Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
570d67fafed7b91900d46012	Who designed this cannon?	John M. Browning	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAfter World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (we...
570d67fafed7b91900d46013	How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?	125	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAfter World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (we...
570d67fafed7b91900d46014	What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?	Bofors 40 mm	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAfter World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (we...
570d67fafed7b91900d46015	What other US group was interested in the Bofors?	US Navy	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAfter World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (we...
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b7	High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?	a 75 mm gun from Krupp	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nGermany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm des...
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b8	Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?	Bofors	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nGermany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm des...
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b9	Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?	a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nGermany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm des...
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8ba	Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?	Spain	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nGermany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm des...
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8bb	What war was the FlaK first used in?	Spanish Civil War	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nGermany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm des...
570d6cecb3d812140066d8dd	What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?	1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nA plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The sim...
570d6cecb3d812140066d8de	What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?	Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nA plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The sim...
570d6cecb3d812140066d8df	How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?	four	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nA plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The sim...
570d6cecb3d812140066d8e0	This system was a direct answer to what?	the Flakvierling	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nA plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The sim...
570d6cecb3d812140066d8e1	The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?	many kilometers	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nA plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The sim...
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c1	What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?	barrage balloons	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. First...
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c2	What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?	bomber aircraft over cities	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. First...
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c3	How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?	steel cable	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. First...
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c4	What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?	fly at a higher altitude	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. First...
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c5	What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?	minimal	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. First...
570d7217b3d812140066d94f	What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?	The maximum distance	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajec...
570d7217b3d812140066d950	What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?	only the ascending part of the trajectory	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajec...
570d7217b3d812140066d951	What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?	maximum ceiling	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajec...
570d7217b3d812140066d952	Few AA guns are able to fire which way?	vertically	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajec...
570d72ecfed7b91900d46131	The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?	guns	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAs this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough ...
570d72ecfed7b91900d46132	Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?	armored cars and tank chassis	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAs this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough ...
570d72ecfed7b91900d46133	When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?	in the 1960s	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAs this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough ...
570d72ecfed7b91900d46134	What are man-portable missiles better known as?	MANPADs	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAs this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough ...
570d72ecfed7b91900d46135	When were MANPADs introduced?	the 1960s	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAs this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough ...
570d7592fed7b91900d46159	Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?	ability to quickly follow the target	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUnlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery ...
570d7592fed7b91900d4615a	Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?	Bofors of Sweden	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUnlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery ...
570d7592fed7b91900d4615b	When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?	1950s	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUnlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery ...
570d7592fed7b91900d4615c	Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?	in Nazi Germany	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUnlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery ...
570d7592fed7b91900d4615d	How can land-based SAMs be deployed?	from fixed installations or mobile launchers	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUnlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery ...
570d7708b3d812140066d9af	What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?	machine-guns or fast cannons	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nSmaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-b...
570d7708b3d812140066d9b0	These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?	a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nSmaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-b...
570d7708b3d812140066d9b1	What type of ships are particularly well defended?	Carrier battle groups	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nSmaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-b...
570d7708b3d812140066d9b2	Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?	fighter jets	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nSmaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-b...
570d77d0fed7b91900d46177	What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?	Rocket-propelled grenades	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nRocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia memb...
570d77d0fed7b91900d46178	When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?	the user	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nRocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia memb...
570d77d0fed7b91900d46179	An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?	the backblast	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nRocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia memb...
570d77d0fed7b91900d4617a	What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?	a steel plate	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nRocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia memb...
570d77d0fed7b91900d4617b	What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?	US helicopters	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nRocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia memb...
570d8477fed7b91900d461e1	What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?	"effective ceiling"	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at whi...
570d8477fed7b91900d461e2	Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?	The British	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at whi...
570d8477fed7b91900d461e3	Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?	for 20 seconds	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at whi...
570d8477fed7b91900d461e4	What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?	non-ballistic factors	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at whi...
570d8943fed7b91900d461f9	What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?	guns firing ballistic munitions	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always ...
570d8943fed7b91900d461fa	After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?	guided missiles	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always ...
570d8943fed7b91900d461fb	Which range did not use guided missiles?	the very shortest ranges	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always ...
570d8943fed7b91900d461fc	Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?	permanently	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always ...
570d8943fed7b91900d461fd	What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?	at least 150 mm	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always ...
570d8b5bb3d812140066da15	When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?	8 July 1914	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns ...
570d8b5bb3d812140066da16	Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?	the coasts of the British Isles	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns ...
570d8b5bb3d812140066da17	What was built around naval installations?	complete circle of towers	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns ...
570d8b5bb3d812140066da18	Who manned AA guns and searchlights?	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns ...
570d8b5bb3d812140066da19	Who used motorised two-gun sections?	Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns ...
570d8c74b3d812140066da1f	Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI	Royal Navy	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War th...
570d8c74b3d812140066da20	Who protected airfields in WWII?	RAF Regiment	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War th...
570d8c74b3d812140066da21	The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?	Cold War	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War th...
570d8c74b3d812140066da22	What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?	2004	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War th...
570d8c74b3d812140066da23	What was disbanded in 1955?	British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War th...
570d8d82b3d812140066da29	What helped with better fuse setting?	range measurement	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured ...
570d8d82b3d812140066da2a	What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?	Barr & Stroud UB2	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured ...
570d8d82b3d812140066da2b	The HRF measured target distance and what else?	elevation angle	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured ...
570d8d82b3d812140066da2c	What was the HRF used with to set fuses?	Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured ...
570d8d82b3d812140066da2d	The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?	HRF operator	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured ...
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620b	What kind of guns started attracting attention?	balloon, or airship, guns	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBy the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing opt...
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620c	In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?	The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBy the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing opt...
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620d	The impact and time types of what were analyzed?	Fuzing options	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBy the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing opt...
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620e	As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?	Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBy the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing opt...
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620f	What gun made the scene in 1910?	French balloon gun	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBy the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing opt...
570d8ff5b3d812140066da33	What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?	French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAll armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitab...
570d8ff5b3d812140066da34	What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?	13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAll armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitab...
570d8ff5b3d812140066da35	What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?	18-pdr guns	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAll armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitab...
570d8ff5b3d812140066da36	What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?	get their fuse setting correct	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAll armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitab...
570d8ff5b3d812140066da37	Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?	well below their targets	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAll armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitab...
570d9187b3d812140066da47	What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?	Treaty of Versailles	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed w...
570d9187b3d812140066da48	When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?	in the late 1920s	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed w...
570d9187b3d812140066da49	When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?	In the late 1930s	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed w...
570d9187b3d812140066da4a	When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?	1938	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed w...
570d9187b3d812140066da4b	What did the FlaK 39 have?	220v 24 kW generators	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed w...
570d9275fed7b91900d46231	What did the tachymetric devices do?	track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nHowever, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the oper...
570d9275fed7b91900d46232	Which system had electrical tracking?	French Brocq	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nHowever, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the oper...
570d9275fed7b91900d46233	What gun was the French Brocq system used with?	75 mm	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nHowever, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the oper...
570d9275fed7b91900d46234	Which system used a pair of trackers?	British Wilson-Dalby gun director	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nHowever, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the oper...
570d9275fed7b91900d46235	Deflection settings were also called what?	aim-off	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nHowever, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the oper...
570d94dfb3d812140066da69	Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?	German attack	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPoland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially ...
570d94dfb3d812140066da6a	What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?	Battle of Britain	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPoland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially ...
570d94dfb3d812140066da6b	What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?	Army's Anti-aircraft command	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPoland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially ...
570d94dfb3d812140066da6c	The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?	3	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPoland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially ...
570d94dfb3d812140066da6d	What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?	RAF regiment	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPoland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially ...
570d95f0b3d812140066da83	When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?	1918	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBritain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on...
570d95f0b3d812140066da84	When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?	1928	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBritain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on...
570d95f0b3d812140066da85	What gun did the Royal Navy start using?	4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBritain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on...
570d95f0b3d812140066da86	How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?	30-second running time	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBritain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on...
570d95f0b3d812140066da87	What was introduced in 1939?	Machine Fuse Setter	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nBritain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on...
570d972b16d0071400510b91	What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?	ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nService trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tr...
570d972b16d0071400510b92	Target area is relatively large at what range?	short range	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nService trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tr...
570d972b16d0071400510b93	How was target lead watched at short range?	by watching the tracers	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nService trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tr...
570d972b16d0071400510b94	At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?	slide rules	[ "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nService trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tr...

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