 4K full-angle camera;
2. The picture is transmitted to the forest fire monitoring centre via the 5G network with satellite access network. This would require high data rate (e.g., 120Mbit/s) in UL direction.
3. The forest fire monitoring centre uses the AI system to... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.4 Post-conditions | UAV adjusts its route. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | There are a few position requirements specified in 3GPP TS 22.125 [15], which have been described as:
[R-5.1-009] The 3GPP system should enable an MNO to augment the data sent to a UTM with the following: network-based positioning information of UAV and UAV controller.
NOTE 1: This augmentation may be trust-based (i.e.... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.12.6-001] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support suitable positioning mechanisms for UAV services.
[PR 5.12.6-002] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support positioning services and to provide information to a UE on delivered performance of positioning services. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13 Use case on Enhanced Positioning Service using Satellite Access | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.1 Description | During natural disasters, the recovery of communication services and the acquisition of the survivors’ location are important to aid the rescue activities. Normally, satellite communication networks and standalone GNSS are utilized to serve communication and positioning independently. With the integration of satellite ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.2 Pre-conditions | Bali, Indonesia is covered by terrestrial access network of Operator TerrA and satellite access network of Operator SatA, which shares the core network of TerrA deployed in Jakarta with mutual agreement. 5G communication service and positioning service have been launched all through Indonesia.
GNSS (e.g. GPS, BeiDou) a... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.3 Service Flows | A tsunami strikes Bali and has destroyed most infrastructures and terrestrial access networks. The core network is still in service without damage.
The awake survivors will initiate an emergency call or send an emergency message to report personal information, injuries, and surrounding conditions to Indonesia Rescue Ce... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.4 Post-conditions | The locations of the awake survivors are identified as compliant with regulatory requirements.
The location information of powered-on devices is available in Rescue vehicles. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | Regarding TS 22.261[2] as below, UE using satellite access shall have the capability to offer the location, and 5G system needs to determine the location for service, but not consider the situation that the location cannot be decided by UE alone.
A UE supporting satellite access shall be able to provide or assist in pr... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.13.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support 3GPP positioning methods for UEs using only satellite access.
[PR 5.13.6-002] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to negotiate the positioning methods according to 3GPP RA... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14 Use case on service continuity for UE-to-UE communication between satellites | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.1 Description | The provision of Internet services using mega-constellations of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites is a promising solution on the path to the future mobile communication systems. LEO is the Earth-centered orbit with an altitude in the range of 350km and 2000km above sea level. The LEO satellites at 600km altitude travel ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.2 Pre-conditions | Satellite operator Sat-OP has deployed NGSO satellites and has an agreement with Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP to provide communication services for UEs under satellite coverage.
Firefighter A and B have signed contract with Sat-OP for communication services using satellite access. Thus, their devices can communicate wit... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.3 Service Flows | 1. Firefighter A and B make a phone call or exchange some data (e.g. pictures, video streams) during their work. Then, their data traffic is routed through satellite Sat-1.
2. During the communication service, if Firefighter B is located in the coverage of satellite Sat-2, Firefighter B has a connection to satellite Sa... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.4 Post-conditions | Firefighter A and B can finish the phone call or data exchange without any discontinuation of communication service with the support of multiple NGSO satellites. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | Regarding TS 22.261 [2], satellite access and satellite connectivity are supported in Rel-18, as
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
The 5G core network shall support collection of charging information based on the access type (e.g. 3GPP, non-3GPP, satellite access).
For a 5G system ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.14.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support the establishment of a communication path between UEs via one or multiple serving satellites without going through the ground network.
[PR 5.14.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15 Use case on service continuity for UE-to-UE communication in case of mobility between satellite and terrestrial network | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.1 Description | UAM (Urban Air Mobility) refers to a safe and efficient air transport system. UAM is used for transporting passengers or cargo in urban or suburban areas. Recently, in some countries, telecom operators have already started the collaboration with aviation companies for UAM business building from airframes to service pla... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.2 Pre-conditions | UAM company UAM-Co operates many UAM vehicles in urban and suburban areas.
UAM company UAM-Co contracts with Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP to provide communication services for the devices on UAM vehicles.
UAM company UAM-Co also have signed contract with Sat-OP for communication services via satellite access. Their devi... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.3 Service Flows | 1. The devices on UAM vehicle A and B register with the Ter-OP network.
2. UAM vehicle A is flying out of Ter-OP network coverage, thus its device has a connection to the satellite operated by Sat-OP.
3. UAM vehicle B is ready to fly in the ground station, and hence its device has a connection to the Ter-OP network.
4.... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.4 Post-conditions | User A and B can finish the exchange of their movement information without any discontinuation of communication service regardless of their roaming between satellite and terrestrial network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS 22.261 [2],
clause 6.2.4 includes roaming related requirements in diverse mobility management:
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
- A 5G system with satellite access shall enable roaming of UE supporting both satellite access and terrestrial access between 5G satellite netw... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.15.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity, when the UE communication path moves between 5G terrestrial access network and 5G satellite access network owned by the same operator or owned by different operators having an ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16 Use case on store and forward – emergency report | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.1 Description | This use case illustrates the realization of a S&F service between a UE with satellite access and an Application Server for an emergency reporting service.
A description of store and forward operation is provided in Annex A.
Bob was sailing on an intercontinental containership, which sank for some exotic reason. Bob is... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.2 Pre-conditions | In the present use case, the emergency reporting UE is in a remote area with no ground stations available for feeder link connectivity and the emergency reporting UE is aware that IoTSAT constellation operates in S&F mode. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.3 Service Flows | 1. Bob is sailing on an intercontinental containership, which sinks.
2. Bob is ashore and finds an IoT device from Company TrackingInc with a subscription to IoTSAT for the 5G IoT connectivity by satellite.
3. Bob sends an emergency report including his position with the IoT device from Company TrackingInc through IoTS... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.4 Post-conditions | The emergency report generated by the IoT UE has been delivered successfully to the TrackingInc application server and forwarded to a service able to treat the report and a response has been forwarded to the IoT UE without relying on a continuous end-to-end network connectivity path between them. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS 22.261 [2], clause 6.3.2.3 on satellite access includes the following requirements:
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support low power MIoT type of communications.
However, it is not sufficient in regards to S&F operatio... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.16.6-001] The 5G system with satellite access, and when the satellite access is operating in store and forward mode, shall be able to inform an authorized UE about how long the data is expected to be stored before being delivered.
[PR.5.16.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G syst... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6 Consolidated requirements | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.1 Introduction | The following requirements represent a consolidation of the various potential requirements captured in the above use cases related to a 5G system with satellite access. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.2 Store & Forward Satellite operation | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of S&F Satellite operation are listed in the table below.
Table 6.2-1 – Consolidated Requirements for S&F Satellite operation
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.2-1
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.3 UE-Satellite-UE communication | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of UE-Satellite-UE communication are listed in the table below.
Table 6.3-1 – Consolidated Requirements for UE-Satellite-UE communication
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.3-1
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s pol... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.4 GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access are listed in the table below.
Table 6.4-1 – Consolidated Requirements for GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Require... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.5 Other aspects for satellite access | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of enhancements of other aspects of satellite access are listed in the table below.
Table 6.5-1 – Consolidated Requirements for other aspects of satellite access
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.5-1
Subject to regulatory require... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.6 Security aspects | The potential requirements corresponding to the security aspect are listed in the table below.
Table 6.6-1 – Consolidated Requirements for security aspects
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.6-1
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite ... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.7 Charging aspects | The potential requirements corresponding to the charging aspects are listed in the table below.
Table 6.7-1 – Consolidated Requirements for charging aspects
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.7-1
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to coll... |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 7 Conclusions and recommendations | This technical report identifies several use cases and potential new requirements related to the 5G system with satellite access. The resulting service requirements have been consolidated in clause 6. It is recommended to consider the consolidated requirements identified in this TR as the baseline for the subsequent no... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 1 Scope | The objective of this document is to study the use cases with potential functional and performance requirements to support efficient AI/ML operations using direct device connection for various applications e.g. auto-driving, robot remote control, video recognition, etc.
The aspects addressed in the document includes:
-... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non‑specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- Fo... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1].
Proximity-based work task offloading: based on 3rd party’s request, a rela... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
<symbol> <Explanation> |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1].
<ACRONYM> <Explanation> |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 4 Overview | In TR 22.874, three types of AIML operations as below has been described
• AI/ML operation splitting between AI/ML endpoints;
• AI/ML model/data distribution and sharing over 5G system;
• Distributed/Federated Learning over 5G system.
For the phase-2 study, it continues to study how the 5GS can have more gains for each... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5 Split AI/ML operation between AI/ML endpoints for AI inference by leveraging direct device connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1 Proximity based work task offloading for AI/ML inference | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.1 Description | The model splitting is the most significant feature for AI inference. As some R18 use cases in TR 22.874[2] shows, the number of terminal computing layers and the amount of data transmission are corresponding to different model splitting points. For example, as figure 5.1-1 shows, the general trend is that the more lay... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.2 Pre-conditions | A UE uses the AI model (AlexNet) for image recognition. As predetermined by application, there are 5 alternative splitting points which are corresponding to intermediate data size and data rate, see reference [13-14] in TR 22.874, while fewer the layers being calculated implies fewer the workload being performed by UE.... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.3 Service Flows | (a) no task offloading (b) task offloading by UE-B
Figure 5.1-2: Using direct device connection (sidelink) to realize the proximity-based work task offloading. In this case, the data rate on Uu need not be increased while the original UE’s computation load is offloaded
1. As shown in left(a) of Figure 5.1-2, UE-A is do... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to UE-B’s help, the proximity-based work task offloading is performed. By doing so,
- it decreased the UE-A’s work task by letting UE-A to compute fewer layers of AlexNet model, which helps to meet the low battery condition happened to UE-A;
- the UE-B computes the rest of layers which is originally from the UE-... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In TS 22.261 clause 6.9, the description about the direct network connection mode and the indirect network connection mode as well as the service continuity for switching between the two modes have been described. They are summarized as below:
The UE (remote UE) can connect to the network directly (direct network conne... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6.1 Potential Functionality Requirements | [P.R.5.1.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support the means to modify the communication QoS ensuring the end-to-end latency can be satisfied when a relay UE is involved for a proximity-based work task offloading.
NOTE 1: Due to the proximity-based work task offloading, the data size transmitted via sidelink and Uu... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6.2 Potential KPI Requirements | Considering the widely-used AlexNet and VGG-16 model for proximity-based work task offloading, the following KPIs need to be supported:
Table 5.1-2 KPI requirements for proximity-based work task offloading
UL data size
(for sidelink)
UL data rate
(for sidelink)
Intermediate data uploading latency (including sidelink+Uu... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.2 Local AI/ML model split on factory robots | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.2.1 Description | In a modern factory, a team on a workstation comprises two human operators, two mobile robots and a fixed robot. Everyone has his own pre-defined task. Robots assist the human operators by accomplishing painful tasks in a fluid and precise manner; they also monitor that the workstation environment remains safe for the ... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.2.6.1 Potential Functionality Requirements | [P.R.5.2.6-001] Subject to user consent and operator policy, the 5G system shall support the transfer of AI/ML model intermediate data from UE to UE via the direct device connection.
[P.R.5.2.6-002] Subject to user consent and operator policy, the 5G system shall be able to provide means to predict and expose network c... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.2.6.2 Potential KPI Requirements | Based on Table 5.2.1-2, the potential KPI requirement is as below:
Table 5.2.6.2-1 KPI for intermediate AI/ML data transmission for model split based robot control
Model Name
Payload size (Intermediate data size)
Max allowed end-to-end latency
Experienced data rate
Service area dimension
Communication service availabil... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6 AI/ML model/data distribution and sharing by leveraging direct device connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1 AI Model Transfer Management through Direct Device Connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.1 Description | Based on the earlier study in phase one 3GPP TR 22.874 [2], operators can provide services to help manage and distribute the AI/ML models especially in the edge server so that the UE can acquire a proper model immediately. However, when a lot of UEs requesting for the same model at the same time or the UE is blocked by... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.2 Pre-conditions | The operator’s MEC near the Jurassic Park stores a variety of AI/ML models according to the the park company’s requirements. And it is capable to transfer the stored model to the device such as AR headset.
The operator rolls out a new high-quality plan which can allow the user customizes own Service Level Agreement (SL... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.3 Service Flows | 1. Jurassic Park provides panorama AR tour guide services in a commercial area and a tropical rainforest area. AR headsets need to download Model A and B (both are VGG-16, 552MByte) respectively.
2. To provide high quality user experience, Jurassic Park company indicates to the operator that AR headsets require to down... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.4 Post-conditions | 1. The tourists can enjoy the continuous AR services with smooth model switchover when their location and responding models change.
2. Tour group’s AR headsets provides user experience of the panorama AR tour guide services that can help retrain and improve AI/ML models in operator’s MEC by Jurassic Park company (e.g. ... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In 3GPP TS 22.261 [8] clause 6.27.2 "Requirements"
The 5G system shall be able to make the position-related data available to an application or to an application server existing within the PLMN, external to the PLMN, or in the User Equipment.
In 3GPP TS 22.261 [8] clause 6.9.2.4 "Relay UE Selection"
The 3GPP system sha... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.6.1 Potential Functionality Requirements | [P.R.6.1-001] Subject to user consent, operator policies and regional or national regulatory requirements, the 5G system shall be able to support means to monitor a direct device connection and expose corresponding monitoring information (e.g. experienced data rate, latency) to an authorized 3rd party.
NOTE: The monito... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.1.6.2 Potential KPI Requirements | [P.R.6.1-005] The 5G system shall support to use direct device communication to transmit the AI/ML model of image recognition and 3D object recognition with the following KPIs.
Table 6.1.6.2-1: KPIs for image recognition and 3D object recognition using direct device connection
Model Type
Max allowed DL end-to-end laten... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2 5GS assisted transfer learning for trajectory prediction | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.1 Description | AIML model transfer learning is beneficial for lowing cost and raising effective when training a model using a target UE based on a pre-training model. The principle of transfer learning is to use the knowledge from the source domain to train a model in the target domain to achieve more expedient and higher accuracy ef... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.2 Pre-conditions | Alice is a customer of intelligent-driving service provided by company-A. She lives in Chaoyang district in Beijing and driving to her office building in CBD every working day. By using the intelligent driving service, Alice’s car can predict the trajectory of neighbouring vehicles (as figure 6.2.2 shows), so as to pre... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.3 Service Flows | 1. Bob bought a car equipped with intelligent driving functionality and he would like to use auto-driving for his daily driving, so he applies to company-A to offer the intelligent-driving service.
2. Company-A needs to install certain AIML model to Bob’s car while use Bob’s local data to train the model. The company-A... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to 5GS assisted AIML model transfer via direct device connection, Bob’s car efficiently gets an ideal AIML model for intelligent-driving by means of transfer learning. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In 3GPP TS 22.261 [8] v18.6.1 clause 6.9
The 5G system shall support different traffic flows of a remote UE to be relayed via different indirect network connection paths.
The connection between a remote UE and a relay UE shall be able to use 3GPP RAT or non-3GPP RAT and use licensed or unlicensed band.
The connection b... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.6.1 Potential Functionality Requirements | [P.R.6.2-001] Based on user consent and 3rd party request, operator policy, the 5G system shall support a means to authorize specific UEs to transmit data (e.g. AI-ML model tansfer for a specific application) via direct device connection in a certain location and time.
[P.R.6.2-002] Subject to user consent and operator... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 6.2.6.2 Potential KPI Requirements | [P.R.6.2-003] The 5G system shall be able to support transmitting an AI/ML model via direct device connection fulfilling the KPIs for transmission of typical AIML model for trajectory prediction and object recognition [24][28] in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1
Payload size
Latency for model transmission (NOTE 1)
Transmission... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7 Distributed/Federated Learning by leveraging direct device connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1 Direct device connection assisted Federated Learning | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.1 Description | In many circumstances, an application server holding a Federated Learning (FL) task has a transmission delay requirement and limited FL coverage. An FL coverage means an area in which UEs the Application server can organize for federated learning.
An Application server has a transmission delay requirement for each FL m... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.2 Pre-conditions | Figure 7.1-2 two UEs performs decentralized FL using Direct Device connection
As depicted in Figure-2, there is an Application server for federated learning which needs to communicate with the UEs in a FL coverage for FL task.
To achieve an ideal performance (i.e. fast convergence and high model accuracy), there is a t... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.3 Service Flows | 1. Alice is a FL member and already acquires the global AI/ML model from the Application server for FL task, later on when Alice moves to a tunnel with bad signal condition, Alice cell phone’s with direct device connection with her neighboring cell phone cannot transmit model data to its Application server anymore.
2. ... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.4 Post-conditions | By leveraging direct device connection, Alice and Bob can keep the model training of a FL task even when they are under a bad network coverage. And the training result between Alice and Bob can be further uploaded to Application server for global model updating.
Thanks to leveraging direct device connection, it helps F... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In 3GPP TS 22.261 [8] v18.6.1 clause 6.40.2
Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall be able to provide means to allow an authorized third-party to monitor the resource utilisation of the network service that is associated with the third-party.
NOTE 1: Resource utilization in the preceding requirement refers to me... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.6.1 Functional requirement | [P.R.7.1-001] Based on user consent and operator policies, the 5G system shall be able to configure a group of UEs who participate in the same service group (e.g. for the same AI-ML FL task) to establish communication with each other via direct device connection e.g. when direct network connection cannot fulfil the req... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.1.6.2 KPI requirement for direct device communication | The 5G system shall be able to support the following KPI for direct device connection as defined in Table 7.1.6-1
NOTE: The table refers to a typical AI/ML model for image recognition i.e. a 7-bit CNN model VGG16_BN using 2242243 images as training data) [2].
Table 7.1.6-1: Latency and user experienced UL/DL data rat... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.2 Asynchronous FL via direct device connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.2.1 Description | Federated Learning (FL) is an important machine learning service. Due to the Synchronous FL [8], Sync-FL, requires a strict communication quality for each UE in order to get all the intermediate results to FL server in time, the Synchronous FL is sometimes vulnerable to the unpredicted wireless condition and the diverg... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.2.2 Pre-conditions | The direct device connection can be used to realize the Async-FL. As The figure 7.2-1 shows, for some UEs who are in a bad coverage it can use the indirect network connection to communicate with Parameter Server (PS). The communication requirement via indirect network connection can be relaxed i.e. no need to transmitt... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.2.3 Service Flows | 1) The Parameter Server (PS) distributes the global model to FL member UEs via direct network connection or indirect network connection; For the UEs in bad coverage, it can use the indirect network connection to perform a Async-FL with PS.
2) When receiving the training result from member UE, the relay UE sends it to t... |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 7.2.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the indirect network connection, the FL server can still use the valuable data stored in UEs who are out of coverage with the method of Async-FL. The model training is finally finished with expected model performance.
The charging for an Remote UE using an Indirect 3GPP Communication will be done.
7.2.5 Exist... |
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