identifier stringlengths 1 43 | dataset stringclasses 3 values | question stringclasses 4 values | rank int64 0 99 | url stringlengths 14 1.88k | read_more_link stringclasses 1 value | language stringclasses 1 value | title stringlengths 0 200 | top_image stringlengths 0 125k | meta_img stringlengths 0 125k | images listlengths 0 18.2k | movies listlengths 0 484 | keywords listlengths 0 0 | meta_keywords listlengths 1 48.5k | tags null | authors listlengths 0 10 | publish_date stringlengths 19 32 ⌀ | summary stringclasses 1 value | meta_description stringlengths 0 258k | meta_lang stringclasses 68 values | meta_favicon stringlengths 0 20.2k | meta_site_name stringlengths 0 641 | canonical_link stringlengths 9 1.88k ⌀ | text stringlengths 0 100k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 11 | http://magma.ca/~mmackay/wc25/wc25_094.html | en | Samuel Fitch & Mary Brewster | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | ../favicon.ico | null | b. March 1655, Saybrook, Connecticut
bp.
d. after 1719/1720
br.
occ.
rel. b. 10 December 1660, Mohegan [now Norwich], Connecticut
bp.
d. ?
br.
occ.
rel. | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 13 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 30 | http://sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/F/Fitch/ThomasFitch.html | en | Thomas Fitch | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Return to main file
Thomas Fitch (1590â1632/3)
Anne Reeve (d. 1686)
Thomas, the son of George Fitch and Joan Thurgood, was born in 1590. [1] He was baptized in 1598. [1] He died between 11 December 1632 and 12 February 1632/3. He married Anna Reve of Bocking on 8 August 1611 in Saint Mary's church in Bocking. [1][2]
Anne Reeve, was the daughter of John Reeve and Mary Brock. [1] Anne Reeve (Mrs. Ann Fitch) died on 20 January 1686 in Windsor, Connecticut. [3]
Anne is mentioned in her father's will of 1620. [1]
On 27 September 1630 William Brock of Thelnetham, Suffolk, gentleman, transferred land to Thomas Fitch of Bocking, clothier. [4]
Thomas Fitch, clothier of Bocking, made his will on 11 December 1632; it was proved on 12 February 1632/3. He left his eldest son, Thomas, the chief messuage where he lived in Bocking, the adjoining messuage, all of the lands and tenements in Bocking that he purchased from Edward Peppen and John Amptill, and the barn in Bocking he bought from Thomas Trotter, on the condition he pay his sister Stracy and annuity of twenty shillings. He left his son John, when he turned 21, the messuage in Bocking he bought from Paul Usher, Peter Kirby, and Ursula Bond, the little garden or orchard in Bocking occupied by Richard Skinner, the tenement in Bocking occupied by Thomas Laye, the "great orchard" adjoining that he bought from Mr. Thomas Trotter, and 200 pounds, when he turned 21. He left his son James 100 pounds when he became a B.A. of two years standing at the University of Cambridge "for I desire he should be bredd up a scholler." James was also to have 30 pounds a year from the time of his admission to Cambridge until he received his M.A. Thomas left his sons Nathaniel and Jeremy a moiety and half of the farm messuage, lands, and tenements in Birch or elsewhere in Essex, which he bought from William Brock, gentleman, when they turned 21. His executor was to use 650 pounds from his estate to buy land in co. Essex for his younger sons Samuel and Joseph. His wife Anne was to have the lands and tenements left to Nathaniel, Jeremy, Samuel and Joseph, until they turned 16. He left his three daughters Mary, Anna, and Sara, 300 pounds each; 200 pounds to be paid at 18 and 100 at 21. He left his son Thomas his great oil cistern of lead in return for Thomas giving his little cistern to his brother John. He left his brother John Malden and his wife, the testator's sister, each 20 shillings. He left his kinsman Henry Stracy five pounds. He left his brothers John Reeve and William Stacy (Stracy?) 40 shillings each and his brother Jeremy Reeve 20 shillings. He left the residue to his wife, who was his sole executrix. [5]
Anne was sole executrix to her son Nathaniel's will in 1649. [1]
James went to New England before the rest of his family. Anne accompanied her sons Thomas, Samuel and Joseph to New England and they appear in Connecticut not long before 1650. Samuel was engaged as a school teacher in Hartford and Joseph and his mother accompanied him there. Anne Reeve was living in Hartford, Connecticut with her son Joseph in 1669. [1]
Children of Thomas Fitch and Anne Reeve:
i. Captain Thomas Fitch was born on 14 October 1612. [1] He died in 1704 in Connecticut. [6] He married Ann Stacie on 1 November 1632 in St. Mary, Bocking. [2][7] Ann was the daughter of William and Anne (or Agnes) (Garrold) Stacey. [8] See Fiske [8] for a discussion of her ancestors.
Thomas settled in Norwalk, Fairfield, Connecticut and received a grant there in 1652. [6] He bought a house lot there from Edward Church in 1654. [6]
Mr. Thomas Fitch of Norwalk was chosen by the town as their clerk of the train band and recorder of lands. This was confirmed by the General Court in Hartford on 26 February 1656. He was made a freeman at the 24 May 1657 court. He was chosen ensign of the train band in Norwalk on 11 May 1665. [9] Thomas Fitch, Sr. was on an 11 October 1669 list of freemen in Norwalk. At the time he was a selectman there. [9]
Thomas was a appointed a commissioner for Norwalk for the following year fourteen times between 13 May 1669 and 11 May 1693. He was appointed commissioner for Norwalk and Danbury on 8 May 1690 and commissioner for Danbury on 12 May 1692. [9] He was a deputy from Norwalk seven times between 8 May 1673 and 10 May 1694. [9] On 14 October 1675 Thomas was nominated as an Assistant at the next election court. [9] Thomas was appointed the Justice of the Peace for Norwalk on 9 May 1689.
On 8 October 1668 Mr. Thomas Fitch was appointed to a committee to go to Rye and hear the inhabitants' differences over land and other matters and to report back. [9] On 12 May 1670 the court granted a committee of settlers to buy land at what is now New Milford. Thomas Fitch was appointed to a committee for the well-ordered planting of the land. On 12 May 1673 he was appointed to a committee to allocate land between Stratford and Momoreanoke River to the various plantations there. [9] Mr. Fitch was appointed to sign bills for Norwalk on 25 November 1675. [9] On 9 May 1678 Thomas was appointed to a committee to lay out the bounds between Standford and Norwalk. [9] On 8 May 1684 Thomas was on a committee to order the planting of a town above Norwalk or Fairfield. [9] On 6 October 1687 Thomas signed a petition for a plantation to be named Swamfield; this was granted on 6 October, with the name changed to Danbury. [9]
Thomas was appointed captain of the Fairfield county military company on 7 August 1673. [9] On 18 February 1678 the court ordered Mr. Thomas Fitch, captain, to come with horses and recruits. [9]
Selleck refers to Thomas as the wealthiest man in the plantation. [6]
Thomas's son Thomas was the grandfather of Governor Thomas Fitch of Connecticut. [6]
ii. John Fitch was probably born between about 1614 and 1620. It said to have died of the plague in 1666. [10]
It has been claimed that this John Fitch went to New England, and that he may be the John Fitch who lived in Windsor. Fitch [1], however, argues that the will of his cousin Reeve proves that John Fitch remained in England.
iii. Reverend James Fitch was born about 1622. He died on 18 or 19 November 1702 in Lebanon, New London County, Connecticut. He married first Abigail Whitfield. He married second Priscilla Mason.
iv. Nathaniel Fitch was born on 26 December 1623. [1] He died between 15 Aug 1648, when he signed his will, and 8 May 1649, when it was proved. [1
He named his brothers Samuel and Joseph in his will. [1]
Nathaniel was of Prittlewell, co. Essex. [10, p. 141-2]
v. Jeremy Fitch was born on 5 August 1625. [1]
There is a 3 November 1652 prenuptial agreement for Jeremy Fitch, stapler and citizen of London, and Hannah Letten of Dunton, spinster. It mentions Jeremy Reeve of Dunton and John Fitch of Braintree, gentleman. It was witnessed by John Reeve and John Harris. [11]
On 9 December 1659 Jeremy Fitch of St. Botolph without Bishopsgate, Middlesex, leather seller, and Hanna his wife, sold land mentioned in their prenuptial agreement to John Reeve of Bocking, gentleman. [12]
vi. Samuel Fitch was born on 9 November 1626. [1] He died in 1659. [13] He married Susanna, the widow of William Whiting, in 1651. [13][6] Susanna married third Alexander Bryan of Milford. [6]
Samuel went to New England and was engaged to keep school in Hartford from 1 January 1649/50. [13] He was made a freeman at the 15 May 1651 court at Hartford. On 11 July 1654 the General Court in Hartford appointed Samuel to a committee to draw up letters to send to the Corporation, General Monck and Mr. Hopkins and to provide for the Commissioners. [9]
He was a deputy in 1654 and 1655. [13]
vii. Captain Joseph Fitch was born about 1630. [13][14] He was certainly living on 17 November 1719, age about 90. He probably died shortly before 30 October 1727, age 97, in East (now South) Windsor. [13] He married Mary, the daughter of Reverend Samuel Stone. [13]
In his will, Reverend Samuel Stone refers to "my sonne Joseph Fitch." [13]
Joseph went to New England. He owned land in Norwalk in 1650/1. [13] He moved to Northampton, Massachusetts. [13] He purchased a home in Hartford in 1660. [13] He lived in Podunk, which is currently in South Windsor and East Hartford. [14]
Joseph was a freeman in 1662. [13] He was on a 13 May 1669 list of freemen in Windsor. [9]
Mr. Joseph Fitch was a deputy from Windsor 18 times between 8 May 1664 and 1 September 1693. [9]
Joseph was one of three men of Windsor who on 9 September 1672 petitioned the court to enlarge the town of Windsor. This was granted on 10 October 1672. [9]
Joseph purchased land from the colony on 8 December 1662 at Podunk in Windsor. He became involved in lawsuits with his neighbors and asked the court to lay out his land. This was granted on 10 May 1677. [9]
On 29 February 1675 Joshua Uncas, son of Uncas, Sachem of Moheag, made his will, leaving land to James Fitch, Jr. and Joseph Fitch. [15]
On 28 December 1675 Mr. Joseph Fitch was appointed commander of 60 dragoons raised in Hartford County. He was referred to as Captain Joseph Fitch on 9 May 1689. [9] On 29 August 1689 Joseph was confirmed the captain of the Windsor trainband. On 11 April 1690, the court seeing the necessity of preventing Albany from being taken by the French, decided to sent two foot companies there, one to be commanded by Joseph. On 8 May 1690 the court ordered Joseph and his company to be ready to march from Hartford a week from Monday. [9]
viii. Anna Fitch born on 6 August 1630. [1]
ix. Sarah Fitch born on 24 July 1631. [1]
References:
1. Roscoe Conkling Fitch, History of the Fitch Family A.D. 1400-1930, (Haverhill, MA: Record Pub. Co., 1930).
2. James Junius Goodwin, The First Register of Saint Mary's church, Bocking, Essex, England. Baptisms, 1561-1605; Marriages, 1593-1639; Burials, 1558-1628 (n.p.: printed for the author, 1903).
3. "Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630â1870," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > Windsor, image 100 (Fitch).
4. "William Brock of Thelnetham, Suffolk, gentleman to Thomas FITCH of Bocking, clothier," feoffment, D/DU/161/172, Essex Records Office.
5. Henry F. Waters, "Genealogical Gleanings in England," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 46, (1892): 323-324.
6. Charles M. Selleck, Norwalk (Norwalk: printed for the author, 1896).
7. "Essex, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538â1812," database, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61698) , entry for Thomas Fitch, Jr.
8. William Wyman Fiske, "Clark and Stacy Origins of Three Immigrants to Ipswich, Massachusetts: Simon and Elizabeth (Clarke) Stacy and her sister Susanna (Clarke) Whipple," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 160 (2006): 17â29.
9. J. Hammond Trumble, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vol. 1 (Hartford: Brown & Parsons, 1850; vol. 2 (Hartford: F.A. Brown, 1852), vol. 3 (Case, Lockwood, & Co., 1859).; Charles J. Hoadley, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vols. 4â12 (Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co., 1868â1890).
10. Richard Coleman Witters, Ancestral Roots and Descendants of Charles Robert Looney and LaVanch Margaret Cool (n.p.: Xlibris Co., c. 2009).
11. "Prenuptual Settlement, Reference," D/DU 161/478, Essex Record Office.
12. "Demise," D/DU 161/183, Essex Record Office.
13. Hower W. Brainard, "Captain Joseph Fitch," The American Genealogist 14 (1937): 87â96.
14. Gale Ion Harris, "The Children of Capt. Joseph and Mary (Stone) Fitch of Hartford and Windsor, Connecticut," The American Genealogist 68 (1993), 1â10, 95â105.
15. "Will of Joshua Uncas," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 13 (1859): 235â6.
07-Apr-2023 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 29 | https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p1275.htm | en | Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names). | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Children
James Fitch b. 2 Aug 1649, d. 10 Nov 1727
Abigail Fitch b. 5 Aug 1650
Elizabeth Fitch b. 2 Jan 1652, d. 1689
Hannah Fitch b. 17 Sep 1653
Samuel Fitch b. Mar 1655
Dorothy Fitch b. Apr 1658
Children
Rev. John Whiting+ b. c 1635, d. 8 Sep 1689
Mary Whiting+1 b. c 1643, d. 25 Oct 1709
Joseph Whiting+ b. 2 Oct 1645, d. 8 Oct 1717 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 0 | https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LHN8-1LH/samuel-fitch-i-1698-1787 | en | FamilySearch.org | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. | en | null | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 88 | https://hartford-genealogy.fandom.com/wiki/Samuel_Stone_(founder_of_Hartford) | en | Samuel Stone (founder of Hartford) | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/hartford-genealogy/images/3/33/Stone%2C_Samuel.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20160703044955 | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/hartford-genealogy/images/3/33/Stone%2C_Samuel.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20160703044955 | [
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/hartford-genealogy/images/3/33/Stone%2C_Samuel.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/210?cb=20160703044955",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Hartford Genealogy Wikia"
] | 2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00 | Samuel Stone (July 18, 1602 - July 20, 1663) was a Puritan minister and one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut. Stone was born on July 18, 1602 in Hertford, England as the son of John Stone. In 1620, he left the town to study at Emmanuel College in Cambridge, from where he graduated in... | en | /skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico | Hartford Genealogy Wikia | https://hartford-genealogy.fandom.com/wiki/Samuel_Stone_(founder_of_Hartford) | Samuel Stone (July 18, 1602 - July 20, 1663) was a Puritan minister and one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut.
Stone was born on July 18, 1602 in Hertford, England as the son of John Stone. In 1620, he left the town to study at Emmanuel College in Cambridge, from where he graduated in 1624. He came to New England with Cotton Mather, Thomas Hooker, and other men of note, on the ship "Griffin", arriving at Boston on September 4, 1633. He became a teacher of the church at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in that fall and removed to Hartford in 1636, where he was an original proprietor of land. In 1639, his home-lot was on the north bank of the Little River. He served as chaplain to the troops under Capt. Mason in the Pequot War in 1637. After Hooker's death in 1647, Stone was the sole pastor of the First Church for almost two decades.
On July 20, 1663, Stone died in Hartford, Connecticut.
Family[]
Stone married first to a woman in England before their arrival. She died around November 1640 in Hartford.
Rebecca Stone - m. Timothy Nash
Mary Stone - m. Joseph Fitch
Sarah Stone - m. Thomas Butler
Stone married second to Elizabeth Allen, of Boston, around July 1641. | ||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 71 | http://dunhamwilcox.net/ct/puritan8.htm | en | [
"http://dunhamwilcox.net/scroll.gif",
"http://counter.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/Count.cgi?df=dunhamindex&sh=F"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Lancton, John, jr. Farmingtondied in 1683. He owned a house and land at Northampton. He was a son of Deacon Lancton. Lester, Edward, held land about New London in 1653.
Lovering, William a hatter by tradewas admitted an inhabitant of Hartford in 1658.
Loomis, Joseph, sen'r. Windsor, 1639. From history, tradition and records, it appears, and is believed by the Loomis family, that Joseph Loomis and his family were the only persons of the name who came to Windsor in the early settlement of the town, (as early as 1639)that he with his family, consisting of himself, wife, five sons and one daughter, emigrated from, at, or near Bristol in England, to New England, in the ship Mary and John, Captain Squid, master, which sailed from Plymouth, England, March 20, 1630, and arrived at Nantasket Point, May 30th the same year. From thence with the Rev. John Warham's church and people, in '36, he emigrated to Windsor, (or with Mr. Hewit in '39.) From all that is known it is quite certain that all the Loomises in this part of the country have originated from this family. The names of the five sons are as follows, viz. John, Joseph, Thomas, Nathaniel and Samuel, and daughter, Elizabeth. They all settled in the town of Windsor, and there remained until after Philip's war. Timothy, (in No. 2,) was recorder at a much later period than '39. [Dr. McClure was mistaken as to Timothy's coming to Windsor in '39, with Mr. Huit.] He died in Windsor in 1658his wife died in '52. Joseph, jr., son of Joseph, sen'r., of Windsor, died in '87. Estate £281. His children were, Joseph, 38 years old, John 36, Mary 34, Hannah 25, Matthew 23, Stephen 20, James 17, Nathaniel 14, and Isaac 9, at his decease. John Loomis was an appraiser of his estate, with H. Wolcott and John Wolcottperhaps at that time an appraiser could be a relative. John, of Windsor, married Elizabeth Scott, and had John, born in '49, Joseph, Thomas, Samuel, Daniel, James, Timothy, Nathaniel, David, Samuel, Isaac, Elizabeth and Mary. Thomas, married Hannah Fox in '53, and had Thomas, (died) Thomas, Hannah, and Mary. His wife died. He then married a second wife, and had Elizabeth, Ruth, Sarah, Jeremiah, (died) Mabel, Mindwell, &c. Nathaniel, married Elizabeth Moore, and had 12 children. Samuel, married and had 5 children. John, of Windsor, had a grand daughter, Anna Loomis, daughter of Joseph, born in '78. Lynde, Nathaniel, was an early settler of Saybrookhis son, Samuel, was a native of the town. Nathaniel, gave the first building for a College at Saybrook. His son, Samuel, was many years a member of the Council and a Judge in Connecticut. The other early settlers found upon record were, the Major, Rev. Mr. Higginson, Peters, Barker, Lieut. Bull, Bushnell Clark, Lay, Lord, Parker, William Pratt, Post, Champion, M. Griswold, Lee, Wade, Backus, Bliss, Huntington, Hyde, Larrabee, Leffingwell, Breede, Chalker, Waterhouse, Kirtland, Shipman, Whittlesey, Willard, Lieut. Seely. Mr. Higginson was the first unordained minister at Saybrook. He married the daughter of the Rev. Henry Whitefield, of Guilford, and afterwards became his assistant at Guilford, and about 1660 he moved to Salem to assist his father.
Lyman, Samuel moved from Northampton to Lebanon, and from thence to Coventry about 1718. Noah Carpenter, son of Benjamin, came from Northampton to Coventry at a later period, 1730.
Lucas, William owned land in Middletown in 1667he probably resided there previously.
Maloy, Capt. was ordered in 1637, with Allyn and Ward, to go to Agawam and treat(trade?) with the Indians for their tribute to defray the expense of the wars, of one fathom of wampum a man, and a fathom and a quarter, for the Wawattock Indians.
Markham, James Windsordied in 1698wife, Elizabeth. He left a large estate to his wifeprobably had no children.
Marsh, John who moved from Hartford to Litchfieldwas a descendant of John, of Hartford, (in No. 2.)
Marshall, Samuel Windsor, married Mary Wilton in 1652, and had Samuel, Thomas, diedDaniel, Thomas, Mary, Elizabeth, John, and one other daughter. Capt. Samuel, of Windsor, (in No. 2,) was killed in battle by the Indians in '75. It was his fifth time in service, under Major Treat. He was a brave officer. Estate £902. (See S. Marshall in No. 2.)
Maskell, Thomas Windsor, married Betsey Parsons in 1660. Children, Betsey, Thomas, Abigail, Thomas, John, Elizabeth and others.
Mason, Edward Wethersfield, 1639, (in No. 2,) died in 1640, and left an estate of £121.
Mather, Richard was one of the four early settlers of the town of Lyme before 1666.
Maudsley, John Windsor, married Mary Newbury in 1664. Benjamin, born in '66, Margaret in '67, Joseph in '70, and Susannah in '75. A respectable family. He set out the estate of James Enoe to his children in '82.
May, Nicholas Windsordied in 1664. Estate £4.
Marwine or Merwine, Miles in 1684. His children were, Elizabeth, John, Samuel, Abigail and Miles.
Miner, John son of Thomas, of New London. In 1654, I find the following upon the colony record: "Whereas, notwithstanding former provision made for the conveyance of the knowledge of God to the Natives amongst us, little hath hitherto been attended, through want of an able interpreter;this Court being earnestly desirous to promote and further what lies in them, a work of that nature, wherein the glory of God and the everlasting welfare of those poor, lost, naked sons of Adam is so deeply concerneddo order, that Thomas Miner, of Pequot, (New London) shall be wrote unto from this Court, and desired that he would forthwith send his son John to Hartford, where this Court will provide for his maintenance and schooling, to the end he may be for the present, assistant to such Elder, Elders or others, as this Court shall appoint to interpret the things of God to them as he shall be directed, and in the meantime, fit himself to be instrumental that way, as God shall fit and incline him thereunto for the future." This was the first action in the Missionary cause in Connecticut. Nothing previous to this date, appears from the record, to have been done preparatory to christianizing the Indians, except to suffer them, in small numbers, to attend their meetings for worship.
Mitchell, Nathan who moved from Stratford or Stamford to Litchfield, is supposed a descendant of Matthew, (in No. 2,) who moved to Stamford from Wethersfield, in the early settlement of Stamford.John, of Hartford, died in 1683. His children were, Mary, aged 28, John 25, Sarah 21, Margaret 19, Mabel 17, and Miriam 15. Sarah, of Wethersfield, died in '84, and left brothers and sisters, viz. John, Mary, Margaret, Mabel and Miriam, and £20 estate.
Mix, Rev. Stephen, and John Woodward were appointed scribes for the Convention that formed the Saybrook Platform in 1708. The name of Mix is yet at New Haven.
Moore, Deac. John had a daughter born in Windsor, 1643, also John, in '45. Deac. Moore died in '77. His son John married Hannah Foote in '64and had John, Thomas, Samuel, Nathaniel, Edward, and twins in '74, Josias and Joseph.
Morton, Samuel Hoccanumdied in 1668. Estate £4.
Mudge, Francis The town of Hartford, by their committee, sequestered to the use of said Mudge, six acres of land, if the town admitted him as an inhabitant, 1640.
Nash, Joseph Hartforddied in 16778--wife, Margaret. Sarah was his only child unmarried. Capt. John, of New Haven, was his eldest brother. He had no sons, and his other daughters were married at his decease. He left a good estate.
Newbury, Thomas Windsordied in 1685. Children, Hannah 8, Thomas 6, Joseph 4, and Benjamin one year old. He married Ann Ford in 1676. Benjamin, of Windsor, married Mary Allyn in '46, and had nine children.
Newel, Daniel with Samuel Hall, Ebenezer Smith, John Gaines, Richard Goodale, Samuel Eggleston, John Ranny, Thomas Buck, Thomas Wright, Nathaniel and Joseph White, Jonathan Judd, and others, were the first church member: At Chatham. The church was organized there in 1721; Daniel Shepard chosen Deacon; and the first meeting house erected there, 26 by 40 feet, in 1718. Thomas, of Farmington, died in 1689. His children were, John, 42 years old, Thomas 39, Samuel 28, Rebecca Woodford 46, Mary Bascomb 44, Hester Strong 37, Sarah Smith 34, Hannah North 31John Stanley and Thomas -North married two of his daughters. He was an early settler of Farmington. Joseph, of Farmington, died in 1689was a brother of John; and had five sisters, viz. Rebecca, Mary, Sarah, Esther and Hannah; he was also a brother of Thomas and Samuel.-To Esther Woodford he gave a share of his estatewas a brother-in-law to John Stanley, who had a son Samuel. He died unmarried. The name yet continues within the bounds of what was then Farmington.
Nichols, Siborn of Witham in the county of Essex, England, Gentlemanin 1664 received a deed, executed in London, of a large quantity of land located in Hartford, Conn., on both sides of Connecticut river, from William Whiting, a merchant then in London, and a son of William Whiting then deceased, of Hartford, which had fallen to him at his father's decease, for which Mr. Nichols paid him £320 sterling. It is doubtful whether the above Siborn ever came to this country. Cyprian Nichols the elder appears to have been the son of Siborn, of Witham, particularly from the fact that the lands deeded by Mr. Whiting in London, went into the possession of Cyprian, of Hartford, yet the lands were never deeded by Siborn to Cyprian, as appears of record. Cyprian was occasionally called Siborn, but generally Cyprian. There were five Cyprian Nichols in this family in succession. Cyprian, sen'r., died at Hartford, a gentleman of great wealth; Cyprian, jr., died in 1745left his widow, Agnes; Lieut. James and William were also sons of Cyprian, sen'r. In 1711 land was set out on execution by S. Webster, sheriff, to Cyprian Nichols. Capt. Cyprian, in 1720, had daughters, Mary Turner and Sarah Webster, wife of William Webster; he also had a grandson Cyprian, and a grandson William Davenport, to whom he gave There was a Cyprian Nichols as late as 1750, and the name is yet in the same family in Hartford at this time. Siborn was a gentleman of reputation and wealth in England, and in 1664 had the title of gentleman and Mr. Cyprian, of Hartford, married Mary Spencer, daughter of Samuel Spencer, May, 1705. In the settlement of estates, the name of Siborn Nichols has appeared, which is supposed to have been used for Cyprian. No person by the name of Siborn Nichols died in the Probate District of Hartford for the first 75 years of the settlement of the colony. It appears there was either a young man by the name of Siborn after the death of Siborn, of Witham, or Cyprian was occasionally called Siborn. Adam Nichols of 1681, appears to have been a different familyhe had a daughter Hester Ellishe also had a son and daughter at Haddam. Isaac and Caleb Nichols were located at Stratford as early as 1650.
North, John died in 1690-1. Children, Thomas, Joseph, Mary and Sarah Woodruff.
Northum, John Colchesterdied in 1732wife, Hannah. He had a son John, and nine daughters; and a brother-in-law, Nathaniel Pomeroy.
Northend, John an original settler and proprietor of Stamford in 1641probably the same to whom Mr. Towsey gave 40 shillings in his will.
Noyes, John Stonington, 1713.
Olmsted, John was settled at Hartford, as early as 1639he probably was the same John Holmsted that afterwards located at Norwick, in 1660. He was a kinsman of the Richard Olmsted family of Norwalk, who went there from Hartford.
Osborn, John Windsor, married Ann Olday in 1645, and had John, Nathaniel, Samuel, Mary, Hannah, Samuel, Isaac, Sarah, and two other daughters.
Ould, Robert Windsor, married Susannah Sanford, and had Robert in 1670, and Jonathan in '72.
Palmer, Timothy Windsor, married Hannah Buell in 1663, and had Timothy, Hannah, Mary, Sarah, died, John, Sarah, Samuel and Martha.
Parsons, Rev. Joseph In 1700 a church was formed at Lebanon, and the same year Mr. Parsons was ordained there. Several persons settled there from Windsor, Stratford, &c. Thomas, married Lydia Brown, of Windsor, in 1641, and had Betsey, Thomas, died, Abigail, John, Mary, Ebenezer, Samuel, and Joseph. Thomas died in 1680. Isaac, son of John and Phillis, born is 1699, Jacob in 1701, Moses in 1702, Phillis in 1704, Aaron in 1706, and Ruth in 1711. Ebenezer, of Windsor, had a daughter Abigail, born in 1675, Ebenezer in 1677, John in 1678. John Parsons married Phillis Hills in 1698.
Parent, John Haddamdied in 1686. Children, Mary and Elizabethno sons.
Payne, Widow Hannah Wethersfielddied in 1682, and left chil dren, Hannah, 20 years of age, and Thomas 9. John, of Middletown, died in '81. His children were, Job, 4 years old, Latierce 3, and Abigail 1. Richard Hall, Samuel Hubbard and John Savidge were appraisers.
Peacock, John settled at Stratford before 1650.
Pease, John It has generally been supposed by the Pease family, that the first of the name settled at Enfield about 1683; yet Miss Caulkins, in her History of Norwich, has reported John Pease as located at Norwich at a much earlier period, with his name and lot registered in the Town Plat, as a proprietor in the N. W. extremity of the settlement, with John Tracy, John Baldwin, Jonathan Royce, Robert Allyn, Francis Griswold, Nehemiah Smith and Thomas Howard. John Calkins, Hugh Calkins, Ensign William Backus, Richard Egerton, Thomas Post and John Gager. Upon the opposite side of the street she locates, with no river land attached to their homelots, Samuel and William Hide; upon the river, Morgan Bowers, Robert Wade, John Birchard, John Post, Thomas Bingham and Thomas Waterman; around the Plain, Gen. Mason and Rev. James Fitch. After which she gives with like particularity the locations of Lieut. Thomas Tracy, John Bradford, C. Huntington, Thomas Adgate, John Holmsted (or Olmsted,) Stephen Backus, Thomas Bliss and John Renolds. T. Leffingwell, J. Reed, R. Wallis and Richard Hendys, as the first planters of Norwich. Mr. Pease must have been located in Norwich as early as 1660, as a town book was then commenced, and from that it appears the contract which had been made with John Elderkin in '54, to erect a corn-mill for the town of Mohegan, was now understood to be erected either "on the land of John Pease, or -at Norman's Acre, "before Nov. '61. Mr. Pease was afterwards found at New London. Farmer says, John Pease was a member and Captain of the Ar. Co. in '61. He might have returned to the Plymouth Colony, and from thence removed to Enfield, or he might have removed direct from Norwich or New London to Enfield in '83. As the name and age of the man appears to be the same as that of John Pease who had resided at Salem, there is little doubt he was the same man. He was a good surveyor and a gentleman of education.
[This note from David-Bryden Pease:
In reference to John Pease there were two John Pease:
1st - John Pease Jr. who live in Norwich, CT, son of John Pease (who had originally purchase land/claim in Moheyan (Norwich), New London CT ) & Lucy Weston from Marthas Vineyard, MA
John Pease Jr was born in Salem, MA in 1639, died in Norwich, CT in 1711, he moved from Marthas Vineyard to Norwich, CT
2nd John Pease son of Robert Pease (brother of John Pease of Marthas Vineyard) lived in Enfield and died there. He also had a son named John Pease.]
Peck, Paul The name of Paul in the Peck family continued over 100 yearsnamed after Deac. Paul, of Hartford, in 1639. Paul, son of Paul, a great grandson of Deac. Paul, born in 1702, Elisha in 1704, Thomas in 1709, and Cornelius in 1711. Paul Peck married Loah Morry in 1701. Samuel married Abigail Collier, daughter of Joseph, in 1701. Joseph Hopkins married Hannah Peck, daughter of Paul, in 1699. John and Paul, jr., emigrated to Litchfield after 1717.
Perry, Richard Fairfield, with the following names are found upon the record of Fairfield, as first settlers, viz. Hon. Nathan Gold, Nathaniel Baldwin, John Tornson, George Starkey, Henry Rowland, Daniel Frost, Robert Lockwood and John Gray, as early as 1641. Fairfield had settlers as early as 1639-40. John Barlow, Samuel Drake, Tho. Sherwood, Richard Bowles, Thomas Dunn and Thomas Sherwington, also in 1650-1. There are no dates of 1650. In 1654, Edward Adams, Hon. Roger Ludlow, John Banks, Andrew Ward, Richard Lyon, Thomas Wheeler, John Nichols, Isaac Nichols, John Cable, Thomas Morehouse and Richard Osborn, (and William Hill and Robert Turney in 1654); also in 1654, Philip Pinkney, Thomas Barlow, George Goodwin, Thomas Bearsley; in 1657, Henry Lyon. Many names cannot be decyphered on the first record at Fairfield. The names of Rowland, Starkey, Sherwood, Dunn, Sherwington, Lyon, Morehouse, Turney and Pinkney were peculiarly Fairfield county names, none of which I recollect to have found among the first settlers of the old towns of Hartford, Wethersfield, or Windsor. Many of the above persons emigrated from Wethersfield, and other towns on the Connecticut riverS. A. Nichols.
Pettibone, John Windsor, married in 1664, and had a son John, born in '65, a daughter in '67, and Stephen in '69.
Peters, Thomas at New London in 1645probably the same Rev. Thomas who came to Saybrook with Mr. Fenwick in '39. Mr. Peters aided Uncas in many respects; he performed the duty of surgeon in dressing the wounds of his warriors after his battles with the Narragansetts. In 1645 there must have been about 50 families at New London.
Pond, Samuel Windsor, married Sarah Ware in 1641, and had children, Isaac, Nathaniel, Sarah and Samuel.
Savage, John, sen'r. settled early at Middletowndied in 1681 left his wife, Elizabeth, and children, John, 33 years old at his father's death, Elizabeth 30, Sarah 28, Mary 27, Abigail 19, William 17, Nathaniel 14, Rachel 12, and Hannah 9. He left a large landed estate to his family. He was often called upon by the town in various stations. He appears to have settled there as his first location in the colony, and was the first of the name in the colony.
Sage, David, sen'r. Middletowndied in 1703. Children, David, John, (two of his daughters married Bull and Johnson,) also Mercy, Jonathan, TimothyJonathan died in 1713; David, jr. died in 1712 or '13. His mother resided at Middletown, and owned land there. He left an estate of £753. Thomas Stedman, of Wethersfield, married a daughter of David, jr. Children of David, jr., deceased, Mary and Elizabethhe had no sons.
Strong, Rev. Nathan His father early moved from Windsor to Woodbury, where the Rev. Nathan was born in 1716. He first learned the trade of a house joiner, but afterwards graduated at Yale College in 1742, immediately after he studied theology with the Rev. Mr. Graham, of Southbury, who preached his ordination sermon. He was ordained in Coventry in 1745, immediately after the church was formed there. He died in 1795, in the 51st year of his ministry. He married the daughter of the Rev. Mr. Meacham, and a grand daughter of the Rev. John Williams, of Deerfield, who was taken captive by the Indians. Some of the first settlers of Coventry under Mr. Strong, were, Nathaniel Kingsbury, John Fowler, Noah and Benjamin Carpenter, Joseph Long, Amos Richardson, Aaron Strong, Ebenezer Brown, John Hackings, John Craw or Crow, Timothy Ladd, Jonathan Shepard, Elijah Hammond, James Hotchkins, and others. The father of Rev. Nathan who moved to Woodbury, was the 14th child in his father's family. Rev. Nathan, of Coventry, was the father of Rev. Drs. Nathan, of Hartford, and Joseph, of Norwich. There are yet at Woodbury several families by the name of Strong, all descendants of John, of Windsor. After 1717, Eleazer and Supply Strong moved from Windsor to Litchfield. Rev. Nathan was a lineal descendant of John, of Windsor, who moved to Northampton.
A CATALOGUE OF THE FAMILIES WHO EMIGRATED TO MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1659, FROM CONNECTICUT.
"At a meeting at Goodman Ward's house in Hartford, April 18, 1659, the company there met, engaged themselves, under their own hands, or by their deputies, whom they had chosen, to remove themselves and their families out of the jurisdiction of Connecticut, into the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, as may appear in a paper dated the day and year above said. The names of the engagers are these: John Webster, William Goodwin, John Crow, Nathaniel Ward, John White, John Barnard, Andrew Bacon, William Lewis, William Westwood, Richard Goodman, John Arnold, William Patrigg, Gregory Wilterton, Thomas Standley, Samuel Porter, Richard Church, Ozias Goodwin, Francis Barnard, James Ensign, George Steele, John Marsh, Robert Webster, William Lewis, jr., Nathaniel Standley, Samuel Church, William Markum, Samuel Moody, Zechariah Field, Wid. Westly, Wid. Watson, Andrew Warner, Mr. John Russell, jr., Nathaniel Dickinson, Samuel Smith, Thomas Coleman, Mr. John Russel, sen'r., John Dickinson, Philip Smith, John Coleman, Thomas Wells, James Northam, Samuel Gardner, Thomas Edwards, John Hubbard, Thomas Dickinson, Robert Boltwood, Samuel Smith, jr., William Gull, Luke Hitchcock, Richard Montague, John Latimer, Peter Tilton, John Watson, Richard Billing, Benjamin Harbert, Edward Benton, John Catling, Mr. (Samuel) Hooker, Capt. Cullick, not fully engag Daniel Warner." Of the 60 names on the foregoing list, about one-fourth part never removed to Hadley, and several that did remove returned to Connecticut again some years after. The names of a number that did remove are not on this list. ADVERTISEMENT. THE three Numbers, of which this is the last, is designed to give the information to those who possess any curiosity to learn the first of the name who came into the Colony of Connecticut. When it is known who the first progenitor was, there is little difficulty in tracing their ancestry. With most men there exists an anxiety to learn something of those of the same blood who had preceded them, and had aided in building up, and were the pioneers of this great and mighty republic, which has now become one of the three most powerful governments of the world. There will be a satisfaction in recognizing our first ancestorin learning from whence he camewhere he was first located, and his condition and character in life, in this country. If he was poor and homely, so much the more are you indebted to him, for abandoning the land of his nativity, his friends, and all that he held dear, (except his religion) to come to this gloomy wilderness, inhabited only- by wild beasts and savage men, where for many years their lives were never safe even with their arms in their hands, and the sweet sleep they had enjoyed in childhood had become a stranger to their eyelids. It will not be forgotten that all these dangers were suffered for you. Since my attention has been particularly called to this subject, I have often been astonished to find so many of the intelligent inhabitants of the State so perfectly destitute of information of their genealogy; indeed, I conversed with one gentleman, of whom I enquired the name of his great grand father and where he residedhe looked at me with a sort of surprise, and remarked, "Really, Sir, I never thought I had any ancestor previous to my grand father," and was unable to even give the name or place of residence of his grand father. Thought I, a poor reward this for the hardships of his ancestorand my informant was a gentleman of 80,000. Nothing is required to find much of every man's ancestry, but patience, perseverance and industry in collecting them from the early records and papers which have been preserved for 200 years. My object at first was to publish only a list of the names of the Puritans who came to Connecticut during the first 30 years, from 1635 to 1665, while Connecticut stood alone, before the Union of the New Haven Colony with Connecticut; but believing it would be more interesting by adding little historical scraps to names, and giving short biographical sketches of persons, I have done so with as much accuracy as possible. To those who are familiar with the labor of such a work, I need not say, that much time has been bestowed upon these three small pamphlets, as well as considerable money advanced in so imperfectly giving it to the public. Errors there will be, but when it is considered that the numerous facts here collected are drawn from the half obliterated records, imperfectly kept 200 years since, depending mostly- upon the colony record, I trust that such errors will be excused until those who find them shall attempt to better the work by their own personal exertions. No towns are included in this compilation, but such as were at some time before 1665 within the jurisdiction of Connecticut. There probably at no period of time was ever as many respectable and educated men emigrated from any country, as from England, to Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut from 1635 to 1665men who were neither inferior to their successors in fervent piety, patriotism, learning, or in sterling integrity. There were, it is true, many needy and avaricious adventurers who quit their country, hoping to better their condition in life; and the fate of time and accident, by the equal laws of our country, has placed the successors of some of the most wealthy of the original pioneers, in humble poverty, while the successors of the most humble emigrants are now found surrounded with every comfort and in the highest walks of life. This is the fate of idleness on the one hand, and persevering industry on the other, in most cases. Where the names of families are mentioned, they may perhaps differ from some ancient family records, as some of them are taken from town books, while others are taken from the records of Probatethe former contains all the births, while the Probate record mentions only such as were living at the decease and distribution of the estate of the head of the family. Dates in the ancient records of the colony are difficult to procure with accuracy, as wills often are without date, as are inventories of estates. Not only so, some may be misled in supposing dates incorrect, from the fact, that the first settlers commenced the year on the 25th day of March, instead of the first day of January, and the records for many years are so dated, and time thus divided. Only 500 copies have been printed in this edition. The language used in describing the facts attached to names, is usually the language, if not the words of the record.
ERRATA
For "Hon. Henry Wolcott, the first of Windsor," on page 108, 12th line from bottom, read Gor'rs. Winthrop, Welles and Webster. On page 94, the 5th line from bottom, read Doct. Charles P., instead of H. Welles. The Errata for the Three Numbers will be published in the next Number.
No. IV.
If an apology is required for publishing, at my own expense, a Fourth Number, after having remarked in No. 3, that it was the last to be published, I have only to say that there were several names left on hand which had cost considerable labor, and the 3d No. had cost all for which the numbers sold, and could be made no larger without a lossI have, therefore, rather than to lose the labor, ventured again to trespass upon the public, by publishing a Fourth Number.
The following is a copy of the officers of the first organized General Court of Connecticut, under the compact of 1638, viz:Record. "April, 1639. A General Meeting. John Haynes, Esq. was chosen Governor for this year, and until a new be chosen.
Mr. Roger Ludlow, Deputy Governor.
Mr. George Wyllys, Mr. Thomas Welles, Mr. Edward Hopkins, Mr. John Webster, Mr. William Phelps were chosen to Assist in the Magistracy for the year ensuing; and all took the oath appointed for them.
Mr. Edward Hopkins was chosen Secretary, and Mr. Welles Treasurer for the year ensuing.
Mr. John Steel, of Hartford, John Pratt, of Hartford, Mr. Gaylord, Mr. Stoughton, of Windsor, Thurston Rayner, of Wethersfield, Geo. Hubbard, of Hartford, Mr. Spencer, Edward Stebbins, of Hartford, Henry Wolcott, of Windsor, Mr. Foard, of Windsor, James Boosey, Richard Crabb" of Wethersfield, were the Committee who composed the House of Deputies.
INSCRIPTION ON THE MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE ANCIENT BURYING GROUND ASSOCIATION OF HARTFORD, IN MEMORY OF THE FIRST SETTLERS OF HARTFORD.
Jeremy Adams, Matthew Allyn, Francis Andrews, William Andrews, John Arnold, Andrew Bacon, John Barnard, Robert Bartlett, John Baysey, John Bidwell, Thomas Birchwood, William Bloomfield, Thomas Bull, Thomas Bunce, Benjamin Burr, Richard Butler, Clement Chaplin, Richard Church, John Clark, Nicholas Clark, James Cole, John Crow, Robert Day, Joseph Easton, Edward Elmer, Nathaniel Ely, James Ensign, Zachariah Field, William Gibbons, Richard Goodman, William Goodwin, Ozias Goodwin, Seth Grant, George Graves, Samuel Greenhill, Samuel Hales, Tho's Hales, John Haynes, Stephen Hart, William Heyden, William Hills, William Holton, Thomas Hooker, Edward Hopkins, Thomas Hosmer, William Hyde, Thomas Judd, William Kelsey, William Lewis, Richard Lord, Tho's Lord, Richard Lyman, John Marsh, Matthew Marvin, John Maynard, John Moody, Joseph Mygatt, Thomas Olcott, James Olmsted, Richard Olmsted, William Pantry, William Parker, Stephen Post, John Pratt, William Pratt, Nathaniel Richards, Richard Risley, Thomas Root, William Ruscoe, Thomas Scott, Thomas Selden, Richard Seymour, John Skinner, Arthur Smith, Thomas Spencer, William Spencer, Thomas Stanley, Timothy Stanley, Thomas Stanton, Edward Stebbins, George Steele, John Steele, George Stocking, Samuel Stone, John Talcott, William Wadsworth, Samuel Wakeman, Nath'l Ward, Andrew Warner, Richard Webb, John Webster, Thomas Welles, Wm. Westwood, John White, William Whiting, John Wilcox, Gregory Wolterton, George Wyllys, John Hopkins, William Butler. The following names were also in Hartford as early as 1640:Andrew Adams, Nathaniel and John Allen, Thomas Allen, Thomas Alcocks, Joseph Aikin, Thomas Burnham, William Butler, Francis Barnard, John Bigelow, John Brunson, and Richard, John Barnes, Nathaniel Bearding, John Bliss, sen'r. and jr., Richard Butler, John Bailey, John Cullick, Nathaniel Kellogg, Richard Church, William Clark, Thomas Calder, Thomas Catling, John Carter, Nicholas Disbrough, Davey Fuller, Philip Davis, Nathaniel Eldredge, John Friend, Samuel Fitch, Jonathan Gilbert, Daniel Garriot, John and Thomas Hall, William Haughton, Thomas Hungerford, John and Nicholas Jennings, John Kirbee, Ralph Keeler, William Lewis, Edward Lay, William Markham, John Meigs, James Northum, Nicholas Olmsted, William Phillips, James Richards, Nathaniel Ruscoe, Henry Rowe, Robert Sanford, John Sables, John Savill, Henry and Aaron Stark, James Steel, Samuel Storm, Benjamin Ufford, Thomas Upson, Robert Wade, Henry Wakelee, Henry Walkley, Richard Walkley, Nathaniel Ware, Thomas and Richard Watts, William Webb, William Westley, Samuel Whitehead, George Winterton, Thomas Woodford, Samuel Talcott, Matthew Woodruff, Richard Billings, John Birchard, Thomas Bliss, Robert Boltwood, Richard Case, Thomas Collins, John Jessup, Paul Peck, Henry Stiles, Benjamin Munn, John Holloway, Widow Betts, Clement Chapin, Rev. Thomas Hooker, Gov. John Haynes, and others. | |||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 24 | https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clark42/genealogy/ps13/ps13_067.html | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clark42/genealogy/img/i_close.png",
"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clark42/genealogy/img/i_menu.png",
"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clark42/genealogy/img/i_tree.png",
"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clark42/genealogy/img/i_tree.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | |||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 5 | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-8 | en | WikiTree FREE Family Tree | [
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/male.gif.pagespeed.ce.sk2cBn-ts3.gif",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qc... | [] | [] | [
"Samuel Fitch genealogy"
] | null | [] | 1725-10-19T00:00:00 | Is this your ancestor? Compare DNA and explore genealogy for Samuel Fitch born 1655 Saybrook, New London, Connecticut Colony died 1725 Preston, New London, Connecticut Colony including ancestors + descendants + 1 genealogist comments + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community. | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-8 | Ancestors Descendants
Profile last modified 10 Apr 2022 | Created 14 Apr 2010
This page has been accessed 2,236 times.
Biography
Samuell Fitch was born in early Mar 1655 in Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), New London Co., CT.[1][2] He was married to Mary Anne Brewster on 28 Nov 1678 in New London, New London Co., CT.[3] They were prolific parents. Mayflower Births and Deaths credits Samuell and Mary Anne with the following:[4]
Mary Fitch
Samuel Fitch
Hezekiah Fitch
Elizabeth Fitch
Abigail Fitch
Samuel Fitch
Benjamin Fitch
John Fitch
Jabez Fitch
Peltiel Fitch
Samuel, Mary, and their children resided in Norwich and in Long Society (now Preston), New London Co., CT. Samuel was one of the first proprietors of Lebanon, New London Co., CT but he and Mary lived on the east side of the Shetucket River in what was designated, for ecclesiastical purposes, as the Fifth Society of Norwich. It was also known as East Norwich, Long Society, and then later, Preston. This is corroborated in part by The History of Norwich, Connecticut: from Its Possession by the Indians to the year 1866:
"The district on the east side of the river comprised Long Society, or East Norwich ; but the grants made by the town were not wholly limited to this society. A considerable portion of Preston was held originally by the same tenure. Its earliest land-owners and inhabitants settled under the authority of Norwich and were admitted to the privileges of the town, included also in the same church bounds, as parishioners of Mr. [Rev. James] Fitch. [Samuel's father.] In all probability Greenfield Larrabee was the first settler in this region, — the first actual inhabitant of the town of Preston. Next to him we may reckon the sons of Norwich proprietors, — Thomas Tracy, Jun., Jonathan Tracy, Samuel Fitch, and Nathaniel Letfingwell, who were cultivating farms on that side of Shetucket river in 1680, or soon afterward" (242).[5]
He died on 18 Feb 1725 in Preston, New London Co., CT. and is buried in Brewster's Neck Cemetery, Preston, Connecticut.[6]
Note
A previous PM left this a reference number for Samuel: JTF6. Anyone know to what it pertains? Mayflower Society? DAR??
Sources
↑ "Connecticut Births and Christenings, 1649-1906," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V2S8-C6N : 3 December 2014), Samuel Fitch, Mar 1655; citing ; FHL microfilm unknown.
↑ Deep River (Conn.); Connecticut Historical Society; Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, Connecticut Society. Vital records of Saybrook, 1647-1834. Hartford, Conn: The Connecticut Historical Society, et al., 1952, p. 4. Archive.org. Accessed 17 Nov 2020. https://archive.org/details/vitalrecordsofsa00deep/page/4/mode/2up.
↑ Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Society of Mayflower Descendants in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Source Information: Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, Society of Mayflower Descendants Applications, 1911-1929 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. This collection was indexed by Ancestry World Archives Project contributors. Original data: Society of Mayflower Descendants in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Applications for Membership. Microfilm. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ancestry Record 9273 #102949
↑ Source Information: Ancestry.com. Mayflower Births and Deaths, Vol. 1 and 2 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013. This collection was indexed by Ancestry World Archives Project contributors. Original data: Roser, Susan E. Mayflower Births and Deaths: From the Files of George Ernest Bowman at the Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants. Volumes 1 & 2. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. Ancestry Record 3718 #27547
↑ Caulkins, Frances Manwaring. History of Norwich, Connecticut: from its possession by the Indians, to the year 1866. [Hartford, Conn]: self-published, 1866. Archive.org. Accessed 17 Nov 2020. https://archive.org/details/historyofnorwich1866caul/page/242/mode/2up?q=Samuel+Fitch
↑ Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/227593900/samuel-fitch : accessed 28 August 2021), memorial page for Samuel Fitch (16 Apr 1655–18 Feb 1725), Find A Grave: Memorial #227593900, citing Brewster's Neck Cemetery, Preston, New London County, Connecticut, USA ; Maintained by CMWJR (contributor 50059520) .
Greenlaw, Lucy Hall. Early Generations of The Brewster Family, NEHGR (NEHGS, Boston, 1899) Vol. 53, Page 284. | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 12 | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-1370 | en | Samuel Fitch II (1730-1811) | [
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/d/d2/Platt-1392.jpg/75px-Platt-1392.jpg",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.d... | [] | [] | [
"Samuel Fitch genealogy"
] | null | [] | 1811-10-11T00:00:00 | Is this your ancestor? Compare DNA and explore genealogy for Samuel Fitch II born 1730 Norwalk, Fairfield, Connecticut Colony died 1811 Wilton, Fairfield, Connecticut, United States including ancestors + descendants + 1 photos + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community. | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-1370 | WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH
IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY.
© 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 70 | http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/gen/report/rr05/rr05_456.html | en | Joyce Genealogy | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | 11975. Mary Anne Brewster. Born on 10 Dec 1660 in Norwich, CT.142 Mary Anne died in Guilford, CT, on 2 Dec 1750; she was 89.142
11978. Dea. Daniel Brewster. Born in Mar 1667 in Norwich, CT.142 Daniel died in Preston, CT on 7 May 1735.142
Daniel served as a Justice of the Peace, Representative to the General Court, Lieutenant and Captain of the militia, and as deacon of the First Church in Norwich.142 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | en | Thomas Fitch V | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britai... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] | 2013-03-17T16:09:07+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | American politician
For other people named Thomas Fitch, see Thomas Fitch.
Thomas Fitch V (1725 – January 16, 1795) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk in the sessions of October 1761, May and October 1763, May and October 1764, May and October 1765, May and October 1766, May 1767, October 1768, May and October 1769, October 1770, October 1771, October 1772, October 1773, October 1775, and May 1776.
He was the son of Governor Thomas Fitch, IV and Hannah Hall Fitch. He served as an officer in the French and Indian War, primarily in upstate New York, near Fort Crailo. Although he and his troops are widely believed to be the inspiration for the song Yankee Doodle, contemporary scholars now believe that its origins are at least twelve years earlier.[1]
Yankee Doodle Legend
[edit]
There is a legend that during the French and Indian War, Fitch was the commander of four New England Regiments.[2] Tradition states that Captain Fitch received the song in 1755 as a joke from British surgeon Dr. Richard Shuckburgh, making Fitch the original "Yankee Doodle".[2][3][4]
Fitch's grave marker states that he is the inspiration for the song "Yankee Doodle." The marker claims that Captain Fitch had assembled his company of recruits at the Fitch homestead in Norwalk at the beginning of the French and Indian War. His sister Elizabeth was concerned about the recruits' appearance and lack of uniforms, so she presented each man with a chicken feather for their hats that would present the image of uniformity. Their appearance when entering West Albany, with feathers in their hats and unpolished clothing, caused British surgeon Dr. Shuckburgh to write verses mocking Fitch and his men as "Yankee Doodles and Macaronies". However, the sentiment changed to become more favorable after the successful campaigns at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1759.
Fitch had the rank of Senior Colonel and was in command of sixteen regiments by the time that he had left the service three years later.
Life after military service
[edit]
After that conflict, Thomas, V returned to Norwalk. He was a prominent resident during and after the American Revolution. He served as a town councilman. He was, along with Thaddeus Betts, in the first delegation from Norwalk to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1776. He helped with the reconstruction efforts after the burning of Norwalk in 1779.[5]
He died on January 16, 1795, and was buried in the East Norwalk Historical Cemetery.
Historical dispute
[edit]
Norwalk historian, Gloria Stewart claims that eighteenth century documents available from the Connecticut state archives dispute the Yankee Doodle identity.[6] One document is a bill for work copying and sending letters for the Connecticut General Assembly. The other is a 1775 document written by Fitch stating that he resigned his commission because of rheumatism that he had for twenty years.[6]
In addition, no Thomas Fitch from Norwalk appears as a colonel in the Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1755-1762.[7] There were only two regiments in June of 1755. Only Major General Phineas Lyman led more than a single regiment. Indeed, no Colonel appears to been sent from Norwalk in the war. The original Yankee Doodle song did not mention a pony, a feather or "Marconi", items which first appear in 1841 in a children's nursery version of the song.[8]
References
[edit] | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 84 | https://mgoblue.com/staff-directory/warde-manuel/40 | en | University of Michigan Athletics | [
"https://images.sidearmdev.com/crop?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdxbhsrqyrr690.cloudfront.net%2Fsidearm.nextgen.sites%2Fmgoblue.com%2Fimages%2F2020%2F1%2F13%2F20200113_manuel_warde.jpg&width=120&height=180&type=webp",
"https://dxbhsrqyrr690.cloudfront.net/sidearm.nextgen.sites/mgoblue.com/images/sng_2023/footer_edu.svg",
... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Warde J. Manuel was named Michigan's Donald R. Shepherd Director of Athletics on Jan. 29, 2016. Manuel's original five-year appointment was extended on Feb. ... | en | /favicon.ico | University of Michigan Athletics | https://mgoblue.com/staff-directory/warde-manuel/40 | Warde J. Manuel was named Michigan's Donald R. Shepherd Director of Athletics on Jan. 29, 2016. Manuel's original five-year appointment was extended on Feb. 18, 2021, and runs through June 30, 2026.
Manuel's tenure in Ann Arbor has brought him full-circle, from an accomplished student-athlete and athletic administrator at Michigan, to building a distinguished career as an athletic director, and back again. A three-time alumnus and two-sport athlete who played football under Bo Schembechler, Manuel returned to U-M following a nearly four-year run as director of athletics at the University of Connecticut.
Manuel has served on the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) executive committee since 2009 and served a one-year term as president during the 2020-21 academic year. He also served on the board of directors for The Collegiate Women Sports Awards, the executive committee for the Black AD Alliance, is one of Michigan's representatives on the Big Ten Conference Equality Coalition, and currently serves as the President of Lead1 (the FBS Athletic Directors Association).
Manuel's reputation and knowledge of football landed him a spot on the prestigious College Football Playoff (CFP) Selection Committee in 2022, and in February 2024, he was named committee chair for the 2024 football season, the first year of the 12-team playoff format.
In July 2024, Manuel was named recipient of the 2024 National Football Foundation's John L. Toner Award. The Toner Award recognizes athletics directors who have demonstrated superior administrative abilities and shown outstanding dedication to college athletics, particularly college football.
Manuel is the 12th athletic director in Michigan's intercollegiate athletics history. He oversees an athletic department that sponsors 29 varsity teams with more than 950 student-athletes and 350 staff members. During Manuel's seven-year tenure in Ann Arbor, the Wolverines have captured an NCAA Championship in football (2023), women's gymnastics (2021), and finished runner up nationally in wrestling (2022), field hockey (2020), baseball (2019), men's basketball (2018) and women's cross country (2017). Wolverines have combined to win 23 individual NCAA titles during his tenure, 85 regular season and tournament conference titles, 61 Academic All-American honors, 535 Big Ten Distinguished scholars, and 3,548 Academic All-Big Ten honors.
He returned to U-M following a nearly four-year run as director of athletics at the University of Connecticut (2012-15), highlighted by his recognition as the 2015 NACDA Under Armour Athletic Director of the Year. UConn teams won six NCAA national championships under Manuel's leadership -- the most ever by UConn teams in a three-year period. In 2014, UConn's three national championship teams (field hockey and men's and women's basketball) all posted perfect 1,000 single-year scores in the NCAA's Academic Progress Rate (APR). In 2015, 13 UConn teams posted perfect single-year scores, marking a dramatic academic improvement at the school. Field Hockey (2014-15) and Women's Basketball (2013-15) won multiple consecutive national championships during his tenure.
Within three months of his arrival in Storrs, Manuel directed UConn's acceptance into membership of Hockey East, and oversaw a coaching transition in men's basketball. He led the completion of the $40 million fundraising effort for the construction of the Werth Family UConn Basketball Champions Center, which opened in the fall of 2014 to provide UConn basketball programs with a training, practice and academic services home.
Prior to arriving in Connecticut, he led a 20-sport program at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo from 2005 through 2012. During his tenure, the Buffalo Bulls experienced an unparalleled period of success from an athletic, academic and community service perspective.
Manuel was honored by Sports Business Journal as a 2008 national "40-Under-40" honoree after receiving the same honor from Business First of Buffalo in Fall 2007. He also accepted the 2007 Opportunity Award from all-time tennis great Billie Jean King when the University at Buffalo was recognized by the Women's Sports Foundation as one of four "standout" colleges and universities in the nation for outstanding achievement in providing equitable athletic opportunities for its female student-athletes.
Born May 22, 1968, Manuel is a native of New Orleans. He was a high school All-American football player and played for U-M under Schembechler. He earned multiple letters and started at defensive end in his sophomore year. His football career was cut short by a neck injury, and he subsequently lettered as a member of the Wolverines' track and field team.
Manuel earned his bachelor of general studies degree with a focus in psychology in 1990, his master's degree in social work from U-M in 1993 and an MBA from U-M's Stephen M. Ross School of Business in 2005.
After graduating from U-M, he was coordinator of U-M's Wade H. McCree Jr. Incentive Scholarship Program from 1990 to 1993. The program is a partnership between the Michigan Association of State Universities and Detroit Public Schools that helps students prepare for higher education at public universities in Michigan.
He subsequently worked briefly as an academic advisor with the Georgia Tech Athletic Association before being named assistant athletic director of academic affairs.
Afterward, Manuel served in several roles within Michigan's athletic department from 1996-2005. In 2000 he was named associate athletic director with oversight responsibility for operational facets of the university's athletic programs. He also oversaw Michigan's football and men's basketball programs.
Manuel, and his wife, Chrislan, a U-M alum who earned a master of health services administration degree in 1993, have a daughter, Emma, and a son, Evan.
Highlights during Michigan Tenure
· In the last five years (2020-24), Michigan has won 52 Big Ten Championships across all sports. The next closest conference competitor is Ohio State with 28 league titles.
· U-M has finished top six in the LEARFIELD Directors' Cup standings five times during Manuel's tenure, including top three on three occasions: second (2018-19) and third (2020-21 and 2021-22).
· In 2022-23, the Wolverines set a school and Big Ten Conference academic year record with 13 Big Ten championships, including the second consecutive titles in football and ice hockey. Four Michigan student-athletes earned national player of the year awards while U-M attained five individual national championship honors between three student-athletes. An incredible 35 student-athletes won individual Big Ten championships while 44 attained All-American accolades. Nearly 500 student-athletes earned Academic All-Big Ten honors.
· The Wolverines claimed 13 conference championships during the 2021-22 academic year, again leading all Big Ten schools. Twelve teams finished among the top 10 nationally. The Wolverines set a school record with 507 student-athletes earning Academic All-Big Ten Conference honors, and 11 individuals earning Academic All-American honors. Another school record was set, with 701 student-athletes earning a grade point average of 3.0 or better during the academic year. Forty-eight student-athletes earned All-American honors during the year, while 118 earned All-Big Ten honors, and 28 won individual conference championships.
· In 2017-18, Michigan unveiled the Stephen M. Ross Athletic Campus South Complex with the official opening in January 2018. The facility provides specialized spaces for nine of Michigan's varsity teams, shared resources for all the teams, as well as competition venues. It includes strength and conditioning, athletic medicine, meeting space and locker rooms, and allows for consolidation of various team facilities currently dispersed across the campus. | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 7 | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000000640022166 | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"https://www.geni.com/images/rotating_world.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.... | [] | [] | [
"family tree",
"genealogy",
"trace your ancestry",
"family tree maker",
"family tree search",
"family tree charts",
"family statistics",
"ancestors",
"research"
] | null | [] | 2022-10-29T14:19:09-07:00 | Genealogy for Samuel Fitch (1626 - 1659) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. | en | /touch-icon-iphone.png | geni_family_tree | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000000640022166 | "History of the Fitch Family"; 929.273; F5551F; Vol.2; Chapter XIII; p. 204
"The House of Fitch"; 929.273; F551Fg; Chapter III; p. 20
NOTE: Samuel was the son of Thomas Fitch and Anne Reeve born 9 Nov 1626 at Bocking, Essex County, England. He married Susannah Whiting, widow of William Whiting of Hartford CT. Samuel died in 1659 probably in Milford, CT.
Biographical sketch: Samuel was an emigrant ancester of Hartford, CT. born at Bocking, County Essex, England. He probably came to America in the company of his two brothers, Thomas I of Norwalk, CT. and Joseph of Windsor, CT. and their widowed mother, Anne (Reeve) Fitch. They were preceded by their brother Rev. James Fitch of Norwich, CT., who came to New England in 1638.
Savage, the historian, says that there is a possibility that Samuel Fitch I settled at Milford, CT., as early as 1644. This is unlikely, however, as he is named in the will of his brother Nathaniel in 1648 as then living in England.
The earliest positive record we have of him is in 1650 at Hartford, CT. He was spoken of in the records of his time as "Mr.", which proves he ranked as a gentleman. He was engaged in 1650 to keep the school at Hartford for three years, beginning 1 Jan 1649/50; and was a freeman, 1651. He was later of Milford, CT.
Like his three brothers he was a man of prominence in local affairs. He was a representative to the General Court, 1654-55. He married Mrs. Susannah Whiting, widow of "Worshipful Mr. William Whiting" of Hartford, CT. Samuel Fitch and his wife had two sons; Samuel II and Thomas I. After his death in 1659 his widow married (3) Alexander Bryan of Milford, CT.
Samuel came to America with two of his brothers and his mother, after the death of his father . He taught school in Hartford, CT, and later at Milford. He was a Representative to the Gene ral Court 1654-1655.Samuel became a Free man in 1651, and became prominent in local affairs . In the local records, he was given the distinguishing title "Mr." (Source: Connecticut Ance stry, Vol. 26, #4, page 191).
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=franlouis...
ID: I01711 Name: Samuel Fitch 1 Sex: M Birth: 9 NOV 1626 in Bocking, Essex, England Birth: 9 NOV 1626 in Bocking, , Essex, England 1 Death: 1659 in ,Hartford, CT Death: 1659 in , Hartford, Connecticut, USA 1 Note: Samuel Fitch was schoolmaster in Hartford, Conn., as early as 1650. He served as Deputy (Representative) for Hartford to the General Court (Legistlature) in 1654 and 1655. He married Susannah, widow of William Whiting, of Hartford, and they had two sons.
One of them, Thomas, lived in Wethersfield, Conn. On Sept. 15, 1680, he married Abigail Goodrich, the daughter of William Goodrich and Sarah Marvin, who was born June 5, 1662 and died Nov. 8, 1684. They had three children, of whom only Abigail survived. It is believed that Abigail was raised by her maternal grandmother, Mrs. Sarah (Marvin) Goodrich. Abigail married Abraham Kimberly. The probate of Thomas Fitch in 1704 mentioned the daughter Abigail, the wife of Abraham Kimberly.
Samuel came to America with two of his brothers and his mother, after the death of his father. He taught school in Hartford, CT, and later at Milford. He was a Representative to the General Court 1654-1655. Samuel became a Free man in 1651, and became prominent in local affairs. In the local records, he was given the distinguishing title "Mr." (Source: Connecticut Ancestry, Vol. 26, #4, page 191).
Father: Thomas Fitch b: 1590 in Bocking, Essex, England Mother: Anna Reeve b: 29 NOV 1590 in Garret Manor, Bocking, Essex, England
Marriage 1 Susannah Wiggins b: 1620 in Boston, Lincolnshire, England Children Has Children Thomas Fitch b: 1652 in Wethersfield, Hartford, CT
Citation: History and Genealogy of the Families of Old Fairfield, Volume 1, 1930-1932, edited by Donald Lines Jacobus, p. 361-362
Sources: Title: OneWorldTree Author: Ancestry.com Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc.
GEDCOM Note
2 AGE 32-33
GEDCOM Note
Category: English Immigrants to America Category: Hartford, Connecticut
Biography
Birth data
Samuel Fitch, engaged to keep school<ref name=Fitch>#Fitch|Fitch</ref> for three years beginning Jan 1 1649/50;<ref name=Barbour>#Barbour|Barbour</ref> Freeman May 1651;<ref name=Barbour/> Deputy 1654/5<ref name=Barbour/><ref name=Fitch/>
Samuel married 2 Jan 1650/1 Susannah ______ Whiting. She was the widowof William Whiting, and m. 3rd Alexander Bryan. <ref name=Barbour/> : Children
Samuel, <ref name=Barbour/> who went to Milford<ref name=Fitch/># Thomas b. 1652, who lived in Wethersfield.<ref name=Fitch/> Married (1) Abigail Goodrich and (2) Sarah Boardman <ref name=Barbour/>
Samuel Fitch died 1659. <ref name=Barbour/>
Sources ==* Case, Lafayette. Space:The Goodrich Family in America|The Goodrich Family in America (Fergus Printing Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1889) Page 34-5.* Barbour, Lucius Barnes. Space:FamiliesOf Early Hartford, Conn.|Families Of Early Hartford, Conn. (The Genealogical Publishing Co., 1977)* Fitch, John G. Space:The Genealogy of the Fitch Family|The Genealogy of the Fitch Family of North America (Olmsted, Ohio, 1886)
<references/> | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 31 | https://nativenortheastportal.com/bio/bibliography/fitch-james-1622-1702 | en | Fitch, James, 1622 - 1702 | [
"https://nativenortheastportal.com/sites/default/files/Feather%20Nub%20Logo_1.jpg"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | https://nativenortheastportal.com/bio/bibliography/fitch-james-1622-1702 | James Fitch was born in Bocking, Essex, England to Thomas and Anne Fitch. He immigrated in 1638 and studied under the direction of Reverend Thomas Hooker and Rev. Samuel Stone. Appointed the minister at Saybrook, Fitch moved to Norwich shortly after the death of his first wife, Abigail Whitfield, in 1659 with a large part of his congregation. He married Priscilla Mason, the daughter of John Mason in October 1664. In 1670 Fitch preached to the Tunxis at Farmington, Connecticut. In the years following, the Connecticut General Assembly authorized him to hear matters of controversy between Indians and colonists and commissioned him to instruct the Mohegan in the Christian religion. According to Oberg, Uncas sought to make Fitch the successor to John Mason's guardianship of the Mohegan after Mason's death, and initially encouraged tribal members to attend Fitch's instructions. In time, Fitch's Indian congregation grew to about 30 members, but they were constantly harassed by Uncas, who had changed his view about Puritan Christianity by then. During King Phillip’s War, Fitch was a military advisor to Mohegan and the Pequot forces assisting the colonists. After the war, he was responsible, in part, for the surrendering Indians formerly allied to Philip that gathered at Shetucket. In his later life, Fitch moved to Lebanon, Connecticut where he died on November 18, 1702. PRCC. Michael L. Oberg, Uncas: First of the Mohegans (Ithaca, 2003), 167-170. | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 64 | https://www.grinnell.edu/ | en | Grinnell College | [
"https://www.grinnell.edu/sites/default/files/site-logo/logo_0.png",
"https://www.grinnell.edu/sites/default/files/styles/ambient_video_hero_fallback/public/ambient-videos/scrutinize-the-past-and-visualize-the-future.jpg?h=2cea9ccb&itok=vL65Uurz",
"https://www.grinnell.edu/sites/default/files/styles/gen_block/p... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Grinnell College, a private liberal arts college in Iowa founded in 1846, provides individually advised learning for intellectually engaged students to produce graduates who are prepared to navigate the world’s complexities and responsibly contribute to the common good. | en | /themes/custom/grinnell_theme/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png | https://www.grinnell.edu/ | Grinnellians scrutinize the past and visualize the future
Featured News | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 66 | https://accessgenealogy.com/new-hampshire/biography-of-alfred-fitch.htm | en | Biography of Alfred Fitch – Access Genealogy | [
"https://accessgenealogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AGLogo300x150.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Dennis",
"www.facebook.com",
"dennis.n.partridge"
] | 2013-05-05T14:08:05-04:00 | Alfred Fitch, a prominent farmer of Cornish and a descendant of one of the old families of the town, was born May 12, 1861. The first of the family to settle | en | Access Genealogy | https://accessgenealogy.com/new-hampshire/biography-of-alfred-fitch.htm | Alfred Fitch, a prominent farmer of Cornish and a descendant of one of the old families of the town, was born May 12, 1861. The first of the family to settle in Cornish was James Fitch, who came from Connecticut. He was born in 1712, and died October 25, 1805. His son, James, was father of Samuel, who was the great-grandfather of the present Alfred. Hezekiah, a brother of Samuel, and who was born in Cornish in 1746, died September 30, 1830, built the house owned by the Fitch family of to-day. Samuel Fitch was born in Cornish, October 15, 1757. He married Thankful Royce, who bore him eleven children. His son, James, born in Cornish, November 16, 1784, married Bethena Bartlett, of Cornish, who bore him four children. These were: Chester, the father of the subject of this sketch; Maria, November 16, 1820; James, born November 1, 1825; and Edwin, born July 21, 1827.
Chester Fitch was born in Cornish, April 23, 1818, and was educated in the town schools and at Windsor, Vt. The Hon. William E. Evarts was one of his teachers. He was a Free Mason, Patron of Husbandry, and a consistent member of the Congregational church. He had great musical ability, and was the organist and a chorister at the church for many years. He married Amy, daughter of John Westgate, of Plainfield. She was born April 13, 1835, and is still living at Claremont, enjoying the best of health. Her six children were: James, Alfred, Willis, Elmer, Jennie, and Frank. James, born April 13, 1859, who is now a farmer, married Almina Demming, and has two children-Chester and Morris. Willis, born September 26, 1864, now a shoe-cutter and living at North Adams, Mass., successively married May Peters and Susan Bryant, both of North Adams. Elmer, born November 16, 1867, now a farmer and milkman, lives at Claremont. Jennie, born August 23, 1871, died July 31, 1873. Frank, born October 8, 1872, died January 15, 1881.
Alfred Fitch received his education in the schools of Cornish. After leaving school, he went to work in a general merchandise store for a short time. He then came to his father’s farm, where he has since been engaged in agriculture. He has held a number of town offices, and is known by his fellowtownsmen as a man of unimpeachable integrity and sterling worth. A religious man, like his father, he is a member of the Congregational church.
On March 27, 1884, he married Ida Williams, who was born at Plainfield, January 11, 1863. Her father, Orville B. Williams, a native of Morristown, Vt., was a farmer on an extensive scale; and her mother was a native of Bradford, N.H. Her sisters, Carrie and Nettie, are school-teachers in Windsor. Four children have been born to them-James B., Bernice A., Harold A., and Frank W. Mr. Fitch is a very enterprising farmer, and his estate is one of the few remaining ones that are still in possession of the families who originally owned them. All of the farms of this part of the town have beautiful situations and fine views. Mr. Fitch’s place is pleasantly located on Dingleton Hill, and the residence is surrounded with spreading meadow and pasture lands. | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 89 | https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:John_Fitch_(16) | en | Person:John Fitch (16) | [
"https://www.werelate.org/w/skins/common/images/new-wr-logo-sm.png",
"https://www.werelate.org/images/thumb/6/68/200px-US_flag_13_stars.svg.png/120px-200px-US_flag_13_stars.svg.png",
"https://www.werelate.org/w/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png"
] | [] | [] | [
"Person:John Fitch (16)",
"Citation needed",
"New Jersey",
"United States",
"Sullivan",
"Tennessee",
"United States",
"Barbara Fitch (1)",
"Barbara Waddle (1)",
"George Fitch (13)",
"Henry Fitch (4)",
"Isaac Fitch (1)",
"Jacob Fitch (1)",
"Jane Fitch (1)"
] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | null | A Comparative Analysis of the John and Barbara Fitch Family Records:A Case Study in the Reconciliaton of Conflicting Data, by Charles Ward
John Fitch was born about the year 1760 in New Jersey the son of Samuel Fitch (b.1719) and his wife, Jane Johnson.Samuel Fitch left New Jersey and established himself in Berkeley Co., VA (now WV) by the 1770s.Samuel Fitch was the son of Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) who had left Connecticut for New Jersey as a young man where he married Sarah (Hull) Carle, a young widow and a granddaughter of The Reverend Joseph Hull.Daniel Fitch was the illegitimate son of Captain Daniel Fitch, not to be confused with his legitimate son of that name.Captain Daniel Fitch (1665-1711) was the son of The Reverend James Fitch (1622-1702) and his second wife, Priscilla Mason, daughter of Major John Mason.The Rev. James Fitch left England and settled in the colony of Connecticut in 1638.
John Fitch served in the Revolutionary War and settled in what is now Sullivan Co., TN before Tennessee became a state.He married Barbara Waddell 11 Aug 1795 and had a large family.They resided on land adjacent to Reedy Creek (Sullivan Co., TN Deed Bk 11, p. 322).John Fitch died 11 Apr 1840 in Sullivan County.
Two separate family records exist which provide accounts of the family of John Fitch (c1760-1840) and his wife, Barbara (Waddell) Fitch, of Sullivan County, Tennessee.
The family record preserved by the descendants of their grandson, Isaac Fitch (1828-1879), of Roane County, Tennessee dates from the early nineteenth century.All entries appear to have been entered in the same hand, at the same time, the last date being the birth of Peter Fitch on 6 Apr 1812.It is written on a single page with entries given on both sides of the page and was damaged in a fire around 1917.There may have been additional pages that accompanied it which are now lost.Photocopies of the family record were obtained by the author from Mrs. Maggie (Ward) Webster, of Meigs County, Tennesee, a great-granddaughter of Isaac Fitch (1828-1879) and previously had been owned by her sister, Nancy Ward.The original family record may have passed to their sister, Mrs. Edna (Ward) Heird, of Maryville, Tennessee, now deceased, who is also said to have inherited a trunk containing family papers and other items relating to the Fitch family. The present whereabouts of this family record are unknown.
http://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/2055/ | ||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 21 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/Alphabet/F/Fitch/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 35 | https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/7cb69a4b-3d2b-46be-aeb0-996cdbf4f5e5 | en | LUX: Yale Collections Discovery | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Explore Yale University's cultural heritage collections | en | https://lux.collections.yale.edu/favicon.ico | https://lux.collections.yale.edu | ||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 60 | http://famousamericans.net/masonfitchcogswell/ | en | Mason Fitch Cogswell | [
"http://www.evisum.com/img/home/shim.gif",
"http://images.virtualology.com/usa2day/usathot.gif",
"http://www.evisum.com/img/home/shim.gif",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TOWgktg-DrU/VdxnsNGxVVI/AAAAAAAAMwg/e71Lzpb3F0k/s1600/Art%2Bof%2BTodd%2BFredericksen%2Bbanner.jpg",
"http://images.virtualology.com/eff/left.... | [
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/hhdwJspiz9U",
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/5s-YdvukLmI"
] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Mason Fitch Cogswell | null | Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 and 1999. Virtualology.com warns that these 19th Century biographies contain errors and bias. We rely on volunteers to edit the historic biographies on a continual basis. If you would like to edit this biographyplease submit a rewritten biography in text form . If acceptable, the new biography will be published above the 19th Century Appleton's Cyclopedia Biography citing the volunteer editor
Virtual American Biographies
Over 30,000 personalities with thousands of 19th Century illustrations, signatures, and exceptional life stories. Virtualology.com welcomes editing and additions to the biographies. To become this site's editor or a contributor Click Here or e-mail Virtualology here.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mason Fitch Cogswell
COGSWELL, Mason Fitch, physician, born in Canterbury, Connecticut, 28 September, 1761 ; died in Hartford, Connecticut, 10 December, 1830. His mother died while he was young, and he was adopted by Samuel Huntington, president of the Continental congress and governor of Connecticut, who sent him to Yale, where he was graduated in 1780 as valedictorian 680 COGSWELL COHEN of his class, and its youngest member. He studied with his brother James, a surgeon in the Revolutionary army, at the soldiers' hospital in New York, and became one of the most distinguished surgeons in the country. He married Mary Austin Ledyard, and settled in Hartford, Connecticut He was the first to introduce in the United States the operation of removing a cataract from the eye, and also the first to tie the carotid artery (1803). His daughter, Alice, became deaf and dumb from severe illness at an early age, and her father's attention was thus called to the possibility of educating deaf-mutes. Mainly through his influence the first deaf-and-dumb asylum in the country, that at Hartford, was established in 1820, and Alice became its first pupil. He was also one of the founders of the Connecticut retreat for the insane at Hartford. He was for ten years president of the Connecticut medical society, one of the last survivors of the "old school," and persisted in wearing knee-breeches and silk stockings, which he held to be the only proper dress for a gentleman.--His son, Mason Fitch, physician, born in Hartford, Connecticut, 10 November, 1807; died in Albany, New York, 21 January, 1865, was graduated at Yale in 1829, studied medicine, and became a leading physician in Albany. He served as assistant surgeon and surgeon in the volunteer army of the United States during the civil war. In 1847 he married Lydia, daughter of the Rev. John M. Bradford, a direct descendant from Governor Bradford, of Plymouth colony. She died in 1872.
Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 VirtualologyTM
Start your search on Mason Fitch Cogswell.
Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Evisum, Inc. review. | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 96 | https://www.instagram.com/samuel_fitch/ | en | Instagram | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | null | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 79 | https://phuturephillies.com/2024/07/29/phillies-discussion-7-29-24/ | en | Phillies Discussion, 7/29/24 | [
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0830aa8698f0335db7b50ca6a13b36e52fa6a76d36c161fd67dfebd2015dc31a?s=74&d=https%3A%2F%2F0.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D74&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e8e2b69e21f6586bb1c3102cfe70689eecc951448547a46030fd666226f63578?s=74&d=https%3A%2F%2F2.grav... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | 2024-07-29T00:00:00 | This is your current Phillies Discussion The Phillies made a couple trades over the weekend. They acquired OF Austin Hays from Baltimore for RHP Seranthony Dominguez and RHP Carlos Estevez, the Angels closer, for minor leaguer pitchers Samuel Aldegheri and George Klassen. Personally, I have always been hesitant to trade from our prospect pool. I… | en | https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico | Phuture Phillies | https://phuturephillies.com/2024/07/29/phillies-discussion-7-29-24/ | The Phillies made a couple trades over the weekend. They acquired OF Austin Hays from Baltimore for RHP Seranthony Dominguez and RHP Carlos Estevez, the Angels closer, for minor leaguer pitchers Samuel Aldegheri and George Klassen.
Personally, I have always been hesitant to trade from our prospect pool. I had noticed that Aldegheri improved his velocity and pitched quite well before his promotion. Klassen also showed much better control prior to his promotion. However, I wasn’t really sold on either breaking into the Phillies rotation anytime in the future. Maybe the two constitute an overpay for Estevez. But I guess that won’t really be determined until we see how deep we go into the playoffs.
As for Dominguez, I must admit that I had as much agita when he entered a game as a lot of you get when Alvarado entered.
Expectation: I know that Dombrowski says he’s happy with their acquisitions and is likely done for the rest of the time before the deadline. That is more than likely a smoke screen as he and his minions monitor the availability of other potential targets. I’m not saying they have to make another trade or even have one in the works. But I wouldn’t be surprised if they add another high-leverage relief pitcher, bench bat, or even a starting pitcher if one or more can be acquired at reasonable cost and improves the pen, bench, or rotation.
Observation: I’m not advocating a move, but Stott is part of the black hole at the bottom of our lineup. I wonder if first-time fatherhood is presenting him with new challenges that are affecting his game, like 4:00 AM feedings, etc. I’m a little surprised that when the team’s offensive shortcomings are identified that Stott seems to avoid scrutiny. (I like Stott a lot. He’s too good not to have adjusted to the adjustments opposing teams have applied. I’m only suggesting that a newborn might be an distraction that we haven’t considered.)
Another observation: Over the past few series, it appears to me that the opposing teams hit way more hard-hit balls than we do. I don’t want to get into a discussion about launch angle, but it seems they hit a lot more line drives than se do and that we hit a lot of fly ball outs as well as pop ups. It’s only a feeling I get from watching the games the past couple weeks. I found FB% for the season and Harper, Castellanos, Turner, Marsh, and Schwarber all have percentages above league average. I’m not singling them out since I saw season numbers and they may not be reflective of the past couple weeks. Plus, they are among the leading HR hitters on the team.
Comment: Trades are often a crap shoot. I can remember when the administration traded Curtis Mead for Christopher Sanchez. Most here hated it from day one and continued to hate it even into last season. A lot of us hated the O’Hoppe for Marsh trade. Most have reconciled with it. I haven’t. He wouldn’t be a starter with the Phillies, yet but would probably have bumped Stubbs for the backup role, maybe. Certainly, next year. He’s put up better offensive numbers than both Realmuto and Marsh. Essentially, we traded a starting catcher for a platoon outfielder. Marsh’s numbers and the Hays trade kinda prove that. Anyway, here are numbers for this season and JT’s 2023 season to compare. But it looks like O’Hoppe could have been our full-time catcher by 2026 and that we traded him for a platoon outfielder who strikes out too much.
Player——-G——-PA—-H—–HR—-BB%—–SO%——BA/OBP/SLG/OPS
O’Hoppe—-90—–344—88—-14—-5.2%—–23.8%—-.279/.332/.459/.791
JT 2023——135—540—123—20—-6.5%—–25.6%—-.252/.310/.452/.762
JT 2024——56—–243—56—-7——6.2%—–25.5%—-.250/.305/.388/.693
Marsh——–82—–290—64—-10—-10.7%—-32.8%—-.251/.328/.424/.751
I don’t know if I’ll ever like the trade. But as a personality and part of this team, I do like Marsh. Hopefully, he can improve on his splits a little and cut down on his strikeouts more than a little.
I’ve spent the past couple days watching the new players in their first workouts. They all look to be in good shape. In fact, I’d go so far as to say that all the position players are well aware of the benefits of visiting the weight room. Even the two high school kids look sculpted. They took BP yesterday off a couple of coaches (One was Darnell Sweeney). All have very quiet loads. Only one showed even the slightest bit of a backward hitch. Nori in particular has an extremely quiet load and quick bat through the zone. It’s early and only one session, so I’m not going to get all hyped up over the guys. But I am quietly impressed with this group.
Important Dates
January 13, 2024: Salary Arbitration Exchange Date
January 15, 2024, 9:00 a.m. ET: Opening of the 2024 International Signing Period
February 14, 2024: Voluntary Report Date for Pitchers and Catchers
February 19, 2024: Voluntary Report Date for Position Players
March 2, 2024: First date to renew Major League contracts
March 3, 2024: First date clubs may ask waivers on selected Rule 5 or draft-excluded players
March 8, 2024: First date clubs may assign draft-excluded players
March 11, 2024: Last date to renew Major League contracts
March 11, 2024, 2:00 p.m. ET: Last date to request UR waivers to owe 30 days’ termination pay
March 12, 2024: UR waivers requested 3/12 through 3/26, Club will owe player 45 days’ termination pay
March 12, 2024: Last date to assign injured player to a Minor League club, if applicable
March 18, 2024: Last date XX(B) players signed to a Minor League UPC qualifies for opt-outs
March 19, 2024: Earliest date a player may be placed on the 60-day Injured or the Minor League Full Season List
March 23, 2024: XX(B) Minor League player may require release if not added to the 26-man roster
March 24, 2024: The earliest date that a Club may backdate a placement on the 7-day Concussion Injured List
March 24, 2024: Last date to request UR Waivers to owe 45 days’ termination pay (before 2 pm ET).
March 25, 2024: The earliest date that a Club may backdate a placement on the 10 or 15-day Injured List
March 25, 2024: Last day to request OR waivers prior to Opening Day
March 26, 2024: Last day to request UR waivers prior to Opening Day
March 28, 2024: Official opening of 2024 season; rosters reduced to 26 (13 pitchers) by Noon ET
March 28, 2024: After noon, optional assignments begin to count towards the annual option limit of 5
March 29, 2024: Triple-A Opening Day; Domestic Reserve List limit reduced to 165
March 31, 2024: First date 7-day Injured List players may be reinstated, if applicable
April 4, 2024: First date 10-day Injured List players may be reinstated, if applicable
April 7, 2024: First date optioned players may be recalled, if applicable
April 9, 2024: First date 15-day Injured List players may be reinstated, if applicable
April 11, 2024: First date optioned pitchers may be recalled, if applicable
May 1, 2024: XX(B) Minor League player may require his release if he is not added to the Active Roster
May 4, 2024: Start of the Florida Complex League
May 15, 2024: Earliest date Clubs may re-sign Major League players they released after August 31, 2023
May 27, 2024: First date that players on the 60-day Injured List may be reinstated
June 1, 2024: XX(B) Minor League player may require release if not added to Active Roster
June 3, 2024: Start of the Dominican Summer League
June 8-9, 2024: MLB London Series (Mets vs. Phillies)
June 15, 2024: First date Clubs may trade a XX(B) player without his consent
June 17-22, 2024: MLB Draft Combine, Phoenix, AZ
July 7, 2024: Start of the Closed Period for the 2024 MLB First-Year Player Draft
July 13, 2024: 2024 MLB All-Star Futures Game, Arlington, TX
July 14-16, 2024: 2024 MLB First-Year Player Draft, Arlington, TX
July 15, 2024: 2024 T-Mobile Home Run Derby, Globe Life Field, Arlington, TX
July 16, 2024: 2024 MLB All-Star Game, Arlington, TX
July 19-22, 2024: Hall of Fame Induction Weekend
July 25, 2024: End of the Florida Complex League regular season
July 29, 2024: Start of the Florida Bridge League (16-game schedule among Phillies, Pirates, Blue Jays, Yankees, Tigers)
July 30, 2024, 6:00 p.m. ET: Trade deadline
August 1, 2024, 5:00 p.m. ET: Signing deadline for drafted players – (First -Year Player Draft)
August 15, 2024: Last date to select a player to avoid draft-excluded status
August 30, 2024: Unconditional release waivers must be requested by 2 p.m. ET to avoid May 15, 2025, signing restriction
August 31, 2024: Post-season eligibility lists are established at 11:59 p.m. ET
September 1, 2024: Active Major League player limit increased to 28 and 14 pitchers
September 6, 2024: Players optioned today through the end of the season accrue MLS while optioned
September 6, 2024: End of the Florida Bridge League season
September 8, 2024: End of Jersey Shore’s regular season
September 8, 2024: End of Clearwater’s regular season
September 15, 2024: End of Reading’s regular season
September 22, 2024: End of Lehigh Valley’s regular season
September 29, 2024: End of the Phillies’ regular season
September 29, 2024: Last weekend date waivers will be processed until next Spring Training
September 29, 2024: Last day of the 2024 championship season
September 30, 2024: All players on optional assignment must be recalled
September 30, 2024: All players on the 7-day, 10-day and 15-day Injured Lists must be reinstated
September 30, 2024: Minor League UPCs may now be traded between Major League Clubs
September 30, 2024: Injured players may now be assigned to the Minor Leagues until Nov. 19, if permissible
October 30, 2024: Article XX(D) Free Agency period. 48 hours following the last game for Postseason teams
AFTER the WORLD SERIES
1st Day After: Eligible XX(B) players become free agents (start of the quiet period)
First date players may be traded between Major League Clubs
4th Day After: Last date to request waivers on draft-excluded players until next spring
5th Day After: Last date to outright potential Minor League free agent without Major League contract, if applicable
Last date for former Club to tender qualifying offer to XX(B) players, if applicable
Domestic Minor League Player Limit increases to 175 players
Minor League players become free agents at 5:00 p.m. ET, if applicable
End of Quiet period, XX(B) free agents may sign with any Club
All players on the 60-day Injured List (Major and Minor) and Full-Season Injured Lists must be reinstated
November 1, 2024: Deadline for the 2025 International Player Registration Period
November 15, 2024: Last date to ask Outright Waivers on an injured player, if applicable
November 19, 2024: Last date to outright an injured player to the Minor Leagues, if applicable
November 19, 2024: XX(B) players decide to accept qualifying offer from former Club by 4:00 p.m. ET. if applicable
November 19, 2024: Reserve lists for all Major and Minor League levels filed by 6:00 p.m. ET (all Transactions MUST be entered by 5:30 p.m. ET)
November 22, 2024: Tender Deadline
December 1, 2024: Release of the 2025 International Registered Players List
December 4, 2024: Last date to request Outright Waivers to assign player prior to Rule 5 Draft
December 7-11, 2024: Baseball Winter Meetings, Dallas, TX
December 8, 2024: Last date to outright a player prior to the Rule 5 Draft
December 10, 2024: MLB Draft Lottery.
December 11, 2024: Major League Rule 5 Draft – Winter Meetings, Dallas, TX
December 15, 2024: End of 2024 International Signing Period
Note: These dates will be used unless notified differently.
Transactions – | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 7 | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000003942944814 | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"https://www.geni.com/images/rotating_world.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.... | [] | [] | [
"family tree",
"genealogy",
"trace your ancestry",
"family tree maker",
"family tree search",
"family tree charts",
"family statistics",
"ancestors",
"research"
] | null | [] | 2022-11-13T07:56:24-08:00 | Genealogy for Samuel Fitch (1727 - 1811) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. | en | /touch-icon-iphone.png | geni_family_tree | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000003942944814 | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 37 | https://accessgenealogy.com/new-hampshire/biography-of-alfred-fitch.htm | en | Biography of Alfred Fitch – Access Genealogy | [
"https://accessgenealogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AGLogo300x150.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Dennis",
"www.facebook.com",
"dennis.n.partridge"
] | 2013-05-05T14:08:05-04:00 | Alfred Fitch, a prominent farmer of Cornish and a descendant of one of the old families of the town, was born May 12, 1861. The first of the family to settle | en | Access Genealogy | https://accessgenealogy.com/new-hampshire/biography-of-alfred-fitch.htm | Last Updated on May 1, 2021 by
Alfred Fitch, a prominent farmer of Cornish and a descendant of one of the old families of the town, was born May 12, 1861. The first of the family to settle in Cornish was James Fitch, who came from Connecticut. He was born in 1712, and died October 25, 1805. His son, James, was father of Samuel, who was the great-grandfather of the present Alfred. Hezekiah, a brother of Samuel, and who was born in Cornish in 1746, died September 30, 1830, built the house owned by the Fitch family of to-day. Samuel Fitch was born in Cornish, October 15, 1757. He married Thankful Royce, who bore him eleven children. His son, James, born in Cornish, November 16, 1784, married Bethena Bartlett, of Cornish, who bore him four children. These were: Chester, the father of the subject of this sketch; Maria, November 16, 1820; James, born November 1, 1825; and Edwin, born July 21, 1827.
Chester Fitch was born in Cornish, April 23, 1818, and was educated in the town schools and at Windsor, Vt. The Hon. William E. Evarts was one of his teachers. He was a Free Mason, Patron of Husbandry, and a consistent member of the Congregational church. He had great musical ability, and was the organist and a chorister at the church for many years. He married Amy, daughter of John Westgate, of Plainfield. She was born April 13, 1835, and is still living at Claremont, enjoying the best of health. Her six children were: James, Alfred, Willis, Elmer, Jennie, and Frank. James, born April 13, 1859, who is now a farmer, married Almina Demming, and has two children-Chester and Morris. Willis, born September 26, 1864, now a shoe-cutter and living at North Adams, Mass., successively married May Peters and Susan Bryant, both of North Adams. Elmer, born November 16, 1867, now a farmer and milkman, lives at Claremont. Jennie, born August 23, 1871, died July 31, 1873. Frank, born October 8, 1872, died January 15, 1881.
Alfred Fitch received his education in the schools of Cornish. After leaving school, he went to work in a general merchandise store for a short time. He then came to his father’s farm, where he has since been engaged in agriculture. He has held a number of town offices, and is known by his fellowtownsmen as a man of unimpeachable integrity and sterling worth. A religious man, like his father, he is a member of the Congregational church.
On March 27, 1884, he married Ida Williams, who was born at Plainfield, January 11, 1863. Her father, Orville B. Williams, a native of Morristown, Vt., was a farmer on an extensive scale; and her mother was a native of Bradford, N.H. Her sisters, Carrie and Nettie, are school-teachers in Windsor. Four children have been born to them-James B., Bernice A., Harold A., and Frank W. Mr. Fitch is a very enterprising farmer, and his estate is one of the few remaining ones that are still in possession of the families who originally owned them. All of the farms of this part of the town have beautiful situations and fine views. Mr. Fitch’s place is pleasantly located on Dingleton Hill, and the residence is surrounded with spreading meadow and pasture lands. | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 19 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/Alphabet/F/Fitch/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 55 | http://www.sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/F/Fitch/MajorJamesFitch.html | en | Major James Fitch | [
"http://www.sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/Cary_Images/Fitch/JamesFitchLarnad.png",
"http://www.sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/Cary_Images/Fitch/MapofNorwich.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Return to main file
Major James Fitch (1649â1727), son of Reverend James Fitch and Abigail Whitford
Alice Bradford (c. 1658/63â1745), daughter of Major William Bradford and Alice Richards
James, the son of James Fitch, was born on 2 August 1649 in Saybrook, New London, Connecticut. [1] Major James Fitch died on 10 November 1727 in Canterbury, Windham, Connecticut. He married first Elizabeth Mason in January 1676 in Norwich. [2] Elizabeth was James's stepmother's sister, the daughter of Major John Mason and Ann Peck, and the granddaughter of Reverend Robert Peck. [3] She was born in August 1654 in Saybrook. [3] She died on 8 October 1684 in Norwich, New London. [2] Captain James Fitch married second Mrs. Alice Adams on 8 May 1687 in Norwich. [2]
Alice was the daughter of Major William Bradford and Alice Richards. [4] She was born about 1658/63 in Plymouth. Alice, the wife of Major James Fitch, died on 15 March 1745, age 83, in Canterbury. [1] She married first, as his second wife, Reverend William Adams on 29 March 1680. [4] William was born on 27 May 1650 in Ipswich. [5] He died on 17 August 1685 in Dedham. [4][5] He married first Mary Manning of Cambridge on 21 October 1674. [4][5] Mary, the daughter of William Manning of Cambridge, died on 24 June 1679. [5]
William Adams was the second minister in Dedham. [4]
The inscriptions on James's gravestone and footstone in the Cleaveland Cemetery in Canterbury say: [6]
Here lies the Body of Majr James Fitch Esqr son of ye Revd Mr James Fitch Pastor first of Saybrook then of Norwich He was born at Saybrook 1647, He was very Useful in his Military & in his Magistracy to which he was chosen & Served Successively many years to ye Greate Acceptance & Advantage of His Country: being: A Gentleman of Good Parts & very forward to Promote ye Civil & Religious interests of it. He died Nov. 10 1727 Age 80 y.
Maj. James Fitch Esqr, Departed this life in the 10th day of November AD 1727 in the 80th year of his age. (footstone)
The inscription on Alice's grave in the Cleveland Cemetery says: [6]
In Memory of Mrs Abee Fitch Daughter to Honble Wm. Bradford Esqr Lieut Govr of ye Colony of New plymouth Relict of ye Honorbl James Fitch Esqr Late of Canterbury. A person of Rare qualities & Excellent Indowments. An Example of Virtue & Ptrn of piety. She after an exemplary Life Fell Asleep March ye 12 A D [broken] 84 years of her age
Alice's grandmother Welthian Richards left her sixty pounds, apparel and bedding in her will of 3 July 1679. This was far more than Welthian left to any of her many other grandchildren. But, she added a caveat. If Alice married without her consent or the consent of Welthian's executor, Alice was to lose all bequests.
Major James Fitch was one of those admitted to the First Congregational Church in Norwich between 1660 and 1699. Apparently, after committing some infraction, he made a confession and was restored on 9 April 1704. [7]
"His energy, self-reliance and inflexibility of purpose, with his strong sympathies with the cause of the people, would have qualified him in an eminent degree for a popular leader, had it not been for his occasional rashness and the violence of his opposition to men or measures that interfered with the accomplishment of his objects." [8, 3:456â7, editor's comments]
The Winthrop brothers referred to James Fitch as "Black James" and said that he was the leader of "rude fellows of desperate fortune." In his article about Fitch, James N. Poteet calls him a "politician, land speculator, and disturber of the established order in colonial Connecticut." [9]
The History of Windham County says, "In private life, Major Fitch was genial, generous, hospitable, agreeable in manners and conversation, but somewhat over-convivial in his habits, so that he was sometimes compelled to make confessions to the Church, as well as to the State. In spite of censures and occasional suspension from communion, he retained through life his connection with the church of Norwich, though ever ready to do his part in sustaining public worship at Canterbury. The homestead at Peagscomsuck was long a noted business and social centre." [10, 154]
On 29 February 1675, Joshua Uncas, son of Uncas, Sachem of Moheag, made his will, leaving land to James Fitch, Jr. and Joseph Fitch. James Fitch, Assistant, entered the will on 29 April 1684. [11]
Mr. James Fitch of Norwich was propounded for freeman on 13 May 1675. [8]
James was a deputy for Norwich at the May and October courts from 1678 to 1680 and the October court in 1681. [8, 3: 3, 16, 26, 35, 48, 66, 86] He was chosen a commissioner for Norwich for the ensuing year at the May courts from 1678 to 1680. [8, 3: 5, 26, 49] He was nominated to stand for election for assistant at the October courts in 1678 and 1679. [8, 3: 23, 37]
In 1679 the New London court ruled that Uncas and his son Owaneco should transfer 600 acres in compensation for damage caused by their men in a drunken outbreak. In October, the General Court ruled that Jamesâthe county treasurerâshould sell the land. He sold it to John, Solomon and Daniel Tracy, and Richard Bushnell. [10]
Mr. James Fitch, Jr. was appointed to a committee to compensate Indians for damaged corn on 9 October 1679. The same court granted him liberty to use a 200-acre farm south of John Tracy's, given to him by Uncas and Owaneco. [8, 3: 43â44]
In May 1680, James was confirmed as the captain of the Norwich trainband. [8, 3: 60] James was confirmed Sergeant Major New London county in October 1696, a position he was formerly appointed to by the governor and the council. The four Connecticut sergeant majors were declared majors in October 1697. [8, 4: 189, 226]
James was appointed to a committee to audit colony accounts at the October 1680, May 1682, May 1683, October 1690, and October 1692 courts. [8, 3: 72, 102, 120; 4: 37, 79]
It appears that land was granted somewhat haphazardly in Connecticut, leading to frequent arguments, and many of these involved misunderstandings with the Indians. In May 1680, James was appointed to a committee to hear about differences with the Indians and between them. [8, 3: 52] In October 1680, he was on a committee to settle the boundary between New London and the Mohegans. [8, 3: 71] In May 1681, Captain James Fitch was appointed to a committee to go about with Uncas, sachem of Moheag, and ascertain what lands he thinks are his. [8, 3:81] In May 1683, he was appointed to a committee to procure land for the Pequots in Stonington; its success was reported at the October 1683 court. [8, 3: 117, 125]
In 1680 and 1684, James persuaded Owaneco, the son of Uncas, to accept him as his guardian and vest in him the title to the Quinebaug country: a swathe of land encompassing more than one million acres. Unfortunately for James, the father of the Winthrop brothersâGovernor John Winthrop, Jr.âhad also acquired a claim from a different chieftain. The long battle for control of the Quinebaug, which James ultimately lost, is described by James Poteet in his article, "More Yankee Than Puritan: James Fitch of Connecticut." [9]
"The double land claim occasioned much confusion. The Fitch and Winthrop adherents were at open war with each other. Major Fitch was especially careless as to the character of his tenants and had great difficulty in collecting rents from them. The first existing records relating to the Quinebaug Plantation tell of opposition, violence, resistance to authority and other high-handed misdemeanors." [10, 107]
Captain James Fitch was an assistant at the May courts in 1681 to 1691 and the October courts in 1682, 1683, 1686 , 1687, 1689 and 1690. He was an assistant at both the May and October courts from 1692 to 1697 and 1700 to 1704 and at the May court in 1705 to 1708. [8, vols. 3, 4]
On 24 June 1684, James procured a deed from Owaneco (also signed by his son and heir Josiah and further confirmed by a quitclaim from some Shawtucket Indians who had lived there) to a large tract of land. The parcel was north of Norwich [Windham], joining it from the Waramanticut River to Abaquage pond. From the pond, the line ran east to the Quinebaug River. From the Waramanticut River, the line ran about 45 miles to the southwest boundary, a great pond called Misshinaps. From there, it ran north to and beyond the Massachusetts border, containing the Nipmug and Wabaquassuck countries. In May 1686, the court noted that Captain James Fitch had purchased the native right to Wabaquassett country and settlers from Roxbury wanted to settle there, which the court granted. A patent was issued to James Fitch and several others on 8 July for the new plantation in Wabaquassett country. The bounds comprise current-day Pomfret and northern Brooklyn. [8, 3: 202]
On 13 June 1689âduring Jacob Leisler's administrationâCaptain James Fitch and Major Nathan Gold were ordered to New York to meet with Leisler. They arrived on 21 June. [8, 3: 255]
In October 1690, the court granted James that his former grant of 1,000 acres should be 1,500 acres near the northeast corner of the colony line. [8, 4: 40]
In 1691 and 1692, James wrote and published two pamphlets, A Plain Short Discourse and A Little of the Much, justifying the resumption of a charter government. In 1859 they were not known to exist. James's purchase of the Waquasset and Nipmug country and other large tracts in New London and Windham County made him one of the largest landowners in the colony. It increased his interest in ousting Andros, who did not respect Indian titles and deeds. [8, 3: 456, editor's comments]
On 6 March 1692/3 the court voted that a company should join with Massachusetts in an expedition against the enemy to the east. It was decided to send 30 Indians with them and James was one of three people charged with picking a man to lead them. [8, 4: 90]
On 1 June 1693, John Tracy of Norwichâby an appeal from a court on 20 September 1692âsued Captain James Fitch of Norwalk for refusing to give him a deed for one-tenth of his land in Wabaquasett and Nipmuck contrary to an agreement of 15 February 1685. He asked for the deed and damages of 100 pounds. The previous jury had found for Fitch; this court found for Tracy and ordered Fitch to produce the deed and pay 49 shillings in costs. [12] On 12 October 1693, upon a petition by John Tracy, the general court ordered that a deed be prepared for Fitch to sign, and if he refused, he must appear before the general court in May. [8, 4: 109]
The October 1693 court said it was concerned about growing disputes over land differences between the Indians, namely Owaneco and Abimileck, differences in which [James's first wife's brother] Captain Samuel Mason and Captain James Fitch were engaged, and other disputes as well. It directed Governor Colonel John Allyn and Mr. Nathaniel Stanley to go to Norwich to ascertain the situation and report to the court. [8, 4: 108]
At the October 1696 court, Colonel Allin, Major Fitch, and Major Sellick were appointed to revise the law on the valuation of money and advise the court. Colonel Allin, Major Fitch, and the secretary were appointed to revise colony's laws. [8, 4: 189]
The May 1697 court put James and Captain Witherell in charge of repairing the fort at New London. [8, 4: 213]
In January 1697/8, James was appointed to a committee to meet with the Rhode Islanders and agree the boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut. [8, 4: 238]
In 1697 James moved to Canterbury. By then, his fortunes were suffering; his enormous land dealings incited jealousy and lawsuits. He was charged with various maladministrations. [10]
"The social position of Major Fitch and his wide business relations, drew many people around him, and his plantation at once became a place of no small consequenceâa rendezvous for land traders, civil and military officials and hordes of idle Indians. Here courts were held, military expeditions organized, and many thousand acres of land bartered away." [13, 483]
At the May 1698 court, Major General Fitz John Winthrop was elected governor, and James was not elected an assistant. Captain Samuel Mason replaced James on the committee to meet with the Rhode Islanders. [8, 4: 244, 259]
In October 1699, Fitz John Winthrop, Jr. of New London, Esq. and Waitstill Winthrop of Boston, Esq. appeared in court to appeal a 19 September 1699 County Court decision. They claimed Major James Fitch of Pigscomsuck in the County of New London had illegally entered the Quinebaug on 6 April 1696, which they owned, and began occupying and improving the land. The Winthrops had claimed 500 pounds in damages, but the jury found for Fitch. The jury in the appeal found for the plaintiffs and awarded them £5-19-10 in damages. Fitch appealed in May 1700. [12]
In October 1699, attorneys for the country constituted by the governor and the council brought complaint against Fitch for the illegal purchase of a "great tract" of Owaneco's land in the Nipmug and Wabaquassett country. [8, 4: 305]
On 13 November 1699, James, Joseph Spalding, Richard Adams, Joshua Whitney, Benjamin Spalding and James Kingsbury signed a petition to incorporate Plainfield and hire a minister. [10]
In May 1700, after being left out for two years, James was elected an assistant again.
In October 1701, the deputy governor and the council ordered a writ against Fitch, ordering him to appear before the General Assembly in May to answer John Gallop's complaint of maladministration. [8, 4: 368] On 4 November 1701, James Fitch was the plaintiff in a defamation suit against Mr. John Gallup of Stonington. The court found for him, Mr. Gallup was assessed costs of £2-09-06. [12]
In May 1702, John Fellows, Ebenezer Harris, and John Gallup, Jr. complained that they had cleared, planted, and brought nearly to harvest crops on land in Plainfield. James had forced them off, arrested and imprisoned themâextorting a considerable amount of money for their release. The court ruled that James's conduct was "very erroneous and illegal" and he was liable for the complainants' losses. [8, 4: 391]
On 24 December 1702, James signed an agreement for two religious societies in Plainfield. James and Richard Adams were two of the east side signers; Joseph and Benjamin Spalding, Jacob Warren, Stephen Hall, and Joshua Whitney were some of the west side signers. [10]
In May 1703, John Winthrop launched a complaint against Fitch, accusing him of mishandling witnesses in the case of Nicholas Hollam's contesting of John Liveen's will. The court found Fitch guilty of maladministration. [8, 4: 430]
In October 1703, the Worshipful Major James Fitch and Captain Richard Bushnell were charged with leading the soldiers in Preston to a choice of officers. [8, 4: 442]
When John Winthrop and Waitstill Winthrop sued Philip Bump for trespass on 17 November 1703, James Fitch acted as his attorney. He was an attorney for Joseph Johnson of Plainfield on 3 May 1705 in a case against the Winthrop brothers. The court found against Johnson. In May 1707, the court awarded him costs in a case where he acted as attorney for Benjamin Clarke against the Winthrop brothers. [12]
The May 1706 the court appointed a committee to mediate the differences over the land at Quinebaug between the governor and Major James Fitch. [8, 4: 535]
The October 1707 court appointed James to make an equal division of the soldiers in Stonington. [8, 5: 33]
At the October 1710 court, Major James Fitch of Canterbury, on behalf of the town, petitioned for an order settling the boundary between Canterbury and Windham. This was granted. [8, 5: 181]
On 25 June 1711, the Congregational Church in Canterbury held its first meeting at Major Fitch's house. [7]
"Major Fitch, during these years was unquestionably the leading citizen of Canterbury, though his pretensions and exactions involved him in frequent quarrels with his fellow-townsmen. In public affairs he was still very prominent, though often in collision with the government and its officials." [10]
James Fitch claimed the land that is now Stafford by Indian title. This was disputed by the governor and and Fitch responded with, "As to a kind of proclamation lately come forth from the Honourable Governour and Council, in February last, I had thought to have taken it to pieces, and I think I could have done it and cut it in as many pieces as the protestant did the popish woden god. ... God save the King, and the Colony of Connecticut from self defining and self seeking men." Fitch was confronted in the General Assembly, and in May 1717, he made a written acknowledgment of his bad behaviour towards his Honor the Governor, asked for a pardon and promised to behave better. The Upper House wished to punish him, but he was discharged. [8, 5:586]
James retired to Canterbury, where he died.
James did not leave a will. He deeded his property to his children, apparently subject to an agreement (not known to still exist) that they would support him and his wife. His two surviving children by his first wifeâJedidiah, who moved to Nantucket, and Samuel, who moved to Jamaica, Long Islandâwere apparently not parties to this agreement. [5]
Children of Major James Fitch and Elizabeth Mason:
i. James Fitch was born in January 1677 in Norwich and died there a week later. [2]
ii. James Fitch was born on 7 June 1679 in Norwich. [2] He apparently died young, as there is no further record. [5]
iii. Jedidiah Fitch was born on 17 April 1681 in Norwich. [2] He died on 20 November 1756 in Nantucket. [5] He married Abigail Coffin (Peter, Peter, Tristam) on 13 September 1701 in Nantucket. [5]
iv. Samuel Fitch was born on 12 July 1683 in Norwich. [2] He died in 1729 in Hopewell, New Jersey. [5] He married Mary Unknown. [5]
Samuel moved to Jamaica, Long Island.
Children of Major James Fitch and Alice Bradford:
v. Abigail Fitch was born on 22 February 1687/8 in Norwich. [2] She married Colonel John Dyar on 22 October 1713 in Canterbury. [1][5] John was the son of Joseph Dyar and grandson of Thomas Dyer. [5]
vi. Ebenezer Fitch was born on 10 January 1689 in Norwich. in Norwich. [2] He died on 20 November 1724 in Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut. [1] He married Bridget, the daughter of Eleazar Brown of Canterbury on 18 September 1712. [14] Bridget married second Captain John Perry of Ashford. [5] She married third Samuel Hall of Wallingford, New Haven County, Connecticut. [5]
Ebenezer died intestate. [5]
Ebenezer Fitch of Windsor petitioned the Assembly to grant and confirm his title to 650 acres in Canterbury that had been given to him by his father Major James Fitch. This was granted in October 1714. [8, 5:454]
The Assembly granted Ebenezer's father Major James Fitch 500 acres beyond New Roxbury on 9 October 1690. James had taken them up north of Killingly. This was not recorded and the land was subsequently confirmed to others. In May 1723 Ebenezer asked for 500 acres to be confirmed to him someplace else and this was granted. [8, 6: 403]
On 13 May 1731, Daniel Fitch, John Dyer and his wife Abigail, Henry Cleveland and his wife Lucy, Theophilus Fitch and Jabez Fitch, all of Canterbury; Daniel Bissel and his wife Jerusha of Windsor; and John Fitch and his wife Alice and James, Elijah, Eliezer, Medinah and Ebenezer Fitch of Ashford, Windham CountyâJames, Alice Elijah, Eleazer, Medinah and Ebenezer Fitch all being the minor children and coheirs of Ebenezer Fitch, late of Windsor deceased, who petitioned by their guardians, the said John Fitch And Daniel Bissell. They said that on 24 May 1723 John Dyer had conveyed to Ebenezer a 500 acre grant from the Assembly which had been lost and they asked it to be renewed. In addition, they also asked for the right to land in Canterbury that Major James Fitch had given Ebenezer who was apparently to divide them among himself; John Dyer, Henry Cleveland and Daniel Bissel in right of their wives; and Theo and Jabez. [5]
The John Fitch who married Ebenezer's daughter Alice was Ebenezer's first cousin, the son of John Fitch and grandson of Reverend James Fitch. [5]
vii. Daniel Fitch was born in February 1692 in Norwich. [2] He married Anne Cook on 5 March 1718/9 in Canterbury. [1]
viii. Jerusha Fitch was born in 1699. [15] Jerusha, the daughter of Major James Fitch, married Daniel Bissil, Jr. of Windsor on 18 March 1718. [1][5][14] Daniel, the son of Cornet Daniel and Margaret (Dewey) Bissell, was born on 31 October 1694. [15] Daniel (Daniel, John, John) died on 11 November 1770, age 76. [5]
Jerusha, the daughter of Major James Fitch, was admitted to the Congregational Church in Canterbury on 7 July 1717. [14]
Daniel made his will on 21 October 1765; it was 29 November 1770. He named his wife Jerusha, his sons Jabez, Daniel and Fitch, and daughters Jerusha, Margaret and Lucy. [15]
ix. Lucy Fitch married first Henry Cleveland. [5] She had an unknown second husband. [5]
Lucy's half sister Elizabeth Adams said that Lucy was the daughter of James and his second wife. [5]
x. Theophilus Fitch died "awfully" on 20 July 1751 in Canterbury. [5] He married first Mary Huntington on 15 December 1731 in Canterbury. [5] Mary was born on 4 August 1707 in Windham. [5] Mary, the daughter of Deacon Joseph and Rebecca Huntington of Windham, died on 12 March 1732, age 25. Mary was the granddaughter of Simon Huntington and granddaughter of Simon Huntington. [5] Theophilus married second Grace (Prentice) Grant on 2 October 1734 in North Stonington. [5] Grace Prentice (Samuel, Thomas, Thomas) was born on 16 January 1705 in Newton, Middlesex County Massachusetts. [5] She married first Josiah Grant. [5] Josiah (Josiah, Samuel, Matthew) died on 30 April 1723 in Stonington. [5]
Theophilus's half sister Elizabeth Adams said that Theophilus was the son of James and his second wife. [5]
On 17 October 1752 Samuel Fitch, a minor son of Mr. Theophilus Fitch, chose Elijah Dyer of Canterbury to be his guardian. [5] Elijah was Samuel's first cousin, the son of Colonel John and Abigail (Fitch) Dyar. [5]
The inscription on Mary's grave in the Cleveland Cemetery says: [6]
Here lies buried ye body of Mrs. Mary Fitch wife of Mr. Theophelus Fitch Daughter of Decn joseph Huntington & Mrs. Rebekah Huntington of Windham. A Vartuus & Worthy young Woman in ye Flower of har Youthful Dayes Dyed March ye 12 1732, aged 25 years.
xi. Colonel Jabez Fitch was baptized on 7 June 1702 in Preston, New London County, Connecticut. He died on 31 January 1784, probably in Canterbury. He married first Lydia Gale. He married second Elizabeth Darbe. He married third Rebecca Unknown.
Children of Reverend William Adams and Alice Bradford:
ii. Alice Adams was born on 3 April 1682. [5] She died on 19 February 1735. [4][5] She married Reverend Nathaniel (Nathaniel, Edward) Collins on 7 January 1700/1. [4][5] He died in 1756. [4]
Nathaniel was the first minister of Enfield, Connecticut. [4]
iii. William Adams was born on 17 December 1683. [5] He died in 1699, a helpless invalid. [5]
iii. Abiel (Abigail) Adams was born on 15 December 1685. [4] She died in 1756. [5] She married first Reverend Joseph Metcalf of Saconesset after 3 September 1707 (intention) in Falmouth, Massachusetts. [4][5] He was born on 11 April 1682 in Dedham, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. [4][17] Joseph was the son of Jonathan Metcalf. He died on 24 May 1723. [4] Abiel married second Reverend Isaac Chauncy of Hadley, Hampshire County, Massachusetts. [4][5] He died in 1745. [4]
Joseph graduated from Harvard College in 1703. [17] He was the minister in Falmouth, Barnstable County, Massachusetts. [4][17] Isaac was the second minister in Hadley. [17]
Quote in box from [11, 153]
Map: Public domain
References:
1. "Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630â1870," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > Canterbury, images 78Ââ79 (Fitch); Saybrook, image 50 (Fitch), Windsor, image 100 (Fitch).
2. "Norwich, CT: Vital Records of Norwich, 1659â1848," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > 6, 38â42 (Fitch).
3. "The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620â1633, Volumes I-III," digitized book, AmericanAncestors.org, originally Published as: Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633, 3 volumes (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995). John Mason, images 1225â30.
4. William Allen, "Descendants of Alice Bradford," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 9 (1855): 127â8.
5. Haskell Venard, "The Family of Major James Fitch of Norwich and Canterbury, Conn.," The American Genealogist 46 (1970): 36â96.
Venard found a document made by Dr. Ezra Stiles (minister at Newport and president of Yale) and Elizabeth (Adams) (Whiting) Niles. Elizabeth recounted that one of the 11 daughters of Deputy Governor William Bradford married Reverend William Adams and afterwards Major James Fitch of Norwich. She died about (after) 1745. Her children were 1. Elizabeth (the one recounting), m. Rev. Sam. Whiting and Niles; 2. Mrs. Collins; 3. Abigail married first Reverend Metcalf of Saconesset and second Reverend Chauncy of Hatfield 4. Ebenezer Fitch; 5. Daniel Fitch; 6. Theoph. Fitch; 7. Col. Jabez Fitch [added later], died in 1783 or Jan. 1784, age 80; 8. Abigail Ftich, m. Col. John Dyer; 9. Jerusha Fitch, m. Daniel Bissel; 10. Lucy Fitch, m. ___ Cleveland, then ___.
6. Alfred Johnson, “Inscriptions in the Cleaveland Cemetery, Canterbury, Conn.,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 70 (1916): 342â6.
7. "Connecticut, U.S., Church Record Abstracts, 1630â1920, database with images, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3032) > Volume 15 Canterbury, images 27â28; Volume 84 Norwich, 131â3; Volume 86 Old Saybrook, 96.
8. J. Hammond Trumble, , The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vol. 1 (Hartford: Brown & Parsons, 1850; vol. 2 (Hartford: F.A. Brown, 1852), vol. 3 (Case, Lockwood, & Co., 1859); Charles J. Hoadley, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vols. 4â12 (Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co., 1868â1890). Links to Internet Archives digitizations of these books on the University of Connecticut Library website.
9. James M. Poteet, "More Yankee Than Puritan: James Fitch of Connecticut," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 133 (1979): 102â17.
10. Ellen D. Larned, History of Windham County, Connecticut, vol. 1 (Worcester, MA: Charles Hamilton, 1874), 105â10,150â4.
11. "Will of Joshua Uncas," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 13 (1859): 235â6.
12. "Connecticut: Minutes of the Court of Assistants, 1669â1671," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org.
13. Richard M. Bayles, History of Windham County, Connecticut (New York: W.W. Preston, 1889).
14. Records of the Congregational Church in Canterbury, Connecticut, 1711â1844Â (Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society and the Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of Connecticut, 1932).
15. Donald Lines Jacobus, "Israel (Mason) Bissell," The American Genealogist 26 (1950): 84â94.
16. James Wade Ferris Collins, "The Family and American Descendants of Deacon Edward Collins of Cambridge, Medford and Charlestown, Massachusetts," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 174 (2020): 184â8.
17. Lucius Metcalf Harris, "Metcalf Family," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 6 (1852): 171â8.
08-Apr-2023 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 41 | http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/gen/report/rr12/rr12_445.html | en | Joyce Genealogy | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | On 15 Apr 1712 Elizabeth married Samuel Mason (15363) , son of Lieut. Daniel Mason (Apr 1652-28 Jan 1736/7) & Rebecca Hobart (5706) (9 Apr 1654-8 Apr 1727), in Stonington, CT. Born 11 Feb 1685/6 in Stonington, CT. Samuel died 25 Feb 1736/7. | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | en | Thomas Fitch V | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britai... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] | 2013-03-17T16:09:07+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | American politician
For other people named Thomas Fitch, see Thomas Fitch.
Thomas Fitch V (1725 – January 16, 1795) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk in the sessions of October 1761, May and October 1763, May and October 1764, May and October 1765, May and October 1766, May 1767, October 1768, May and October 1769, October 1770, October 1771, October 1772, October 1773, October 1775, and May 1776.
He was the son of Governor Thomas Fitch, IV and Hannah Hall Fitch. He served as an officer in the French and Indian War, primarily in upstate New York, near Fort Crailo. Although he and his troops are widely believed to be the inspiration for the song Yankee Doodle, contemporary scholars now believe that its origins are at least twelve years earlier.[1]
Yankee Doodle Legend
[edit]
There is a legend that during the French and Indian War, Fitch was the commander of four New England Regiments.[2] Tradition states that Captain Fitch received the song in 1755 as a joke from British surgeon Dr. Richard Shuckburgh, making Fitch the original "Yankee Doodle".[2][3][4]
Fitch's grave marker states that he is the inspiration for the song "Yankee Doodle." The marker claims that Captain Fitch had assembled his company of recruits at the Fitch homestead in Norwalk at the beginning of the French and Indian War. His sister Elizabeth was concerned about the recruits' appearance and lack of uniforms, so she presented each man with a chicken feather for their hats that would present the image of uniformity. Their appearance when entering West Albany, with feathers in their hats and unpolished clothing, caused British surgeon Dr. Shuckburgh to write verses mocking Fitch and his men as "Yankee Doodles and Macaronies". However, the sentiment changed to become more favorable after the successful campaigns at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1759.
Fitch had the rank of Senior Colonel and was in command of sixteen regiments by the time that he had left the service three years later.
Life after military service
[edit]
After that conflict, Thomas, V returned to Norwalk. He was a prominent resident during and after the American Revolution. He served as a town councilman. He was, along with Thaddeus Betts, in the first delegation from Norwalk to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1776. He helped with the reconstruction efforts after the burning of Norwalk in 1779.[5]
He died on January 16, 1795, and was buried in the East Norwalk Historical Cemetery.
Historical dispute
[edit]
Norwalk historian, Gloria Stewart claims that eighteenth century documents available from the Connecticut state archives dispute the Yankee Doodle identity.[6] One document is a bill for work copying and sending letters for the Connecticut General Assembly. The other is a 1775 document written by Fitch stating that he resigned his commission because of rheumatism that he had for twenty years.[6]
In addition, no Thomas Fitch from Norwalk appears as a colonel in the Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1755-1762.[7] There were only two regiments in June of 1755. Only Major General Phineas Lyman led more than a single regiment. Indeed, no Colonel appears to been sent from Norwalk in the war. The original Yankee Doodle song did not mention a pony, a feather or "Marconi", items which first appear in 1841 in a children's nursery version of the song.[8]
References
[edit] | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 78 | http://homepage.eircom.net/~lindaohdsl/d0004/g0000009.html | en | I1202: Samuel FITCH (____ | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | |||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 0 | http://famousamericans.net/samuelfitch/ | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"http://www.evisum.com/img/home/shim.gif",
"http://images.virtualology.com/usa2day/usathot.gif",
"http://www.evisum.com/img/home/shim.gif",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TOWgktg-DrU/VdxnsNGxVVI/AAAAAAAAMwg/e71Lzpb3F0k/s1600/Art%2Bof%2BTodd%2BFredericksen%2Bbanner.jpg",
"http://images.virtualology.com/eff/left.... | [
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/hhdwJspiz9U",
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/5s-YdvukLmI"
] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Samuel Fitch | null | Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 and 1999. Virtualology.com warns that these 19th Century biographies contain errors and bias. We rely on volunteers to edit the historic biographies on a continual basis. If you would like to edit this biographyplease submit a rewritten biography in text form . If acceptable, the new biography will be published above the 19th Century Appleton's Cyclopedia Biography citing the volunteer editor
Virtual American Biographies
Over 30,000 personalities with thousands of 19th Century illustrations, signatures, and exceptional life stories. Virtualology.com welcomes editing and additions to the biographies. To become this site's editor or a contributor Click Here or e-mail Virtualology here.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Samuel Fitch
FITCH, Samuel, loyalist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1720; died in Halifax, Nova Scotia, probably in 1786. He received his education in Boston, and practiced law in that City with success. In 1774, at the height of Hutchinson's unpopularity, Mr. Fitch was one of the signers of the address approving his course, and warmly espoused the royalist cause. Ill 1776 he removed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he held, under the king, the office of solicitor, or counselor at law, to the board of commissioners. He was proscribed and banished from the United Colonies in 1778, and was included in the conspiracy act of 1779. The same year (1779) he went to England, visited Hutchinson in his retirement and decline, and was appointed to deliver the loyalist address to the king. In 1783 he paid another official visit to England, remained two years, returning to Halifax in 1785, where he died.
Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 VirtualologyTM
Start your search on Samuel Fitch.
Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Evisum, Inc. review. | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 83 | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/ | en | Genealogy.com | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Research Fitch in the Surnames forums on Genealogy.com, the new GenForum! | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/ | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 59 | https://www.princeton.edu/news/2015/02/06/nobel-laureate-and-princeton-physicist-val-fitch-dies-age-91 | en | Nobel laureate and Princeton physicist Val Fitch dies at age 91 | [
"https://www.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/styles/third_1x/public/images/2015/02/Fitch-Val-L_162.jpg?itok=XVdQwHzm 162w",
"https://www.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/styles/third_1x_crop/public/images/2020/02/IMG_3877.jpg?itok=tClv9y4R 640w, /sites/default/files/styles/half_1x_crop/public/images/2020/02/IM... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Catherine Zandonella"
] | 2015-02-06T00:00:00 | A towering figure in physics who helped shape our understanding of the universe, Princeton University emeritus professor and Nobel laureate Val Logsdon Fitch died peacefully Feb. 5 in Princeton, New Jersey. He was 91. | en | /themes/custom/hobbes/icons/apple-touch-icon.png | Princeton University | https://www.princeton.edu/news/2015/02/06/nobel-laureate-and-princeton-physicist-val-fitch-dies-age-91 | A towering figure in physics who helped shape our understanding of the universe, Princeton University emeritus professor and Nobel laureate Val Logsdon Fitch died peacefully Feb. 5 in Princeton, New Jersey. He was 91.
Known for foundational contributions to the standard model of particle physics, Fitch is remembered for his modesty and his kindness as well as for his experiments and insight into the fundamental nature of matter.
"Val was a wonderful human being who had real impact on the field of high-energy physics as well as on science policy," said A J. Stewart Smith, vice president for the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Princeton's Class of 1909 Professor of Physics. "His studies of the basic constituents and forces among sub-atomic particles led to a discovery that even 50 years later remains one of the profound mysteries of the early universe. That is his main claim to fame."
Fitch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics with his Princeton colleague Professor James Cronin in 1980 for "the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons." Based on experiments that Fitch and Cronin published in 1964, the prize acknowledged the finding that the laws of physics are not quite the same for particles and their opposites, anti-particles. Nor are they the same for a class of processes in which the direction of time is reversed.
"The work for which he received the Nobel Prize is one of the most important in the 20th century to show the laws of physics actually change with time," said Samuel Ting, a Nobel laureate in physics and the Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Fitch and Cronin's results indicated that a long-held rule in physics called charge-parity (CP) symmetry indeed had exceptions. "His effect came out of the blue," said Smith. "Much to [Fitch and Cronin's] surprise, they found a result that violated CP symmetry. It took the physics community more than two years to rule out other explanations, but before long there was no doubt about it."
The effect helped explain a mechanism, still being explored today, for how matter could dominate over anti-matter after the creation of the universe in the Big Bang, Smith said. Both matter and anti-matter are thought to have been created in equal amounts, but today the universe is comprised predominantly of matter.
"This is a very fundamental discovery, because what we see in the universe is only matter, and this helps explain why it is that we don't have galaxies made of antimatter," said Pierre Piroue, Princeton's Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of Physics Emeritus and a senior physicist.
During a lifetime of accomplishments in physics, Fitch earned the admiration of all who worked with him, his colleagues said. "He was a person with great principles and he was very easygoing and polite," said Cronin, who served on the faculty in the Department of Physics at Princeton with Fitch from 1958 to 1971. Cronin and Fitch continued to collaborate and visit each other throughout their careers.
Fitch was named the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics in 1976 and became the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics in 1987. He served as chair of the physics department from 1976 to 1981. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary degree at Princeton's Commencement ceremony.
Fitch was the president of the American Physical Society from 1988 to 1989, and he served on many government committees devoted to science and science policy. From 1970 to 1973 he was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee, and from 1980 to 1983 he was a member of the physics advisory committee to the National Science Foundation.
Fitch was born March 10, 1923, in the Sandhills of Nebraska in the town of Merriman on a cattle ranch where his father raised purebred Herefords and his mother was a schoolteacher. When Fitch was young, the family moved to Gordon, Nebraska, where Fitch graduated as valedictorian of his high school in 1940.
Fitch attended two and a half years at nearby Chadron State College before he was drafted and entered the U.S. Army in March 1943. He was sent to Los Alamos National Laboratory to work on the Manhattan Project where he assisted in the development of the atomic bomb. He witnessed the first detonations of the bomb in 1945 where he was responsible for the timing signals that triggered the weapon.
After the war, Fitch worked for another year at Los Alamos before finishing his undergraduate degree at McGill University and then entering graduate school at Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. in physics in 1954. In research conducted with his adviser James Rainwater, Fitch discovered that the nucleus of the atom was much smaller than was previously thought, about half the size and twice the density.
Upon arriving at Princeton in 1954, Fitch began conducting experiments using the high-energy particle collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. There, he met James Cronin, and later the two began a collaboration that would lead to the Nobel Prize.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Fitch earned many honors and awards, including the E. O. Lawrence Award in 1968 from the U.S. Department of Energy; the John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1976, and the National Medal of Science in 1993. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a Sloan Fellow, a Fairchild Scholar at the California Institute of Technology, and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago.
In his free time, Fitch enjoyed growing bonsai, baking bread and playing Scrabble. He spent every summer in his beloved Nova Scotia and became an accomplished sailor. He is remembered by his family for his kindness, intelligence, gentleness and generosity of spirit.
He is survived by his wife of 39 years, Daisy Harper Fitch, his son Alan Fitch (and Lee Hale), his niece Linda Fitch, his half-sister Judi Fitch Singleton, stepdaughters E. Mackenzie Sharp and Locke Harvey, stepson Douglas Wilkinson (and Patricia) and eight grandchildren.
He is predeceased by his first wife, Elise Fitch, and his son John Fitch. | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 40 | https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p47.htm | en | Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names). | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Child
Mary Fitch+1 b. c 1649, d. 10 Dec 1716
Children
James Fitch b. 2 Aug 1649, d. 10 Nov 1727
Abigail Fitch b. 5 Aug 1650
Elizabeth Fitch b. 2 Jan 1652, d. 1689
Hannah Fitch b. 17 Sep 1653
Samuel Fitch b. Mar 1655
Dorothy Fitch b. Apr 1658 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 17 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 2 | http://www.all-biographies.com/business/samuel_fitch.htm | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"http://www.all-biographies.com/images/logo1.jpg"
] | [] | [] | [
"Biography",
"adams",
"history",
"genealogy"
] | null | [] | null | Samuel Fitch was born December 2, 1821, in Enfield, Hartford county, where the greater portion of his youth was spent. | null | SAMUEL FITCH, ROCKVILLE: Manufacturer of Stockinets and Plushes.
The progenitors of Mr. Fitch were of French descent. His father, Samuel Fitch, was born in Bolton, Tolland county, and removed to Albion, N.Y., where his death occurred. He married Nancy Atwell of Montville, Conn., and had one child. Samuel, the subject of this biography, was born December 2, 1821, in Enfield, Hartford county, where the greater portion of his youth was spent. After several terms at the common school, he pursued his studies at North Wilbraham, Mass., and until his twenty-second year continued the healthful employment of a farmer.
Mr. Fitch was, on the 9th of January, 1845, married to Mariette, daughter of Daniel Spencer of Enfield. Their children are Spencer S., Sarah E. (wife of C. H. Strickland), and Fred. H. (deceased). The son is identified with the business which is now a corporation under the firm name of "The Samuel Fitch & Sons Co." Mr. Fitch was formerly a whig, and later became an exponent of the principles of the republican party. He has held various local offices, and during the years 1860, 1861, and 1877, represented his town in the state legislature. He was from 1863 to 1869 state railroad commissioner. He was also one of the incorporators and is a director in the Peoples Savings Bank of Rockville. In 1889 he was chosen vice-president of the "United States Central Railroad Company," and in the same year, on the 2d of December, his sixty-eighth birthday, he was elected the first mayor of the city of Rockville for the term of two years. Mr. Fitch was a supporter of the Second Congregational church of Rockville during its existence, and Mrs. Fitch was a member.
Source: Builders of Our Nation, Men of 1914 pub. Men of Nineteen-Fourteen, Chicago, Ill. 1915. | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 9 | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000000640022166 | en | Samuel Fitch | [
"https://www.geni.com/images/rotating_world.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1724693061",
"https://www.... | [] | [] | [
"family tree",
"genealogy",
"trace your ancestry",
"family tree maker",
"family tree search",
"family tree charts",
"family statistics",
"ancestors",
"research"
] | null | [] | 2022-10-29T14:19:09-07:00 | Genealogy for Samuel Fitch (1626 - 1659) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. | en | /touch-icon-iphone.png | geni_family_tree | https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-Fitch/6000000000640022166 | "History of the Fitch Family"; 929.273; F5551F; Vol.2; Chapter XIII; p. 204
"The House of Fitch"; 929.273; F551Fg; Chapter III; p. 20
NOTE: Samuel was the son of Thomas Fitch and Anne Reeve born 9 Nov 1626 at Bocking, Essex County, England. He married Susannah Whiting, widow of William Whiting of Hartford CT. Samuel died in 1659 probably in Milford, CT.
Biographical sketch: Samuel was an emigrant ancester of Hartford, CT. born at Bocking, County Essex, England. He probably came to America in the company of his two brothers, Thomas I of Norwalk, CT. and Joseph of Windsor, CT. and their widowed mother, Anne (Reeve) Fitch. They were preceded by their brother Rev. James Fitch of Norwich, CT., who came to New England in 1638.
Savage, the historian, says that there is a possibility that Samuel Fitch I settled at Milford, CT., as early as 1644. This is unlikely, however, as he is named in the will of his brother Nathaniel in 1648 as then living in England.
The earliest positive record we have of him is in 1650 at Hartford, CT. He was spoken of in the records of his time as "Mr.", which proves he ranked as a gentleman. He was engaged in 1650 to keep the school at Hartford for three years, beginning 1 Jan 1649/50; and was a freeman, 1651. He was later of Milford, CT.
Like his three brothers he was a man of prominence in local affairs. He was a representative to the General Court, 1654-55. He married Mrs. Susannah Whiting, widow of "Worshipful Mr. William Whiting" of Hartford, CT. Samuel Fitch and his wife had two sons; Samuel II and Thomas I. After his death in 1659 his widow married (3) Alexander Bryan of Milford, CT.
Samuel came to America with two of his brothers and his mother, after the death of his father . He taught school in Hartford, CT, and later at Milford. He was a Representative to the Gene ral Court 1654-1655.Samuel became a Free man in 1651, and became prominent in local affairs . In the local records, he was given the distinguishing title "Mr." (Source: Connecticut Ance stry, Vol. 26, #4, page 191).
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=franlouis...
ID: I01711 Name: Samuel Fitch 1 Sex: M Birth: 9 NOV 1626 in Bocking, Essex, England Birth: 9 NOV 1626 in Bocking, , Essex, England 1 Death: 1659 in ,Hartford, CT Death: 1659 in , Hartford, Connecticut, USA 1 Note: Samuel Fitch was schoolmaster in Hartford, Conn., as early as 1650. He served as Deputy (Representative) for Hartford to the General Court (Legistlature) in 1654 and 1655. He married Susannah, widow of William Whiting, of Hartford, and they had two sons.
One of them, Thomas, lived in Wethersfield, Conn. On Sept. 15, 1680, he married Abigail Goodrich, the daughter of William Goodrich and Sarah Marvin, who was born June 5, 1662 and died Nov. 8, 1684. They had three children, of whom only Abigail survived. It is believed that Abigail was raised by her maternal grandmother, Mrs. Sarah (Marvin) Goodrich. Abigail married Abraham Kimberly. The probate of Thomas Fitch in 1704 mentioned the daughter Abigail, the wife of Abraham Kimberly.
Samuel came to America with two of his brothers and his mother, after the death of his father. He taught school in Hartford, CT, and later at Milford. He was a Representative to the General Court 1654-1655. Samuel became a Free man in 1651, and became prominent in local affairs. In the local records, he was given the distinguishing title "Mr." (Source: Connecticut Ancestry, Vol. 26, #4, page 191).
Father: Thomas Fitch b: 1590 in Bocking, Essex, England Mother: Anna Reeve b: 29 NOV 1590 in Garret Manor, Bocking, Essex, England
Marriage 1 Susannah Wiggins b: 1620 in Boston, Lincolnshire, England Children Has Children Thomas Fitch b: 1652 in Wethersfield, Hartford, CT
Citation: History and Genealogy of the Families of Old Fairfield, Volume 1, 1930-1932, edited by Donald Lines Jacobus, p. 361-362
Sources: Title: OneWorldTree Author: Ancestry.com Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc.
GEDCOM Note
2 AGE 32-33
GEDCOM Note
Category: English Immigrants to America Category: Hartford, Connecticut
Biography
Birth data
Samuel Fitch, engaged to keep school<ref name=Fitch>#Fitch|Fitch</ref> for three years beginning Jan 1 1649/50;<ref name=Barbour>#Barbour|Barbour</ref> Freeman May 1651;<ref name=Barbour/> Deputy 1654/5<ref name=Barbour/><ref name=Fitch/>
Samuel married 2 Jan 1650/1 Susannah ______ Whiting. She was the widowof William Whiting, and m. 3rd Alexander Bryan. <ref name=Barbour/> : Children
Samuel, <ref name=Barbour/> who went to Milford<ref name=Fitch/># Thomas b. 1652, who lived in Wethersfield.<ref name=Fitch/> Married (1) Abigail Goodrich and (2) Sarah Boardman <ref name=Barbour/>
Samuel Fitch died 1659. <ref name=Barbour/>
Sources ==* Case, Lafayette. Space:The Goodrich Family in America|The Goodrich Family in America (Fergus Printing Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1889) Page 34-5.* Barbour, Lucius Barnes. Space:FamiliesOf Early Hartford, Conn.|Families Of Early Hartford, Conn. (The Genealogical Publishing Co., 1977)* Fitch, John G. Space:The Genealogy of the Fitch Family|The Genealogy of the Fitch Family of North America (Olmsted, Ohio, 1886)
<references/> | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 8 | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-1280 | en | Samuel Fitch (1683-bef.1729) | [
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/male.gif.pagespeed.ce.sk2cBn-ts3.gif",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png",
"https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qc... | [] | [] | [
"Samuel Fitch genealogy"
] | null | [] | 1683-07-12T00:00:00 | Is this your ancestor? Compare DNA and explore genealogy for Samuel Fitch born 1683 Norwich, New London, Connecticut Colony died 1729 Lawrenceville, Mercer, New Jersey including ancestors + mitochondrial DNA + more in the free family tree community. | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fitch-1280 | Samuel Fitch
Born 12 Jul 1683 in Norwich, New London, Connecticut Colony
Ancestors
Son of James Fitch Jr. and Elizabeth (Mason) Fitch
[spouse(s) unknown]
[children unknown]
Died before 14 May 1729 before age 45 in Lawrenceville, Mercer, New Jersey
Profile last modified 30 Sep 2020 | Created 26 Nov 2015
This page has been accessed 404 times.
Biography
Samuel, son of James Fitch and Elizabeth Mason, was born on 12 Jul 1683 at Norwich, New London County, CT.[1] Samuel died before 14 May 1729 at Maidenhead (later Lawrenceville), Mercer County, NJ, when inventory of his estate was taken.[2]
His wife may have been Mary SMITH? (b. btw 1709 and 1713); children (surname FITCH): [2]
James - will 5 Feb 1770; m1. Charity HUNT?; m2. Rachel STOUT
Samuel - m. Sarah —
Sarah
Mary
John
Esther
Elizabeth - m. 27 Nov 1735 Peter ROSE
Circa 1707, Samuel went to Jamaica, Queens County, NY, then to Hopewell, Burlington (now Mercer) Co NJ in 1713, Jamaica again before 1717, and back to Hopewell before 1722.[2]
Research Notes
The marriage on 16 Aug 1744 had to be a different Samuel Fitch and Mary Smith whose children were: Esther (b. 8 Jan 1744/5), Mary (b. 31 May 1746), Abigail (b. 17 Oct 1748), Samuel (b. 29 Apr 1752), and Martha (b. 9 Aug 1754).[1]
Sources
↑ 1.0 1.1 Vital Records of Norwich, 1659-1848, (online database: AmericanAncestors.org, NEHGS, 2015), Norwich v1, p 6, p 227.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 John T Fitch, Descendants of the Reverend James Fitch (1622-1702), Volume 1 The First Five Generations, (Camden, ME: Picton Press, 1996), p 12, 33-5.
This week's featured connections are Princesses: Samuel is 15 degrees from Catherine Mountbatten-Windsor, 14 degrees from Joan of Kent, 13 degrees from Mary Stuart, 12 degrees from Marguerite de France, 19 degrees from Maud of England, 15 degrees from Louise Argyll, 15 degrees from Elisabeth Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, 15 degrees from Sophie Hedevig Oldenburg, 17 degrees from Ingeborg Håkonsdatter, 19 degrees from 방자 이, 10 degrees from Rachel Parker and 16 degrees from Clotilde di Borbone-Francia on our single family tree. Login to see how you relate to 33 million family members. | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 3 | https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LBSJ-X47/samuel-fitch-1655-1725 | en | FamilySearch.org | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. | en | null | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 55 | https://www.riemannfamily.com/obituaries/david-fitch | en | Riemann Family Funeral Homes | https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/561ac086-1aaa-4810-b15f-5023907c2a0c/5354c1d1c0a7c00962ca2756c69923b7_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089 | https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/561ac086-1aaa-4810-b15f-5023907c2a0c/5354c1d1c0a7c00962ca2756c69923b7_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089 | [
"https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_cover/lg/e5dde6f8-1cdf-481a-b968-b6905002b337",
"https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/oW6uKAwSGhoYT3tgddwp",
"https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_profile_photo/md/358802c7-e3c2-489e-85bb-082f43e96676",
"https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg",
"http... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Riemann Family Funeral Homes"
] | 2023-01-24T18:01:37 | On May 21, 2018, David Cliburn Fitch exchanged this earthly existence for a heavenly one. Preceding him in death were his father and mother, Ardith and Ellen Fitch and a brot... | en | https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/213qL9sFQKCneCXRq4Fw | Riemann Family Funeral Homes | https://www.riemannfamily.com/obituaries/david-fitch | Guestbook
Visits: 15
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the
Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. | ||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 14 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 58 | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/2373/ | en | Daniel FITCH (b.ca 1685), of N | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Fitch: Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685; alive 9 May 1755) of New ... Read more on Genealogy.com! | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/2373/ | Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685; alive 9 May 1755) of New London County, CT and Middlesex Co., NJ
by Charles M. Ward, Jr.
Daniel Fitch was born about the year 1685, the illegitimate son of Captain Daniel Fitch (1665-1711), of the North Parish of New London, Connecticut (now Montville, CT).The identity of his mother is unknown.He was a grandson of the Reverend James Fitch (1622-1702), a founder of Norwich, Connecticut, and his second wife, Priscilla (Mason) Fitch.
The circumstances surrounding the birth of Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) are referenced in the “Diary of Joshua Hempstead, of New London, Connecticut,” page 648.In a diary entry dated Friday, 9 May 1755, he wrote:
“…Mr Daniel Fitch aged near 70 & lives at new Brunswick came to See me.he hath been gone from thes parts 45 year, he is an Illegitimate Son of Capt Daniel Fitch late of the north Parish Decd…”
It’s possible the visit Daniel Fitch made to Connecticut was due to an illness of his much younger brother, Deacon Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1709).The Hempstead diary notes the death of Deacon Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1709) on Monday, 12 May 1755.Deacon Daniel Fitch was the legitimate son of Captain Daniel Fitch by his wife, Mary Sherwood.The brothers bore the same given name, a fact which has caused confusion on the part of some researchers.They should not be confused, especially as there was some twenty-four years separating their births.
The Hempstead diary entry indicates Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) left Connecticut for New Jersey around the year 1710.This is confirmed by New Jersey records.Daniel Fitch married Sarah Carle, 20 Jan 1712 in Piscataway, Middlesex Co., NJ.Sarah Carle was the widow of Benjamin Carle.She was born 27 Sep 1678, the daughter of Benjamin Hull and Rachel (York) Hull and granddaughter of the Reverend Joseph Hull.She had married Benjamin Carle, 4 Feb 1696/7.Benjamin Carle and Sarah (Hull) Carle had at least two children whose births are recorded in the Piscataway Register of Births:Rosanna Carle, born 13 Jul 1698; and John Carle, born 27 Dec 1700.There may have been others, including a possible son, Benjamin.
Administration on the estate of Benjamin Carle was granted to Daniel Fitch and his wife, Sarah, on 8 Sep 1713.
Daniel and Sarah (Hull) Fitch had four children and their births are recorded in the Piscataway Register of Births:
Daniel Fitch, born 7 Nov 1713
Joseph Fitch, born 6 Apr 1715
James Fitch, born 27 Mar 1717
Samuel Fitch, born 16 Jan 1719
Following the birth of the youngest child, Daniel Fitch settled in New Brunswick, Middlesex Co., New Jersey a short distance from Piscataway, across the Raritan River.It is in New Brunswick, New Jersey that this Fitch family can be found in 1752 in the “List of the Freeholders of Middlesex County, N.J.” compiled by William Deare, Sheriff, on 14 Dec 1752.Daniel Fitch, Jun., James Fitch, and Samuel Fitch are listed (Joseph Fitch is not listed).Although the elder Daniel Fitch is not named, it’s very likely he was residing with one of his sons, especially since the younger Daniel Fitch is identified as “Daniel Fitch, Jun.”This designation would not have been necessary if there wasn’t another older Daniel Fitch residing in the area.We also know that Daniel Fitch was alive as late as 9 May 1755 based on the Hempstead diary entry of that date in which he is referred to as being a resident of New Brunswick.
Samuel Fitch, the youngest son of Daniel Fitch and Sarah (Hull) Fitch, was married to Jane Johnson, 19 Jan 1739 (license), both described as being of Middlesex Co., NJ.As previously mentioned, Samuel Fitch is found residing in New Brunswick, Middlesex Co., NJ on 14 Dec 1752 in the list of freeholders.He is listed not far from his father-in-law, William Johnson.Jane (Johnson) Fitch was the daughter of William Johnson and Jannetje (Wyckoff) Johnson (see my posting on her family:http://genforum.genealogy.com/johnson/messages/34877.html)http://genforum.genealogy.com/johnson/messages/34877.html).Samuel Fitch left New Jersey and settled in Berkeley Co., VA (now WV), dying 15 Dec 1800.He left numerous descendants.
An exact death date for Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) has not been ascertained and research is ongoing.
Charles M. Ward, Jr.
[email protected]
NOTICE:Copying is permitted for noncommercial, educational use by individual scholars and libraries. This message must appear on all copied material. Any other use, including electronic reproduction or distribution, requires the written permission of the author, Charles M. Ward, Jr. | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 41 | http://www.sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/F/Fitch/ColonelJabezFitch.html | en | Untitled Document | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Return to main file
Colonel Jabez Fitch (1702â1784), son of Major James Fitch and Alice Bradford
Lydia Gale (1699â1753), daughter of Abraham Gale and Sarah Fiske
Jabez, the son of James Fitch, was baptized on 7 June 1702 in Preston, New London County, Connecticut. [1] He died on 31 January 1784, probably in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut. The Canterbury church records say that Jabez, the son of Major James, married Lydia Gale, the sister of Richard Gale, on 29 May 1722. [2] Captain Jabez married second Elizabeth Darbe on 14 January 1754 in Canterbury. [1] He married third Rebecca Unknown.
Lydia, the daughter of Abraham and Sarah Gale, was born on 9 July 1699 in Watertown, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. [3, 2:15] Lydia, the wife of Captain Jabez, died on 22 August 1753 in Canterbury. [1]
Lydia apparently came to Canterbury to live with her older brother Richard.
The inscriptions on the gravestones of Jabez and Lydia in the Cleaveland Cemetery in Canterbury say: [4]
Sacred to the memory of Coll. Jabez Fitch who for many years Sustained with integrity & honor the offices of Justice of the Peace & quorum & Judge of Probate. After a long life of usefulness & reputation he fell asleep in Jesus, Jan. 31st, 1784 in the 81st year of his age.
Here Lies ye Body of Mrs Lydia Fitch Late Wife of Jabez Fitch Esq Who Deperted this Life in Hope of a Better Aug 20 AD 1753 in ye 53d year of her age.
Jabez and Lydia owned the covenant on 2 June 1723 in the church in Canterbury. [2] Lydia, the wife of Jabez, was admitted to the church on 11 April 1731; Captain Jabez was admitted in February 1744. [2]
Jabez was a representative from Canterbury to the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut 54 times between May 1734 and December 1775. [5]
Jabez was appointed to a committee to audit the colony’s accounts with the treasurer in May 1737. [5] John Dwight of Killingly’s houseâand all his financial recordsâburned on the night after 18 February 1750. In May 1750 the Assembly appointed Jabez Fitch, Esq. of Canterbury to be on a committee to investigate the matter. [5] The report was presented in May 1751. [5] Upon the request of Jabez Fitch, agent for the town of Canterbury, the Assembly appointed a committee to study a boundary dispute between the towns of Canterbury and Windham in May 1751. [5] During his life he was regularly appointed to committees to help solve the colony's disputes.
In October 1738 the Assembly appointed Jabez ensign of the fifth company in the town of Norwich. [5]
In May 1740 Jabez Fitch of Canterbury complained that he had built a bridge over the Quinnabaug River at a cost of 210 pounds and had received only £134-09-00 in subscriptions. The Assembly ruled that he could charge tolls from those who had not paid. [5]
The Assembly appointed Jabez a Justice of the Peace for Windham County for the upcoming year in May 1749 and every year following until May 1755. [5] In May 1756 and every following year until May 1776 the Assembly appointed him Justice of the Peace and Quorum for Windham County for the following year. [5] The Assembly of the State of Connecticut appointed him to this office every year from May 1777 to May 1783. [5]
On 4 February 1754 Jabez Fitch of Canterbury sold the farm he lived on to his son Jabez, Jr. On 4 April 1758 they partitioned the farm. [6]
The Assembly of the colony of Connecticut appointed Jabez a judge of the probate court for the district of Plainfield in Windham County for the following year in May 1759 and every year following until May 1776. [5] The Assembly of the State of Connecticut appointed him to this office every year from May 1777 to May 1783. [5]
In an undated deed, acknowledged on 27 March 1765, Jabez Fitch and Elizabeth Fitchâformerly the widow of William Darbee of Pomfret and now the wife of Jabezâsold 17 acres to Jabez, Jr. [6]
In May 1771 the Assembly appointed Jabez Lieutenant Colonel of the 11th Regiment of Connecticut militia. [5]
Jabez Fitch of Canterbury, being in a “weak and languishing state of body,” made his will on 10 December 1783. He noted that he had never given his son Jabez anything and forgave him 100 pounds of a 110-pound note dated 20 March 1777 he held against him to make him equal to his son Asahel and his three daughters Jerusha, Lydia and Lucy. He also noted that he had given his deceased son Perez, late of Stamford and his deceased daughter Alice, the late wife of Reverend James Cogswell their portions while they were alive, and nothing was due their heirs. The remainder of his estate was to be distributed according to the laws of the state. He appointed his son Jabez his sole administrator. Witnesses testified on 10 February 1784. Inventory, amounting to about 329 pounds was exhibited on 2 April 1784 and accepted on 7 April 1784. [7]
The court ordered a distribution to Jabez's widow Rebecca Fitch on 2 January 1787. After this distribution and debts, the estate was insolvent. A somewhat ambiguous estate paper says that further inventory was discovered. Apparently, a judge ordered that Solomon Morgan of Plainfield and Jabez Fitch [Jr.], late of Canterbury, owed about 151 pounds. Jabez is described as “now absconded and gone.” [7]
Children of Jabez Fitch and Lydia Gale: The children, with the exception of Jabez, were baptized in the church in Canterbury as the children of Jabez and Lydia. [2]
i. Jerusha Fitch was born on 30 January 1722/3 in Canterbury. [1] She was baptized on 23 June 1723. She died after 4 February 1788. [6] She married first Tixhall Ensworth on 6 December 1742 in Canterbury. [1] Tixhall, the son of John and Elizabeth (Cleveland) Ensworth, was born on 19 December 1717 in Canterbury and died on 6 January 1776 in Canterbury. [6] Jerusha married second Jacob Brown as his third wife on 11 December 1776 in Preston. [6] Jacob, the son of John Brown, was born on 6 July 1711 in Preston and died after 4 February 1788. [6] He married first Deliverance Bump on 11 November 1742 in Preston. [6] He married second Mary Payson on 14 December 1757 in Preston. [6]
ii. Alice Fitch was born on 8 January 1724/5 in Canterbury. [1] She was baptized on 11 April 1725. She died in April 1772. [6] She married Reverend James Cogswell on 24 April 1745 in Canterbury. [1] James, the son of Samuel and Ann (Mason) Cogswell, died on 2 January 1807 in Hartford. [6] He married second Martha (Lathrop) Devotion, the widow of Reverend Ebenezer Devotion, on 21 January 1773 in Hampton, Windham County. [6] He married third Irene (Ripley) Hebard, the widow of Nathaniel Hebard, on 5 May 1797 in Cheshire, New Haven County. [6]
James Cogswell graduated from Yale in 1742 and was licensed to preach on 15 May 1744. He was the minister in Canterbury from 1744 to 1771 and then minister in Scotland in Windham County for 33 years. [6]
iii. Doctor Perez Fitch was born in December 1726 in Canterbury. [1] He was baptized on 11 December 1726. He died on 6 September 1775 and was buried in the North Street Cemetery in Stamford, Fairfield County, Connecticut. [6] He married Martha Coggeshall on 4 September 1753 in Stamford. [6] Martha, the daughter of Freegift and Martha (Nettleton) Coggeshall, was born on 25 June 1730 in Milford and died on 12 January 1812 in Stamford. [6] She married second Abraham Davenport on 8 August 1776 in Stamford. [6] She married third Doctor Amos Mead. [6]
Perez graduated from Yale in 1750 and settled in Stamford as a physician. [6] He was a church member on 9 September 1759. [6]
Perez made his will on 2 August 1773; it was proved on 22 February 1775. He mentions his wife Martha, his sons William and Samuel, and his daughters Martha, Abigail, and Betsey. Inventory was taken on 14 December 1775 and it included servants Tom and Chloe. On 13 January 1776 Martha informed the court that the estate was insolvent. [6]
iv. Jabez Fitch was born on 23 May 1729 in Norwich or Lisbon in New London County. [6][8] He died of a lingering consumption while visiting his son Dr. Chauncey Fitch on 19 December 1806 in Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont. [6][9] He married Lydia Huntington of Norwich on 22 August 1754 in Canterbury. [1] Lydia, the daughter of Ebenezer and Sarah (Leffingwell) Huntington, was born on 27 October 1735 in Norwich and died on 3 April 1803 in Vergennes, Addison County, Vermont. [6]
Jabez was admitted to the church in Canterbury on 18 August 1751; his wife was admitted on 27 January 1760. [2]
The Assembly appointed Mr. Jabez Fitch, Jr. a surveyor of lands in Windham in May 1754. He resigned this post by May 1760. [5]
The Assembly appointed Jabez, Jr. a captain the tenth company in May 1759. [5]
Jabez Fitch, Jr. was a deputy from Canterbury to the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut in May 1777. [5]
Jabez of Sheldon made his will on 13 December 1805; it was proved on 4 February 1807. He named his sons Ebenezer, Jabez, Chauncey, and Samuel; his daughters Sally Knowlton, Nancy Sanders, Lucy Williams, and Alice Coleman; and the heirs of his deceased daughter Lydia Perkins. [6]
Jabez's son, Reverend Ebenezer Fitch, was the first president of Williams College. [9]
v. Lydia Fitch was baptized on 27 January 1734. She died on 14 July 1820, age 85, in Norwich. [MF] She married married Phinehas Adams.
vi. Lucy Fitch was born on 24 June 1736 in Canterbury. [6] She was baptized on 27 June 1736. She died on 27 February 1814 in Mansfield, Tolland County, Connecticut. She married David Adams on 29 October 1761 in Canterbury. [6] David, the son of David and Katherine (Adams) Adams, was born on 23 May 1731 in Canterbury and died on 26 March 1790 in Canterbury. [6] David and Lucy are buried in the Mansfield Center Cemetery. [6]
Lucy was admitted to the church in Scotland in 1762. [6]
David was a doctor serving in the Revolutionary War. [6]
Lucy Adams of Pomfret, widow of Doctor David, made her will on 27 September 1710; it was proved on 5 April 1814. She named her daughter Lucy Ensworth, widow; her daughter Lucy Grosvenor, wife of Nathan; and her daughter Polly Holt, wife of Elijah, who was in debt to her. [6]
vii. Doctor Asahel Fitch was baptized on 27 August 1738. He died on 31 March 1793 in Redding, Fairfield County. [6] He married first Rachel Strong on 24 June 1760. [6] She died on 13 April 1762 in Redding. [6] He married second Hannah Lockwood on 4 October 1764 in Wilton, Fairfield County. [6] Hannah, the daughter of Peter and Abigail (Hawley), was born on 23 September 1743 in Norwalk and died on 13 March 1821 in Redding. [6]
Asahel and his wife joined the Redding church on 5 June 1768. [6]
Asahel served as a Surgeon’s Mate in the Revolutionary War. [6]
Administration of Asahel’s estate was granted to Hannah on 24 April 1793; he was insolvent. His inventory included 21 pairs of sheets, 16 pillow cases, 17 blankets, and 11 beds or underbeds. He must have cared for patients in his home. [6]
viii. Abigail Fitch was baptized on 19 April 1741. The daughter of Captain Jabez and Lydia, died on 1 May 1749 in Canterbury. [Ref]
References:
1. "Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630â1870," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > from original typescripts, Lucius Barnes Barbour Collection, 1928 > Canterbury, 78â79 (Fitch), Preston, 241 (Fitch).
2. "Connecticut, U.S., Church Record Abstracts, 1630â1920, database with images, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3032) > Volume 15 Canterbury, images 27â28 (Fitch), 33 (Gale).
3. "Massachusetts: Vital Records, 1620â1850," online database, AmericanAncestors.org> Watertown.
4. Alfred Johnson, “Inscriptions in the Cleaveland Cemetery, Canterbury, Conn.,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 70 (1916): 342â6.
5. Charles J. Hoadley, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vols. 4â15 (Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co., 1868â1890); Charles J. Hoadley, The Public Records of the State of Connecticut, vols. 1â3 (Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co., 1894â1922); Leonard Woods Labaree, The Public Records of the State of Connecticut, vols. 4â5, (Hartford: The State, 1943).
6. “Mayflower Families Fifth Generation Descendants, 1700â1880,” database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > Bradford, William (vol. 22), images 252â8.
7. "Connecticut, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1609â1999," database with images, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9049) > Windham > Probate Records, vol. 8â9, 1783â1796, images 56â57 and > Hartford > Probate Packets, Felch, WâGates, Silas, 1747â1880, images 178â99.
8. "Norwich, CT: Vital Records of Norwich, 1659â1848," database with images , AmericanAncestors.org, 1â6.
9. Calvin Durfee, Sketch of the Late Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D.D., First President of Williams College (Boston: Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, 1865), 16â17.
02-Jan-2023 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 38 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | en | Thomas Fitch V | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britai... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] | 2013-03-17T16:09:07+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_V | American politician
For other people named Thomas Fitch, see Thomas Fitch.
Thomas Fitch V (1725 – January 16, 1795) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk in the sessions of October 1761, May and October 1763, May and October 1764, May and October 1765, May and October 1766, May 1767, October 1768, May and October 1769, October 1770, October 1771, October 1772, October 1773, October 1775, and May 1776.
He was the son of Governor Thomas Fitch, IV and Hannah Hall Fitch. He served as an officer in the French and Indian War, primarily in upstate New York, near Fort Crailo. Although he and his troops are widely believed to be the inspiration for the song Yankee Doodle, contemporary scholars now believe that its origins are at least twelve years earlier.[1]
Yankee Doodle Legend
[edit]
There is a legend that during the French and Indian War, Fitch was the commander of four New England Regiments.[2] Tradition states that Captain Fitch received the song in 1755 as a joke from British surgeon Dr. Richard Shuckburgh, making Fitch the original "Yankee Doodle".[2][3][4]
Fitch's grave marker states that he is the inspiration for the song "Yankee Doodle." The marker claims that Captain Fitch had assembled his company of recruits at the Fitch homestead in Norwalk at the beginning of the French and Indian War. His sister Elizabeth was concerned about the recruits' appearance and lack of uniforms, so she presented each man with a chicken feather for their hats that would present the image of uniformity. Their appearance when entering West Albany, with feathers in their hats and unpolished clothing, caused British surgeon Dr. Shuckburgh to write verses mocking Fitch and his men as "Yankee Doodles and Macaronies". However, the sentiment changed to become more favorable after the successful campaigns at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1759.
Fitch had the rank of Senior Colonel and was in command of sixteen regiments by the time that he had left the service three years later.
Life after military service
[edit]
After that conflict, Thomas, V returned to Norwalk. He was a prominent resident during and after the American Revolution. He served as a town councilman. He was, along with Thaddeus Betts, in the first delegation from Norwalk to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1776. He helped with the reconstruction efforts after the burning of Norwalk in 1779.[5]
He died on January 16, 1795, and was buried in the East Norwalk Historical Cemetery.
Historical dispute
[edit]
Norwalk historian, Gloria Stewart claims that eighteenth century documents available from the Connecticut state archives dispute the Yankee Doodle identity.[6] One document is a bill for work copying and sending letters for the Connecticut General Assembly. The other is a 1775 document written by Fitch stating that he resigned his commission because of rheumatism that he had for twenty years.[6]
In addition, no Thomas Fitch from Norwalk appears as a colonel in the Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1755-1762.[7] There were only two regiments in June of 1755. Only Major General Phineas Lyman led more than a single regiment. Indeed, no Colonel appears to been sent from Norwalk in the war. The original Yankee Doodle song did not mention a pony, a feather or "Marconi", items which first appear in 1841 in a children's nursery version of the song.[8]
References
[edit] | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 82 | https://veripages.com/name/Samuel/Fitch/ | en | Samuel Fitch: Address, Phone Numbers, Age, Public Records | https://veripages.com/favicon.ico | https://veripages.com/favicon.ico | [
"https://veripages.com/collage/6caa325ac71c7691666e2c67785cbc15.jpg",
"https://veripages.com/img/not-found.png",
"https://veripages.com/img/not-found.png",
"https://veripages.com/img/not-found.png",
"https://veripages.com/img/not-found.png",
"https://veripages.com/img/not-found.png",
"https://veripages.... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | 2022-12-09T00:00:00 | We found 54 records with the name Samuel Fitch in 156 cities. View Samuel Fitch phone numbers, addresses, ages, public records and more. | en | /img/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png | https://veripages.com/name/Samuel/Fitch/ | DISCLAIMER:
You may not use Veripages or the information it provides to make decisions about employment, credit, housing or any other purpose that would require Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) compliance. Veripages is not a Consumer Reporting Agency (CRA) as defined by the FCRA and does not provide consumer reports. | |||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 62 | https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/Zachary_Fitch_(1590-1662) | en | Zachary Fitch (1590-1662) | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711 | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711 | [
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/genealogy/images/9/90/Male_Icon.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/18?cb=20090604073330",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.n... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Familypedia"
] | 2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00 | Zachary Fitch was born 25 January 1590 in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England to Hugh Fitch (1564-1620) and Anne Smith (1567-1638) and died 9 June 1662 Reading, Middlesex County, Massachusetts of unspecified causes. He married Mary Wallace (1602-1698) 7 June 1614 in Church of St Albans, St Albans... | en | /skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico | Familypedia | https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/Zachary_Fitch_(1590-1662) | I Zacrie Fitch Being weake in body but whole in minde and perfit in memory comitting my soule to God and my body to the earth As my last will and testiment do thus disspose of all my worldly Estate as Followeth
First I dew give unto my deare and loving wife mary Fitch dureing hir naturall Life the best on halfe of all my housing within and without and all my orchard and my no homlote both undisposed of with all my housould goodes and two oxen and three cowes with all my Impullemens For Husbandry to hir disposeing duering her life aforesaid with eight akers of medow in the hundered aker medow and nine akers more of medow in the medow called bermedow on the hether side of my medow there Item I give to my sonn Joseph Fith aftr my wifes deses Eighteene poule wide of my lott nex to John Weson with on halfe of my thirty aker lot with Eight akers of medow in Reedimedow and five akers of medow in hundered akers with the on halfe of my medow in the towne medow
Item I give unto Samuele Fitch my sonn my lot at bere hill with all my lot in the First divsident with five akers of medow In the hundred akers and Five akers more in Rock medow with Three akers more next to godman palferyes medow
Item I do give unto Bennimen Fitc my son the on halfe of my therti aker lot with Eight akers of medow in bere medow with halfe my medow in the towne medow Item I do give unto John Fitch my Sonn Thirty pound to be paide him Ten pounds within on yeare after my desese and the Rest of it within to yeare after my wives deses
Item I do give unto Jerimiah Fitch my sonn twenty pounds To be paide within on yeare after my deces ten pound f it And ten pound within on yere after my wives deces Item I dow give to Thomas Fitch my sonn twentie pounds to be so to Also I do make Benjemine Fitch my sonn my hole and sole Exesecutor of this my last will and testament to pay All theese legases and then to take unto him halfe selfe after my wives Deces all the rest of my Estate Both houses lands and goodes Also I do herby Bind him whosoeve marieth with my wife to put in good securiti befor he enter on hir estate to leve Att hir decese all hir estate as good as good [sic] as he finds it. And I desier and impower my to Sonnes Jeremiah and Tho Fitch to see thas my will fullfilled and do give unto them For their paines twenti shilings apeece all Further lands And medow due unto me I do give Ecoly unto my three sonns Joseph Benjamen and Sammeul Fitch For witnes to his will Nicholas Browne of Redding and John his sonn
[verso] Uppon Better And Further Consideration I Zachery Fittc doe give unto My wife Mary Fittc: two heiffier calves the one A yearling caffe and the other a this years calfe and Further I doe give unto My wife Mary and to my Sonne Samuell Fittc a yearling colte beetweene them
Further more whearas I have sayd one the Otherside of this paper that I have given to My wife Eighte Ackere of Meddow in he hundered Ackers And to My sonn Joseph And samuell Fittc five Ackers a peece After my wifes desease: butt now my minde and will is that after my wives decease my sonn Benjamin shall have two Akers of it and My Sonn Joseph and my Sonne Samuell shall have Eight Ackers a peece Further more my mind and will is that my Sonne Joseph and my sonn Benjamin shall (with the helpe of my sonne Samuell of his owne hand) build my sonne Samuell a house, uppon his Lott by Beare hill twenty fower foote Longe and Eighteen foot wide and twelve foot heigh in the stod and Cover itt and calbboard or board itt: and fence in the Lott att Bear hill with a good suffitient fens of five Rayles and Breake it al up att Leaste soe Mutch of it as is Capabell of Breaking up: By that Time that my Sonne Samuell comes to the Age of twenty two yeares
Further more my mind and will is that my sonn John wesson shall have twelve pence payd hime within a year after my deasceas.
further more I doe give unto my Daughter Sarah wesson five pounds In case her husband John wesson dey and soe Leave her a widdow
further more My will is that if either of my sonnes dies without heires of their Bodies Lawfully Begotten: that then their portion shall Equally be devided amongste the Reste of my sonnes that shall be living.
Datted this 3d of Maye 1662
witnese Robert Burnap & Thomas Parcker [no signature]
[Endorsement] At a County Court held at Charlestown June 17, 1662, Robert Barnap and Thomas Parker appearing in Court attested on oath that this above written was declared by Zachary fitch, abov named deceased, to be his last Will and testament and that He was of Sound Judgment and memory when He so declared Himselfe. | ||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 42 | http://sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/F/Fitch/ThomasFitch.html | en | Thomas Fitch | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | Return to main file
Thomas Fitch (1590â1632/3)
Anne Reeve (d. 1686)
Thomas, the son of George Fitch and Joan Thurgood, was born in 1590. [1] He was baptized in 1598. [1] He died between 11 December 1632 and 12 February 1632/3. He married Anna Reve of Bocking on 8 August 1611 in Saint Mary's church in Bocking. [1][2]
Anne Reeve, was the daughter of John Reeve and Mary Brock. [1] Anne Reeve (Mrs. Ann Fitch) died on 20 January 1686 in Windsor, Connecticut. [3]
Anne is mentioned in her father's will of 1620. [1]
On 27 September 1630 William Brock of Thelnetham, Suffolk, gentleman, transferred land to Thomas Fitch of Bocking, clothier. [4]
Thomas Fitch, clothier of Bocking, made his will on 11 December 1632; it was proved on 12 February 1632/3. He left his eldest son, Thomas, the chief messuage where he lived in Bocking, the adjoining messuage, all of the lands and tenements in Bocking that he purchased from Edward Peppen and John Amptill, and the barn in Bocking he bought from Thomas Trotter, on the condition he pay his sister Stracy and annuity of twenty shillings. He left his son John, when he turned 21, the messuage in Bocking he bought from Paul Usher, Peter Kirby, and Ursula Bond, the little garden or orchard in Bocking occupied by Richard Skinner, the tenement in Bocking occupied by Thomas Laye, the "great orchard" adjoining that he bought from Mr. Thomas Trotter, and 200 pounds, when he turned 21. He left his son James 100 pounds when he became a B.A. of two years standing at the University of Cambridge "for I desire he should be bredd up a scholler." James was also to have 30 pounds a year from the time of his admission to Cambridge until he received his M.A. Thomas left his sons Nathaniel and Jeremy a moiety and half of the farm messuage, lands, and tenements in Birch or elsewhere in Essex, which he bought from William Brock, gentleman, when they turned 21. His executor was to use 650 pounds from his estate to buy land in co. Essex for his younger sons Samuel and Joseph. His wife Anne was to have the lands and tenements left to Nathaniel, Jeremy, Samuel and Joseph, until they turned 16. He left his three daughters Mary, Anna, and Sara, 300 pounds each; 200 pounds to be paid at 18 and 100 at 21. He left his son Thomas his great oil cistern of lead in return for Thomas giving his little cistern to his brother John. He left his brother John Malden and his wife, the testator's sister, each 20 shillings. He left his kinsman Henry Stracy five pounds. He left his brothers John Reeve and William Stacy (Stracy?) 40 shillings each and his brother Jeremy Reeve 20 shillings. He left the residue to his wife, who was his sole executrix. [5]
Anne was sole executrix to her son Nathaniel's will in 1649. [1]
James went to New England before the rest of his family. Anne accompanied her sons Thomas, Samuel and Joseph to New England and they appear in Connecticut not long before 1650. Samuel was engaged as a school teacher in Hartford and Joseph and his mother accompanied him there. Anne Reeve was living in Hartford, Connecticut with her son Joseph in 1669. [1]
Children of Thomas Fitch and Anne Reeve:
i. Captain Thomas Fitch was born on 14 October 1612. [1] He died in 1704 in Connecticut. [6] He married Ann Stacie on 1 November 1632 in St. Mary, Bocking. [2][7] Ann was the daughter of William and Anne (or Agnes) (Garrold) Stacey. [8] See Fiske [8] for a discussion of her ancestors.
Thomas settled in Norwalk, Fairfield, Connecticut and received a grant there in 1652. [6] He bought a house lot there from Edward Church in 1654. [6]
Mr. Thomas Fitch of Norwalk was chosen by the town as their clerk of the train band and recorder of lands. This was confirmed by the General Court in Hartford on 26 February 1656. He was made a freeman at the 24 May 1657 court. He was chosen ensign of the train band in Norwalk on 11 May 1665. [9] Thomas Fitch, Sr. was on an 11 October 1669 list of freemen in Norwalk. At the time he was a selectman there. [9]
Thomas was a appointed a commissioner for Norwalk for the following year fourteen times between 13 May 1669 and 11 May 1693. He was appointed commissioner for Norwalk and Danbury on 8 May 1690 and commissioner for Danbury on 12 May 1692. [9] He was a deputy from Norwalk seven times between 8 May 1673 and 10 May 1694. [9] On 14 October 1675 Thomas was nominated as an Assistant at the next election court. [9] Thomas was appointed the Justice of the Peace for Norwalk on 9 May 1689.
On 8 October 1668 Mr. Thomas Fitch was appointed to a committee to go to Rye and hear the inhabitants' differences over land and other matters and to report back. [9] On 12 May 1670 the court granted a committee of settlers to buy land at what is now New Milford. Thomas Fitch was appointed to a committee for the well-ordered planting of the land. On 12 May 1673 he was appointed to a committee to allocate land between Stratford and Momoreanoke River to the various plantations there. [9] Mr. Fitch was appointed to sign bills for Norwalk on 25 November 1675. [9] On 9 May 1678 Thomas was appointed to a committee to lay out the bounds between Standford and Norwalk. [9] On 8 May 1684 Thomas was on a committee to order the planting of a town above Norwalk or Fairfield. [9] On 6 October 1687 Thomas signed a petition for a plantation to be named Swamfield; this was granted on 6 October, with the name changed to Danbury. [9]
Thomas was appointed captain of the Fairfield county military company on 7 August 1673. [9] On 18 February 1678 the court ordered Mr. Thomas Fitch, captain, to come with horses and recruits. [9]
Selleck refers to Thomas as the wealthiest man in the plantation. [6]
Thomas's son Thomas was the grandfather of Governor Thomas Fitch of Connecticut. [6]
ii. John Fitch was probably born between about 1614 and 1620. It said to have died of the plague in 1666. [10]
It has been claimed that this John Fitch went to New England, and that he may be the John Fitch who lived in Windsor. Fitch [1], however, argues that the will of his cousin Reeve proves that John Fitch remained in England.
iii. Reverend James Fitch was born about 1622. He died on 18 or 19 November 1702 in Lebanon, New London County, Connecticut. He married first Abigail Whitfield. He married second Priscilla Mason.
iv. Nathaniel Fitch was born on 26 December 1623. [1] He died between 15 Aug 1648, when he signed his will, and 8 May 1649, when it was proved. [1
He named his brothers Samuel and Joseph in his will. [1]
Nathaniel was of Prittlewell, co. Essex. [10, p. 141-2]
v. Jeremy Fitch was born on 5 August 1625. [1]
There is a 3 November 1652 prenuptial agreement for Jeremy Fitch, stapler and citizen of London, and Hannah Letten of Dunton, spinster. It mentions Jeremy Reeve of Dunton and John Fitch of Braintree, gentleman. It was witnessed by John Reeve and John Harris. [11]
On 9 December 1659 Jeremy Fitch of St. Botolph without Bishopsgate, Middlesex, leather seller, and Hanna his wife, sold land mentioned in their prenuptial agreement to John Reeve of Bocking, gentleman. [12]
vi. Samuel Fitch was born on 9 November 1626. [1] He died in 1659. [13] He married Susanna, the widow of William Whiting, in 1651. [13][6] Susanna married third Alexander Bryan of Milford. [6]
Samuel went to New England and was engaged to keep school in Hartford from 1 January 1649/50. [13] He was made a freeman at the 15 May 1651 court at Hartford. On 11 July 1654 the General Court in Hartford appointed Samuel to a committee to draw up letters to send to the Corporation, General Monck and Mr. Hopkins and to provide for the Commissioners. [9]
He was a deputy in 1654 and 1655. [13]
vii. Captain Joseph Fitch was born about 1630. [13][14] He was certainly living on 17 November 1719, age about 90. He probably died shortly before 30 October 1727, age 97, in East (now South) Windsor. [13] He married Mary, the daughter of Reverend Samuel Stone. [13]
In his will, Reverend Samuel Stone refers to "my sonne Joseph Fitch." [13]
Joseph went to New England. He owned land in Norwalk in 1650/1. [13] He moved to Northampton, Massachusetts. [13] He purchased a home in Hartford in 1660. [13] He lived in Podunk, which is currently in South Windsor and East Hartford. [14]
Joseph was a freeman in 1662. [13] He was on a 13 May 1669 list of freemen in Windsor. [9]
Mr. Joseph Fitch was a deputy from Windsor 18 times between 8 May 1664 and 1 September 1693. [9]
Joseph was one of three men of Windsor who on 9 September 1672 petitioned the court to enlarge the town of Windsor. This was granted on 10 October 1672. [9]
Joseph purchased land from the colony on 8 December 1662 at Podunk in Windsor. He became involved in lawsuits with his neighbors and asked the court to lay out his land. This was granted on 10 May 1677. [9]
On 29 February 1675 Joshua Uncas, son of Uncas, Sachem of Moheag, made his will, leaving land to James Fitch, Jr. and Joseph Fitch. [15]
On 28 December 1675 Mr. Joseph Fitch was appointed commander of 60 dragoons raised in Hartford County. He was referred to as Captain Joseph Fitch on 9 May 1689. [9] On 29 August 1689 Joseph was confirmed the captain of the Windsor trainband. On 11 April 1690, the court seeing the necessity of preventing Albany from being taken by the French, decided to sent two foot companies there, one to be commanded by Joseph. On 8 May 1690 the court ordered Joseph and his company to be ready to march from Hartford a week from Monday. [9]
viii. Anna Fitch born on 6 August 1630. [1]
ix. Sarah Fitch born on 24 July 1631. [1]
References:
1. Roscoe Conkling Fitch, History of the Fitch Family A.D. 1400-1930, (Haverhill, MA: Record Pub. Co., 1930).
2. James Junius Goodwin, The First Register of Saint Mary's church, Bocking, Essex, England. Baptisms, 1561-1605; Marriages, 1593-1639; Burials, 1558-1628 (n.p.: printed for the author, 1903).
3. "Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630â1870," database with images, AmericanAncestors.org > Windsor, image 100 (Fitch).
4. "William Brock of Thelnetham, Suffolk, gentleman to Thomas FITCH of Bocking, clothier," feoffment, D/DU/161/172, Essex Records Office.
5. Henry F. Waters, "Genealogical Gleanings in England," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 46, (1892): 323-324.
6. Charles M. Selleck, Norwalk (Norwalk: printed for the author, 1896).
7. "Essex, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538â1812," database, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61698) , entry for Thomas Fitch, Jr.
8. William Wyman Fiske, "Clark and Stacy Origins of Three Immigrants to Ipswich, Massachusetts: Simon and Elizabeth (Clarke) Stacy and her sister Susanna (Clarke) Whipple," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 160 (2006): 17â29.
9. J. Hammond Trumble, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vol. 1 (Hartford: Brown & Parsons, 1850; vol. 2 (Hartford: F.A. Brown, 1852), vol. 3 (Case, Lockwood, & Co., 1859).; Charles J. Hoadley, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, vols. 4â12 (Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co., 1868â1890).
10. Richard Coleman Witters, Ancestral Roots and Descendants of Charles Robert Looney and LaVanch Margaret Cool (n.p.: Xlibris Co., c. 2009).
11. "Prenuptual Settlement, Reference," D/DU 161/478, Essex Record Office.
12. "Demise," D/DU 161/183, Essex Record Office.
13. Hower W. Brainard, "Captain Joseph Fitch," The American Genealogist 14 (1937): 87â96.
14. Gale Ion Harris, "The Children of Capt. Joseph and Mary (Stone) Fitch of Hartford and Windsor, Connecticut," The American Genealogist 68 (1993), 1â10, 95â105.
15. "Will of Joshua Uncas," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 13 (1859): 235â6.
07-Apr-2023 | ||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 4 | https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LBSJ-X47/samuel-fitch-1655-1725 | en | FamilySearch.org | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. | en | null | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 17 | http://www.treetreetree.org.uk/FitchSamuelsonJames1.htm | en | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | ||||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 40 | http://jwmyers3.com/family/wc/wc107/wc107_464.html | en | John Fitch & Anne Whiting | [
"http://jwmyers3.com/family/wc/img/i_close.png",
"http://jwmyers3.com/family/wc/img/i_menu.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | |||||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 6 | https://www.ancestry.com/1940-census/usa/Connecticut/Samuel-F-Fitch_4m4mk1 | en | Samuel F Fitch in the 1940 Census | [
"https://www.ancestrycdn.com/ui-static/i/logo/ancestry.svg"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | View Samuel F Fitch's 1940 US census record to find family members, occupation details & more. Access is free so discover Samuel F Fitch's story today. | en | Ancestry.com | https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=samuel&lastName=fitch | ||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 0 | 95 | https://connecticutgenealogy.com/windham/early_settlers_of_windham.htm | en | Early Settlers of Windham, Connecticut – Connecticut Genealogy | [
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8ed191d58bb88f22790ff8ecc6df04c?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8ed191d58bb88f22790ff8ecc6df04c?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a95912f84c389a7a2d554a50ebbe3e9f?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avata... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Dennis Partridge"
] | 2011-08-09T01:30:25-04:00 | Let us now turn for a moment to notice some of the individual members that were swelling. the body corporate. William and Joseph Hall, Joshua and John Allen, Nathaniel Bassett, Benjamin Armstrong, Samuel Gifford and Robert Smith were now settled at the Ponde; the Halls having come from Plymouth, Bassett from Yarmouth, and the others […] | en | Connecticut Genealogy | https://connecticutgenealogy.com/windham/early_settlers_of_windham.htm | Let us now turn for a moment to notice some of the individual members that were swelling. the body corporate. William and Joseph Hall, Joshua and John Allen, Nathaniel Bassett, Benjamin Armstrong, Samuel Gifford and Robert Smith were now settled at the Ponde; the Halls having come from Plymouth, Bassett from Yarmouth, and the others probably from Norwich. Joseph Dingley now occupied the allotment purchased by Captain Standish. William Backus exchanged his house and accommodations at the Hither-place for Ensign Crane’s grist mill. Crane sold the house and lot to Exercise Conant in 1695, and Conant conveyed it to John Abbe, of Wenham, July 3d, 1696, for £70 in silver. Samuel Abbe, probably a brother of John, purchased half an allotment and half a house at the Centre, of Benjamin Howard, in 1697. John Waldo, of Boston, a reported descendant of Peter Waldo, of Lyons, purchased an allotment laid out to Reverend James Fitch, and was admitted an inhabitant here in 1698. William Hide, William Moulton, Philip Paine, John Ashby, Josiah Kingsley, Samuel Storrs, Samuel Storrs, Jr., Robert and Joseph Hebard, Isaac Magoon, John Howard and Thomas Denham, were also admitted inhabitants in the year 1698, or before; Shubael Dimmock in 1699, and Abraham Mitchell in 1700. James Birchard sold his right to Philip Paine in 1696, and removed to the West Farms of Norwich. Samuel Abbe died a few months after his arrival here, his son Samuel succeeded to his estate at the Centre, and his widow married Abraham Mitchell. John Cates, the first Windham settler, died in the summer of 1697. He left a service of plate for the communion service of the church, two hundred acres of land in trust for the poor, and two hundred acres to be applied to schools.
The town officers elected for the year 1698 were: Joshua Ripley, town clerk; Joseph Dingley and Joseph Hall, collectors for minister; Thomas Huntington and Jonathan Ginnings, fence viewers for south-end of town; William More, surveyor of highways for south end; Samuel Lincoln, surveyor for north end; William Backus, pound keeper and hayward for the great field at the south end; Benjamin Millard, hayward for fields at Crotch of River; Lieutenant Fitch and Samuel Birchard, to lay out land. The value set upon allotments at this time was £35 each.
During this period one of the chief questions which agitated the corporate mind was the location and erection of a meeting house and the collection of taxes to pay the minister, these things being, according to the custom and sentiment of the time, legitimately under the care of the town in its capacity as a political organization. After much social commotion on the subject, a site was decided upon, and January 30th, 1700, the front part of William Backus’s home lot at the southeast quarter was purchased by Mr. Whiting and Ensign Crane, and made over by them to the town, for a “meeting-house plat or common.” This was the nucleus of Windham Green, on which the first meeting house was soon after erected. The thousand-acre right which had been reserved for the minister was soon afterward made over to Reverend Mr. Whiting, the first settled minister of this town church, a more detailed account of which will be given in its appropriate place.
The territory of this town was enlarged by the addition of two considerable tracts of adjacent land. The tract which lay between the former bounds of the town and the limit of Norwich, called the Mamosqueage lands, reserved by Joshua for the benefit of his children, was contested by Owaneco, and only after a long and troublesome controversy secured by Joshua’s son, Abimileck, who sold it to John Clark and Thomas Buckingham. This tract, embracing about ten thousand acres, lying west of Nipmuck path, was purchased in 1698 by Messrs. Crane and Huntington, in behalf of the proprietors of Windham, and in 1700 made over to Reverend Samuel Whiting and Jonathan Crane. who assumed the whole charge of it, laying it out in shares and selling it to settlers. Their right was challenged by Lieutenant Daniel Mason, who had received a deed of the land from Owaneco, and in spite of the decision adjudging it to Abimileck, Mason in 1701 openly proclaimed his right to the lands at Mamosqueage, and warned all people against cumbering the same. In September of that year, however, the general court confirmed the land to Messrs. Whiting and Crane and granted them a patent for it. The other tract referred to was the broad stretch of meadows west of the Willimantic river, which was not included in the former grant to Windham or to Lebanon. Residents of both these towns had purchased land in this section, and as settlers took possession the question arose as to which town they belonged. Upon application to the general court, a committee was sent to consider the situation and report. Upon their report it was decided that the tract in question should be attached to Windham, which decision appears to have been agreeable to all concerned. The boundary line between the two towns was satisfactorily and permanently settled by a commit. tee from each town, September 23d, 1701.
About the year 1700, settlement in the quarter now known as Scotland was begun by Isaac Magoon, who had been admitted as an inhabitant in 1698. A hundred-acre division of lands in the town was made in 1700, each proprietor being allowed considerable of latitude in his choice of location, with certain qualifications, one of which was that they were not for choose land within one mile of the meeting house.
With the increase of population came the establishment of various trades and enterprises for the benefit, real or imaginary, of the people. In 1700, Benjamin Millard was allowed to set up the trade of a tanner. Lieutenant Crane received permission from the court at Hartford ” to keep a public victualing house for the entertainment of strangers and travelers and the retailing of strong drink.” Sergeant Hide had license to keep an ordinary at the Ponde, and “retale his mathagiline so far as ye towne have power.” Liberty to build a saw mill on Goodman Hebard’s brook, and the privilege of the stream for damming or ” ponding,” was granted to several petitioners, or, ” if that would not answer, take any other stream.” It was decided that the miller should grind corn for the people every Monday and Tuesday, and if more was brought than he could grind in the specified days, he was to keep on grinding till all was finished. In December, 1702, the town for the first time made provision for a school, directing the selectmen to agree with a school master or mistrees, the ” scollars to pay what the rate fails short.”
Soon after this it began to appear to the people that the town was too large to be advantageously managed under one local government. Movements toward division which began in 1701 were consummated in May; 1703, by the division of the territory into two parts, called the northern and southern parts, though more properly they were the eastern and western. The western part of the town, comprising forty-one square miles, was erected into the township of Mansfield. Apart of its original territory is now included in Chaplin. A patent was granted by the general court to the new town of Mansfield, “Likewise a new patent to the town of Windham, thus reconstructed of one-half of the original Joshua’s tract and the Clark and Buckingham tract added to it.
The town thus reduced in size was able to give closer attention to the details of its own territory and organization. The boundary line on the east was for many years-a matter of disagreement and litigation with Canterbury. In 1703 the town also agreed to have but one “ordinary ” within it; that one to be kept by Lieutenant Crane. Lieutenant Fitch was chosen town clerk at this time, a position which he continued to hold for many years. When the Indian war broke out in 1704, the freeholders were all required to remain in the town under penalty of forfeiture of their estates; or a fine of ten pounds to be levied on any other male persons, not freeholders, over sixteen years of age, who should leave the place. Knapsacks, hatchets and snowshoes were provided by the selectmen, to be ready for emergencies, and ten pounds in silver were expended for a stock of ammunition. The militia was reorganized, Windham now having population sufficient to form a full train band. John Fitch was appointed captain, Jonathan Crane lieutenant, and Joseph Cary ensign. A watch was maintained along the frontiers, and houses were fortified according to law, but the threatened danger passed without giving the people any serious inconvenience. In 1705 an allotment of four hundred acres to the right was made, to be laid out west of the tract adjoining Canterbury which was in dispute with that town. The disputed tract was also laid out, Windham vigorously persisting in exercising possession of it. This disputed land was a gore piece lying between two lines which had been run as the eastern boundary of Windham. The west line was the line run by Bushnell according to the direction of Uncas, as the eastern boundary of Joshua’s tract, and it followed the Nipmuck path, running a little west of south. The east line was a due south line from Appaquage, which had been run in 1691 by a committee appointed to run out the east line of the town. At that time there was no settlement, claiming on the east of Windham, so the last mentioned line remained undisputed until 1700, when Plainfield, being laid out, claimed to the Nipmuck path. The settlement of what is now Scotland was at this time steadily increasing, and the value of land was rising. Saw mills and grist mills were ,erected on the powerful stream near Willimantic falls. But the settlement at the ” Crotch,” which had promised to become the center, ceased to hold its precedence, and with the removal of the gatherings for public worship to other parts of the town, fell into comparative obscurity. Two of its settlers, Broughton and Howard, removed to other parts of the town, and their homesteads passed to other permanent residents. Mr. Whiting still occupied the house built for him, but no village grew up around it. A twenty-acre land division was laid out here in 1707.
In 1706 a division of four hundred acres to the right, in the northeast part of the town, was laid out. In January, 1709, David Canada, William Shaw, Robert Moulton and Edward Colburn, all of Salem, purchased one hundred acres of land on both sides of Little river, of William More, for £23, and began the settlement of a remote section, which is now included in the township of Hampton. A road passing through ” the burnt cedar swamp,” led from Windham to this settlement, and thence to the old Connecticut Path. That part of the town known as Windham Green soon became the chief center of business and public affairs. Here were gathered together the principal official men of the town, the meeting house, school, shops, training field and Lieutenant Crane’s “ordinary,” as the tavern was called.
By a land distribution in 1712 the northeast section of the town was opened for settlement. This section gained steadily in population and importance, notwithstanding its remoteness and difficulty of access. Its soil was good and land was cheap, its situation pleasant and the outlook commanding. This section, then called Canada Parish, now known as Hampton, soon became so strong as to warrant the organization of its people into a distinct society. This was done under an act of the assembly in 1717. In 1718 this parish was also ‘granted liberty to organize and maintain a military company within its borders. The people of the parish were also empowered to levy an annual tax for the parish expenses, of ten shillings on every hundred acres of unimproved land lying within its borders. This was strongly objected to by the Windham proprietors living in other parts of the town-who owned land in this section. Their objections, however, were over-ruled by the assembly, but they nevertheless caused a great deal of trouble to the new society in collecting such taxes.
About the year 1725 the population of the Windham town was rapidly increasing. So great was the increase in Canada parish that a full military company was formed there, with Stephen Howard for captain, Nathaniel Kingsbury for lieutenant, and Samuel Gardner for ensign, and sixty privates between the ages of sixteen and sixty. Schools were also provided there and selectmen, surveyors and other officers were chosen for that section, so that the parish was every way well established and accommodated, and its inhabitants only needed to repair to Windham Green for town meetings. The society had been granted respite from paying taxes toward the general expenses of the colony for four years, in accordance with the usual custom of dealing with young organizations. But drought, short crops and other discouragements prompted the Canada people to ask the further favor of the assembly in this direction. In response that body granted ” one year and no more,” after which the society was expected to pay its share of the common expenses.
During the early half of the last century the town grew apace. Settlement at Scotland progressed as did also that at Windham Green. A court of probate was established here in October, 1719, for the towns of Windham, Lebanon, Coventry, Mansfield, Canterbury. Plainfield, Killingly, Pomfret and Ashford, and this added much to its business and importance. Captain John Fitch, already the honored town clerk of Windham, was appointed the first judge of probate, still retaining, however, his clerkship. In 1721 the town street was widened to eight rods from the southeast corner of Deacon Bingham’s house-lot to the northeast corner of Gentleman Mitchell’s house. A new pound was built near the meeting house The population of the town had now increased so that a second military company was organized, with Eleazer Carey for captain, Edward Waldo for lieutenant, and Nathaniel Rudd for ensign. Jeremiah Ripley was then lieutenant of the first company.
The sons of the first settlers were now active in public affairs. Jonathan Huntington, son of Joseph, was practicing medicine, the first regular physician of Windham town. His brother Joseph had married Elizabeth, daughter of Joshua Ripley. Joshua Ripley Jr., married a daughter of John Backus. John Backus, Jr., married a daughter of Mr. Whiting. Jonathan Crane’s son Isaac, married Ruth Waldo, of Scotland. Among the new inhabitants of Windham was Thomas Dyer, who removed hither in 1715, when twenty-one years of age, married Lydia, daughter of John Backus, was first a shoemaker and farmer, but soon engaged in public affairs and became one of the most prominent and wealthy citizens of the town. Eleazer Carey, nephew of Deacon Joseph Carey, removed to Windham in 1718. Deacon Joseph died in 1722.
John and Samuel Abbe were among the very early settlers of this town, and the name has been a prominent, influential and respected one in the subsequent history of the town. Through the male and female branches the blood has been widely disseminated, and is diffused through almost the entire range of Windham families. It is supposed that they came from Wenham, Mass., their ancestors having come from the county of Norfolk, England. John purchased of Lieutenant Exercise Conant the seventh home-lot at Windham Centre with a house on the west side of the town street and the thousand-acre right belonging to it, July 3d, 1696, all for seventy pounds in silver. He was admitted an inhabitant December 9th of the same year, and was one of the original members of the Windham church, organized in 1700. He died suddenly December 11th of the same year. Samuel Abbe, brother of the last mentioned, bought of Benjamin Howard of Windham, for X22, 10s., one half an allotment of land-a five hundred acre right-being number two at the Centre, with half the house, etc. He was admitted an inhabitant December 21st, 1697, and became the ancestor of the most numerous branch of the Windham Abbes, and all of the name now living in Windham or vicinity are descended from him. He died at Windham in March, 1698. One of his female descendants, Rachel Abbe in 1738-9 married General Samuel McClellan, and so became the great-grandmother of the late General George B. McClellan, of national renown. Paul and Phillip; Abbot came from Andover, Mass., and settled here, in the section of the town now Hampton, about 1722. Their descendants have been- largely involved in the history of this town. Joseph Allen, the ancestor of representatives of the same name still living in this town and Scotland, bought land in this town, now Scotland, January 13th, 1731. Samuel Ashley in April, 1717, purchased two hundred acres of John Fitch in the northeast part of Windham, on both sides of Little river. This homestead farm is in the North Bigelow district in Hampton, and has remained in the family ever since. Jonathan Babcock was probably the second permanent settler of that portion of Windham which is now included in the village of Willimantic. He was the common ancestor of most of the Coventry and Mansfield Babcocks. He bought the thousand-acre right which had been laid out by Captain John Mason and had passed through several hands previous to his purchase in 1709. The home farm, containing 1.54 acres, had been laid out on this right, April 17th, 1706. It lay just beyond the western limits of the borough of Willimantic, near the village cemetery, and the first house erected upon it was probably the second one built in Willimantic. Babcock was admitted as an inhabitant in 1711. William Backus settled in Windham as early as 1693. His ‘ father, Lieutenant William Backus, was one of the original Norwich legatees of Joshua, and had three of the thousand-acre shares, one of which he gave to his son William, of whom we are speaking. The home lot was number seven, at Windham Centre. It was in the center of the present village of Windham. One acre of it was purchased, January 30th, 1700, by -Reverend Samuel Whiting and Ensign Jonathan Crane, and presented by them to the town for a “Meeting Plot or Common.” This was the original ” Windham Green.” Many of the descendants of this settler still remain. Deacon John Baker, probably son of Samuel Baker of Hull and Barnstable, came to Windham with his sons Samuel and John (as is supposed), at some time before 1746, and located in that part of Windham now the south part of Scotland. When the descendants had become somewhat numerous the place where the families settled was called ” Baker Town.
In 1726 the courts of the new county of Windham were held in this town. Being thus made the shiretown its prosperity received a fresh impetus. The growth of the village at Windham Green was especially quickened. The court house and jail were soon erected, with stores, taverns and numerous private residences, and much business, private as well as public, centered here. A grammar school, authorized by the general court, was established after some delay. Improvements were also in’ progress throughout the town. Ichabod Warner, in 1727, was allowed to make a dam across Pigeon Swamp brook, and John Marcy and Seth Palmer to make one on Merrick’s brook. The first dam was built across the Willimantic the same year, near the site of the present stone dam of the Linen Company. The Iron Works bridge was also erected. The forge and the iron works were at that time in operation, but from the frequent change of owners we judge that they were not very successful. Badger soon sold his share to Ebenezer Hartshorn, son of Thomas, the first Willimantic mill owner. Hartshorn conveyed it to Joshua Ripley, and he to Thomas Dyer, together with the adjacent dwelling house, May 27th, 1731. Dyer retained it till 1735, and then sold out to Hathaway, one of the founders of the company. These Willimantic Iron Works were maintained many years, and employed a number of laborers, but were never very thriving. The privilege occupied so early by Thomas Hartshorn was made over by him to his son Ebenezer, of Charlestown, who in 1729 sold the grist mill, saw mill, water privilege and forty-acre lot to Joseph Martin of Lebanon, for £410. Thomas Hartshorn, the first settler of Willimantic, then purchased a house of Ebenezer Jennings, and removed to Windham Centre. An early settler in this vicinity, not previously recorded, was Stephen, son of the Captain John Brown, who received a thousand-acre right from Captain Samuel Mason in 1677. The home lot pertaining to this right was laid out in 1706, abutting southeast on Willimantic river, near the northern boundary of the town, and was improved and occupied prior to 1720, by Stephen Brown.
The Scotland settlement was rapidly, growing in strength, and with its growth developed the desire to become a distinct society. Ecclesiastical organization was the basis of civil organization, and the Scotland settlers as early as 1726 began to discuss the question of being independent of the other part of the town. In May, 1732, that part of the town was endowed with society privileges by act of the general court. Further particulars concerning it will be found in connection with the history of the town of Scotland.
The growth of the town required an enlargement of the number of town officers. In 1746 there were chosen a town clerk and treasurer, five selectmen, three collectors of town rates, four constables, six grand jurors, seven listers, four branders, three leather sealers, six fence viewers, eight tithing men and ten surveyors. Penalties at this time were extremely severe. Heavy fines, whippings and imprisonment were administered for slight offenses. Those unable to pay fines and lawful debts were often bound out as servants. In one case a year’s service satisfied a judgment of 03. In another case it took five and a half years to satisfy a debt of 50. Another was bound servant for eight years for a debt of £120.
An intimation of the progress of education in the town is furnished us in the records of 1750, which tell us that a good grammar school was ordered to be kept the whole of every year ” by a master able and sufficient for that purpose.” This school was moved about from one society to another, each of the three societies in the town being entitled to have the school kept within its bounds during a portion of the year,. corresponding to the proportion of money contributed by it to the support of the school, the basis of both being their lists of property valuation.
Jonathan Trumbull was judge of the probate district of Windham in 1746. John Ripley was chosen town treasurer in 1750. Samuel Gray succeeded Eliphalet Dyer as town clerk in 1755. A receiver of provisions for the-colony tax, an excise collector and a packer of tobacco were now added to the town officers. The deputies sent by Windham to the general court between 1746 and 1760 were Thomas Dyer, Eleazer Cary, Jabez Huntington, Eliphalet Dyer, Jonathan Huntington, Nathaniel Skiff, Jedediah Elderkin, Nathaniel Wales, Thomas Stedman, Jonathan Rudd, Joseph Kingsbury, Samuel Murdock and Samuel Gray.
Among the tavern keepers scattered over the town about the middle of the last century were James Brewster, David Ripley, John Backus, Eleazer Fitch, Isaac Warner, Benjamin Lathrop and Isaac Parish. The social life of the town was said to be at that time very hilarious and enjoyable. Nearly all the families in the town were connected by intermarriage, and the most friendly and open intercourse was maintained. A free and generous hospitality prevailed among all classes. Merry-makings of every description were frequent. The residents of Windham Green were especially noted for love of fun and frolic, bantering and jesting. Traditions of these golden days represent Windham with her two parishes like Judah and Israel in the days of Solomon” many as the sand which is by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry.”
During this period the growth and prosperity of Windham was marked. Even by contemporary judges it was estimated to surpass in prominence, and rapidity of growth and commercial activity, every other inland town in the colony. About 1760 it had four well trained military companies, four meeting houses, the county buildings, a number of stores and taverns, and many handsome private residences. The following list of town officers for the year 1760 will be of interest, both in showing the number of officers required by the town government and the men who were in active life at the time to fill these offices Doctor Joshua Elderkin, moderator; Samuel Gray, town clerk (chosen first in 1755 in place of Eliphalet Dyer, who had gone into the army, and retained in ‘office more than thirty years); Captain Samuel Murdock, George Martin, Captain Henry Silsby, Samuel Webb, Lieutenant Prince Tracy, selectmen; Hezekiah Manning, Paul Hebard, Abiel Abbott, constables and collectors of town rates; Joshua Reed, Hezekiah Huntington, Nathaniel Lord, John Manning, grand jurymen; William Warner,. Nathaniel Wales 2d, Nathaniel Warren, John Clark, Joseph Burnham, Nathan Luce. Joseph Manning, tithing-men ;Benjamin Lathrop, Jonathan Babcock, James Flint, Jonathan Burnap, Nathaniel Mosely, Andrew Burnham, Joseph Woodward, listers-; Edward Brown, Ebenezer Fitch, Ebenezer Bingham, John Bass, Isaac Andrus, Gideon Hebard, Thomas Tracy, Samuel Murdock, Nathaniel Huntington, Daniel Martin, Jeremiah Clark, Zebadiah Coburn, Stephen Park, Jeremiah Utley, William Holt, Josiah Hammond, Simon Wood, Joshua Farnham, John Manning, Joseph Woodward, Richard Kimball, Jonathan Luce, Joseph Ginning, highway surveyors; Samuel Webb, Edward Brown, William Durkee, Isaac Ringe, John Webb, David Ripley, fence viewers; Hezekiah Huntington, John Fuller, Elisha Palmer, Jr., Eleazer Palmer, branders and toilers; Edward Brown, Isaac Ringe, Reuben Robinson, leather sealers; Joseph Huntington, Joseph Sessions, Elisha Palmer, Jr., pound keepers; Joseph Huntington, Jeremiah Durkee, Joseph Manning, packers; Samuel Gray, town treasurer; Elijah Bingham and Thomas Tracy, to take care of the town bridge; James Flint, receiver of provision paid for discharge of colony tax; John Abbe, ‘ collector of excise; Hezekiah Manning and Shubael Palmer, surveyors and packers of tobacco.
Source: History of Windham County, Connecticut, Bayles, Richard M.; New York: W.W. Preston, 1889 | |||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 61 | https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Jabez_G._Fitch | en | Jabez G. Fitch | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711 | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711 | [
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Military Wiki"
] | 2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00 | Jabez G. Fitch (March 20, 1764 - July 31, 1824) was a businessman and political figure from Vermont. Among the offices in which he served was United States Marshal for Vermont, a position he held from 1794 to 1801. Jabez Gale Fitch was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on March 20, 1764, a son of... | en | /skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico | Military Wiki | https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Jabez_G._Fitch | Jabez G. Fitch (March 20, 1764 - July 31, 1824) was a businessman and political figure from Vermont. Among the offices in which he served was United States Marshal for Vermont, a position he held from 1794 to 1801.
Life[]
Early life[]
Jabez Gale Fitch was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on March 20, 1764, a son of Dr. Jabez Fitch (1729-1806) and Lydia (Huntington) Fitch (1735-1803). Fitch was raised and educated in Norwich, and his numerous brothers and sisters included Ebenezer Fitch, the first president of Williams College. During the American Revolution, Fitch went into the naval service while still a boy and he served on the Patriot side until the end of the war. He served in the militia in Vermont, and attained the rank of colonel, the title by which he was commonly addressed.
Career[]
When his parents and several siblings moved to Vermont in the late 1780s, Fitch joined them in relocating to the area around Vergennes. He was active in the local Masonic lodge, served in local offices including town lister, and was involved in civic projects including construction of a courthouse in Vergennes.
Fitch became a merchant and trader. His enterprises included speculating in land, mills, an iron works, and producing lumber and potash for transport to markets in Quebec via Lake Champlain. In 1801, he purchased title to the town of Coventry from Ira Allen, then sold lots at moderate prices to encourage settlement in the area.
An early adherent of the Federalist Party, Fitch served in appointed offices including deputy U.S. Marshal. In 1794, Vermont's first U.S. Marshal, Lewis R. Morris, resigned. Fitch was appointed to succeed Morris, and served until 1801. His tenure was most notable for his imprisonment of Democratic-Republican Party politician Matthew Lyon during Lyon's arrest and trial for violating the Alien and Sedition Acts. Lyon's constituents reelected him to Congress while he was in jail; after the law against sedition expired in 1801, Thomas Jefferson, the first Democratic-Republican president, replaced Fitch as U.S. Marshal with John Willard, a supporter of the Democratic-Republican Party.
In the early 1820s, Fitch became overextended and his holdings were seized to satisfy creditors. He subsequently moved to Western New York to live with relatives.
Death[]
Fitch died in Warsaw, New York, on July 31, 1824. He was buried at Warsaw Cemetery (also known as Warsaw Pioneer Cemetery).
Family[]
Fitch was married to Speedy Goodrich (d. 1806). They were the parents of two sons and three daughters.
References[]
Sources[]
Books[]
Records Of The Grand Lodge Of Free And Accepted Masons Of The State Of Vermont. Burlington, VT: The Free Press Association. 1879. https://archive.org/details/Records_Of_The_Grand_Lodge_Of_Free_And_Accepted_Masons_Of_The_State_Of_Vermont/page/n37.
Durfee, Calvin (1843). Memoir of Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D.D.. Boston, MA: T. R. Marvin. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaoaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5.
Graham, John H. (1892). History of Freemasonry in the Province of Quebec. Montreal, Canada: John Lovell & Son. http://www.mtwashingtonlodge.com/assets/Outlines_Of_The_History_Of_Freemasonry_In_Quebec_-_J_Graham.pdf.
Smith, Henry Perry (1886). History of Addison County, Vermont. Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co.. https://archive.org/details/historyofaddison1886smit/page/639.
Internet[]
Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Town Facts: Coventry, Vermont". Brownington, VT: Orleans County County Historical Society. http://oldstonehousemuseum.org/coventry/.
Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "To George Washington from Samuel Hitchcock, 16 May 1794". Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-16-02-0065.
Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Connecticut Town Birth Records, pre-1870, Entry for Jabez Gale Fitch". Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. https://www.ancestry.com/.
Magazines[]
Wyoming County Historian (1975). "Biography, Jabez G. Fitch". Warsaw, NY: Wyoming County (NY) Historical Society. https://books.google.com/books?id=RfYpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Jabez+G.+Fitch%22+%22Republican+Advocate%22. "The article stated that in an early period of the Revolution Fitch entered naval service of his country and continued in the navy until the recognition of American independence."
Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (1980). "Newspaper Index, Entry for Jabez Fitch". Buffalo, NY: Western New York Genealogical Society. https://books.google.com/books?id=lvApAQAAMAAJ&q=%22jabez%22+%22fitch%22+%22warsaw%22+%221824%22.
Newspapers[]
Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (December 5, 1823). "Wedding Announcement: Howard Bosworth and Elizabeth Fitch". Northern Sentinel. Burlington, VT. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41141731/bosworthfitch_wedding/.
[] | ||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 97 | https://the-blacklist.fandom.com/wiki/Tom_Keen_(Character) | en | Tom Keen (Character) | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/blacklist/images/1/1e/Tom_Keen.png/revision/latest?cb=20170419194751 | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/blacklist/images/1/1e/Tom_Keen.png/revision/latest?cb=20170419194751 | [
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/blacklist/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210530085840",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/blacklist/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210530085840",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/blacklist/images/1/1e/Tom_Keen.png/revision/latest/scale-to-wid... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to The Blacklist Wiki"
] | null | Tom Keen was a main character in the NBC series The Blacklist and a protagonist in the other NBC series “The Blacklist: Redemption. When he was 3 years old, Christopher Hargrave was kidnapped from his parents Susan and Howard Hargrave. His mother mentioned it has been 28 years since his... | en | /skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico | The Blacklist Wiki | https://the-blacklist.fandom.com/wiki/Tom_Keen_(Character) | Tom Keen was a main character in the NBC series The Blacklist and a protagonist in the other NBC series “The Blacklist: Redemption.
Background[]
When he was 3 years old, Christopher Hargrave was kidnapped from his parents Susan and Howard Hargrave. His mother mentioned it has been 28 years since his disappearance, which makes him 31 years old by the event of “Susan Hargrave”.
As a foster child by the name of Jacob Phelps, he was a petty thief who was eventually recruited at a young age by an underground spy trainer known as the Major in 1994. As an adult, he was hired by Raymond Reddington to keep an eye on Elizabeth Keen, however Jacob got romantically involved with Elizabeth which led Reddington to fire him.
To protect himself and to remain with Elizabeth, Jacob went to Milos Kirchoff and the Major reassigned Jacob's contract to Milos when he offered to double Red's original price.
As part of his cover, Phelps took the identity of Thomas Vincent Keen and started working as a fourth grade teacher. He and Liz eventually married and made plans to adopt a child.
After his death at the hands of Ian Garvey and Elizabeth's death at the hands of Elias VanDyke, their daughter Agnes Keen is being taking care of by Harold Cooper.
Season 1[]
“Pilot”[]
Tom and Liz oversleep and are awakened by their dog, Hudson, on Liz's first day as an FBI profiler. While they are getting ready for work he shows her 2 fliers and asks her to choose which one he should visit with his class for a field trip. . He also wants the car, but because Liz is late he agrees that she can have it. When the FBI arrive outside to take Liz, she gives him the car keys.
He calls Liz and goes to the adoption meeting alone.
When Liz returns home she finds Tom tied to a chair. He is tortured and stabbed by Ranko Zamani, then taken to hospital where he is placed on a ventilator.
“The Freelancer”[]
While he is in the hospital, Liz tries to clean the carpet because Tom's blood was all over the floor. She gets angry and starts to peel the carpet off. Underneath, she finds a compartment in her wood floor, and in the compartment is a box, containing multiple fake passports all with Tom's picture on them. Also, she finds a gun and money, and suddenly faces a dilemma about what to do. She could confront him and see him deny it, or she could look up the gun in the system and have Tom arrested. She carpets the floor before he comes back, that way she can still make her decision.
He wakes up in hospital while Liz is at his bedside.
He returns home with Liz. That night Liz finds a touching testimony he made for the adoption agency about her. She cries after seeing the testimony, and considers her next move.
“Wujing”[]
He is starting to recover though still using a wheelchair. He speaks to Elizabeth Keen and says that he wishes she could talk to him about her work. Their friend Ellie then arrives to make him some more breakfast then take him to his physiotherapy session while Liz is at work.
When Liz returns that evening he apologises for what he said that morning and that he understands her position.
“The Stewmaker”[]
When Liz is moping at her computer after the witness was killed, he notices the date on her pad and assumes that she is cheering herself up, since on the computer for that date 23 June 2012 is a series of pictures from a romantic break that they had taken that day.
When Liz comes home after being rescued, he tells her that he has booked a 3 day break for them in the same place as before.
“The Courier”[]
In Liz's dream he attacks her when she confronts him about the box, but in real life he tells her that he has booked an ultrasound scan with the mother of their child.
He finds the box and spends the rest of the episode trying to contact LIz. When she returns home that night he tells he that they need to talk, with the box open on the table.
“Gina Zanetakos”[]
He and Elizabeth Keen argue about the box and its contents. He eventually challenges Liz to inform the FBI about the box. She then makes the call.
He is brought to the Post Office blindfolded and Liz tells him that this is where she works.
He is interrogated by Meera Malik about the gun and the reason for his presence in Boston on the day of the murder. He claims no knowledge of the gun and tells Meera that he had a job interview at the hotel.
After checking Meera presents him with a picture of the school principal, whom he fails to recognize.
Once Gina Zanetakos has admitted to being the killer he is released. As he is being escorted through the operations room he sees a picture of Newton Phillips on the board and identifies him as the man who interviewed him for the non-existent teaching position.
“Frederick Barnes”[]
He and Liz discuss remodelling their house to erase the bad memories of the past few weeks.
When Liz arrives home from work, he has recreated the scene from their first night in the house as a date night.
“General Ludd”[]
He takes the call from Liz's aunt saying how sick Liz's father is and, because Liz is unable to leave, flies to Nebraska to see her father.
He arrives after Liz's father has passed away and is sitting outside having a coffee thinking about how to tell Liz, when Raymond Reddington joins him and tells him that Liz is stronger than he thinks, and that she will be OK. Red also mentions that Liz's father will “always be there protecting her” in what seems to be a threatening fashion. Tom, pretending not to know Red, replies “I hope you are right”.
“Anslo Garrick”[]
He consoles Liz while she is going through Sam's possessions prior to going to work.
“Anslo Garrick: Conclusion”[]
He calls Liz while she is a prisoner of Anslo Garrick, but Garrick answers the call. Liz calls out to him to call the FBI, but it is unclear if he heard her since he did not make the call.
Once Liz is free and the operation has ended he tries to convince Liz to leave the unit and the FBI and move to a rural community.
“The Good Samaritan”[]
Tom applies for a job in Lincoln, Nebraska without telling Liz, until he has to go to an interview.
“The Alchemist”[]
Tom tells Liz that although he went to Nebraska, he did not attend the job interview. He reminds Liz that they are hosting a baby shower that evening.
During the baby shower he and Liz argue about the fact that Liz is not intending to take time off work in the period after the baby arrives. The argument is ended by Lucy Brooks when she introduces herself.
After Liz leaves (to raid Eric Trettel's laboratory) Lucy flirts with Tom and invites him to a photography exhibition.
When Liz stands him up again, he goes to the exhibition with Lucy.
“The Cyprus Agency”[]
He and Liz watch a sonogram of the baby they intend to adopt, and discuss their plans and check that they have all the accessories needed.
Upon the completion of a case, Liz tells him that she can't go through with the adoption due to mixed feelings about their relationship and challenges him to say that he does not feel the same. After Liz has delivered her bombshell, he spends time with Lucy Brooks.
“Madeline Pratt”[]
After he and Liz fight over the adoption, he goes to Orlando, alone, since he believes they should spend time apart. Once there, he meets Lucy Brooks.
“The Judge”[]
Tom and Lucy Brooks are out together and eventually meet up in a hotel bar bathroom, where they begin to make out. Lucy starts giggling and Tom begins to question his previous and current actions. Lucy gives Tom a room key for room 618 and leaves the bathroom without Tom. He is later seen drinking at the bar, fiddling with his wedding ring. He then decides to go to Lucy's room and tells her that he cannot have an affair with her because he loves his wife, Elizabeth Keen. Lucy replies with, “Wrong answer, Liz is not your wife, she's your target”, thus prompting Tom to reveal his true nature by talking about “Them”, the company he works for. Tom then reveals that he only married Liz because the “company” ordered him to.
“Mako Tanida”[]
Tom kills Lucy Brooks and the Cowboy because they have become security risks to his mission.
Before killing Lucy, he has her give Liz a cover story explaining her leaving the city.
“Ivan”[]
He barely escapes, after Liz discovers his safe house. He later calls his contact at a bank to tell her to tell Milos Kirchoff that the safe house was exposed.
“Milton Bobbit”[]
He and Liz renew their wedding vows.
He tells Maly that he is accountable to Milos Kirchoff.
“The Pavlovich Brothers”[]
He calls his contact at the bank for an escape route. Later, Red hires the Pavlovich brothers to raid his safehouse. They bring Tom to the Keen house. After arguing with Liz, he escapes and tells Liz that Red is using her for his own ends.
“Berlin”[]
Tom figures out that he is being followed and captures the man following him. He then tells the man to call Red and tell him that he lost the lead. He takes the man to a room and kills him, after telling him about his boss, Berlin.
“Berlin: Conclusion”[]
At the beginning of the episode, where Tom Keen appears, he provides a list of the people who work for the FBI alongside Raymond Reddington to his employer after the plane crash. Later, he takes Liz hostage and tries to use her to stop Red from killing Milos Kirchoff, however, Liz disarms him and shoots him 3 times in the stomach. While he lays on the floor, apparently dying, he whispers to Liz that her real father is still alive. When the FBI SWAT team storms the room where Tom supposedly died, the camera zooms in on the area of the floor where Tom's wounded body was. It is unknown whether his corpse was removed, or he survived his injuries.
Season 2[]
“Dr. James Covington”[]
Liz has a nightmare about being confronted by Tom and Red.
“Dr. Linus Creel”[]
Liz mentions Tom in her cover story to Linus Creel.
“The Front”[]
He is mentioned in Liz's reminisces to Samar Navabi.
“The Mombasa Cartel”[]
He is seen as Liz's prisoner on a abandoned ship.
“The Scimitar”[]
He tells Liz the identity of Berlin's weapons dealer.
“The Decembrist”[]
At the beginning of the episode, he is seen in a flashback being held hostage by Liz, and is being transported in a car to Ellie. While being held hostage on a boat, he kills Eugene while Liz shoots Samuel Alecko. After he kills Eugene and Liz shoots Samuel in the foot, he tells her that she should call Kathryn Nemec. Later, after he makes a deal with Liz and Donald Ressler in exchange for information on Milos Kirchoff, he is allowed to escape. Ressler then tells Tom that he will arrest him eventually.
“T. Earl King VI”[]
Tom goes to his primary employer, The Major, whom he addresses as “Bud”, and asks for another assignment, any kind. The Major wants him to hold out for something classier, where his good, clean looks will be an asset, but Tom insists. He is sent to Germany to infiltrate Die Entrechteten (German for “the disenfranchised”), a white supremacist drug cartel based in Dresden. Before going underground, he calls Liz and tells her he is going undercover. When she tells him that she is too, he gives her some advice on how to act.
With his new identity in place, “Christof Mannheim”, Tom disguises himself as a Neo-Nazi, shaving his hair down to a crew cut and covering his body with Nazi-related tattoos, including the text “Deutschland für die Deutschen” (“Germany for the Germans”) and Schutzstaffel (SS) bolts on his neck. Fully in character, he goes to a bar and picks a fight with a large customer, eventually knocking him down. This impresses a senior member of Die Entrechten, who buys him a beer.
“The Major”[]
In a flashback to New York in 1994, Tom, then a young boy named Jacob Phelps, is shown running from a man whilst carrying a stolen purse. As he runs in the streets, a car pulls up alongside him and allows him to enter to help in his escape. Inside the car, a man, presumably The Major, offers Tom a way out of his life in the foster system, leading to his training as a spy.
In the present, Tom, undercover with Die Entrechteten, overhears them complaining about their current arms supplier, a man named Kohl. One of the members says Kohl is too conspicuous, but a senior member tells him that he is the only one they can go to since it isn't safe to do arms dealing across the German border. Tom tells them he knows someone in Salzburg who can help, but the senior member isn't willing to try since Tom is a very fresh recruit. To further his plan, Tom tracks down Kohl and assassinates him as he's driving. The Germans, left without options, ask Tom about his contact.
“Tom Keen”[]
Reddington and Agent Ressler go to Germany to locate Tom and convince him to return to clear Liz's name. Reddington creates a means to reach Tom by disrupting an arms sale and inserts himself into the sale. Reluctant to hear him, Tom eventually decides to help Liz in her trial. He appears before the judge to confess to the murder of the harbor master and claim Liz had no involvement and even tried to stop him from committing the murder. Even with evidence that Liz was not guilty for the murder, the judge still plans to hold her on perjury, kidnapping, and other charges. However, Thomas Connolly appears and orders the indictment stopped, saying the judge has no authority at the federal level. Liz and Cooper are protected by the judge's ruling and Tom is released.
“The Longevity Initiative”[]
Tom calls Liz saying that people are after him and his cover was blown when Reddington exposed him. The Major pulls up in a car, saying that Tom's passport has been flagged and instructs him to get in the car. Before he does, he tells Liz that he knows what today is and to have fun at ”Wing Yee” for her birthday.
Later, Tom and the Major are riding in the car. The Major pulls a gun on Tom quoting that you have kill a disloyal employee. The Major says Tom burned himself for Reddington and went to the Feds for the girl, Liz. The Major calls Tom the name Jacob. Tom pleads, the Major raised him, he knows him. The Major says he warned Tom about the girl, that he knew the rules and she cost him his life. As the Major goes to pull the trigger, another car crashes into theirs, it's the Germans. Later, the Germans are seen torturing Tom.
The last scene shows Tom burning his passports, then him waiting inside Liz's motel room when she returns home.
“Leonard Caul”[]
Liz asks for Tom's help when Red's life is in danger.
“Quon Zhang”[]
Tom aids Liz in her search.
“Karakurt”[]
Tom is seen at the beginning of the episode having breakfast with Liz Keen. When Reddington calls Liz, Tom tells her not to answer and then asks her to call him Jacob; his real name.
“Tom Connolly”[]
He aids Elizabeth Keen in finding Leo Andropov to obtain information from Andropov, and the 2 successfully obtain the information Elizabeth Keen needs for Harold Cooper. However, they fail to capture Andropov. Instead they arrive after Cabal agents have already killed Andropov.
Season 3[]
“Marvin Gerard”[]
Tom follows Agent Ressler to his home. Noticing that, Ressler turns around and aims his gun at Tom. Tom holds up his hands and states to him, “We need to talk”.
“Eli Matchett”[]
Ressler tells Tom to stay away from the investigation.
“The Djinn”[]
Cooper informs Tom that finding Karakurt is the best way to exonerate Liz and reveals that Karakurt is presumably hiding with his brother in law's crime syndicate. Tom later tells Cooper that Asher Sutton is the key in finding Karakurt and later Tom poses as a gambler to gain Sutton's attention. Tom was successful in getting his attention and was indentified as a fraud by him. Yet Sutton took a interest in him and Tom followed his lead after asking him what was around there.
“Arioch Cain”[]
During a sit down with Sutton, Tom claimed to be a man named Matt Buckley and Sutton invited him to his engagement party. He later reveals to Cooper that being exposed was part of his plan. At the engagment party Sutton is bothered by a Russian man demanding money and Tom convinces him to leave. Afterwards he offers his help and Sutton reveals that he is being extorted by Russians for money. Tom helps by killing the Russian that previously bothered Sutton.
“Sir Crispin Crandall”[]
Tom and Asher are captured by the crime syndicate due to Tom killing their collector in the previous episode and they are forced to fight each other to the death. Tom kills Asher after trying to avoid it and afterwards demands to meet the boss. During the meeting he kills 3 men (1 indirectly) and captures Karakurt.
“Mr. Gregory Devry”[]
Elizabeth goes to see Tom at the dock where he proposes to her. Elizabeth says she doesn’t know what she wants in the future but she knows what she wants right now. At the end of the episode Tom goes to see Reddington. Reddington forbids Tom from marrying Lizzie, stating “you already married her once without my approval, you won’t do it again.”
Redemption[]
“Leland Bray”[]
“Kevin Jensen”[]
“Independence, U.S.A.”[]
“Operation Davenport”[]
“Borealis 301”[]
“Hostages”[]
“Whitehall”[]
“Whitehall: Conclusion”[]
Season 4[]
“Esteban”[]
“Isabella Stone”[]
Tom is awoken by Elizabeth who tells him that his father, Howard Hargrave, was just killed in a plane crash. They watch the news report together and Elizabeth apologizes for Tom's loss and the questions he will never get answered about his past now that his father is dead. Tom tells Elizabeth he is unbothered by the event and cares only about his present and future with his wife and daughter.
Later, Tom is seen re-watching the news report of the plane crash. He calls Dembe and arranges a meeting with Reddington. He admits to Reddington that he is bothered that he may never get answers about who he was now that his father passed. Tom asks Red why he warned him not to tell his mother, Susan Scott Hargrave, that he is her son. Reddington says he worked briefly with Howard and even he did not trust his own wife. Red warns Tom that any answers Scottie gives Tom about who he was cannot be trusted.
Tom researches his disappearance as a child using press coverage of Christopher Hargrave's disappearance. His search leads him to Detective Kotchwar, the lead detective on the case 30 years ago. The detective dismisses him, stating Christopher died, which prompts Tom to admit that he is Christopher Hargrave.
Liz returns to the apartment to find Tom watching a video of the man arrested for allegedly murdering him, Richard Game. Tom is surrounded by police reports on the Christopher Hargrave case, presumably given to him by Detective Kotchwar.
Season 5[]
“Smokey Putnum”[]
Tom returns home to Liz after receiving a suitcase full of bones.
“Greyson Blaise”[]
Tom enlists Dr. Nik to identify the bones in the suitcase. Later, Tom tracks a phone number to Albert, the man who helped Kathryn Nemec get the suitcase to Tom. Tom arrives at Albert’s house to find him bloody and tied up. Tom hides in the closet when Reddington arrives and threatens Albert in an attempt to find the suitcase. Albert refuses to tell Reddington who has the suitcase, and Reddington shoots him. Albert tells Tom to “find Oleander” then dies.
“The Kilgannon Corporation”[]
“Ian Garvey”[]
After being kidnapped, Tom is stabbed in the abdomen in an attempt to murder him and then Liz. Despite his injuries, Tom fights back in an attempt to save himself and Liz. As Tom is being strangled to death, Red arrives with Dembe and shoots all of the men in the room. Dembe discovers that Tom has lost a lot of blood and does not believe that he and Liz will make it. Despite this, Red rushes Tom to the hospital with the help of a police escort arranged by Samar. At the hospital, Tom flatlines while a neurosurgeon is called for Liz. Tom ultimately dies of his injuries while Liz enters a coma. Ten months later, Liz awakens from her coma and asks about Tom after learning of how long its been. Red is forced to tell Liz that Tom is dead.
“Sutton Ross”[]
After the death of Sutton Ross, Liz visits Tom's grave where she is visited by a hallucination of Tom. Liz explains to the hallucination how she uncovered the truth behind what is in the duffle bag, the bones of the true Raymond Reddington. Liz recognizes that like so many other people, Tom died trying to show her the truth that he learned from the DNA test he'd found in the bag.
Trivia[]
In 2016, Susan Hargrave says that 3 year old Christopher went missing 28 years prior. (1985). Tom being 31 in 2016 puts him at either 31 or 32 at his death in 2017.
Unanswered Questions[]
Why has Red not given Elizabeth Keen more information about Tom?
A: Red is letting the whole thing play out and let Liz see Tom for who he really is.
What would Raymond Reddington have done if Tom had died from the injuries inflicted on him by Ranko Zamani in “Pilot”? The link to Milos Kirchoff would have been lost.
A: Zamani was far too skillful to have killed Tom, without Reddington's permission.
Q: Tom was in the intensive care unit. Injuries that severe can quickly turn fatal.
A: That depends on the injury. It was implied that Zamani knew what he was doing. The largest determinant of whether a severe wound becomes fatal is the amount of time it takes to get treatment.
A: Kirchoff placed Tom in Liz's life so that if Tom died the link would not have been lost. As Zamani told Red: “I paid him a visit like you asked”. Zamani knew what he was doing.
Why was Tom captured by Zamani? He could have easily killed Zamani and hidden the body. (“Mako Tanida”)
A: Zamani probably surprised Tom and he was armed with a gun. Zamani easily captured Liz by waiting.
A: To maintain his cover, he could not be sure how much Red knew and the disappearance of Zamani would have confirmed Red's suspicions.
Who is Tom working for?
A: It is not Alan Fitch. It is Milos Kirchoff.
A: Both the Cabal monitoring the house and Raymond Reddington are certain he is leading a double life. The Cabal and Red would not maintain such certainty without evidence. Furthermore, Red would not have ordered the attack by Ranko Zamani in “Pilot” without evidence.
A: In “The Judge”, Red's suspicions about Tom were proven true, and Liz is now in further danger.
A: In “Mako Tanida” Tom states that his employers are stationed in Berlin.
A: In “Milton Bobbit”, Tom states that he is accountable to Milos Kirchoff.
Why is the homicide mentioned by Harold Cooper classified?
A: Because the victim was a defecting FSB agent.
Why did he not call the FBI and alert them when Liz asked him to?
A: Tom could be working for the Cabal.
A: He started to suspect that Liz has gotten closer to the truth and his behavior in the last few episodes showed it. During her nightmares in “The Courier”, the people Tom works for in Berlin are very powerful and extremely dangerous.
What was Tom's motive for going to the art gallery with Lucy Brooks? Is he suspicious that she may be after Liz and trying to cast doubt in his eyes? Or is he just lonely and trying to have some fun?
A: Tom suspects Lucy was spying on him and his double life is finally revealed in “The Judge”. It was also revealed that Tom had only married Elizabeth because his superiors told him to do so in order to attack her.
Is Tom his real name? Lucy Brooks changed hers for the assignment.
A: Unlikely, as Christopher Maly revealed in “Milton Bobbit”. It is also revealed that his marriage to Liz is possibly invalid as Tom may have family of his own with the unknown Nikki. Tom's real name was revealed in “The Major” as Jacob Phelps.
A: His real name was revealed in Season 3 as Christopher Hargrave.
How and when did Elizabeth Keen capture Tom?
A: She shot him twice and captured him while wounded.
How does Tom know Kathryn Nemec?
A: Kirchoff told him.
A: Red told him when he worked for him.
What did he mean in “The Decembrist” when he told Red that he did not say a single word about their arrangement?
A: When confronting Red at a bar in San Francisco, Tom mention from the time he worked for him, Tom never once mentioned a single word of their arrangement
Why was he so shocked by the gun in the box? His wife is an armed federal agent.
A: It was his escape plan. He had to convince Liz that it had been planted there to frame him.
Why did Tom keep the weapon used to kill the FSB agent? He should have got rid of the evidence.
A: Only if he had reason to suspect that there was evidence left at the crime scene. As the event in question took place before the series began and it is implied that it was done under orders from Berlin it may have been that Tom had expected Berlin to have a cleaner on hand to deal with evidence. Or, as it was a high profile target and the event was eventually classified, it may have been that the US government never revealed that evidence was left so Tom would have had no reason to dispose of the “evidence”.
When Tom went to the Post Office, why did they not confront him about the handgun used in the FSB assassination? Cooper and Ressler knew Liz had submitted the bullet and casing for ballistics.
A: It is actually implied that they did as Tom vehemently stated that he was set up and that he did not know anything about the gun or the murder.
Why did he keep the escape box in the Keen house? He had a safehouse and could have created multiple backup safe houses.
A: In spycraft the “go bag” is always kept in a place where the owner has easy access to and can easily keep track of. As such they are usually hidden in the houses/apartments of the spy/agent because that's a location the spy/agent has easy access to. Tom did have a safehouse (designated “Watchtower”) in a different part of town but if he needed to escape he had better access to his living room floor boards than an abandoned building on the other side of town.
Why does the top of Tom’s “escape box” have a carving of the burn scar on Liz’s hand?
A: The theory is that it is a brand of some sort tied either to Berlin’s organization (probably not given events in “The Decembrist”) or to Red's past. Liz stated that whoever gave it to her wasn't trying to hurt her and Tom stated that he was one of the “good guys” in late Season 1 so it’s plausible that Liz was marked at an early age for her “protection” by whoever was protecting her at the time (maybe her biological father?).
A: It is revealed in “Konets” that the symbol is of a lake in Latvia which is very similar to Elizabeth’s burn scar and eventually came to represent the central core mission of Reddington’s organization.
When Reddington and Tom met each other at the hospital, why didn't they confront each other?
A: Red indirectly confronted Tom.
A: It could be that Reddington already knows that Tom now works for his enemy who is later revealed to be Berlin.
Why does the morgue tag on Tom in “Ian Garvey” state his age as 33? When Elizabeth Keen visits the grave in “Ruin” his tombstone states 1985 - 2017, making him 32 years old.
A: Error in the bureaucracy, a difference in 1 year could be the result of not looking at the date of his birth.
Why does the morgue tag on Tom in “Ian Garvey” state that the cause of death was a gun wound?
A: Error in the bureaucracy.
Who kidnapped Christopher Hargrave from his parents?
A: The Major.
How does Reddington know that Tom Keen is actually Christopher Hargrave?
Gallery[]
[] | ||
3575 | dbpedia | 2 | 22 | https://obc.cclibraries.com/list/eg/fitch-john-w | en | John W. Fitch | [
"https://obc.cclibraries.com/images/fitchjw.jpg"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | null | Capt. John W. Fitch
Sept. 23, 1832
Sept. 10, 1910
"His memory is blessed"
FATHER
Photo Credit: Rosa G. Gonzales
1. News article, 1907
CAPT. JOHN FITCH'S INJURIES
A letter received by the Caller from San Antonio states that Mr. John Fitch, who recently met with a painful accident, is still seriously ill. The letter says: "Mr. Fitch and his men were at work pulling stumps with the stump puller, when the horse made a lounge forward and the hook on the double tree broke, letting the sweep fly back. It struck Mr. Fitch on the right leg, which was broken below the joint. He was also bruised on several other parts of the body, including his head and right arm." The many friends of the old gentleman in Corpus Christi hope that he will fully recover within a very short time.
Source: Corpus Christi Weekly Caller, April 5, 1907, p. 5, col. 6
Research by: Michael A. Howell
Transcription by: Geraldine D. McGloin, Nueces County Historical Commission
2. Obituary
CAPT. JOHN W. FITCH DIES
Death Claims Veteran at His Ranch Near Boerne
Special Telegram to The Express
Boerne, Tex., Sept. 11 – Capt. John Wesley Fitch died Saturday at 2:30 o'clock p.m. on his ranch near Boerne.
Mr. Fitch was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., September 23, 1832, and came to Texas in February 1850, where he resided up to his death. He resided in Bee County for several years and was elected first Sheriff of that county, moving from there to Nueces County, where he engaged in ranching. He was for several years in the employ of Richard King and Miflin Kenedy. He was a captain in the Confederate Army under Col. John S. Ford, and was also in the ranger services under Capt. Bill Tobin. He did considerable fighting in the Cortina expedition down on the Rio Grande.
In 1877 Captain Fitch settled on his ranch, known as the Ebenite ranch, in Nueces County. He was County Commissioner and justice of the peace in Nueces County for Twenty years. In December 1899, he sold his ranch and moved to San Antonio, where he was engaged in active business up to September 1905, when he moved to Boerne.
On January 1, 1868, he married Miss Avaline Byington of Banquete. To their union were born nine children. Captain Fitch is survived by his wife and seven children. Mrs. C. W. Carroll, Mrs. H. C. Wagner, Jr. J. T. Morgan, Miss Josephine Fitch, Stanley W. Fitch, Oliver W. Fitch and John W. Fitch Jr. He also leaves relatives in Pittsburgh, Pa.
The funeral will be held at Corpus Christi Tuesday afternoon
Source: San Antonio Daily Express, September 12, 1910, p. 3, col. 2
CAPT. JOHN W. FITCH, A PIONEER, IS DEAD
Was First Sheriff of Been County, a Ranger and Served in Confederate Army
Boerne, Texas, Sept. 12 – Capt John Wesley Fitch passed away Saturday in his ranch near Boerne, Texas.
Capt. Fitch was born in Pittsburgh, September 23, 1832, and came to Texas in February 1850, where he resided up to his death. He resided in Bee county, Texas, for several years, and was elected first sheriff of that county, moving from there to Nueces county, where he engaged in ranching. He was for several years in the employ of Capt. Richard King and Capt. Miflin Kenedy. He was captain in the Confederate army under Col. John s. Ford and was also in the ranger service under Capt. Bill Tobin. He did considerable fighting in the Cortina expedition down the Rio Grande.
In 1877 Capt. Fitch settled on his ranch, known as the Evenito ranch in Nueces county. He was county commissioner and justice of the peace in Nueces county for twenty years. In December 1899, he sold his ranch and moved to San Antonio, where he was engaged in active business up to September 1905, when he moved to Boerne.
Capt. Fitch was a man of sterling qualities and great integrity, whose work was as good as his bond.
On January 1, 1868, he married Miss Avaline Byington of Banquete, Texas. To their union were born nine children. Capt. Fitch is survived by his widow and seven children—Mrs. C. W. Carroll, Mrs. H. C. Wagner, Jr. J. T. Morgan, Miss Josephine Fitch, Stanley W. Fitch, Oliver W. Fitch and John W. Fitch Jr. He also leaves relatives in Pittsburgh, Pa. to mourn his loss.
The funeral will be held at Corpus Christi, Texas, from the Beynon undertaking parlors, Tuesday afternoon, September 13.
Source: San Antonio Light & Gazette, p. 6, col. 5
Marriage record: J. W. Fitch and Avaline Byington married Dec. 17, 1867 in Nueces County, Texas Vol. C page 353
Their two children who did not survive to adulthood, Olive Aurelia and Samuel Fitch are buried in Old Bayview with their parents.
Research by: Msgr. Michael A. Howell
Transcription by: Geraldine D. McGloin, Nueces County Historical Commission | |||||||
3575 | dbpedia | 1 | 20 | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/2373/ | en | Daniel FITCH (b.ca 1685), of N | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Fitch: Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685; alive 9 May 1755) of New ... Read more on Genealogy.com! | https://www.genealogy.com/favicon.ico | https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/fitch/2373/ | Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685; alive 9 May 1755) of New London County, CT and Middlesex Co., NJ
by Charles M. Ward, Jr.
Daniel Fitch was born about the year 1685, the illegitimate son of Captain Daniel Fitch (1665-1711), of the North Parish of New London, Connecticut (now Montville, CT).The identity of his mother is unknown.He was a grandson of the Reverend James Fitch (1622-1702), a founder of Norwich, Connecticut, and his second wife, Priscilla (Mason) Fitch.
The circumstances surrounding the birth of Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) are referenced in the “Diary of Joshua Hempstead, of New London, Connecticut,” page 648.In a diary entry dated Friday, 9 May 1755, he wrote:
“…Mr Daniel Fitch aged near 70 & lives at new Brunswick came to See me.he hath been gone from thes parts 45 year, he is an Illegitimate Son of Capt Daniel Fitch late of the north Parish Decd…”
It’s possible the visit Daniel Fitch made to Connecticut was due to an illness of his much younger brother, Deacon Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1709).The Hempstead diary notes the death of Deacon Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1709) on Monday, 12 May 1755.Deacon Daniel Fitch was the legitimate son of Captain Daniel Fitch by his wife, Mary Sherwood.The brothers bore the same given name, a fact which has caused confusion on the part of some researchers.They should not be confused, especially as there was some twenty-four years separating their births.
The Hempstead diary entry indicates Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) left Connecticut for New Jersey around the year 1710.This is confirmed by New Jersey records.Daniel Fitch married Sarah Carle, 20 Jan 1712 in Piscataway, Middlesex Co., NJ.Sarah Carle was the widow of Benjamin Carle.She was born 27 Sep 1678, the daughter of Benjamin Hull and Rachel (York) Hull and granddaughter of the Reverend Joseph Hull.She had married Benjamin Carle, 4 Feb 1696/7.Benjamin Carle and Sarah (Hull) Carle had at least two children whose births are recorded in the Piscataway Register of Births:Rosanna Carle, born 13 Jul 1698; and John Carle, born 27 Dec 1700.There may have been others, including a possible son, Benjamin.
Administration on the estate of Benjamin Carle was granted to Daniel Fitch and his wife, Sarah, on 8 Sep 1713.
Daniel and Sarah (Hull) Fitch had four children and their births are recorded in the Piscataway Register of Births:
Daniel Fitch, born 7 Nov 1713
Joseph Fitch, born 6 Apr 1715
James Fitch, born 27 Mar 1717
Samuel Fitch, born 16 Jan 1719
Following the birth of the youngest child, Daniel Fitch settled in New Brunswick, Middlesex Co., New Jersey a short distance from Piscataway, across the Raritan River.It is in New Brunswick, New Jersey that this Fitch family can be found in 1752 in the “List of the Freeholders of Middlesex County, N.J.” compiled by William Deare, Sheriff, on 14 Dec 1752.Daniel Fitch, Jun., James Fitch, and Samuel Fitch are listed (Joseph Fitch is not listed).Although the elder Daniel Fitch is not named, it’s very likely he was residing with one of his sons, especially since the younger Daniel Fitch is identified as “Daniel Fitch, Jun.”This designation would not have been necessary if there wasn’t another older Daniel Fitch residing in the area.We also know that Daniel Fitch was alive as late as 9 May 1755 based on the Hempstead diary entry of that date in which he is referred to as being a resident of New Brunswick.
Samuel Fitch, the youngest son of Daniel Fitch and Sarah (Hull) Fitch, was married to Jane Johnson, 19 Jan 1739 (license), both described as being of Middlesex Co., NJ.As previously mentioned, Samuel Fitch is found residing in New Brunswick, Middlesex Co., NJ on 14 Dec 1752 in the list of freeholders.He is listed not far from his father-in-law, William Johnson.Jane (Johnson) Fitch was the daughter of William Johnson and Jannetje (Wyckoff) Johnson (see my posting on her family:http://genforum.genealogy.com/johnson/messages/34877.html)http://genforum.genealogy.com/johnson/messages/34877.html).Samuel Fitch left New Jersey and settled in Berkeley Co., VA (now WV), dying 15 Dec 1800.He left numerous descendants.
An exact death date for Daniel Fitch (b.ca 1685) has not been ascertained and research is ongoing.
Charles M. Ward, Jr.
[email protected]
NOTICE:Copying is permitted for noncommercial, educational use by individual scholars and libraries. This message must appear on all copied material. Any other use, including electronic reproduction or distribution, requires the written permission of the author, Charles M. Ward, Jr. | ||||
3575 | dbpedia | 3 | 39 | http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/people/1179/mariette-newman-fitch%3Bjsessionid%3DED236A1DCC95411306F1EB07A4EB86DD | en | Mariette Newman Fitch | http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/assets/meta/emuseumcore/49e5ee45/images/android-icon-192x192.png | http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/assets/meta/emuseumcore/49e5ee45/images/android-icon-192x192.png | [
"http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/internal/media/logodispatcher/CHS-logo-horz-full-color.jpg",
"http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/internal/media/dispatcher/10871/preview",
"http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/internal/media/dispatcher/37276/thumbnail",
"http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/internal/media/dispatcher/12637/thu... | [] | [] | [
"emuseum"
] | null | [] | null | Mariette Newman Fitch was born in Rockville, Connecticut, on 8 May 1875. She was the daughter of Charlotte and Spencer Samuel Fitch (b. 1846), and the sister of Walter … | en | /emuseum/assets/meta/emuseumcore/16cf4acc/images/apple-icon-57x57.png | https://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/people/1179/mariette-newman-fitch | BiographyMariette Newman Fitch was born in Rockville, Connecticut, on 8 May 1875. She was the daughter of Charlotte and Spencer Samuel Fitch (b. 1846), and the sister of Walter S. Fitch. She began studying piano at age six and taught music in Hartford, Manchester, and Rockville, Connecticut, for nearly thirty years. She was the organist for the Talcottville Church in Talcottville, and for the Center Church in Manchester and the Union Congregational and Methodist churches, both in Rockville, Connecticut. She was also active in the early women's rights movement, serving as one of the first women on the Vernon Board of Education. Mariette Newman Fitch died in Rockville, Connecticut, on 19 March 1976, at age 100. | |||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 41 | https://www.esplora.co.uk/blog/armenia/armenia-a-place-of-legends/ | en | A Place of legends :: a short overview of a country | [
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1409143185894215&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://www.esplora.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/esplora_logo_320x80.jpg 320w, https://www.esplora.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/esplora_logo_320x80@2x.jpg 640w",
"https://www.esplora.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/esplora_logo_... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Esplora Travel",
"www.facebook.com"
] | 2020-03-16T11:14:18+00:00 | One of the most extraordinary things about Armenia, is that it even exists at all. And its continued existence on this planet is a testimony to the tenacity of its people. | en | https://www.esplora.co.uk/wp-content/themes/navigation-pro/images/favicon.ico | Esplora Travel | https://www.esplora.co.uk/blog/armenia/armenia-a-place-of-legends/ | Armenia is one of those places that is not easy to get to. There are very few direct international flights to this small landlocked country and two of its four land borders are closed. Of its four neighbours, it has good relations with two: Iran and Georgia, a soured past relationship with Turkey and is almost at war with Azerbaijan.
One of the most extraordinary things about Armenia, however, is that it even exists at all. And its continued existence on this planet is a testimony to the tenacity of its people.
It is a small country of 12,000 square miles, roughly the size of Belgium and with a population of just under 3 million. The capital, Yerevan, with a population of around a million, is by far the largest city in Armenia and is also one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Other major cities are Gyumri and Vandzor. It also boasts one of the highest large fresh-water lakes in the world – Lake Sevan – at an altitude of 1900m above sea-level and famous for the trout caught there.
The Armenians have a truly ancient ancestry and a boast a formidable archaeology. The world’s oldest winery is located in a cave at Areni dating back 6000 years. The Armenian people can be identified as the “Urartians” often mentioned in Turkish archaeology (though few people in Turkey would admit as such) and along with the Hittites, and a few others, these were the ancient populations of Asia Minor.
The present day territory of Armenia was part of the Roman Empire under Pompey. Later, it was assumed into the Persian Empire under the Sassanians and successively formed part of the Byzantine Empire. Then, in the 9th and 10th centuries the Armenian Kingdom was ruled over by the Bagratid Dynasty – which was to be one of the most powerful Armenian Dynasties and which laid the foundation for the great Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia which stretched from Mersin on the Mediterranean, through Van to present day Armenia. It encompassed much of what is nowadays Eastern Turkey and existed until the arrival of the Ottomans in the thirteenth century. And there it remained for over six hundred years.
After the first World War, for a short period from 1918 to 1920 there was a fledgeling Armenian State which even engaged successfully in several battles against the Turks, but it was assumed into the Soviet Union in 1922. And there it remained until the break up of the Soviet Union in 1992.
Though few of them have ever been there, the spiritual home of all Armenians is Mount Ararat – now in Turkey – and, Armenians look yearningly from their homes towards its snow-covered peak. It is for this reason that, in the 1920s when the architect Alexander Tamanian was commissioned to recreate the urban area of Yerevan, at the heart of his design was the wish that everybody should be able to see Mount Ararat from their house.
The language spoken is Armenian, which is an Indo-European language, loosely related to languages such as Greek. The alphabet is entirely unique and consists of 39 letters. It was invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots. An interesting feature of the alphabet is that the last 9 letters also double as the digits 1-9.
The Armenian for “Armenian” is “Hay” (possible derived from Hayk who was one of the legendary forefathers of the Armenians) – and their name for the country is “Hayastan”.
The religion is Chrisitian and the church is the Armenian Apostolic church – an example of what is known as an autocephalous church, meaning it appoints its own head and is not subject to an external patriarch (ie in Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem or Alexandria).
According to tradition, the roots of the church go back to the 1st Century AD when two of Jesus twelve apostles – Bartholomew and Judas Thaddeus came to preach in Armenia between AD 40 and 60. (Hence the name Apostolic church). Bartholomew was flayed alive and is therefore often depicted as a skeleton holding his own skin.
Incidentally, there is a curious connection here with Lipari in Sicily since the islanders maintain that Bartholomew’s coffin was lost at sea in a shipwreck and was then washed up on the shores of Lipari – of which he is now, understandably, the patron saint.
Judas Thaddeus on the other hand is the apostle who is sometimes identified as the brother of Jesus and, in the Roman Catholic Church at least, is the patron saint of lost causes.
However, the religious leader credited with converting the Armenian nation from paganism to Christianity was Gregory the Illuminator – later Saint Gregory.
It was under the King Tiridates III who ordered that Gregory – as the son of his father’s enemy – to be kept in a snake pit on a plain near Mount Ararat for 12 years. Gregory survived the ordeal, a miracle was proclaimed and Tiridates was persuaded to convert the nation to Christianity. In fact, Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity – in 301AD.
The location of the snake pit is now in the courtyard of what is now Khor Virap monastery and can still be visited. (And indeed was visited a few years ago by Pope Benedict on his visit to Armenia). The modern centre of the Armenian Church, however, is at Echmiadzin – 40km West of Yerevan.
There is a large Armenian diaspora diffused throughout the world – notably in the United States and France. But also in Turkey, Syria, Jerusalem and Iran – and also Manchester. Many of these sprung up as a result of the genocide in 1915, but some of them are far older – including apparently, the Armenian diaspora in Manchester.
In Iran, the Armenian community is concentrated around Isfahan where they were brought in the 17th century by Shah Abbas. Being Christian, he reasoned, they had good connections in Europe and the Christian world – and therefore they would help Persian trade. In fact, even today, Armenians around the world are still known as great traders.
The historical event that most of us first call to mind when we hear mention of Armenia is that of the Armenian Genocide. It is a difficult subject to discuss but still very much an unresolved issue in the hearts and minds of Armenians.
Until the years leading up to the first world war and the dying days of the Ottoman Empire, Armenians had lived more or less peacefully throughout Anatolia. There was a large Armenian population in what is now the East of Turkey and also in Constantinople. The Ottomans had governed ethnic minorities under a system known as ‘millet’ – which meant that each ethnicity were allowed to rule themselves under their own leaders. It should be noted however, that there was a vast difference in wealth between the majority of the ethnic Armenians who lived in often dire conditions in Eastern Anatolia and the wealthy Armenian merchant class living in Constantinople.
However, throughout the nineteenth century, Christians under the Ottomans – especially in the Balkans, and of course, notably in Greece, were fuelled by feelings of nationalism and uprisings against the Ottomans which in turn of course led to the foundation of a fledgling Greek state in 1821. Throughout this time, the Armenians were largely passive to this new nationalism. But with the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire, this system of millet began to fragment.
Furthermore with the victory of the Russians in Russio-Turkish war in 1878, large swathes of Eastern Anatolia fell under Russian rule. During the discussions leading to the treaty of Berlin, the Armenians were largely excluded on the grounds that they did not represent a “country”. At this time, Gladstone, lobbied by the Armenian community in Manchester, was a high-profile supporter of the Armenian cause, though Disraeli was unsympathetic.
Perhaps unsurprisingly therefore, the Armenians themselves began to nurture a nationalistic fervour and there were some high profile assassinations in Istanbul traced to Armenians. This was the spark that ignited the tinder and a widespread revolt against the Armenian population ensued, gathering pace throughout Anatolia until it resulted in what we now call the Armenian Genocide.
It unfurled in two phases – the forced deportation of women and children from Eastern Turkey to the Syrian dessert where they were left to die and the wholesale killing of the male population.
Final numbers are impossible to know but it has been estimated that around 1.5 million ethnic Armenians died in this way between 1914 and 1923. Turkey has long denied the genocide and has refused to label it such. Its refusal to do so has been the main source of opprobrium between the two countries ever since and the reason behind the continued closure of the land border between Armenia and Turkey. It has been tacitly suggested that of the problems for Turkey would be that, if it were forced to admit to the genocide, it would be liable to compensation and reprisal of land to the Armenians. For a country that jealously guards it territory, this is evidently just too much of an obstacle in the face of truth.
On a more positive note, it’s worth mentioning something about Armenian cuisine. Essentially, it’s very similar to Mediterranean cuisine – not particularly spicy but with a prevalence of vegetables, rice and bread. The Armenian lavash bread is one of the UNESCO intangible artefacts.
And we should also remember that Armenia and Georgia both vie for being the birth-place of wine making and Armenians cite the the Areni cave mentioned earlier as their claim to the trophy.
Whilst on the subject of alcoholic drinks, we should also mention Armenian Brandy. William Churchill was particularly fond of the hooch and the story goes that in an agreement with Stalin, the Russian leader promised to send Churchill a monthly supply of brandy. After a few months, Churchill noticed that the quality was going downhill and asked Stalin to investigate. The supplier admitted sending inferior quality brandy and was promptly shipped away to a Gulag. Churchill intervened again and asked for the supplier to be freed from the Gulag – on the condition he began to once again sent him only the best quality brandy.
Finally, it’s worth saying something about Armenian sport and culture – the latter being one of the country’s greatest exports. I think it goes a long way saying the the national sport is chess – which is a compulsory subject in school.
Armenian composers and musicians have been famous throughout the centuries. And Armenian folk-dance is colourful and brave. Perhaps the most famous of all composers is Aram Khachaturian. The French singer Charles Aznavour was of Armenian descent – as indeed is the singer Cher. The national folk instrument of Armenia is the duduk, of whom the most famous player is Djivan Gasparyan. The other great hero of Armenian music is Komitas. He was an Armenian, priest and composer born in 1869 in Western Turkey. He was orphaned at a young age and as a teenager went to study in Echmiadzin. It was during these years he began composing and collecting Armenian folksong. In 1910 he settled in Constantinople but was arrested for being Armenian in 1915. He managed to escape and move to Paris, but he remained afflicted by what he had witnessed of the genocide and he died in a psychiatric ward in 1935.
All of this is testament to a feisty country with a huge heart which no visitor can fail to be impressed by. A journey to Armenia is not taken lightly. It is perhaps not the top of our “”bucket-list” travels or our check-list of things to do before you die. But nevertheless, I can assure you, the memories of a visit to this extraordinary country, far outlive all the fleeting moments of snapshots clicked in the age of instagram. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 19 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/armenia | en | Encyclopedia.com | [
"https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg"
] | [] | [] | [
"Get information",
"facts",
"and pictures",
"about Armenia",
"at Encyclopedia.com",
"Make",
"research",
"projects",
"and school reports",
"about Armenia",
"easy",
"with credible",
"articles",
"from our FREE",
"online encyclopedia and dictionary"
] | null | [] | null | ARMENIA [1] LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT [2] TOPOGRAPHY [3] CLIMATE [4] FLORA AND FAUNA [5] ENVIRONMENT [6] POPULATION [7] MIGRATION [8] ETHNIC GROUPS [9] LANGUAGES [10] RELIGIONS [11] TRANSPORTATION [12] HISTORY [13] GOVERNMENT [14] POLITICAL PARTIES [15] LOCAL GOVERNMENT [16] JUDICIAL SYSTEM [17] A | en | /sites/default/files/favicon.ico | https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/armenia | ARMENIA
LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION
MIGRATION
ETHNIC GROUPS
LANGUAGES
RELIGIONS
TRANSPORTATION
HISTORY
GOVERNMENT
POLITICAL PARTIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
JUDICIAL SYSTEM
ARMED FORCES
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ECONOMY
INCOME
LABOR
AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
FISHING
FORESTRY
MINING
ENERGY AND POWER
INDUSTRY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DOMESTIC TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BANKING AND SECURITIES
INSURANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
TAXATION
CUSTOMS AND DUTIES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH
HOUSING
EDUCATION
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS
MEDIA
ORGANIZATIONS
TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
FAMOUS ARMENIANS
DEPENDENCIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Republic of Armenia
Hayastani Hanrapetut 'Yun
CAPITAL: Yerevan
FLAG: Three horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold.
ANTHEM: Mer Hayrenik.
MONETARY UNIT: The dram (introduced 22 November 1993) is a paper currency in denominations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 drams. The dram (d) replaced the Armenian ruble and the Russian ruble (r). Currently d1 =$0.00225 (or $1 = d445) as of 2005.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is in force.
HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1–2 January; Christmas, 6 January; Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Genocide, 24 April; Peace Day, 9 May; Anniversary of Declaration of First Armenian Republic (1918), 28 May; Public Holiday, 21 September; Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Earthquake, 7 December; New Year's Eve, 31 December.
TIME: 4 pm = noon GMT.
LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
Armenia is a landlocked nation located in southeastern Europe/southwestern Asia. Comparatively, the area occupied by Armenia is slightly smaller than the state of Maryland with a total area of 29,800 sq km (11,506 sq mi). Armenia shares boundaries with Georgia on the n, Azerbaijan on the e and s, Iran on the s, and Turkey on the w and has a total boundary length of 1,254 km (778 mi). Armenia's capital city, Yerevan, is located in the west-central portion of the country on the Hrazdan River.
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of Armenia features the high Armenian Plateau and three primary mountain ranges, the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the north, the Vardenis Range in central Armenia, and the Zangezur Range in the southeast. There is little forest land and a few fast flowing rivers. The Aras River Valley contains good soil. Mount Aragats, an extinct volcano in the plateau region, is the highest point in Armenia at 13,425 ft (4,095 m). The nation occasionally suffers from severe earthquakes. In December 1988, a massive earthquake struck near the city of Kumayri, killing over 25,000 people.
CLIMATE
Armenia's climate ranges from subtropical to alpine-like in the mountains. The mean temperature in midsummer is 25°c (77°f). In midwinter, the mean temperature is 0°c (32°f). Rainfall is infrequent. The capital city receives 33 cm of rain annually (13 in), though more rainfall occurs in the mountains.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Armenia is located in what geographers call the Aral Caspian Lowland. The country has broad sandy deserts and low grassy plateaus. The region is home to European bison, snow leopards, cheetahs, and porcupines.
ENVIRONMENT
In 2000, Armenia's chief environmental problems resulted from natural disasters, pollution, and warfare. A strong earthquake in 1988 resulted in 55,000 casualties. Radiation from the meltdown of the nuclear reactor facility at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union also polluted the environment. The nation's soil has also been polluted by chemicals including DDT and the Hrazdan and Ares rivers have also been polluted. The war between Armenia and Azerbaijan has strained the country's economy, limiting the resources that can be devoted to environmental preservation. It has also led to an energy blockade that has caused deforestation as trees are cut for firewood. Yet another environmental hazard is the restarting of the Metsamor nuclear power plant, which has been brought online without the safety systems recommended by the IAEA.
From 1990–1995, deforestation occurred at an average annual rate of 2.69%. However, some reforestation projects have been initiated. As of 2003, 7.6% of the total land area in Armenia is protected, including two sites protected as Ramsar wetlands: Lake Sevan and Lake Arpi. As of 2002, 11 of the nation's 84 species of mammal were threatened, as were 4 species of bird and 1 higher plant species. Endangered species include the Barbel sturgeon, Dahl's jird, and the field adder.
POPULATION
The population of Armenia in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 3,033,000, which placed it at number 133 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 11% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 22% of the population under 15 years of age. There were 87 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be 0.3%; this low rate, attributed to a decline in fertility rates and migration, was considered too low by the government. The projected population for the year 2025 was 3,258,000. The population density was 102 per sq km (264 per sq mi).
The UN estimated that 65% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that population in urban areas was changing at an annual rate of -0.43%. The capital city, Yerevan, had a population of 1,079,000 in that year. Other urban centers and their estimated populations include Kumayri (206,600) and Kirovakan (170,200). Most of the cities and towns are located along the river valleys in the north and west.
MIGRATION
Independent Armenia is only a portion of historic Armenia, which at its greatest extent also included lands now in Turkey, Iran, and Azerbaijan. There are Armenian communities in these countries and also in Russia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria, and the United States. Between 1988 and 1993 around 360,000 ethnic Armenians arrived in Armenia from Azerbaijan as a result of the conflict over the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1995 a citizenship law, which included special provisions making naturalization much easier for refugees from Azerbaijan, was enacted. By the end of January 2004, the number of refugees from Azerbaijan obtaining Armenian citizenship topped 65,000. One of the largest naturalizations of refugees in recent decades, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) supported the process with financial and material assistance. In 2003, there were 50,000 internally displaced persons (IDP) within the country. The UNHCR reported that at the end of 2004 there were 235,235 refugees in Armenia and 68 asylum seekers, of which over 50,000 refugees were assisted by UNHCR. From 1998 to 2003, except for 2000, remittance flows to Armenia grew by 20% per year.
Armenia has a net migration rate of -6.1 migrants per 1,000 population as of 2005. The government views both the immigration and emigration levels as too high.
ETHNIC GROUPS
A 2004 report indicates that Armenians comprise an estimated 98% of the population. Minority groups include the Azeri, Russians, Ukrainians, Belarussians, Jews, Assyrians, Georgians, Greeks, and Yezidi Kurds. As of 1993, most of the Azeris had emigrated from Armenia.
LANGUAGES
Armenian is spoken by about 97% of the population. Armenian belongs to an independent branch of the Indo-European linguistic family. It is a highly inflective language, with a complicated system of declensions. It is agglutinative, rich in consonants, and has no grammatical gender. The vocabulary includes many Persian loan words. There are two main dialects: East Armenian, the official language of Armenia, and West, or Turkish, Armenian. The alphabet, patterned after Persian and Greek letters, has 38 characters. Armenian literature dates from the early 5th century ad. Yezidi is spoken by about 1% of the population; Russian and other various languages are spoken by the remaining 2%.
RELIGIONS
In 2005, about 90% of the population were nominally members of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Catholic churches, both Roman and Mekhitaris (Armenian Uniate), had an estimated 180,000 adherents. The next largest group was the Yezidi, a Kurdish ethnic and religious group that practice a mixture of beliefs from Islam, Zoroastrianism, and animism; they had an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 members. Other Christian denominations include Pentecostals, Greek Orthodox, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Armenian Evangelical Church, Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints (Mormons). Most Jews, Muslims, and Baha'is are located in Yerevan.
Armenia became a Christian country in the 4th century ad. In 1991, the Law on Freedom of Conscience established the separation of church and state but granted the Armenian Apostolic Church status as the national church. All religious denominations and organizations outside of the Armenian Apostolic Church must be registered in order to operate. Those that are not registered are prohibited from publishing newspapers or magazines, sponsoring television or radio broadcasts, and renting meeting space. In 1997 amendments tightened registration requirements by raising the minimum number of adult members to qualify for registration from 50 to 200. The laws also indicate that a petitioning organization must adhere to a doctrine that is based on "historically recognized Holy Scriptures." Registration and monitoring of religious groups was originally under the jurisdiction of a government-based Council of Religious Affairs. In 2002 the president abolished the council and announced that a new office, under the prime minister, would handle matters of religion. The National Minorities and Religious Affairs Department was also established by the government.
The Armenian Apostolic Church is a member of the World Council of Churches.
TRANSPORTATION
As of 2004, there were 825 km (513 mi) of 1.520-m (broad) gauge railroad, not including industrial lines. An estimated 828 km (515 mi) are electrified. Supplies that arrive from Turkey by rail must be reloaded, due to a difference in rail gauges. Goods that cross Georgia or Azerbaijan are subject to travel delay from strikes and blockages and may be interdicted.
As of 2003, the highway system included 7,633 km (4,748 mi) of roads, all of which are paved. Of that total, 1,561 km (971 mi) are expressways.
There were an estimated 16 airports as of 2004, 11 of which had paved runways (as of 2005). The Zvartnots airport at Yerevan is fairly well maintained and receives scheduled flights from Moscow, Paris, New York, London, Amsterdam, Athens, Beirut, Dubai (UAE), Frankfurt, Istanbul, Prague, Tehrān, Vienna, Zürich, and Sofia. In 2003, 367,000 passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international flights.
Cargo shipments to landlocked Armenia are routed through ports in Georgia and Turkey.
HISTORY
Armenian territories were first united into an empire under Tigranes the Great (95–55 bc), whose extensive lands included parts of Syria and Iraq. Defeated by the Roman general Pompey, Armenia became a client state of the Roman Empire. Rome and Sasanian Persia partitioned Armenia, and after them Byzantium and the Ummayed and Abbasid caliphates controlled parts of Armenia. Armenia adopted Christianity at the beginning of the 4th century ad. The Seljuk Turks invaded Armenia in the 11th century, followed by Genghis Khan and Timur, leading to mass emigrations. Persia and Ottoman Turkey divided Armenia into eastern and western portions in the 16th–18th centuries. Russia took over Persia's holdings in 1828, and during the latter part of the 19th century both Russia and Turkey carried out harsh repression against nationalist activities among Armenians under their sway, leading to many deaths and mass emigrations. During World War I, Ottoman Turkey carried out forced resettlement and other harsh policies against Armenians, which Armenians term their national genocide. The historical experience remains a contentious issue in Armenian-Turkish relations.
After the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917, Armenia declared independence in May 1918. Armenia's population of 750,000 included as many as 300,000 who had survived flight from Turkey, and the heavy burden of independence among hostile neighbors (it clashed with Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan) and an inhospitable climate may have led to as many as 150,000 deaths from famine and disease. Although the August 1920 Treaty of Sevres accorded international recognition of Armenian independence, the Russian Red Army conquered Armenia in November 1920. In 1922, Armenia was named part of a Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, which encompassed lands now in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but it became a separate union republic in 1936. During the 1920s, Moscow drew internal borders in the Caucasus, which resulted in Nagorno-Karabakh (NK), then a mostly ethnic Armenian region, being incorporated into Azerbaijan, separated from the rest of Soviet Armenia by a few miles of Azerbaijani territory. NK was given the status of an "autonomous republic."
Following a February 1988 call by the Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) legislature for unification with Armenia, the Armenian Supreme Soviet in December 1989 declared that NK, a largely ethnically Armenian-populated enclave within Azerbaijan, was part of Armenia. It also proclaimed Armenia's sovereignty over its land and resources. A popular referendum on independence was held in Armenia on 21 September 1991, in which 94% of the eligible population reportedly participated and which was approved by 99%. The Armenian legislature declared Armenia's independence two days later. Armenia received worldwide diplomatic recognition upon the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
Beginning in 1988, conflict engulfed NK, with Azerbaijan resisting the secession or independence of its enclave. Casualties were estimated at over 5,000. Emigration of 350,000 Armenians residing in Azerbaijan and over one million Azerbaijani residing in Armenia or NK followed pogroms in both states and conflict in NK and surrounding areas. In December 1991, a referendum in NK (boycotted by local Azerbaijani) approved NK's independence and a Supreme Soviet was elected, which on 6 January 1992, declared NK's independence and futilely appealed for world recognition. In 1993, Armenian forces gained control over NK and surrounding areas, occupying over 20% of Azerbaijani territory, which they continued to hold despite an Azerbaijani offensive in 1993–1994 that reportedly cost 6,000 Azeri casualties. A ceasefire has held fitfully since May 1994, but talks on a political settlement remain inconclusive. In the six-year period of conflict from 1988 to 1994, more than 35,000 people were killed and nearly one million have been left homeless.
In November 1989, Levon Ter-Petrosyan became a leader of the Armenian National Movement (ANM), which grew out of the Karabakh Committee to push for Armenia's independence, and its chairman in March 1990. ANM and other nationalist deputies cooperated to elect him chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet in August 1990, inflicting a serious blow on the Armenian Communist Party. Following Armenia's declaration of independence, presidential elections were held on 16 October 1991. Ter-Petrosyan was supported by the ANM, winning 83% of the vote against six other candidates, including internationally famous dissident Paruir Hairikian of the Association for National Self-Determination and Sos Sarkisyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF; called Dashnaktsutyun in Armenian, meaning "federation"). Ter-Petrosyan was sworn into office on 11 November 1991, for a five-year term. His suspension of the activities of Armenian Revolutionary Federation party in December 1994 and a trial of its leaders raised concerns among some observers about possible setbacks to democratization.
Elections to Armenia's unicameral 190-member National Assembly (legislature) were held in June 1995, at the same time as a referendum in which Armenian voters adopted the country's first post-Communist new constitution. International observers reported many campaign and voting irregularities. Observers from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) judged the elections "free but not fair," in part because the main opposition party, the ARF, was banned from participation, the government dominated campaigning, the CEC appeared heavily pro-government in its decisions, and security officers constituted a chilling presence in many voting places. Voting irregularities reported on election day by the international observers included the violation of secret voting and pressure in voting places to cast a ballot for certain parties or candidates. In all, the Republic Bloc and other pro-government parties won 166 out of 190 seats, while the opposition won only 18 and independents four (two seats were undecided).
Ter-Petrosyan won reelection as president on 22 September 1996, by garnering 51.75% of the vote, a far smaller majority than in 1991, barely avoiding runoff balloting. Ter-Petrosyan's main opponent in the presidential race was Vazgen Manukian, head of the National Democratic Union (NDU) party. He garnered 41.3% of the presidential vote. Manukian had worked closely with Ter-Petrosyan in the Karabakh Committee. Following the presidential election, followers of Manukian's electoral coalition demonstrated against what they and many international observers termed irregular voting procedures. On 25 September 1996, tens of thousands of protesters stormed the legislative building in Yerevan and assaulted the legislative speaker and deputy speaker, both belonging to the ANM. The crowd was dispersed by police with few injuries or deaths.
In March 1997, in an attempt to garner greater public support for his regime, Ter-Petrosyan appointed a highly popular war hero of the NK conflict, Robert Kocharian, to the post of prime minister of Armenia. Ter-Petrosyan and others viewed Kocharian as having the leadership abilities necessary to help revive the slumping economy and to increase tax collection. In accepting the prime ministership, Kocharian resigned as president of NK.
Ter-Petrosyan announced in September 1997 that he had accepted an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) peace plan as a basis for resolving the NK conflict that would require "compromises" from Armenia. The two-stage plan called for NK Armenians to withdraw from most territories they had occupied outside of NK and for international peacekeepers to be deployed, followed by discussion of NK's status. The announcement brought open criticism from Kocharian and other Armenian and NK officials. On 1 February 1998, Yerkrapah, a legislative faction and militia group composed of veterans of the NK conflict, and headed by the country's defense minister, called for Ter-Petrosyan to resign. Many members of Ter-Petrosyan's ANM legislative faction defected, leading to the resignation of the parliamentary speaker. Heated debate in the legislature culminated with Ter-Petrosyan's resignation on 3 February 1998. Ter-Petrosyan denounced the "bodies of power" for demanding his resignation, referring obliquely to Kocharian, Defense Minister Vazgen Sarkisyan, and Minister of the Interior and National Security Serzh Sarkisyan. Although the constitution called for the legislative speaker to assume the duties of acting president pending an election, the resignation of the speaker caused these duties to devolve upon Prime Minister Kocharian. A special presidential election was scheduled for 16 March 1998.
Twelve candidates succeeded in registering for the March presidential election. The main contenders were Kocharian, Vazgen Manukyan (who had run against Ter-Petrosyan in 1996 and was head of the National Democratic Union), and Karen Demirchyan (head of the Armenian Communist Party from 1974 to 1988). Since none of the candidates won the required "50% plus one" of the 1.46 million votes cast (in a 64% turnout), a runoff election was held on 30 March. In the runoff, acting President and Prime Minister Kocharian received 59.5% of 1.57 million votes cast (in a 68.5% turnout). The OSCE concluded that "this election showed improvement in some respects over the 1996 election," but did "not meet OSCE standards to which Armenia has committed itself." Observers alleged ballot box stuffing, discrepancies in vote counting, and fraud perpetrated by local authorities that inflated the number of votes for Kocharian. Nevertheless, he was inaugurated on 9 April 1998. The legislature selected Demirchyan as its speaker on 10 June.
On 27 October 1999, gunmen entered the legislature and opened fire on deputies and officials, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sarkisyan and Speaker Karen Demirchyan, two deputy speakers, and four others. The purported leader of the gunmen claimed they were targeting the prime minister and were launching a coup to "restore democracy" and end poverty, and took dozens hostage. President Robert Kocharian rushed to the legislature and helped negotiate the release of the hostages, promising the gunmen a fair trial. The killings appeared the product of personal and clan grievances. Abiding by the constitution, the legislature met on 2 November and appointed Armen Khachatryan (a member of the majority Unity bloc) as speaker, and Kocharian named Sarkisyan's brother Aram the new prime minister the next day, seeking to preserve political balances. Political infighting intensified. The military prosecutor investigating the assassinations detained a presidential aide, appearing to implicate Kocharian in the assassinations. The Unity and Stability factions in the legislature also threatened to impeach Kocharian in April 2000. Seeking to counter challenges to his power, Kocharian in May 2000 fired his prime minister and defense minister. In October 2001, on the second anniversary of the shootings in parliament, thousands of protesters staged demonstrations in Yerevan to demand Kocharian's resignation. In December 2003, six individuals were sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles in the 1999 assassinations. The death penalty in Armenia had been abolished that August. Protests against Kocharian's presidency continued in 2004, despite his reelection in 2003.
Although Armenia has the highest economic growth rate of any country in the former Soviet Union, more than 50% of the population lives in poverty. Unemployment and emigration remain problems, and Armenia is under a trade blockade from Turkey and Azerbaijan over the dispute in Nagorno-Karabakh—goods are transported only through Georgia. However, US and European companies interested in tapping oil and gas reserves in the Caspian Sea have been planning the construction of a pipeline through the Caucasus to Turkey. In September 2001, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Armenia, the first Russian president to do so since independence. Armenia and Russia negotiated a 10-year economic cooperation package, and an agreement was reached on expanding a Russian military base in Armenia.
Presidential elections were held on 19 February 2003, with no candidate receiving 50% of the votes; a runoff election was scheduled for 5 March. Kocharian took 48.3% of the first-round vote, with Stepan Demirchyan—son of Karen Demirchyan, the former parliamentary speaker assassinated in 1999—taking 27.4% of the vote. Artashes Geghamian came in third with 16.9%. The opposition called the election fraudulent and said it would not recognize the vote, and observers from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) declared the election "flawed." Stuffing of ballot boxes allegedly took place, although many ballots were cast in transparent boxes, in an attempt to have a fair vote. Also, Kocharian received five times as much television coverage as all of his opponents combined. In the runoff election held on 5 March, Kocharian was reelected president with 67.5% of the vote; Demirchyan received 32.5%.
GOVERNMENT
Armenia adopted its post-Soviet constitution by public referendum on 5 July 1995 by 68% of the voters. A commission headed by Ter-Petrosyan had drawn up the draft constitution. It provides for a strong presidential system of government with a weak legislative system, granting the president power to appoint and remove the prime minister, judges, and prosecutors. It also gives him liberal grounds for dissolving the legislature, declaring martial law, and limiting human rights by declaring a state of emergency. The president serves a five-year term. The prime minister is nominated by the president and is subject to legislative approval. The prime minister with presidential and legislative approval appoints the Cabinet of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly has 131 members, who serve four-year terms; 75 members are elected by party list, and 56 by direct vote.
POLITICAL PARTIES
Armenia held elections to a new single-chamber 131-seat legislature on 30 May 1999, with 75 deputies elected by party list and 56 elected by direct vote. Twenty-one parties and blocs fielded candidates on the party list vote, but only six passed a 5% vote hurdle. The Unity bloc garnered 42% of over two million votes cast, gaining 29 seats, followed by the Communist Party of Armenia with about 12% of the vote. In constituency balloting, the Unity Bloc (which included the country's two largest parties, the People's Party and the Republican Party) garnered the most seats (35), followed by nonparty-affiliated candidates (29). Other major parties that received at least 7% of the party list vote in the 1999 legislative race include the National Democratic Union, Armenian Revolutionary Federation-Dashnaktsutyun, Law-Governed Country Party, Communist Party of Armenia, the Armenian Pan-National Movement, Law and Unity bloc, and the Mission Party. The other registered parties included both those newly created for the legislative race and more traditional parties. They were the Mighty Motherland, Homeland bloc, Ramkavar Azatakan Party (Liberal Democratic Party), Freedom Party, Democratic Party of Armenia, Union of Socialist Forces and Intelligentsia bloc, Union of Communist and Socialist Parties, Youth Party of Armenia, Decent Future, National State Party, Free Hayk Mission Party, Shamiram Party, and ONS+ bloc (the National Self-Determination and Homeland-Diaspora).
Legislative elections were held on 25 May 2003. The Republican Party won 23.5% of the vote (23 seats) for deputies elected by party list, followed by Justice Bloc, 13.6% (14 seats); Rule of Law, 12.3% (12 seats); ARF (Dashnak), 11.4% (11 seats); National Unity, 8.8% (9 seats); United Labor Party, 5.7% (6 seats). However, seats by party change frequently as deputies switch parties or declare themselves independent.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The regional governmental structure is closely modeled after the national structure. The president appoints governors to Armenia's 11 provinces (marzer ), including the mayor of the capital of Yerevan, which has the status of a marz. Each province has both executive and legislative bodies that control the provincial budget and businesses within the region. Regional governments do not have authority to pass laws independent of national legislation. Marzer are divided into rural and urban communities (hamainkner ), and Yerevan is divided into 12 districts. The communities and Yerevan districts are governed by community chiefs and legislative bodies called councils of elders (avakani ). In the cities, community chiefs hold the title of mayor. In 1997 a law on self-government was passed calling for decentralization in some areas and some fiscal independence for local governments. Elections for mayors, community chiefs, and local councils in 654 constituencies were held 20 October 2002, with a 46% voter turnout rate (an increase of close to 20% from the turnout in 1999). Local elections are held every three years. There were fewer complaints of electoral irregularities than in previous elections. The ruling Republican Party fielded the most candidates, and 18 other parties, in addition to independents, participated. The Law-Governed Country Party came in second, and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation was third. Local elections were held once again in October 2005, and voters decided not to return many incumbents to office.
JUDICIAL SYSTEM
The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but in practice courts are vulnerable to pressure from the government, though legal reforms are resulting in some changes. The court system consists of district courts of first instance, an Appeals Court, and a Court of Cassation. Judges for the local courts of first instance and the Court of Appeals began operating under a new judicial system in January 1999. Judges were selected for their posts based on examinations and interviews by the Minister of Justice, approval of a list of nominees by the Council of Justice, and approval by the president. Unless they are removed for malfeasance, they serve for life. About one-half of Sovietera judges have been replaced. Prosecutors and defense attorneys also began retraining and recertification. A military bureaucracy continues to follow Sovietera practices.
A Constitutional Court has the power to review the constitutionality of legislation, approves international agreements, and settles electoral disputes. Its effectiveness is limited. It only accepts cases referred by the president, two-thirds of the members of the legislature, or election-related cases brought by candidates in legislative or presidential races. The president appoints four of the nine judges of the Constitutional Court.
The constitution establishes a Council of Justice, headed by the president and including the prosecutor general, the minister of justice, and 14 other members appointed by the president. The Council appoints and disciplines judges in courts of first instance and the Court of Appeals. A Council of Court Chairs has been created to reduce the power of the Ministry of Justice and increase the independence of the judicial system. It is responsible for financial and budgetary issues involving the courts, and consists of 21 senior judges.
A criminal procedure code entered into force in January 1999 specifies that a suspect may be detained for no more than 12 months pending trial, has the right to an attorney, right to a public trial and to confront witnesses, and the right to appeal.
ARMED FORCES
The active armed forces numbered 48,160 in 2005. There were 45,000 personnel in the Army, organized into five corps that would include a mix of motorized and standard rifle regiments, armored and other support units. Equipment in 2005 included 110 main battle tanks, 104 armored infantry fighting vehicles, 140 armored personnel carriers, and 229 artillery pieces. The Air and Defense Aviation Forces numbered 3,160 personnel with 16 combat capable aircraft (one fighter and 15 fighter ground attack aircraft) and 12 attack helicopters. Paramilitary forces numbered 1,000 and were made up of border troops and Ministry of Internal Affairs personnel. The military budget in 2005 totaled $135 million.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Armenia was admitted to the United Nations on 2 March 1992. The country serves as a member of several specialized agencies within the United Nations, such as FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IFAD, ILO, IMF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO, and WHO. Armenia is a member of the CIS and the Council of Europe. The country was admitted to the OSCE on 30 January 1992 and serves as an observer in the OAS. It became a full member of the WTO on 5 February 2003. Armenia is one of 12 members of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone, which was established in 1992. It is also a part of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the EBRD. Armenia is a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the NATO Partnership for Peace. The country ratified the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty in July 1992. The Armenia government supports the cause of the ethnic Armenian secessionists in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. The OSCE is serving as a mediator in what has been a sometimes violent struggle.
In environmental cooperation, Armenia is part of the Basel Convention, the Conventions on Biological Diversity and Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Ramsar, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification.
ECONOMY
As part of the Soviet Union, the Armenian economy featured largescale agro-industrial enterprises and a substantial industrial sector that supplied machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to other parts of the USSR in exchange for raw materials. Trade with its neighbors, on which resource-poor Armenia relies heavily, was jeopardized by the outbreak of conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1988, and by political instability in Georgia and Azerbaijan. Also, in December 1988, a severe earthquake did considerable damage to Armenia's productive capacity, aggravating its regional trade deficit. The physical damage had not been repaired when the economy suffered the implosion that accompanied the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
With independence, as real GDP fell 60% from 1992–93, small-scale agriculture came to dominate in place of the former agro-industrial complexes, with crops of grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and other vegetables, as well as grapes and other fruit. Growth was not registered until 1994, at 5%, when, in July, a ceasefire was signed by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, and, in December, the government embarked on a comprehensive IMF-monitored program of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform. By 1996, growth was in double digits and inflation in single digits, although setbacks, which began in late 1996, reduced real GDP growth to 3% in 1997, while inflation surged to 27%. In 1998, real growth reached 7.3% while inflation fell to a single digit 8.7%, despite the negative impacts of the Russian financial crisis and a continuing Azerbaijanled economic blockade over the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh issue.
Growth in the first nine months of 1999 was at an annual rate of 6%, but this was reduced to 3% for the year in the disruptions following the hostage-takings and assassinations of the prime minister and parliamentary speaker in October, a stated motive for which was the large proportion of Armenians living in poverty (at 55% in 2001 by CIA estimates). Inflation was held to 0.7% in the crisis, due to policy changes that have continued to keep inflation at a low level. Moderate GDP growth of 6% was achieved in 2000 while prices, as measured by the consumer price index, actually declined an estimated 0.8%.
In 2001, targeted real growth under the IMF-guided program was 6% but actual growth was about 10% (CIA est.) as the effects of economic reforms, the privatization of small and medium-sized enterprises, and increased foreign investment began to impact performance. IMF and CIA estimates for 2002 were for real growth between 12.5% and 12.9%, with stable price levels. Barring major disruptions (only too likely as the war in Iraq, launched 19 March 2003, added another source of instability to the region), Armenia was expected to attain its pre-independence level of percapita income by 2005. Growth sectors include telecommunications, assembly of electric and electronic appliances, agriculture and food processing, energy generation and distribution, construction, coal and gold mining, and international air communications.
The IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program encouraged remarkable GDP growth rates: 13.9% in 2003, 10.1% in 2004, and a predicted 8.0% in 2005. Rising investment levels, exports, and real incomes also contributed to this growth. Inflation, tamed in 2002, was on the rise in 2003 and 2004, at 4.7% and 7.0% respectively. For the most part however, the government has done a good job of keeping the inflation in check, and stabilizing the local currency. Despite encouraging economic figures though, unemployment remains fairly high (at around 14%) and poverty is a critical issue that needs to be dealt with immediately.
INCOME
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Armenia's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $15.3 billion. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $5,100. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 8%. The average inflation rate in 2005 was 2.4%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 24.9% of GDP, industry 34.6%, and services 40.5%.
According to the World Bank, in 2003 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $168 million or about $55 per capita and accounted for approximately 6.0% of GDP. Foreign aid receipts amounted to $247 million or about $81 per capita and accounted for approximately 8.5% of the gross national income (GNI).
The World Bank reports that in 2003 household consumption in Armenia totaled $2.35 billion or about $768 per capita based on a GDP of $2.8 billion, measured in current dollars rather than PPP. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that for the period 1990 to 2003 household consumption grew at an average annual rate of 1.8%. In 2001 it was estimated that approximately 52% of household consumption was spent on food, 18% on fuel, 3% on health care, and 15% on education. It was estimated that in 2003 about 43% of the population had incomes below the poverty line.
LABOR
As of 2004, Armenia's labor force numbered 1.2 million. In 2002, an estimated 25% were involved in industry, 45% in agriculture, and 30% in services. The unemployment rate was estimated at 30% in 2003.
Legislation passed in 1992 guarantees workers the right to bargain and organize collectively. An independent labor federation was created in 1997. However, organized labor remained weak as of 2005, because of high unemployment and a slow economy. Collective bargaining does not occur because most large employers are still under state control. Labor disputes are generally settled in economic or regular courts of law. According to the Confederation of Labor Unions (CLU) an estimated 290,000 workers belonged to 25 labor unions in 2005.
Armenians are guaranteed a monthly minimum wage which was set at around $26.00 as of 2005. The standard legal workweek was 40 hours, with mandatory overtime and rest periods. Children under the age of 16 are prohibited by law from full-time labor, although children at age 14 can be employed if permission is given by the child's parents and from the labor union. Due to the dire economic situation, none of these legal standards are relevant. Although the government is required to promulgate minimum occupational health and safety standards, as of end 2005, such standards have yet to be implemented. In addition, a lack of government resources and general worker insecurity prevent any effective enforcement of the nation's labor laws.
AGRICULTURE
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, about 16% of Armenia's land was cultivated. As of 2002, there were an estimated 560,000 hectares (1,384,000 acres) of arable cropland (20% of the total land area), of which 65,000 hectares (160,600 acres) were planted with permanent crops. Agriculture engaged about 45% of the economically active population in 2003. That year, agricultural production was 13% higher than what it had been during 1999–2001.
Production for 2004 included tomatoes, 222,047 tons; potatoes, 575,942 tons; wheat, 296,000 tons; and grapes, 148,892 tons. In 2002, there were some 18,300 tractors and 4,000 harvester-threshers in service.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Over one-fifth of the total land area is permanent pastureland. In 2004, the livestock population included: sheep, 580,000; cattle, 565,800; pigs, 85,300; goats, 48,300; and horses, 12,500. There were also some 3.6 million chickens. In 2004, some 54,000 tons of meat were produced, including 33,400 tons of beef and veal, 7,200 tons of mutton and lamb, 4,300 tons of poultry, and 8,500 tons of pork. In 2004, 535,800 tons of milk, 31,500 tons of eggs, 4,500 tons of cheese, and 1,200 tons of greasy wool were also produced. Meat, milk, and butter are the chief agricultural imports.
FISHING
Fishing is limited to the Arpa River and Lake Sevan. Commercial fishing is not a significant part of the economy. The total catch in 2003 was 1,633 tons. Trout and carp are the principal species.
FORESTRY
Forests cover an estimated 12.4% of Armenia. Soviet mismanagement, the 1988 earthquake, hostilities with Azerbaijan, and fuel shortages have impaired development. Available timber is used for firewood during the harsh winters. Imports of forestry products totaled $12.2 million in 2003.
MINING
Mineral resources in Armenia are concentrated in the southern region, where several operating copper and molybdenum mines were located. Armenia had been mining one-third of the former Soviet Union's (FSU) output of molybdenum (2,073 metric tons in 2002, down from 3,100 metric tons in 2000). Copper mines were located at Kapan, Kadzharan, Agarak, Shamlugh, and Akht'ala; the latter two were not in operation in 2002. Kadzharan and Agarak also had molybdenum mines. Despite relative proximity to rail and port facilities that supplied European markets, the mineral sector's ability to compete on the world market was inhibited by infrastructure problems. Armenia's production of perlite has been estimated at a steady 35,000 metric tons annually, from 1998 through 2002.
In 2002, Armenia produced industrial minerals such as clays, diatomite, dimension stone, limestone (12.5 million short tons), salt (30,300 metric tons), and semiprecious stones. It mined copper (16,641 metric tons of copper concentrate), copperzinc, and native gold deposits. The Zod and Megradzor gold mines ceased operations in 1997. The government hoped to revive the gold industry through the recovery of gold tailings at the Cuarat gold mill. Significant by-product constituents in the nonferrous ores in 2002 included barite, gold (estimated at 3,200 kg), lead, rhenium, selenium, silver (5,500 kg), tellurium, and zinc.
Armenia's exports of mineral products in 2002 accounted for around 70% of its total exports by value. In that year, total exports were valued at $507.2 million.
ENERGY AND POWER
With only negligible reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal, and with no production, Armenia is heavily reliant on foreign imports. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, oil consumption has declined from 48,400 barrels per day in 1992 to 38,630 barrels per day in 2002. Natural gas consumption in 2002 was 38.49 billion cu ft. Total electrical consumption in 2002 was 4.446 billion kWh.
Net electricity generation in 2002 totaled 5.215 billion kWh, primarily from the reopened Medzamor nuclear plant at Yerevan (815,000 kW capacity), the Hrazdan (near Akhta) oil/natural gas plant (1,110,000 kW capacity), the Yerevan heat/power plant (550,000 kW capacity), and the Sevan-Hrazdan hydroelectric plant and smaller plants (925,000 kW capacity). Of total electricity generated in 2002, some 31% came from hydroelectric plants, 40% from nuclear power, and 29% from thermal power. Total capacity in 2002 was 3.341 million kW. The Medzama plant, reopened in 1995, increased electricity generation by 40% and has enabled electricity to be supplied around the clock for the first time in years. However, the Armenian government has promised to decommission the plant by 2004 to save money on maintenance if enough alternative power sources can be found by that time. As of 2002 three major and 38 smaller hydroelectric projects were planned, at a total cost of $300 million, with backing by the World Bank.
As of 1999, the domestic distribution grid for electric power was scheduled for restructuring and privatization, with assistance from the World Bank and the US Agency for International Development (USAID). A December 1988 earthquake disrupted the Yerevan nuclear power plant, creating almost total dependence on imported oil and natural gas for power. When ethnic hostilities with Azerbaijan again resurfaced in 1992, Azerbaijan discontinued service of its pipeline to Armenia (with natural gas from Turkmenistan). The only other supply routes passed either through Turkey (which was sympathetic to Azerbaijan) or through Georgia (which was dealing with its own civil chaos). Since the 1994 ceasefire with Azerbaijan, the revival of energy supplies has helped start the recovery of Armenia's economy. If Armenia and Azerbaijan ever resolve their disputes, the transit of oil and gas from the Caspian Sea region abroad will become possible.
INDUSTRY
Before the earthquake in 1988, Armenia exported trucks, tires, electronics, and instruments to other republics. A number of these plants were destroyed by the earthquake. Armenia was also a major producer of chemical products, some 59% of which were exported to other republics. Armenia has the highest number of specialists with higher education and second highest number of scientists of all the former Soviet republics. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, industrial production has been severely disrupted by political instability and shortages of power. Much of Armenia's industry is idle or operating at a fraction of its capacity.
Economic blockades by Turkey and Azerbaijan as part of the continuing dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh have cut Armenia off from an old direct gas pipeline from Azerbaijan, as well as precluded it from participation in any of the east–west pipelines being built in the post-Soviet era. The alternative Armenia has pursued is a gas pipeline from Iran delivering Turkmenistan gas (to avoid sanctions on customers of Iran, which were renewed by the US Congress in August 2001). Intergovernmental agreements on the project were signed in 1992 and 1995. In December 1997 the Korpezehe-KurtKwi pipeline feeding Turkmen natural gas directly into the Iranian system was opened. In December 2001 agreement was reached on a route that bypassed the Azeri exclave of Nakhichevan, running from Kadzharan to the southern border at Megri. Work on the Armenian section of the Iran-Armenian gas pipeline was to have begun in 2002 but was delayed until 2003 by disputes over the price Iran was intending to charge.
Light industry dominates Armenia's industrial sector and is striking for its diversity. The leading industries in 2002 included metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, gem cutting (in 2002, 53 diamond-polishing companies exported $150 million worth of diamonds), jewelry manufacture (up 200% in 2002), software development, food processing, and brandy. Most of the country's small and mediumsized enterprises have been privatized, spurring the recovery of industrial growth.
Progress has been slower with larger industries often due to the lack of viable bidders. About 70% of the larger operations had been privatized by 1998, the year Armenia passed legislation for the sale of the country's electricity transmission and distribution networks, retaining government control over power generation. To support the privatization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) bought a 20% share in each of Armenia's four distribution companies in an agreement preserving the government's right to buy back the shares should the agreement be abrogated. In 2002, after two failed offerings, management of the electricity distribution network was won by Daewoo Engineering. In 2001, Armenia reached a debt-to-equity agreement with Russia to exchange the debt it owed Russia—at almost $100 million and requiring about $20 million a year to service, the largest and only nonconcessional part of Armenia's external debt—for five nonperforming staterun enterprises. The center-piece was the Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant, valued at about $100 million, but also including the "Mars" Electronics Factory established in 1986 for making robots, and three research institutes. Under the debt for property agreement the Russian government will turn the operations over to private entrepreneurs.
Armenia has the highest number of cooperatives (per capita) in the Commonwealth of Independent States. By CIA estimates for 2000, industry accounted for 32% of GDP, but employed about 42% of the labor force. In 2002, with 12.5% overall GDP growth, industry grew 16%, including a 42% growth in construction. The country is projecting growth along with partnership opportunities in areas such as power generation, aviation, construction, electronics, apparel, tourism, food processing, industrial property acquisition, banking, and other areas.
In 2004, industry accounted for 36.1% of the overall GDP; agriculture made up 22.9% of the economy, while services came in first with 41.1%. What is remarkable though, is the fact that only about 25% of the working population was employed by the industry, whereas around 45% worked in agriculture. This indicates a high productivity rate in the industrial sector, and a low one in agriculture. The industrial production growth rate was, at 15%, higher than the GDP growth rate, indicating that industry is the main engine of the Armenian economy. Particularly metallurgy, energy, and machine building managed to attract new investment and helped boost the industrial sector output.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The Armenian National Academy of Sciences, founded in 1943 and headquartered in Yerevan, has departments of physical, mathematical, and technological sciences; and natural sciences; and 32 research institutes in fields such as agriculture; biological, mathematical, physical, and earth sciences; and technology. Yerevan State University (founded in 1919) has faculties of mechanics, mathematics, physics, radiophysics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, and mathematical cybernetics and automatic analysis. Also in Yerevan are the State Engineering University of Armenia (founded in 1930), the Yerevan State Medical University (founded in 1922), the Yerevan Zootechnical and Veterinary Institute (founded in 1929), and the Armenian Scientific and Technical Library. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 29% of college and university enrollments.
As of 2002, there were 1,606 researchers and 147 technicians per million people, actively engaged in research and development (R&D). Spending on R&D accounted for $24.25 million, or 0.25% of GDP in 2002. Of that amount, government accounted for 55.2% of R&D spending, while foreign sources accounted for 11.2%. The remainder was undistributed. In 2002, high technology exports totaled $3 million, 2% of the country's manufactured exports.
DOMESTIC TRADE
As of 1999, there were about 23,128 wholesale and retail companies registered in Armenia, accounting for over 54% of the total registered businesses. The main retail center is in Yerevan. A majority of retail establishments are small food and specialty item shops. Many of these work with wholesalers and sell items on a consignment basis. There are also large open markets in Yerevan and other cities offering a wide variety of food, clothing, housewares, and electronics.
Beginning in 1996, the government launched a major privatization drive. By 1999, over 80% of small businesses and over 60% of medium and large corporations were in private hands. Nearly all farmland is privately owned. Seasonal openair food markets are also popular. Some of these markets still engage in bartering.
FOREIGN TRADE
Armenia's main trading partners are Belgium, Russia, the United States, Iran, Switzerland, Israel, Georgia, the United Kingdom, the UAE, and the EU. Exports include gold and diamonds, aluminum, transport equipment, electrical equipment, and scrap metal. Imports
CountryExportsImportsBalanceWorld667.91,211.8-543.9Israel142.3123.418.9Belgium123.8129.1-5.3Russia96.0196.1-100.1United States54.999.1-44.2Germany43.635.48.2United Kingdom39.856.5-16.7Switzerland-Liechtenstein31.642.1-10.5Netherlands21.810.811.0Iran21.463.5-42.1Italy-San Marino-Holy See18.838.1-19.3(…) data not available or not significant.
include grain and other foods, fuel and energy. Inter-republic trade has suffered as a result of border hostilities, particularly the ongoing conflict over the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan, which may prevent the proposed Caspian Sea oil pipeline from passing through Armenia. As of 2003, recent talks between the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan represented a positive step toward resolving the dispute.
Due to its delicate geographic placement, Armenia scores modest foreign trade figures. In 2004, exports totaled only $850 million (FOB—Free on Board), while imports climbed to $1.3 billion (FOB). Main export commodities were precious or semiprecious stones and metals (accounting for 42.5% of total exports), base metals (19.5%), mineral products (11.7%), prepared foodstuffs (9.7%). Principal imports included precious or semiprecious stones and metals (22.5%), mineral products (16.2%), machinery and equipment (10.1%), and prepared foodstuffs (7.0%). These last figures indicate that while Armenia has a vibrant industry, it is not exploiting it to its fullest potential. Existing trade barriers probably hinder the export of manufactured goods, so it has to resort to trading mainly natural resources.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
Although the government is working to reduce Armenia's large trade deficits by improving export performance, the conflict over the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan continues to weaken the economy by disrupting normal trade and supply links. Armenia receives large amounts of humanitarian assistance.
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2001 the purchasing power parity of Armenia's exports was $338.5 million while imports totaled $868.6 million resulting in a trade deficit of $530.1 million.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2001 Armenia had exports of goods totaling $353 million and imports totaling $773 million. The services credit totaled $187 million and debit $204 million.
Exports of goods and services continued to grow in the following years, reaching $696 million in 2003, and $738 million in 2004. Imports followed a similar path, totaling $1.1 billion in
Current Account-190.6 Balance on goods-434.1 Imports-1,130.2 Exports696.1 Balance on services-68.3 Balance on income93.4 Current transfers218.5Capital Account89.9Financial Account174.8 Direct investment abroad-0.4 Direct investment in Armenia120.9 Portfolio investment assets0.1 Portfolio investment liabilities0.2 Financial derivatives… Other investment assets-63.6 Other investment liabilities117.6Net Errors and Omissions-1.7Reserves and Related Items-72.4(…) data not available or not significant.
2003, and $1.2 billion in 2004. The resource balance was consequently negative in both years, at around -$400 million. The current account balance was also negative, dropping to -$190 million in 2003, and recuperating to -$161 million in 2004. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold reached $555 million in 2004, covering almost six months of imports.
BANKING AND SECURITIES
The Central Bank of Armenia is charged with regulating the money supply, circulating currency, and regulating the commercial banks of the country. Commercial banks in Armenia include the Ardshinbank, Armagrobank, Armeconombank, Armimplexbank, Arminvestbank, Bank Armcommunication, Bank "Capital," Bank "Haykap," Central Bank of Armenia, Commercial Bank "Ardana," Commercial Bank Anelik, "Gladzor" Joint Stock Commercial Bank, Masis Commercial Bank, and the State Specialized Savings Bank of the Republic of Armenia. Leading foreign banks include: Mellat Bank (Iran) and Midland Armenia (UK).
The IMF has been concerned about the direction of policy taken by the National Bank of Armenia and the slow pace of financial reform. Armenia's financial sector is overbanked and beset with nonperforming credits, mainly to large state enterprises. Armenia has been a model reforming country among the former Soviet republics, and multilateral creditors are worried that public pressure may now force the government to loosen monetary and fiscal policies.
It was revealed in January 1997 that the central bank's credits to finance the government's budget gap has surpassed their $100 million limit in the first 10 months of 1996. The bank has been forced to intervene in the domestic markets, selling foreign exchange reserves to maintain the stability of the dram. The dram has lost some 14% in value since September 1996, when it stood at d412:$1. By the end of June1997 the rate had gone down to almost d500:$1. The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $141.6 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $310.3 million. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 19.4%.
There are three stock exchanges in Armenia the largest of which is the Yerevan Stock Exchange which listed 91 companies in 1999 and had total capitalization of $17 million. The next largest is the "Adamand" Yerevan Commodity and Stock Exchange which listed 45 companies.
INSURANCE
Insurance is largely controlled by government organizations inherited from the Soviet system, although private insurance companies are not unknown.
PUBLIC FINANCE
In 1994, the government began a three-year effort to privatize the national industries. Loans from the IMF, World Bank, EBRD, and other financial institutions and foreign countries aimed at eliminating the government's budget deficit. However, by 1996, external public debt exceeded $353 million with annual debt service payments exceeding $55 million. Loans to Armenia since 1993 total over $800 million.
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Armenia's central government took in revenues of approximately $786.1 million and had expenditures of $930.7 million. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately -$144.6 million. Total external debt was $1.868 billion.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2002, the most recent year for which it had data, central government revenues were d338,463 million. The value of revenues was us$590 million, based on an exchange rate for 2002 of us$1 = d573.35 as reported by the IMF.
Revenue and Grants338,463100.0% Tax revenue227,44767.2% Social contributions44,71113.2% Grants50,48014.9% Other revenue15,8264.7%Expenditures…… General public services…… Defense…… Public order and safety…… Economic affairs…… Environmental protection……Housing and community amenities…… Health…… Recreational, culture, and religion…… Education…… Social protection……(…) data not available or not significant.
TAXATION
Armenia's complex tax system was revised in 1997 and again in 2001. The top corporate profit tax rate was lowered from 30% to 20%. As of 1 July 2001 a single rate was applied to all taxable profits, defined as the difference between revenues and the sum of wages, amortization payments, raw and intermediate purchases, social security contributions, insurance fees, and interest expenses. Newly formed enterprises are exempt from taxes for the first two years, but there is no provision for carrying forward losses.
Individual income taxes are withheld by enterprises and are paid to the Ministry of Finance monthly. The personal income tax has been reduced from three bands to two: 10% for monthly taxable income up to d80,000 ($144) and 20% plus a payment of d8,000 ($14.40) for taxable income between d120,000 and d320,000 ($1,892) for monthly taxable income above d80,000. Armenians also pay taxes to social security and pension funds. In 1992, Armenia introduced a value-added tax, which stood at 20% in 2003. Excise taxes are applied to diesel fuel, oil, spirits, wine and beer at various rates. There are also land taxes and property taxes. Achieving a higher level of tax collection has been an important part of Armenia's economic reform programs. The fiscal deficit was projected at 2.4% of GDP for 2003.
CUSTOMS AND DUTIES
All exports are duty-free. Minor customs duties (up to 10%) are imposed on certain imports. Imports of machinery and equipment for use in manufacturing by enterprises with foreign investment are exempt from all customs duties.
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Armenia's investment climate is regulated by the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) signed with the United States on 23 September 1992 and by the law on foreign investment adopted by Armenia on 31 July 1994. Armenia has also concluded BITs on investment and investment protection with 15 other countries: Georgia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Iran, Egypt, Romania, Cyprus, Greece, France, Germany, Canada, Argentina, China, and Vietnam. Its investment policy is geared to attract foreign investment, with foreign investors accorded national treatment and any sector open to investment. As of 2003, under the law of profit tax, two-year tax holidays are accorded foreign investors whose equity investment in a resident company is at least 500 million drams, or a little less than one million dollars. There are no limits on the repatriation of profits, or on the import and export of hard currency, so long as the currency is imported or earned in Armenia. Otherwise there is a $10,000 limit on the export of cash.
In late 1997, the government initiated the privatization of 11 of the larger state owned enterprises (SOEs), including the energy sector. It was not until 2002, however, that a suitable and willing foreign investor, Daewoo Engineering, was found to manage privatized electricity distribution. Operations at the Zvartnots International Airport have also been successfully leased. The 2001 debt-for-equity swap with Russia, whereby five unproductive SOEs (Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant, the "Mars" Electronics Factory established in 1986 to build robots, and three research labs) were exchanged for the cancellation of Armenia's debt with Russia (about $100 million of nonconcessional lending that was costing almost $20 million/year to service) promised to increase Russian private investment in Armenia as the Russian government passed the assets on to private investors.
From 1998–2000 annual inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) ranged from $120 million to $230 million, though it fell to $75.9 million in 2001 in the wake of the global contraction of foreign investment following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US World Trade Center. In 2002, FDI increased 12% to about $85 million. A large share of FDI comes from the Armenian diaspora in the United States, Russia, Iran, France, Greece, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Syria. Since 1998, the Lincy Foundation of Armenian American Kirk Kirkorian has made available about $165 million to support small and medium enterprise (SME) development (offering concessional loans for businesses that are at least 51% Armenian owned), assistance for tourism development ($20 million in 2000), and infrastructure repair ($60 million in 2002 and $80 million in 2003). Armenia's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2000 has helped improve the investment climate as a consequence of meeting the WTO's strictures for membership.
The flow of foreign capital into Armenia continued to grow steadily, reaching $155 million in 2003, and $300 million in 2004. The main FDI sources have been Russia, the United States, Greece, France, and Germany. Unfortunately, only a small part of the capital inflows were geared towards green field investments. At the end of 2003, the accumulated stock of FDI amounted to 32% of the GDP.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Development planning in Armenia has been aimed at counter-acting the effects of three devastating blows to its economy: the earthquake of 1988; open warfare and economic blockade over Nagorno-Karabakh; and the combination of hyperinflation and industrial collapse following its separation from the Soviet Union. The government has been aggressive in launching economic reform, beginning with its privatization of agricultural land in 1991, which boosted crop output 30% and resulted in a 15% increase in agricultural production. In December 1994, Armenia embarked on a series of ambitious programs of economic reform guided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that have resulted in nine years of positive growth rates. On its present course, Armenia will achieve its pre-independence level of per capita income by 2005. By 1997, privatization of most small industry, as well as an estimated 70% of larger enterprises, was complete. Progress has been slower with larger state-owned enterprises (SOEs), not least because the government has had difficulty finding bidders at its cash sales auctions. In 1997, the ministries controlling the SOEs were merged, and their functions changed from direct control to general supervision and special support. The Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Trade, and certain parts of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Privatization and Foreign Investment were also merged in order to streamline the bureaucracy.
In late 1997, 11 large enterprises were offered for sale and in 1998 the parliament passed a law allowing for the sale of the state electricity transmission and distribution networks. Viable bidders were not immediately forthcoming and on 5 December 2000, as a means of supporting the privatization program, the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) agreed to take 20% shares in each of Armenia's four electricity distribution companies, with provision for the Armenian government's right to buy back the shares if the agreements were abrogated. The privatization process of the distribution networks stalled in 2001 and 2002 as twice the government failed to attract any final bids. To make the offer more attractive, the government merged the four distribution companies into one closed-end joint stock company, Electricity Networks of Armenia, and on 31 October 2002, 100% of the shares were acquired by the English company, Midland Resources Holding, Ltd. Midland in turn contracted with Daewoo International of South Korea to manage the newly privatized company. By 2002, only a small fraction of a total 100 larger SOEs had been privatized, according to the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
The republic has substantial deposits of gold, copper, zinc, bauxite, and other minerals, which could be developed with Western capital. The government is currently exploring alternative trade routes, and seeking export orders from the West to aid production and earn foreign exchange. Much of Armenia's industry remains idle or operating at low capacity utilization in large part because of the country's political isolation from oil and gas supplies.
Armenia's determination to create a market-oriented economy and democratic society has engaged (in addition to the IMF) the World Bank and EBRD as well as other financial institutions and foreign countries. Nevertheless, Armenia continues to remain economically isolated in comparison with its Caucasian neighbors.
The Armenian economy is expected to grow strongly in the coming years, based on increased domestic consumption, which in turn is fueled by higher wages and remittances from abroad. In addition, further investments are expected to come in the country as a result of economic restructuring and trade-oriented policies. Armenia boasts a highly educated work force, a diverse and dynamic industrial base, and a strategic geographic location. However, as long as the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict will not be resolved, the economy will find it hard to reach its fullest potential.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Pension and disability benefit systems were first introduced in 1956 and 1964. More recent legislation was passed in 2002 and implemented in 2003. Retirement is set at age 63 for men and age 59.5 for women, although earlier retirement is allowed for those engaged in hazardous work. The cost is covered by employee, employer, and government contributions. Work injury legislation provides 100% of average monthly earnings for temporary disability and a proportion of wages up to a maximum of 100% for permanent disability, depending on the extent of incapacity. Unemployment, sickness, and maternity benefits and family allowances are also provided under Armenian law.
Women in Armenia largely occupy traditional roles despite an employment law that formally prohibits discrimination based on sex. Women do not receive the same professional opportunities as men and often work in low-level jobs. In 2004 women earned approximately 40% less than men. Societal attitudes do not view sexual harassment in the workplace worthy of legal action. Violence against women and domestic violence is widespread and underreported. According to a recent survey, 45% of women were subject to psychological abuse, and 25% of women were physically abused. Most women do not report domestic abuse due to fear of reprisal and embarrassment.
The constitution protects the freedom of assembly and the freedom of religion. The government allows minorities, such as the Russians, Jews, Kurds, Yezids, Georgians, Greeks, and Assyrians, the right to preserve their cultural practices, the law allows them to study in their native language. Discrimination is prohibited on the basis of race, sex, religion, language disability, or social status. Human rights abuses appear to be widespread. Prison conditions fail to meet international standards and accusations of police brutality are not uncommon.
HEALTH
The infant mortality rate was 23.28 per 1,000 live births in 2005, an increase over the previous five years. The estimated maternal mortality rate was 35 per 100,000 live births as of 1999. Life expectancy in 2005 averaged 71.55 years. There were 7,000 warrelated deaths from 1989 to 1992; the death rate was estimated at 10 per 1,000 people in 2002. The incidence of tuberculosis was 58 per 100,000 people. Immunization rates declined as of 1994 due to war and earthquakes but have begun to recover. In 1999, the immunization rates were as follows for a child under the age of one: tuberculosis, 72%; polio, 95%; and measles, 92%. In the same year, the estimated immunization rate for DPT was 91%. In 2000 the total fertility rate was 1.3 births per woman and the maternal mortality rate was an estimated 35 per 100,000 live births.
As of 2004, there were an estimated 352 physicians and 473 nurses per 100,000 people and the country spent an estimated 7.8% of its GDP on health care. In this former republic of the Soviet Union, health care has undergone rapid changes in the last few years. The break from the Soviet Union has meant a disruption of the system that once provided member states with equipment, supplies, and drugs. Out-of-pocket payments by individual are now required for most health care services. However, the health care delivery itself is still largely organized as it was during the Soviet era, with regional clinics and walkin centers delivering most primary health care services.
The incidence of heart disease is high compared to other moderately developed countries. There is nearly a 50% chance of dying of heart disease after age 65 for both women and men. The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 0.10 per 100 adults in 2003. As of 2004, there were approximately 2,600 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated 200 deaths from AIDS in 2003.
HOUSING
Housing throughout Armenia has been somewhat scarce for the past two decades due to a number of factors, including a history of state control, a devastating earthquake in 1988, and civil conflicts. Since the 1993 passage of a law on privatization for previously state and public-owned housing, about 96% of apartments were privatized and transferred to ownership by the existing tenants.
A large number of buildings are neglected and in serious disrepair and utilities are limited and expensive. The total number of housing units in 2001 was at about 750,719. Nearly 59% were multiunit dwellings, most of which are in urban areas. About 25% of all multi-unit homes were built before 1960; another 52% were built between 1960 and 1980. Only about 85% of the population have access to improved water supplies. Only 9% have central heating. About 50% of the population rely on wood burning stoves as a primary heating source.
Overcrowding and homelessness is a great concern, particularly among the population of refugees and displaced persons. In 2001, about 11% of all households lived in one-room homes. In 2001, it was estimated that about 40,000 families (5% of all households) had no permanent shelter. Nearly 40% of these people lived in temporary shelters called domics within the earthquake zone. Another 40,000 families were on waiting lists for new permanent housing because of overcrowding. About 1,200 new housing units were completed in 2001. The same year, there were about 29,000 unfinished housing units (4,487 buildings). Most of these were started in the late 1980s and early 1990s within the earthquake zone, and were simply left incomplete because of lack of funds and materials.
EDUCATION
Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14 years and is free at both the primary and secondary levels. The system is broken into three levels. Primary school lasts for three years, followed by intermediate school, which lasts for five years. This is followed by two years of general secondary education. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 94%; 95% for boys and 93% for girls. The same year, secondary school enrollment was about 83%; 82% for boys and 85% for girls. The pupil to teacher ratio for primary school was at about 17:1 in 2003; the ratio for secondary school was about 10:1.
Since the early 1990s, increasing emphasis has been placed on Armenian history and culture. The school year runs from September to July. Instruction is available in Armenian and Russian. The education system is coordinated through the Ministry of Education and Science and the Council of Rectors of Higher Educational Establishments. About 3.2% of the GDP was given to education in 2003.
The adult literacy rate for 2004 was estimated at about 99%, with a fairly even rate between men and women. There are two universities in Yerevan: the Yerevan State University (founded in 1919) and the State Engineering University of Armenia. Seven other educational institutions are located in the capital. There are several other institutes of higher education throughout the country. About 25% of all age-eligible students were enrolled in tertiary education programs in 2003.
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS
There are two branches of the National Library, with the main branch in Yerevan comprising 6.2 million volumes as of 2002. The main library of the Armenian Academy of Sciences in Yerevan has 4.4 million volumes. The Armenian Academy of Sciences and the universities each have research libraries. The Armenian Library Association was established in 1995.
Yerevan's museums include the National Gallery of Arts; the Yerevan Children's Picture Gallery, a unique collection of children's art from Armenia and around the world; the Museum of Modern Art; the House Museum of Ovanes Tumanjan, Armenia's most renowned poet; and the Museum of Ancient Manuscripts. There are also museums devoted to the composer Aram Khachaturian (including his piano) and the filmmaker Sergei Paradjanov, Armenia's most famous sons. The Genocide Memorial and Museum at Tsitsernakaberd is in Yerevan. The Matenadaran Manuscript Museum, also in Yerevan, was established to preserve the ancient written culture of the region.
MEDIA
In 2003, there were an estimated 148 mainline telephones for every 1,000 people; about 60,800 people were on a waiting list for telephone service installation. The same year, there were approximately 30 mobile phones in use for every 1,000 people. Communications are the responsibility of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and are operated by Armental, a 90% Greek-owned company. Yerevan is linked to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran. Communications links to other former Soviet republics are by land line or microwave, and to other countries by satellite and through Moscow.
A majority of citizens rely on radio and television as a primary source of news and information. Armenian and Russian radio and television stations broadcast throughout the country. In 2004, there were over 20 radio stations and over 40 television broadcasters, most of which were privately owned and operated. In 2003, there were an estimated 264 radios and 229 television sets for every 1,000 people. Though cable television service is available, only about 1.2 of every 1,000 people are subscribers. In 2003, there were 15.8 personal computers for every 1,000 people and 37 of every 1,000 people had access to the Internet. There were four secure Internet servers available in 2004.
The three largest newspapers as of 2002 were Golos Armenii (The Voice of Armenia, circulation 20,000), Hayastani Hanrapetutyun (a joint publication of the parliament and the newspaper's staff), and Respublika Armenia, (the Russian-language version of Hayastani Hanrapetutyun). According to the Yerevan Press Club, the total newspaper circulation in the country in 2004 was 60,000, an increase of 20,000 from 2003. There were about 27 newspapers available in the capital.
Armenia's constitution provides for freedom of expression, and is said to generally uphold freedom of speech and press. However, journalists seem to adhere to an unspoken rule of self-censorship, particularly when reporting on political issues, since they traditionally depend on the government for funding and access to facilities. The government has, it is noted, begun to shed itself of the state publishing apparatus, and it has dissolved the Ministry of Information.
ORGANIZATIONS
Important political movements in Armenia include the Armenian National Movement and the National Self-Determination Association. Armenian trade unions belong to the umbrella organization Council of Armenia Trade Unions. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Armenia promotes the economic and business activities of the country in world markets.
The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia encourages the public interest in science and seeks to ensure availability and effectiveness of science education programs. The Armenian Physical Society serves a similar role. The group also works with various research programs. The Independent Media Center promotes the freedom and accuracy of press and other media. The Armenian Medical Association promotes research and education in the field; there are also several professional associations for specialized fields of medicine.
There are a number of national sporting organizations, including the Athletic Federation of the Republic of Armenia, the Armenian National Paralympic Committee, and other groups sponsoring football (soccer), baseball, skiing, and the Special Olympics. The National Youth Council of the Republic of Armenia coordinates youth organizations through the support of the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Youth. An affiliate of the United Nations of Youth (UNOY), a foundation based in the Netherlands, was established in Armenia in 1994. Other youth groups include the Aragast Youth Club and the Armenian Euro Club Unipax. There are active chapters of the Girl Guides and Girls Scouts; the World Organization of Scouting is represented by the Armenian National Scout Movement. The Armenian Junior Chamber is a national leadership development organization. The YMCA is also present.
Organizations representing the rights and role of women in society include the League of Armenian Women, the Union of the Protection of Women's, Children and Family Rights, and the Women's Alliance. There is a national chapter of the Red Cross Society, World Vision, and Habitat for Humanity. The Armenian Relief Society supports local community health development programming.
TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
Although there is a shortage of resources, Armenia has been investing in new hotels to increase tourism. Outdoor activities and scenery seem to be the primary attractions. Lake Sevan, the world's largest mountain lake, is a popular summer tourist spot. The Tsakhador ski resort is open year round for skiing in the winter and hiking and picnicking the rest of the year. Mt. Ararat, the traditional site of the landing of Noah's Ark, is located along the border with Turkey. Yerevan, Armenia's capital, also boasts theaters; the casinos in Argavand are popular with tourists and Albanian citizens.
In 2003, there were about 206,000 visitor arrivals, as compared to 45,000 in 2000. Tourist receipts totaled $90 million in 2003.
In 2002, the US Department of State estimated the daily cost of staying in Yerevan at $184.
FAMOUS ARMENIANS
Levon Ter-Petrosyan was president of Armenia from 1991 until 1998. Gagik G. Haroutunian has been prime minister, vice president, and chairman of the Council of Ministers since November 1991. Gregory Nare Katzi, who lived in the 10th century, was Armenia's first great poet. Nineteenth-century novelists include Hakob Maliq-Hakobian (1835?–1888) whose pen name is "Raffi" and the playwright Gabriel Sundukian (1825–1912). G. I. Gurdjieff (1872?–1949) was a Greek-Armenian mystic and teacher. Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikuyan (1905–70) served as head of the MiG design bureau. Arshile Gorky (1904–48) was an Armenian-American abstract expressionist painter.
DEPENDENCIES
Armenia has no territories or colonies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrahamian, Levon and Nancy Sweezy (eds.). Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Adalian, Rouben Paul. Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2002.
De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
Karanian, Matthew. Edge of Time: Traveling in Armenia and Karabagh. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Stone Garden Productions, 2002.
Kohut, David R. Historical Dictionary of the "Dirty Wars." Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.
Libaridian, Gerard J. Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2004.
Seddon, David (ed.). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Philadelphia: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, 2004.
Suny, Ronald Grigor. Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: the Survival of a Nation, Rev. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
World Bank. Public Expenditure Review of Armenia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2003.
ARMENIA
Republic of Armenia
Major City:
Yerevan
Other Cities:
Arzni, Ashtarak, Echmiadzin, Kumayri
EDITOR'S NOTE
This chapter was adapted from the Department of State Post Report 1999 for Armenia. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http://travel.state.gov/ for the most recent information available on travel to this country.
INTRODUCTION
Armenia is one of the great cradles of human civilization. The archeologists tell us that wine was invented in its sheltered valleys, and, perhaps, even the wheel. According to Armenia's librarians, more than a decade before the Emperor Constantine turned Rome into a Christian Empire, Armenia's King Trdat declared his kingdom Christian, making Armenia into the world's very first Christian state.
Certainly, Armenia is home to one of the world's oldest and most durable continuous cultures. Its 3,000 years of history tell a powerful tale of conquest, foreign domination and resurgence. And throughout it all, the country's remarkable people have sustained a clear sense of national, ethnic, and religious identity.
A member of the Soviet Union from 1921-1991, a newly independent Armenia is working hard to fulfill the promise of democracy and a market economy. The 1999 Parliamentary elections, for example, showed real improvement over the previous election. But, despite progress, the transition from the Soviet system has been painful. In addition to the natural hardships faced by all command economies undergoing reform, Armenia faces blockades and sanctions resulting from a complex conflict with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh Region.
Following independence, Armenia was virtually without electric power for 2 years. Its well-developed economy-one of the richest in the Soviet Union-was simply crushed. Recovery has been slow.
Now, however, the worst is over. The dram, the national currency, is currently enjoying relative stability. Oil and gas supplies are flowing steadily. Moreover, with U.S. help, the power sector has been reorganized to dramatically improve efficiency. As a result, the lights have been on in Yerevan for the past two years.
With traditional resilience, the country is slowly climbing out of the abyss, even though high tensions with Azerbaijan keep Armenia's borders with that country and with Turkey closed. Although the traditional economic base has been shattered, small businesses are opening all over the capital, and, to a lesser extent, in the provinces. Consumer goods are available in local markets, kiosks and stores. The metro is running; car traffic is rolling all day long. If normal life still lies in the future, some hope, at least, has returned to the present. Much, however, is contingent on creating a durable political resolution to the volatile Nagorno-Karabakh situation.
Given this dramatic backdrop, Yerevan remains an intensely busy post. The Armenians, among the best-educated people in the entire CIS, are competent and energetic. Personnel assigned to this post can expect many exciting responsibilities at work. Moreover, given the very real nature of the challenges here, there is a genuine sense of making a difference.
MAJOR CITY
Yerevan
Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, is in the west-central part of the country in the Ararat Valley, a plateau 1,000 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level. This fertile plain is ringed by an impressive range of mountains, which are capped with snow for most of the year. With the exception of the relatively flat center city, Yerevan is a town of steep hills and winding cobblestone byways. The tree-lined downtown streets retain some old-fashioned charm, as do sections of the surrounding hillsides. These are clustered with stone villas and small houses in various states of repair. There are many bars and restaurants in the safely walked center. And, in the summer especially, outdoor cafes and fountains abound. Much of the greater metropolis, however, is characterized by Soviet-style high-rise architecture, which lacks any aesthetic appeal. But Armenia's often spectacular countryside is never more than a 30-minute drive from any part of town. It should be noted that all official Embassy housing is currently in the relatively pleasant city center.
The ancient city is the cultural as well as the administrative center of the nation. There are universities, a fine, functional Opera House and many pleasant museums. With about a million people it is home to roughly a third of the country's entire population.
On clear days (and there are many) the mountains ringing Yerevan create a dramatic backdrop. Mount Ararat of Noah's Ark fame, a 16,000-foot peak crowned with eternal snow, commands the southwest horizon across the Turkish border. To the north looms Mount Aragats, Armenia's highest mountain, a rugged snow-capped peak of 13,000 feet.
Utilities
Electricity is 220v-50hz. There are frequent, sometimes extremely powerful, spikes. Bring surge protectors and uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) for computers and any other expensive or delicate electrical equipment. European-style round-prong sockets are used in all housing. Bring adapter plugs for appliances with auto power-switching properties. Non-power-switching electrical appliances with 110v-60hz input require a transformer. Some appliances like electric clocks cannot be adapted in this way, others, like turntables may require special parts from the manufacturer for full adaptation.
Outlets are not usually grounded, so extra care should always be exercised around appliances. Hand-held equipment-hair dryers, shavers-requires extra caution.
Food
For most of the year there is a good supply of inexpensive raw fruits and vegetables at the open-air markets. In summer there is an abundance of delicious local apricots, cherries, and other fruits. The dead of winter sees a dramatic reduction of selection and an increase in price for fresh produce. Still, by Western standards, prices are not high. Winter crops like cabbages, beets, potatoes, onions, carrots are readily available all the time at cheap prices. And salad greens, fresh herbs and even tomatoes can almost always be had for a price. Oranges, bananas and apples can also be obtained year round. The best places for fruits and vegetables (price and selection) are the GUM fresh market on Tigran Mets Avenue and the Central Market on Mashtots Ave. Small markets and vendors abound in the city.
Fresh pork, lamb, beef, chicken and a limited variety of freshwater fish are available year round. Eggs are available, too. Low and reduced fat UHT shelf milk and full-fat powdered milk can be purchased as well, although supplies of low-fat are sporadic. Pasteurized fresh milk is available, but the quality is low.
Dried fruits like raisins, apricots, dates and figs, as well as many kinds of salami and cured meat, can be found in abundance. A few varieties of whole-bean coffee are available. The Cafe de Paris on Abovian Street (near Tumanian Street) has fresh-roasted beans. And there is plenty of instant coffee in shops and kiosks. Also available are pasta, flour, rice, beans, lentils, a limited variety of European and Australian cheeses, local sour cream, walnuts, hazelnuts, mushrooms, yogurt, and butter. A variety of Western soft drinks, candy, cigarettes, ice-cream bars and a few brands of imported and local beer are available.
There are a few supermarkets in Yerevan, but the inventory is sometimes disappointing and quirky and they are far from Western standard. A shopping trip might include a run through all of them to find something you need. Frozen food is available at these stores, but the selection is extremely limited and there are no frozen vegetables.
The following stores are popular these days: Partez, Europe, Cash and Carry, Yeritsian and Sons, Bravo, Urartu, and the Hayastan Super Market at the Druzbah Metro stop. For meat " The Rooster " butcher on Pushkin Street is popular. The state-run GUM market is a good place to shop, but is a little intimidating at first. One will find there most of the goods carried in the supermarkets, and at much better prices.
Other than some cereal products, baby foods are not generally available. Cake mixes are not available. Pop Tarts and other breakfast bars are not available. Pet food is available, but limited as to type and very expensive. Kitty litter is not available. Beer is available but limited in variety. Wine is available, but limited in variety. Nestle breakfast cereals are available, but are limited in choice and are now selling for $6 a box. Low-fat versions of food are not available. Peanut butter, pancake syrup, and chocolate syrup are not available.
© Dave Bartruff/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.
Clothing
The supply of ready made clothes available here is limited and often not to American taste. There are some ultra-expensive designer boutiques, however. And medium quality hand tailoring is available.
The sun can be quite strong, especially in the mountains, so hats, sun block, and good sunglasses are needed. Bring some effective winter gear. It does not stay cold, but temperatures can get very low. Long underwear will be needed some days. Keep in mind that many local buildings are poorly heated.
Washable fabrics should be chosen where possible. Although drycleaning services are available here, they are pricey and not as versatile as those in the U.S.
Sturdy walking shoes are a must; walking is a good way to get around in Yerevan.
Supplies and Services
It is strongly suggested that you bring a supply of laundry detergent and fabric softener with you. But what you bring by way of supplies is mainly a matter of preference, not absolute necessity. Most household goods are available here, from cleaning supplies to paper goods. But… they seldom bear a familiar brand name and often the quality is odd or very low. Russian-made toilet paper and Barf Detergent (an Iranian brand name) are good cases in point. Prices can also be quite high for some things, such as laundry detergent. Here you might see some familiar brands, such as Tide, but make sure it is for a machine. Hand detergent is common.
The following services are available and adequate: haircutting, shoe repair, taxi, tailoring, dressmaking, upholstery and draperies, auto repair, locksmith, picture framing, etc. In short, most average needs can be met.
Domestic Help
Domestic help is available and runs about $100 per month for day help ($1 per hour). Houses do not have special facilities for live-in maids.
Religious Activities
Most churches in Yerevan are Armenian Apostolic, but there are some services for other denominations. A partial list of contacts follows.
Anglican: (Episcopalian) Monthly service in English. Contact: Philip Storventer, St. Zhoravants Church. Tel: 40-79-85, Office: 52-71-27
Catholic: The Mekhitarist Center, daily services (mornings) with Sunday Mass at 10:00 am. (Catholic Armenian rite Mass is held primarily in Armenian with readings usually in English.) Address: 7 Alikhanian St. (opposite the Chinese Embassy) Contacts: Father Serafino (speaks English, French, Italian, Armenian), Father Elia (speaks Armenian, Italian) Tel: 56-18-88, 58-98-37 E-mail: [email protected]
Church of the Latter-Day Saints: Services 10 am or 12 noon at 43 Pushkin St. Five different congregations and a youth group. Contact: Margie Anderson. Tel: 27-0349 or Elder Hadley Tel: 34-43-97 or Elder Reading Tel: 58-33-23.
Seventh Day Adventist: No English Service. There is an Armenian congregation of 300 and a young adult group. Contact: ADRA office. Tel: 39-27-09.
Interdenominational Bible Study and Fellowship: (In English) Sunday mornings from 9:30 to 10:30 am. at the Drummond home, Address: 39A Aigestan St. (Near Peace Corps Office) Contact: Peter or Jekke Drummond. Tel: 57-44-27.
Synagogue: Address: Nar-Dos St. 23, Yerevan. Contact: Rabbi Gersh-Meir Bourstem (Chief Rabbi of Armenia)Tel: 57-19-68 Fax: 374 3 90-69-14. e-mail:[email protected]
Education
There is only one school in Armenia suited to the needs of the international community, and it is very well regarded. The QSI International School of Yerevan is an independent coeducational day school that offers an educational program from pre-school through grade eight for students of all nationalities. In addition, the school has the capability of coordinating correspondence education for the higher grades through a well-respected program operated out of the University of Nebraska. The school was founded in 1995 by Quality Schools International (QSI), which has 17 schools operating worldwide, many of them in the CIS. The school year comprises three trimesters. These extend from the first week in September to the second week in December; from the first week in January to the third week in March; and, lastly, from the first week in April to the second week in June.
The school is governed by the QSI Board of Directors. The board's composition is set forth in the bylaws of QSI. Additionally, an advisory board, composed of from six to ten members, assists the school in its operation. All members of the advisory board reside in Armenia. They are appointed by the president of QSI in concert with the director of the QSI International School of Yerevan.
The school offers an outcome-based educational program with a curriculum similar to that of U.S.-based public and private schools. Instruction, leading to individual mastery, takes advantage of small class sizes and the diverse educational backgrounds of the students. Instruction is in English.
The school also coordinates extracurricular activities such as ballet, karate woodcarving, jewelry making, sculpting, puppet making, etc. Swimming instruction at a pool operated by the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRCC) is available.
There were four full-time faculty members in the 1997-98 school year, two of whom were U.S. citizens.
The school is located in the 650 square meter second floor of the CARITAS Switzerland building on Ashtarak Highway. The building will also house the school's administrative offices and the director's quarters. The facilities will be adequate for the projected enrollment for the next 3 years, and there is sufficient play and exercise space for the students, both indoors and out. The school has its own athletic field and weekly access to the IFRCC gym and pool. There are currently no facilities for handicapped or special needs students. Bus service will be provided.
In the 1998-99 school year, the school's income was derived from regular day school tuition. Annual tuition rates were as follows: Pre-school (3-4-year-olds) $5,300; Kindergarten, $8,300; grades one through eight, $10,800. The school also charges an annual capital fund fee of $1,600 per year or a capital fund deposit of $4,000 for all 5 year and older students. Accreditation: Full accreditation is expected by 1999. Currently, the school's financial system and curriculum have both received accreditation. The school has been accepted into candidacy for full accreditation by two bodies: The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the Commission on International and Trans-Regional Accreditation. The Self Study and School Improvement Plan have been completed and the Accreditation Team visited the school in February 1999. The school holds a Provisional Certificate from the Department of Defense.
Contact: QSI International School of Yerevan, c/o American Embassy, Yerevan, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7020
E-mail: [email protected] World Wide Web URL: http://www.arminco.com/gsiy International telephone and fax: 371-407656
Local mobile phone: 8-21-407656
Sports
A few sport activities are also available in Yereva | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 60 | https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-10-05/artsakh-nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan-ethnic-cleansing-genocide | en | Opinion: Why no one should believe reports of Armenians’ ‘voluntary’ exodus from Artsakh | https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/069d302/2147483647/strip/true/crop/11201x5881+0+182/resize/1200x630!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F11%2Fb6%2F8dbcdf904f40a0fb0f160f5bbcc7%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-40534.jpg | https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/069d302/2147483647/strip/true/crop/11201x5881+0+182/resize/1200x630!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F11%2Fb6%2F8dbcdf904f40a0fb0f160f5bbcc7%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-40534.jpg | [
"https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/18d818d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/11201x6244+0+0/resize/320x178!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F11%2Fb6%2F8dbcdf904f40a0fb0f160f5bbcc7%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-40534.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Mashinka Firunts Hakopian and Shushan Karapetian",
"Mashinka Firunts Hakopian",
"Shushan Karapetian"
] | 2023-10-05T00:00:00 | Azerbaijan's talking points about the assault on the Artsakh republic are not credible. It's vital to recognize what's really happening in the South Caucuses. | en | /apple-touch-icon.png | Los Angeles Times | https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-10-05/artsakh-nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan-ethnic-cleansing-genocide | Over the last two weeks, thousands of vehicles have lined a serpentine road stretching for three miles in the South Caucuses Mountains near the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan. At times, the multitude of cars was so dense that it could be seen from space. The travelers — refugees — survived extreme deprivation for nine months and a harrowing military assault against their homeland.
The road, known as the Lachin Corridor, is the sole escape route out of the Armenian Republic of Artsakh, also called Nagorno-Karabakh, situated on territory Azerbaijan claims is its own. As of Monday, more than 100,000 Artsakh Armenians, the Indigenous people of the region, had fled from the land their ancestors lived on for millennia. They face an uncertain future.
For Armenians around the globe, satellite imagery of the Lachin Corridor exodus raises a historical specter. It echoes photography documenting death marches across the Syrian desert during the 1915 Armenian genocide, proof of forcible expulsion and ethnic cleansing.
For media outlets and global actors who take their cues from Azerbaijan’s officialdom, the images tell a markedly different story. They depict not expulsion but the voluntary departure of separatists from a breakaway region who have chosen to flee, after the restoration of Azerbaijani territorial sovereignty.
How do we account for these divergent narratives and the consequences they pose for Artsakh’s Armenians? To do that requires disentangling the role that disinformation and Armenophobia play in Azerbaijan’s authoritarian regime.
For decades, Azerbaijan’s state officials have openly espoused pan-Turkism, an ethnoterritorial ideology that aims to unite all Turkic-speaking peoples and that undergirds the catastrophe in Artsakh today.
In 2005, the mayor of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, summarized his country’s position succinctly: “Our goal is the complete elimination of Armenians.” During a 2020 military offensive in the region, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev famously announced, “This is the end. … We are chasing them like dogs.”
In December 2022, according to news reports, Azerbaijanis posed as environmental protesters to initiate an illegal blockade of Artsakh, closing the Lachin Corridor. Critical shortages of food, fuel and medical resources followed. With the population on the brink of famine by August, a former International Criminal Court prosecutor warned that a “genocide by starvation” was unfolding.
The international community — including, not insignificantly, nations that have recently doubled gas imports from Azerbaijan — remained silent, and Aliyev acted with impunity. He launched a lightning offensive on Sept. 19, against malnourished civilians and civilian infrastructure under the guise of “anti-terror” measures. At least 200 died in Artsakh, with many more wounded.
Forced to surrender, Artsakh President Samvel Shahramanyan signed a decree stating that the republic would “cease to exist” on Jan. 1, 2024. In a matter of days, nearly the entire population had been forcibly displaced. For the first time in thousands of years, Artsakh is effectively absent Armenians.
Sidestepping ethnic cleansing and the humanitarian catastrophe, some news media have announced that Azerbaijan has “reclaimed” its territory and that a “smooth reintegration process” awaits Artsakh’s Armenians. What these accounts leave out is Azerbaijan’s history of disinformation, explicit expressions of genocidal intent and systematic silencing of those who oppose Aliyev’s authoritarian government.
From 2018 to 2021, reports published by the Palo Alto-based think tank Institute for the Future and the Guardian revealed a sprawling, state-sponsored digital repression campaign to obstruct political participation and block online dissent in Azerbaijan, overlapping with the country’s 2020 military offensive in Artsakh.
A major investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project exposed a multibillion-dollar laundering scheme connected to the Azerbaijani state that funneled funding to public relations efforts that promote government views. Reporters Without Borders ranks Azerbaijan at 151 out of 180 countries in its 2023 World Press Freedom Index.
As Azerbaijan took Artsakh captive in September, NetBlocks cited “major disruptions to internet connectivity” in the region, obstructing the flow of information. A week later, Amnesty International reported that five Azerbaijani activists had been arrested and detained in connection with their advocacy for Artsakh’s Armenians.
The republic’s leaders, including former Artsakh state minister Ruben Vardanyan and three former presidents of the republic, have been arrested by Azerbaijani forces, in some cases as they tried to cross the border to Armenia.
Over the weekend, footage circulated of the deserted central square of Stepanakert, the Artsakh capital — strewn with abandoned chairs and possessions, a “ghost town,” in the words of one correspondent. A U.N. mission arrived Sunday, but as one refugee told the Guardian, “What is there left for the U.N. to monitor? … It is too late now.”
Despite all this, the international community remains keen to euphemize the “voluntary” exodus from Artsakh.
As scholars of media and of language, we are acutely aware of the geopolitical consequences of disinformation. The consequences will be all too grave for Artsakh’s Armenians. What looms is permanent displacement, dispossession and the erasure of their presence in the region.
There are mechanisms that might yet yield meaningful interventions. Ethnic cleansing and even genocide charges against Aliyev and his government could be brought in the International Criminal Court. Sanctions could be imposed against officials in Azerbaijan, as nearly 100 House and Senate lawmakers have urged. U.S. military assistance to Azerbaijan could be cut, and substantial international funding could be allocated to aid the refugee population streaming into Armenia.
To activate these mechanisms, the claims of Azerbaijan’s disinformation apparatus must be recognized and denied — chief among them that 100,000 Armenians have “chosen to flee” their ancestral lands. One hundred and six years lapsed before the U.S. formally acknowledged the Armenian genocide of 1915. It’s vital to recognize the genocide that’s currently underway while it is still possible to resist it. | ||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 37 | https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2020/10/armenia-azerbaijan-first-confirmed-use-of-cluster-munitions-by-armenia-cruel-and-reckless/ | en | Armenia/Azerbaijan: First confirmed use of cluster munitions by Armenia ‘cruel and reckless’ | [
"https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/129327069-45f0fe5f-7fa9-4b09-acbb-3272541534ab-170x72.png",
"https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/amnesty-international-logomark.jpg",
"https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/themes/humanity-theme/assets/images/icon-facebook.svg",
"https:/... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | 2020-10-29T16:07:07+00:00 | Amnesty International has verified the use of banned cluster bombs by Armenia for the first time in the current Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, following an attack on the city of Barda in Azerbaijan. Yesterday (28 October 2020), at approximately 1.30pm local time, one or several Smerch rockets were fired into Barda, striking a residential neighbourhood close to […] | en | Amnesty International | https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2020/10/armenia-azerbaijan-first-confirmed-use-of-cluster-munitions-by-armenia-cruel-and-reckless/ | Amnesty International has verified the use of banned cluster bombs by Armenia for the first time in the current Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, following an attack on the city of Barda in Azerbaijan.
Yesterday (28 October 2020), at approximately 1.30pm local time, one or several Smerch rockets were fired into Barda, striking a residential neighbourhood close to a hospital. The Azerbaijani Prosecutor General’s Office has stated that at least 21 people were killed, with an estimated 70 more injured.
The firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless
Marie Struthers
Amnesty International’s Crisis Response experts verified pictures (taken by Vice News reporters in the city) of fragments of 9N235 cluster munitions from Russian-made 9M55 Smerch rockets, that appear to have been fired into the city by Armenian forces.
“The firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless, and causes untold death, injury and misery,” said Marie Struthers, Amnesty International’s Regional Director for Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
“As this conflict continues to escalate, Armenian, Armenian-backed and Azerbaijani forces have all been guilty of using of banned weapons that have endangered the lives of civilians caught in the middle.
“Cluster munitions are inherently indiscriminate weapons, and their use in any circumstances is banned under international humanitarian law. We are again calling on both sides to immediately stop using cluster munitions, and to prioritize the protection of civilians.”
On 5 October, Amnesty International identified M095 DPICM cluster munitions that appear to have been fired by Azerbaijani forces into the city of Stepanakert, the regional capital of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Last week, Amnesty International also called for both Armenia and Azerbaijan to immediately stop the use of heavy explosive weapons with wide-area effects in densely populated civilian areas.
Background
On 27 September, heavy fighting erupted between Azerbaijan and Armenia and Armenian-supported forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. In the last month, both sides involved in the conflict have exchanged artillery and rocket fire.
Amnesty International has called on all sides to the conflict to fully respect international humanitarian law, and to protect civilians from the effects of hostilities.
Cluster munitions
Cluster munitions are inherently indiscriminate weapons that inflict suffering for civilian populations years after their use, and are internationally banned by a treaty backed by more than 100 states. Amnesty International is calling on both Armenia and Azerbaijan to become parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
Cluster munitions scatter hundreds of bomblets, or submunitions, over a wide area. It is estimated that between 5 and 20 per cent of cluster bomblets fail to explode. They are then left behind, posing a threat to civilians similar to that of anti-personnel landmines.
The use of these weapons violates the prohibition of indiscriminate attack because of the wide area covered by the numerous bomblets released, and the danger posed to all who come into contact with the unexploded munitions. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 82 | https://armenianweekly.com/2013/12/07/gyumri-the-armenia-i-left/ | en | Gyumri, the Armenia I Left | [
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Hairenik-Archives-BANNER.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-2018-logo-website-1.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/themes/mh-magazine/images/mostadon-logo.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/201... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Gegham Mughnetsyan"
] | 2013-12-07T00:00:00 | I was born three years after the earthquake, in the city in ruin, in the so-called “Zone of the Catastrophe.” My earliest memories are those of a grey city in the winter, and of water-less, [...] | en | The Armenian Weekly | https://armenianweekly.com/2013/12/07/gyumri-the-armenia-i-left/ | ||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 0 | 38 | https://search.proquest.com/openview/e6c029c9fc2a2e3e2976c87e2ed5e860/1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750 | en | period natural gas market modeling Applications, stochastic extensions and solution approaches | [
"https://search.proquest.com/assets/ctx/51be0a5b/images/icons/blank.gif"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform. | en | /apple-icon-57x57.png | null | Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works.
Your library or institution may also provide you access to related full text documents in ProQuest. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 23 | https://databank.worldbank.org/embed/CountryProfile/id/b450fd57/tbar/y/dd/y | en | CountryProfile | [
"https://databank.worldbank.org/images/ajax-loader.gif",
"https://databank.worldbank.org/images/ajax-loader.gif"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | /images/favicon.ico | null | World viewPopulation, total (millions)
5,293.50
6,144.44
6,969.89
7,888.96
Population growth (annual %)
1.7
1.4
1.2
0.9
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
133,973.5
134,005.4
134,240.6
140,486.9
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
49.2
47.4
53.7
60.8
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
..
..
..
Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population)
37.9
29.2
15.9
9.5
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
22,691.61
33,834.00
65,543.58
95,690.31
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
4,287
5,506
9,404
12,130
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
29,332.82
49,043.81
89,328.06
154,678.85
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
5,541
7,982
12,816
19,607
PeopleIncome share held by lowest 20%
..
..
..
..
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
65
68
71
71
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
3.3
2.7
2.6
2.3
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
74
64
52
42
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
..
61
56
63
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
..
62
70
83
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
93
76
51
38
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
..
20.8
16.3
12.5
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
73
72
84
82
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
81
81
89
88
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
98.2
98.8
102.4
100.0
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
50
58
71
77
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
1
1
1
1
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
EnvironmentForest area (sq. km) (thousands)
42,034.2
41,459.3
40,973.3
40,449.5
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
..
14.6
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
..
..
..
9.1
Urban population growth (annual %)
2.6
2.2
2.2
1.6
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
1,659
1,629
1,862
..
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)
4.02
3.95
4.60
4.29
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
2,122
2,375
2,938
..
EconomyGDP (current US$) (billions)
22,822.61
33,839.39
66,514.17
97,527.03
GDP growth (annual %)
2.8
4.5
4.5
6.3
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
8.0
5.4
4.4
4.6
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
5
3
4
4
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
32
28
28
27
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
19
24
29
29
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
19
23
28
28
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
26
24
25
27
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
22.5
24.6
22.3
24.0
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
-2.1
0.1
-5.5
-6.9
States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)
..
52
36
20
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
..
..
..
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
14.2
15.4
13.4
14.3
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
3.3
2.2
2.5
2.2
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.2
12.0
75.8
107.4
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
6.7
28.8
63.1
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
21
22
Statistical Capacity Score (Overall Average) (scale 0 - 100)
..
..
..
..
Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)
30
39
46
46
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
..
..
..
..
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
..
..
..
..
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
..
..
..
..
Net migration (thousands)
0
0
0
0
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
68,441
121,770
418,877
739,889
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
239,415
1,569,234
1,902,891
2,286,529
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
57,036.3
48,689.6
128,461.2
202,386.3 | |||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 56 | https://agbu.org/silk-road-2020/seoul-search | en | Seoul Search | [
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/logo_agbu_org.png",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/styles/video_sm/public/2021-10/Magazine-Aug2019_Seoul%20Search_3840x2160.png?itok=4kH_X48Z",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/inline-images/Magazine-Aug2019_Seoul%20Search-4-1440x1080.png",
"https://agbu.org/s... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Nana Shakhnazaryan"
] | null | How YP South Korea is uniting Armenian expats a long way from home On a lazy Sunday morning in Seoul’s Yeouido Hangang Park, a group of young professionals have gathered to catch up on life and discuss literature. Thousands of miles away from home, a unique lingua franca unites them: Armenian, with a few Korean words here or there. | en | favicon.png | https://agbu.org/silk-road-2020/seoul-search | On a lazy Sunday morning in Seoul’s Yeouido Hangang Park, a group of young professionals have gathered to catch up on life and discuss literature. Thousands of miles away from home, a unique lingua franca unites them: Armenian, with a few Korean words here or there.
In one of the world’s most densely populated cities, a steadily growing Armenian Diaspora is starting a new chapter in history. The members of AGBU YP Seoul, the first Armenian organization in South Korea, have made the vibrant global city their home. After Tokyo, New York, and Los Angeles, Seoul has the world’s largest metropolitan economy, with a GDP of over $630 billion—unsurprising, for the fact that it’s the global headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies. Since diplomatic relations between South Korea and Armenia were first established in 1992, Armenians have been traveling to the capital city for work and study. Approximately 70 Armenians now live in the country, some having just recently arrived and others settled for decades.
Open Doors
With a booming technology industry, Korean companies like Samsung, LG, and SK Hynix make Seoul fertile ground for a new generation of Armenia’s engineers looking for original opportunities. Ogsen Galstyan’s career is a prime example. Galstyan arrived in South Korea in 2012, invited by Sogang University as a researcher in their Microwave Photonics Lab. A graduate of the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics in Armenia, he was hired as an engineer for SEMES, a subsidiary of Samsung and Korea’s largest semiconductor equipment manufacturing company. Author of seven research papers and six patent applications, Galstyan finished his doctorate through both universities and continues to work in research and development of plasma etchers for Samsung.
“Interestingly, it was my work in the semiconductor industry that connected me to Armenians in Seoul,” Galstyan recalls. Though the Armenian community in South Korea had been organizing since 2011, it was recognized by the Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in March 2015, with an official letter issued to the Armenian Embassy in Japan, which serves both communities. In 2017, at SEMICON Korea, the largest global conference in the industry, Galstyan met Dr. Yervant Zorian.
Chief architect of Synopsys, a semiconductor technology firm headquartered in Silicon Valley that works closely with Samsung, Zorian took an interest in Galstyan’s story. “To me, his journey represented the fruitful partnership between Armenia and South Korea, and I knew Ogsen was not the only young Armenian professional in Seoul,” Zorian remembers. “During my periodic interactions, I had noticed that the Armenians of the city were linked to each other socially and to Armenia on a personal basis, but they lacked the organized Diaspora community features locally and globally. I thought introducing the worldwide AGBU YP experience would complement the excellent attributes that already existed and turn Seoul into an exemplary node in the global Armenian network.” On the AGBU Board since 2008, Zorian proposed and facilitated the launch of AGBU YP Seoul in November 2018.
“Our community is a family,” Narine Haroyan, Chair of YP Seoul, says. Responsible for uniting Armenians from all industries, those studying and those working, together, Haroyan plans events that range from ghapama-making competitions to book clubs. YP Seoul provides a safety net for Armenians in South Korea, making sure they feel supported with resources and insights. Expats who have lived in the city for longer offer advice and guidance, helping new arrivals adjust. Haroyan is at the helm of this knowledge sharing.
First coming to Seoul in 2012 through the Korean government scholarship program, she completed a three-year language intensive along with her master’s degree in international commerce. After graduation, she briefly returned to Armenia before coming back in 2016 to work for DA Technology, one of the main secondary battery assembly equipment manufacturing companies in the country. As a business development and sales specialist for US and European markets, Haroyan navigates life in Seoul, having experienced the city as both a student and a working professional. Like many Armenians in her community, she does plan to return to Armenia. “Something that characterizes our members here seems to be our plans to go back,” Haroyan explains. “Especially after the Velvet Revolution, we see that we can use the skills and expertise we have honed here and impact Armenia positively.”
Managing Culture Shock
Living in Seoul is not always easy. Most in the community will admit that the cultural differences between Koreans and Armenians are significant. Culturally more effusive and emotive, some Armenians initially struggle with the distance kept by their Korean colleagues. Negotiating hierarchy and honorifics, and a place in society as foreigners, is also notoriously tricky.
After the destruction of the Korean War, the country rushed to build an effective economy, relying on workers to expend enormous effort to give South Korea a chance to catch up to the rest of the developed world. Decades of dependence on a dedicated labor force cultivated a culture in which commitment to work is sacred, often coming before family. “If your team is working and everyone is still in the office after hours, it’s not even a question that you will stay behind,” Galstyan explains, “The concept of working hours does not exist but working hard together on a team definitely creates a strong bond between employees.” Though the work culture is demanding, the opportunities to celebrate successes with colleagues are rewarding—mastering karaoke and keeping up with Koreans on a night out is a sure way to make friends.
When Mushegh Aslikyan arrived in South Korea in 2011, a graduate from the National Polytechnic University of Armenia, he first enrolled in a Korean language course at Yonsei University and then pursued his bachelor’s degree in mathematics at the University of Seoul. In order to support his studies, he worked in cafes, bars, and even a post office in the city, mastering the language and getting perspectives of Korean life outside of work and school. “At first, what surprised me most was that Koreans like to sit on the floor and don’t phone even their friends after 10 p.m.” Aslikyan recalls earnestly. “Having had so many different opportunities to meet people and speak with them in their language, I feel like I can call Seoul home.” In August 2019, when Aslikyan completes his master’s degree in transportation engineering at the University of Seoul, he will have spent eight years in South Korea.
Instrumental in bringing Armenians together so far from home, Aslikyan is most proud of how organized and receptive the Korean Armenian community is. “As soon as somebody from Armenia decides to study or work here, our network reaches out,” he explains. “Even before they arrive, we prepare to welcome them and provide our insights and resources to guide them.” Enjoying a strong relationship with the Armenian embassy in Japan, the community in South Korea is also notified when notable Armenians, be they musicians or ministers, are traveling through.
As soon as somebody from Armenia decides to study or work here, our network reaches out. Even before they come, we prepare to welcome them and provide our insights and resources to guide them.
Though most of the Armenians in Seoul plan to return to Armenia, using their education and experience in South Korea to fortify their home country’s infrastructure, they make a tight-knit, passionate family that is always looking to welcome others adventurous enough to join them. At FOCUS 2019, Narine Haroyan represented YP Seoul in a pitch battle initiated by the Noubar Nazarian YP Innovators Fund. Hoping to provide another channel for Armenians to come to Seoul, the group designed a program that would shepherd young professionals through their experiences in South Korea, providing homestays and training opportunities. They are continuing to develop this program that stands to provide more overseas employment opportunities in this booming Asian capital.
Read this article in Armenian
Banner photo by Roy Cruz | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 0 | https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/armenia-demographics/ | en | Armenia Demographics 2024 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) | http://www.worldometers.info/img/worldometers-fb.jpg | http://www.worldometers.info/img/worldometers-fb.jpg | [
"https://www.worldometers.info/img/worldometers-logo.gif",
"https://www.worldometers.info/img/flags/small/tn_am-flag.gif",
"https://www.worldometers.info/img/population-pyramid-stages-sm.png",
"https://www.worldometers.info/img/worldometers-logo-footer.png",
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-Pd9JxUkvV0m... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Population Pyramid, Age Structure, Sex Ratio (Males to Females), Life Expectancy, Dependency Ratio of Armenia | en | /favicon/favicon.ico | null | W
Demographics
Armenia Demographics
Armenia Demographics
Population of Armenia (2024)
View live population, charts & trends: Population of Armenia
Median Age
The median age in Armenia is 36.1 years (2024).
Fertility in Armenia
A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration. A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline
Life Expectancy in Armenia
See also: Countries in the world ranked by Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality Rate and Deaths of Children under 5 Years Old in Armenia
Armenia Urban Population
Currently, 63.1 % of the population of Armenia is urban (1,877,736 people in 2024)
Population Density
The 2024 population density in Armenia is 104 people per Km2 (271 people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 28,470 Km2 (10,992 sq. miles).
Largest Cities in Armenia
See also
Population of Armenia
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Armenia
Demographics of Asia
World Demographics
Demographics
Population
Sources
World Population Prospects: The 2024 Revision - United Nations Population Division
World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations
GeoNames
United Nations Statistics Division
World Bank
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Definitions
Population Pyramid
A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a population.
Types:
Stages:
Dependency Ratio
There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100.
Youth Dependency Ratio
Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.
Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100
Elderly dependency ratio
Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.
Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100
Total dependency ratio
Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.
Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100
NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Some portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent. | |||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 40 | https://www.celestialvoyagers.com/destination/armenia/ | en | You are being redirected... | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | null | |||||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 17 | https://geohistory.today/armenia/ | en | Armenia: A Global People | [
"https://geohistory.today/wp-content/themes/mh_newsdesk/images/sras.png",
"https://geohistory.today/wp-content/themes/mh_newsdesk/images/sras.png",
"https://geohistory.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/UpdatedLogo.png",
"https://geohistory.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/UpdatedLogo.png",
"https://geohistor... | [
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/SgL2IKV8UB0",
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/cLsp1ZgiCSQ"
] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Josh Wilson"
] | 2023-03-18T22:16:28-07:00 | The Modern Republic of Armenia lies in the turbulent south Caucuses. Although the Armenians as a people have existed for thousands of years, they have known | en | GeoHistory | https://geohistory.today/armenia/ | The Modern Republic of Armenia lies in the turbulent south Caucuses. Although the Armenians as a people have existed for thousands of years, they have known the safety of living within peaceful and independent borders at only brief times. In fact, the Armenians have long lived between larger, warring powers and as minorities within larger empires. Because of this, they have developed into an exceedingly mobile people; the vast majority of Armenians does not live in Armenia, but rather is scattered across the globe.
That the Armenians have maintained a distinct culture despite geographic distances and despite having absorbed so many influences from so many diverse and often dominating cultures is remarkable. It is a feat they have achieved through pride in their language, religious faith, and mountainous homeland.
Today’s Armenia continues to be affected by international issues and border disputes, but is also helped by its geostrategic position and by its generous ethnic diaspora which helps support it.
Introduction to Armenia: Geohistory
Armenia is a mountainous, landlocked country slightly smaller than the US state of Maryland. The majority of its population and irrigated agricultural land are concentrated around its south western border, with Yerevan at its center. More than a third of the country’s three-million strong population lives in the capital. The mountains, which make up the majority of the country, are sparsely populated and offer small mineral deposits such as copper, gold, and molybdenum. The main cash crop is grapes, which feeds the nation’s famed cognac, wine, and brandy production. However, most of the country’s main industries, including tobacco processing, diamond cutting, and energy production (nuclear and gas), rely on imported raw materials for processing.
Due to the mountains, Armenia’s rivers are fast moving and, while much of the region’s water originates in Armenia, Armenia itself experiences water shortages during the hot summer months when evaporation is high. Thus, the Armenians have long been skilled in building irrigation, dams, and reservoirs. Today, thanks to an extensive and long-running hydroelectric program, the country produces about a third of its electricity from its rivers.
Armenia’s farmland is fed by rivers that run to the Aras River, which flows between Armenia and Turkey and into Azerbaijan. Both Turkey and Azerbaijan are currently imposing a military blockade on Armenia due to the Nagorno-Kabarakh conflict, making the river essentially useless in terms of transportation for Armenia.
Armenia’s dominant feature is Lake Sevan, a massive, natural fresh water lake that also provides irrigation waters as well as fish, recreation, and tourism.
Much of what Armenian culture considers its traditional heartland is today located in Turkey. This includes large amounts of agricultural land and Mount Ararat. This mountain is visible from Yerevan, featured in the center of Armenia’s coat of arms, and the home of the pantheon of gods whose stories are told in Armenian mythology.
Successive invasions and occupations of Armenia by foreign powers encouraged pockets of Armenians to form and move around the area. Due largely to Soviet planning, not all of these pockets were included in the Armenian SSR and thus are not included in today’s Armenia, which retains the same borders.
Due to conflicts with its neighbors, Armenia’s only open borders lie with Iran and Georgia, the latter providing the country’s only rail link for freight shipments. That rail, however, also passes through Abkhazia, an unrecognized republic that broke from Georgia and closed its borders with Georgia. So, freight in and out of Armenia usually travels through Georgia’s Black Sea ports in a relatively expensive and inefficient process. Through Georgia, Armenia also receives nearly all of its gas needs via a pipeline from Russia.
Perhaps because of its largely non-functioning borders, Armenia has been forced to rapidly develop a services industry, particularly in IT services, to allow its economy to continue to function. As of 2021, services made up about 53% of the economy, more than any other sector (with mining taking 27% and agriculture 10%). Much of the investment and construction needed to make this happen (and to develop Nagorno-Karabakh), is financed through remittances and investments made by the sizeable populations of Armenians living in Russia and the US.
For more on Armenia’s foreign policy and security imperatives, click here.
Armenia from Pre-history to the Early 1800s
The Armenians are an inherently international people. Most scholars agree that they likely originated in South Eastern Europe, then migrated to the Caucuses where they mixed linguistically, culturally, and/or genetically with various Caucasian groups as well as various other groups that would later conquer what became the Armenian homelands: Persians, Turks, Greeks, Romans, and, later, the Russians.
Armenians call their country “Hayk” and refer to themselves as “Hayer.” The legend of Hayk, a hero from ca 2500 BC, is told by the 5th century Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. Hayk left Babylon (today a city in Iraq and long a major part in Middle Eastern empires) due to the oppressive King Titanid Bel. Hayk settled with his kinsmen at the foot of Mt. Ararat. Hayk named his settlement Haykashen and later killed Titanid Bel in battle. Hayk had a son, Aram, whose name is the root of the exonym Armenia. Armenian tradition traces the heritage of all Armenians back to this family of heroes.
The name “Armenia” was most often used in ancient Persian and Greek sources and thus is still most commonly used in the Western world to refer to the country.
A documentary on Armenia focusing on history and travel.
For centuries after Hayk, the Armenians lived under various rulers including the Hittites and, most importantly, the Kingdom of Urartu (860-590 BCE), from which the Armenians adopted a pantheon of gods, elements of the Armenian language, and began to solidify as a cultural and political entity. Urartu, named for Mount Ararat which sat at its center, is often pointed to by Armenian nationalists as a pivotal time for the formation of the eventual Kingdom Armenia.
That kingdom first gained independence with the fall of the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenic state formed from lands originally conquered by Alexander the Great. The Armenian language and culture were deeply influenced by the Seleucids, under whom Armenians served as local rulers. When the Seleucids crumbled under Roman pressure, the Kingdom of Armenia was recognized by Rome an independent political force in 190 BCE.
The Kingdom of Armenia briefly became an empire under Tigranes the Great in the final century BCE. At its height, the Empire covered present day Armenia, parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan, Iran and Iraq, and stretched southwest across Turkey to Syria and the Mediterranean Sea. Tigranes was eventually conquered by Rome, however, in 55 BC and his former Kingdom would spend the next 500 years as a contested border province between Rome and the successive Middle Eastern empires. Because of Tigranes’ ambitious expansion, however, ethnic Armenians migrated throughout the area, most notably the region of Cilicia on the coast of the Mediterranean in what is today south eastern Turkey.
In the late Roman period, Armenia became the first country in the world to formally adopt Christianity as its state religion when King Tiridates III of Armenia converted in 301 AD. This predated the Roman religious tolerance edicts from Galerius and Constantine by 10 and 12 years respectively. That Armenia was first and that it managed to retain its Christianity throughout the centuries despite being surrounded by majority Muslim populations is a key element to Armenian identity today. The Armenian Apostolic Church remains a major cultural influence among the Armenian people. Churches are found across the globe wherever the people reside.
Rome fell and what had been Armenia was eventually split between the Byzantines and the Persians. Persian influence on Armenia’s language and culture became pronounced during this time.
The rise of the Arab states eventually led to the Byzantine-Arab wars, which ravaged the Armenian homelands. In the chaos, the Armenians united under Ashot I in the 9th century and fought the Emirs. Although full independence was not achieved, Ashot was crowned king and granted considerable autonomy which he used to expand his lands and revitalize the Armenian economy and culture from 862-890 AD.
Armenian autonomy continued until the Arabs began to reassert power in the late 1,000s. Several splinter kingdoms formed during this time, among them the precursor to the modern territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Upheavals in the Caucasus over the next 300 years caused by the Byzantines and Seljuk Turks triggered mass migrations away from the Armenian’s traditional homeland south toward the Mediterranean. Many settled across Anatolia (modern day Turkey) with many ending in Cilicia, joining communities of Armenians that had settled there under Tigranes the Great over 1,000 years before. Eventually, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was founded there and prospered through its relations with Western Europe and by serving as a launching site for the Crusades.
The end of Crusades, the arrival and later Islamization of the Mongols, and repeated invasions, particularly from Egypt by the Muslim Mamluks, weakened and broke the Cilician state in 1375. Many of the Armenians there again dispersed, traveling westward and settling is places such as Cyprus, Cairo, Venice, Marseilles, Paris, and Holland.
Although many Armenians migrated, many stayed. In fact, the Armenians retained a majority or significant minority in an area stretching from modern Armenia through central Turkey. Those who stayed behind, however, suffered under numerous invasions. Successive Mongol and Arab rulers ruled over the divided Armenian homeland over the following centuries. Starting in the mid-17th century, the Ottomans would rule the west and the Persians controlled the East. This would be the case until the 19th century.
Those who emigrated tended to be those with the means to so. The Armenians also tended to form cohesive Armenian communities in their new homelands, and to keep in contact with other Armenian communities elsewhere. They also, however, tended to learn the local language and to try integrate. This unique position often led the Armenian to become translators and intermediaries. The international network of Armenians that developed helped many to excel in trade. The international stereotype of the Armenian as a wily businessman reflected a genuine entrepreneurial spirit that permeated Armenian culture. It also, however, led to discrimination that closely resembled antisemitism.
Armenia under Russia and the Ottomans
Russia had been pressing towards the Caucasus Mountains for some time, seeking to give their empire a defensible southern anchor by controlling the entirety of the high mountain range. Many Armenians looked on this as an opportunity. The Russians were a Christian nation that had pledged to protect the interests of Christians everywhere. Surely living under the Russian empire would be preferable to living under a Muslim empire?
Nicholas I annexed most of what is today modern Armenia from the Persians in 1828. This sparked hope for many Armenians still living in Persia and the Ottoman Empire, and about 50,000 total immigrated into Russian Armenia. Armenia, however, was now a militarized zone bordering Russia’s rivals and it was ruled as such. Little autonomy was granted, Armenian nationalism was distrusted, and an occupying army, led by the harsh General Tsitsianov, remained to rule and defend the new possession. The Russians built the railroad from Georgia at this time to improve transportation and communication. This railroad was also a boon for the local economy, and today represents the main overland transport line out of Armenia.
There are no reliable figures to determine exact populations, but roughly over half of the world’s Armenians were estimated to be residing in the Russian-controlled territory in the mid 1800s. Another 20 to 40 percent lived in the Ottoman Empire in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The remainder was spread out to other parts of Europe or Africa.
Russian rule did give the Armenians greater access to European thought and to ideas of nationalism. Armenians in both Russia and the Ottoman Empire used the mostly peaceful second half of the 19th century to rebuild their national identity. Although they faced oscillating policies of Russification and more liberal autonomy from Moscow, the Armenians opened schools, their writers modernized the vernacular Armenian language, and the national entrepreneurial spirit was allowed to flourish in many parts of the Russian empire, including in the native Armenian lands.
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) emerged in 1890, pressing for more autonomy from the Tsar and the Sultan alike. This nationalism was not welcomed by either Russia nor the Ottomans, and the Sultan lashed out particularly harshly. The years 1894-96 saw many Armenians arrested, tortured, and some 300,000 killed.
In the lead-up to World War I, the political structure of the Ottoman Empire shifted radically and abruptly. Although more liberal Young Turk leaders rose to power, Turkish ultranationalists soon supplanted the progressives and pushed blame on the Armenians for the problems of the aging empire.
When World War I began and the Ottomans aligned with the Central Powers, even the Young Turks viewed the Armenians as a tool of the Allies. Suspicion turned violent in late April, 1915 when deportations and executions of Armenians erupted on a massive scale. Many were forced on boats that were then sunk into the Mediterranean. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians, young and old, were forced to march from their homes and into the barren wildernesses of Syria. The death toll is estimated anywhere between 600,000 and 1.5 million, a significant portion of the Ottoman Empire’s Armenian population. Most Armenian historians and an increasing portion of the international community now cite this as history’s first modern genocide.
Some Armenians fled abroad, many to Europe or America. Armenians around the world today observe an annual day of mourning in late April, usually April 24th, the day in 1915 when many members of the Armenian intelligentsia were arrested and later executed. This has proven to bind the Armenian community even closer together despite the borders that may separate them from their homeland. Armenia has also founded an impressive Armenian Genocide Museum to memorialize and study the event.
Following World War I, Armenia experienced another short breath of autonomy when the Allies sought to give them a homeland that would incorporate much of what had been the ancient kingdom of Armenia into an independent state. This would reunite Russian and Ottoman Armenian populations for the first time in centuries. Woodrow Wilson proposed the state it is sometimes referred to as “Wilsonian Armenia.”
A video by Stratfor on the geopolitics of Armenia.
That Armenia was not to be, however. Russian Armenia did declare independence in 1918, after the Tsarist government fell. The Republic of Armenia existed for two years before the Red Army marched into Yerevan, reasserting Russian control. This, with collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish War of Independence, eventually led the US to drop the demands for Armenia from the treaty negotiations. The treaty itself went largely unratified.
Armenia under the Soviets
The newly formed Soviet Union joined Armenia with Azerbaijan and Georgia to create the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. This lasted until 1936 when they were disjoined into their respective current nations. The soviets had hoped newly independent Turkey would develop into a socialist state and sought close ties. In negotiations with Turkey, the USSR agreed to weaken the Armenian political entity, which Turkey felt might still have aspirations to an independent state that would include eastern Turkey. The Soviets thus ceded the Armenian-populated Karabakh to Azerbaijan.
World War II affected Armenia the least out of the three Caucasian republics, as it did not have the oil reserves of Azerbaijan, nor the industrial capacity of Georgia (although Armenia’s industrial capacity had doubled three times over under the Soviets). The Armenian people did contribute many lives to the Great Patriotic War, with approximately 500,000 Armenians taking part and half of those not returning home. During and after WWII, the USSR practiced population redistribution on a massive scale. Armenians found in Nazi camps and some Armenians in other border regions of the USSR were moved to Central Asia and the South Caucasus, including, sometimes, to Armenia itself.
The thaw that occurred after Stalin’s death lead to more self-governance in Armenia and a revitalization of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Armenia also began to consider ways to rejoin their homelands, asking Moscow to take historically Armenian populated regions from Turkey. Later, following Glasnost in the late 1980s, the Armenian SSR sought to reclaim Karabakh and Nakhichevan through a petition to Moscow. In 1988, demonstrations for and against the petition in Armenia and Azerbaijan broke into ethnic violence, rioting, and spiraling tensions between the two republics.
In December, 1988 a major earthquake hit Northern Armenia, affecting in particular the cheaply-built Soviet housing stock, leaving many homeless in the winter. The Soviets, mired in internal difficulties and a faltering economy, were slow to respond, drawing still more ire from the Armenian SSR.
A group known as Karabakh Committee developed out of growing anti-Moscow sentiment in the late 1980s, and the New Armenian Army, developed largely to defend Armenian interests from Azerbaijan, was formed 1990. As cracks began to form in the USSR, Armenia was one of the first republics to declare independence. The Communist Party peacefully transitioned power to the new leadership when the vote was finally held in 1991, and Armenia democratically elected its first president, Ter-Petrosyan, who would lead for most of the decade.
Armenia from Independence to the Present
War broke out with Azerbaijan in 1992. Although Azerbaijan had a larger military, Armenia had more officers and equipment and emerged victorious.
However, the war meant that reconstruction of the earthquake-devastated north was hindered for several more years as resources were pulled toward the war effort. Further, both Azerbaijan and its ally Turkey both closed their borders to Armenia. Food which had traditionally come from Turkey halted and oil and gas from Azerbaijan likewise stopped, disrupting the Armenian economy. A new wave of population redistribution followed, with Armenians displaced from the war flowing into Armenia, but also with many Armenians who had the means to do so seeking better economic fortunes abroad.
Like most former Soviet republics, politics in Armenia have been contentious. Armenia’s first president, Levon Ter-Petrosyan, an academic fluent in multiple languages that had led efforts to reunite Nagno-Karbakh with Armenia under the USSR, was elected with great fanfare and public support. He was then accused of rigging his 1996 reelection. Later, when he ran and lost an election, he accused his opponent of wrongdoing. Armenia has had a history of forcibly putting down protests, but despite all this, it remains in the West’s good graces and elections have generally passed OSCE inspections.
In late 2015, Armenia held a constitutional referendum that sought to shift the state from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary one. Organized by the ruling Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) and was supported by a coalition of political parties, it passed with 63% of voters believing that it would result in a fairer, more democratic Armenia.
The president was made largely a figurehead and the prime minister gained the ability to appoint and dismiss the government, approve the budget, and oversee the work of the executive branch.
In 2018, however, Serzh Sargsyan, the president who spearheaded the reforms ran for prime minister, rather than stepping down from power peacefully as promised. It also became clear that the new electoral system created by the referendum greatly favored the ruling party.
Mass protests broke out led by opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan that led to Serzh Sargsyan’s resignation and the appointment of Pashinyan as prime minister. In December 2018, Armenia held new parliamentary elections, which were won by Pashinyan’s political party, the Civil Contract party.
While some hoped that the new government would steer Armenia in a more solidly liberal and pro-EU direction, it soon became clear that Pashinyan intended to rule solidly from the center but was also struggling to balance the interests of Armenia’s various power centers.
This came to a head in September-November 2020, when war broke out again between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Both countries had worked to build up their militaries since the previous war but energy-rich Azerbaijan had far outstripped Armenia in spending. Armenia was soundly defeated and in the ceasefire agreement brokered by Russia, Azerbaijan took back much of the land it lost in the first war.
This created a political crisis in Armenia, where the defense and support of Nagorno-Karabakh became a point of national pride and identity. In June 2021, snap parliamentary elections were held in Armenia, but the Civil Contract Party and Pashinyan retained their positions.
However, Paninyan was still struggling to consolidate power. In November 2021, the Armenian government declared a state of emergency and arrested several opposition politicians and activists, including former President Robert Kocharyan, on charges of attempting to stage a coup. The move was criticized by human rights groups and the international community.
Today’s Armenia faces many challenges and opportunities. Its citizens list national security and Nagorno-Karabakh has their main concern. Issues of economic security come next as issues of widespread poverty and economic emigration remain unresolved from the Soviet era. The environment is also a concern as the country hopes to tap more of its mineral resources but this could threaten water quality and the country’s plans to become a tourism center.
For more on Armenia’s foreign policy and security imperatives, click here.
Armenia on the Global Stage
Today, less than a quarter of Armenians worldwide reside in Armenia. A strong sense of ethnic and national pride means that Armenians in this large diaspora are likely to give back to their homeland, whether it be through the Armenian Apostolic Church or direct investment in local business.
Since Russia began what it calls its “special military operation”* in Ukraine, an estimated 65,000 Russians have immigrated to Armenia, or about 2% of the overall population. Although the arrival of these immigrants has led to higher inflation, particularly in Yerevan, they have also helped plug the emigration crisis and brain drain the country was facing. Further, Armenia’s trade with Russia has risen by nearly 450% since 2020 with the country becoming a hub for re-exported electronics and vehicles to Russia.
Internationally, Armenia has sought to gain international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. This effort has been gaining force, thanks in large part to the influential diaspora. The nearly half million Armenians in the US carry electoral weight and have convinced most US states to recognize the event although the federal government has not made a formal pronouncement. Russia is home to more than two million Armenians, with many of them in high profile positions – including Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, RT Chief Margarita Simonyan, and opposition politician Gary Kasperov. Russia officially recognized the genocide in 2015.
Armenia’s economy is closely linked with Russia, with Russia being by far the country’s major trading partner. It also relies on Russia for much of its new military equipment, of which it has purchased massive amounts in recent years as an arms race has mounted with Azerbaijan. Russia also provides parts and service for many of the older Soviet-built weapons that Armenia still uses. Thus, despite the historically rocky relationship between Armenia and Russia, Armenia still sees its fortunes as tied, in many ways, to Russia. Armenia joined the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union in 2015 to secure lower gas prices and more opportunities to export their products.
Armenia today officially retains its Soviet borders and the people of Nagorno-Karabakh declare themselves to be an autonomous republic. However, Nagorno-Karabakh is unrecognized by the international community and his been shrunk from its 1994 borders to roughly its Soviet-era borders by the most recent conflict. Peace negotiations remain unresolved. Borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed, making transport routes with Georgia and Iran essential. Armenia still tries to balance ties with Russia and the US.
As of 2023, the conflict remains hot. Armenia is in a weakened position and Azerbaijan is angling for deeper control of Nagorno Karabakh and of a corridor to its enclave of Nakhchivan through southern Armenia. With America and Russia distracted with Ukraine, Armenia currently feels that it lacks a strong international partner in its conflict. If Azerbaijan chooses to push further with its demands, it may well be successful.
With every unknown, one thing remains constant for Armenia: The men, women, and children who make up the Hayer, whether they live in Yerevan, New York, Sydney, Sao Paulo, or Moscow, each know their heritage and will proudly bear it into the coming generations.
*part of the content of GeoHistory is produced in Russia, where there are laws restrictive of what current events can be called. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 83 | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/12/e076171 | en | Effects of armed conflict on maternal and infant health: a mixed-methods study of Armenia and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war | [
"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/logos/logo-bmj-journals.svg",
"https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/journal-logos/logo-bmjopen.svg",
"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/icon-pdf.png",
"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/i... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Lara Rostomian",
"Araz Chiloyan",
"Elizabeth Hentschel",
"Carmen Messerlian"
] | 2023-12-01T00:00:00 | Introduction Armed conflict worldwide and across history has harmed the health of populations directly and indirectly, including generations beyond those immediately exposed to violence. The 2020 war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited by an ethnically Armenian population, provides an example of how conflict harmed health during COVID-19. We hypothesised that crises exposure would correspond to decreased healthcare utilisation rates and worse health outcomes for the maternal and infant population in Armenia, compounded during the pandemic.
Methods Following a mixed-methods approach, we used ecological data from 1980 to 2020 to evaluate health trends in conflict, measured as battle-related deaths (BRDs), COVID-19 cases, and maternal and infant health indicators during periods of conflict and peace in Armenia. We also interviewed 10 key informants about unmet needs, maternal health-seeking behaviours and priorities during the war, collecting recommendations to mitigate the effects of future crisis on maternal and infant health. We followed a deductive coding approach to analyse transcripts and harvest themes.
Results BRDs totalled more in the 2020 war compared with the previous Nagorno-Karabakh conflicts. Periods of active conflict between 1988–2020 were associated with increased rates of sick newborn mortality, neonatal mortality and pre-eclampsia or eclampsia. Weekly average COVID-19 cases increased sevenfold during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. Key informants expressed concerns about the effects of stress and grief on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes and recommended investing in healthcare system reform. Participants also stressed the synergistic effects of the war and COVID-19, noting healthcare capacity concerns and the importance of a strong primary care system.
Conclusions Maternal and infant health measures showed adverse trends during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, potentially amplified by the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic. To mitigate effects of future crises on population health in Armenia, informants recommended investments in healthcare system reform focused on primary care and health promotion.
Data are available in a public, open access repository. Not applicable. The quantitative data are available in public open access repositories and are cited throughout the manuscript and in the references. The qualitative data (interview transcripts and recordings) will not be made publicly available due to the sensitive nature of the topic and potential identifiers. | en | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/favicon.ico | BMJ Open | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/12/e076171 | Introduction
Armed conflict is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and has been a major cause of ill health and mortality throughout human history.1 Population health and the capacity of the healthcare system to respond in times of crises became particularly important during the 44-day, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which took place amid the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing the spread of COVID-19 in the region.2 3 The unique case of war amid a global pandemic allows us an opportunity to examine the synergistic effects of crises on population health. The war in Nagorno-Karabakh (also known as Artsakh) is an active ethnic and territorial conflict dating back to the late 1980s with several eruptions of extreme violence over the past four decades (figure 1, online supplemental file 9), yet international communities and governing bodies have done little to intervene, and effects on population health have insufficiently been studied.4 As a people who have experienced an abundance of trauma, from the 1915 Armenian Genocide to the decades-long conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenians are vulnerable to health effects of transgenerational trauma.5–7
Supplemental material
The destruction of health infrastructure and health information systems during times of war compromises a healthcare system’s capacity to respond to direct and indirect health consequences of conflict, and further compromises its ability to adequately quantify the effect of such conflict on the health of the population.8 9 Armed conflict causes complications to vulnerable populations, especially women and children whose health is heavily dependent on functioning health systems. Some negative effects of conflict on health outcomes and healthcare include: increases in birth defects, sexual violence, prenatal, maternal, infant and under-5 mortality, and decreases in skilled birth attendance, institutional deliveries, fertility rates, contraceptive use, coverage of antenatal care, preventative services and access to care.10–16 Some researchers have stressed the importance of prioritising the distribution of resources in a manner that is guided by both evidence and equity, with the aim of effectively addressing the needs of populations affected by conflict.17 Little research explains the mechanisms responsible for these effects, or how such crises have contributed to the accumulation of harm over time in regions with a disproportionate abundance of crises and historical trauma.
This study aims to describe the health and health-seeking behaviours of the maternal and infant population that coincided with periods of armed conflict in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The overall objectives are to: (1) conduct a mixed-methods study within the Armenian population to evaluate trends of maternal and infant health indicators during specific periods of crisis; (2) develop a theoretical framework based on stakeholder perspectives that inform on the needs of conflict-affected populations and (3) generate culturally appropriate policy recommendations to mitigate the effects of crises on population health in the context of the 2020 war.
This study provides qualitative and quantitative evidence on an understudied exposure in an underserved population. The results of this study can be used to prioritise resources and make crisis preparedness policy for conflict-affected populations. Additionally, using the period of conflict exposure during COVID-19 as a reference time point uniquely positions this study to elucidate the effects of crisis on the well-being of individuals during a global health pandemic. We hypothesise that exposure to crises will decrease healthcare utilisation rates and worsen health outcomes among the maternal and infant population in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, with the effects being compounded during the pandemic period. This hypothesis is based on The Behavioural Model of Health Services Use developed by Andersen, which emphasises predisposing, enabling and need factors as determinants of healthcare utilisation. We hypothesise that the setting of war and crisis will likely affect the enabling factors (via availability of healthcare providers and facilities) and need factors (via changes in patient’s perceived needs, priorities and definitions of urgency) ultimately decreasing healthcare utilisation.18
Studying the effects of armed conflict in populations is critical to driving a more diverse and equitable global health delivery system and creating culturally specific humanitarian aid efforts. This study will contribute to efforts by public health researchers globally to record the effects of armed conflict on public health as well as the American Public Health Association’s efforts to recognise war as a significant threat to population health and incorporate public health practitioners as agents to end armed conflict and respond to human rights violations.17 19
Results
Descriptive analysis results
In the last 30 years, a clear spike in BRDs occurred during 1992–1994, coinciding with the first Nagorno-Karabakh war and another upswing was observed in connection with the 2020 war (figure 2). Cumulative BRDs from 1992 to 1994 totalled 4845 deaths, and in 2020, estimated BRDs amounted to 7633. The geographical distribution of BRDs ranged along the border regions between Armenia and Azerbaijan and was most concentrated in Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh (online supplemental files 1; 3). This was consistent with the historical (1989–2020) geographical distribution of BRDs between Armenia and Azerbaijan (Online supplemental file 2).
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
We plotted an increase in COVID-19 cases from the start of the pandemic in March to June 2020 (with an average 7-day case average of 23.4 cases in March and 598.25 in June). After increased enforcement of mask-wearing regulations and adherence to public health policy22 in mid-June 2020, cases declined from July to September of 2020 (with an average 7-day case average of 236.6 over the span of these weeks). However, within the first 4 weeks of the 2020 war in late-September and October 2020, COVID-19 cases increased sevenfold (starting at a 7-day case average of 281 in late September) in Armenia, resulting in a weekly average of 2060 cases during the week of 25 October 2020–31 October 2020 (figure 3). A decrease in cases followed the Ceasefire Agreement signed on 10 November 2020 reaching a 7-day case average of 1270 cases.
Deaths of premature and mature sick newborns increased during the 1988–1994 conflict period and premature infant deaths rose again with the 2020 conflict (figure 4A). Similarly, neonatal mortality increased from 4.7 in 2019 to 5.6 in 2020 (figure 4B). These figures represent newborn and neonatal mortality trends over time and are not related to COVID-19 data. In contrast, we see no ecological level changes in measures of low birth weight or preterm birth by conflict period (online supplemental file 4). Births noticeably declined during and after the first war (1988–1994) and began to increase around 2003 (online supplemental file 5). Insufficient data currently hinder a precise assessment of the effects of the 2020 war on a number of births. Overall, births resulting in a caesarean delivery increased exponentially over the past 30 years, remaining steady even in years with fewer births and reached 35.9% in 2020 (online supplemental file 6). The percentage of mothers examined by a healthcare provider during pregnancy shows no discernable pattern over time (online supplemental file 7) but was reported as 97.9% in 2020. The number of women with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia in post-labour and labour period per 1000 births increased steadily from the 2016 four-day war (9.9 cases per 1000 births in 2016) and reached its highest peak within the last decade in 2020 at 12.7 women per 1000 births, resulting in 439 cases in 2020 compared with 387 cases in 2019 (figure 4C).
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Qualitative interview results
We interviewed six NGO leaders and volunteers, all of whom are associated with four NGOs and four healthcare professionals from four healthcare institutions. All key informants worked either directly with Armenian women displaced from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, or within the healthcare system that served them. The main themes arising from the 10 key informant interviews are summarised in table 1 and online supplemental file 8 and are further described below. Additional excerpts from key informant interviews can be found in online supplemental file 10.
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Key informants’ main concerns
The top three concerns interviewees identified regarding the health of the population during the 2020 war were: (1) the consequences of the stress and grief experienced by new or expecting mothers on their mental health, physical health and pregnancy (2) unmet pregnancy related and newborn needs (eg, baby bottles, infant feeding formula and diapers) and (3) and humanitarian aid needs (eg, as access to food, housing and clothing).
We did see a lot of miscarriages and it was very difficult because a lot of the time, if their husbands did pass, then (their unborn child) was what they were holding out hope for because they lost their home, their husbands, maybe their family, and now they lost their child. And then they still have eight other kids to take care of.—NGO Leader
Hesitancy and barriers regarding healthcare service utilisation
Key informants discussed both strengths and weaknesses of the government established healthcare programme, which connected arriving displaced persons to an outpatient clinic (referred to as a polyclinic) near their shelter or housing unit (housing which was also provided in part from the government). Some participants praised the government programme which provided free healthcare to displaced persons by the polyclinics, noting little to no barriers to accessing care. However, others noted that not all types of care were provided free of charge, most noting that in the case of pregnancy, only the delivery and first ultrasound were free of charge, while medications, blood work and additional ultrasounds were not. Additionally, some informants noted that there were many cases of misinformation regarding opportunities available to displaced persons, and hesitation to use these resources. Hesitation was noted to be fuelled by historic distrust in the healthcare system, patriotic perceptions of prioritising soldiers over the general population and uncertainty regarding the safety and conditions of the hospitals.
I think undoubtedly there was this perception that the priority to health and healthcare delivery should be given to those injured in the war and that consciously or subconsciously resulted in different health seeking behavior.—Healthcare Provider
Deprioritisation of mother’s own health due to stress and demands
Key informants repeatedly stated mothers did not prioritise their own health. Instead mothers were prioritising (1) the health and safety of their unborn infant and/or current children and (2) securing humanitarian aid and living in ‘survival mode’.
They had lost their homes, families, and so their health was not a priority for them. We were able to provide gynecological examinations and treatments for women free of charge, and that was very successful because if we had just let those women be, they would never have sought care because that’s not what was on their mind, they were in a basic survival mode trying to secure their most basic needs.—NGO Leader
Need for crisis preparedness and mental health resources
Key informants commonly cited two unmet needs (1) crisis preparedness and response policies in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh and (2) mental health resources. Many volunteers who worked within NGOs also noted an unmet need for assistance and support among extreme cases, such as families with eight or nine children and large families who were unable to secure safe housing.
In times of crisis you need to do specific things, we do not have that kind of guide and so Armenia tried to respond quickly and turn for example schools into shelters and that was a good response, but the people inside had no idea how to run these shelters. There was no official leadership within so one of our main goals was to work with the government to set up this governance and crisis leadership plan.—NGO Leader
Additionally, several key informants mentioned disparities between the situation in the capital city of Yerevan and surrounding rural regions, especially the border regions such as the village of Kornidzor and others in the southern most region of Syunik. Main concerns included access to quality care, safe transportation and resource scarcity in these regions.
The families of the Syunik village were welcoming the displaced persons with warm hearts and open arms, but after one week, two weeks, three weeks of having seven, eight, nine people in your place, those Tatiks and Papiks [elderly men and women of the village] at some point they didn't have eggs anymore, they didn't have enough food even to feed themselves. You know? They didn't have the means and the resources to sustain all those people. How can you double the population of a village in one week? Of course the village gets exhausted and doesn't have the resources to sustain this.—NGO Leader
COVID-19 pandemic strained health system capacity
Key informants identified several compounded effects of the war and COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia. Many healthcare providers noted that prior to the start of the war, the healthcare system had remained relatively resilient and flexible in the face of the pandemic. However, after the start of the war, all key informants noted major concerns regarding healthcare capacity and disruptions to healthcare delivery. NGO leaders noted the difficulties and complications of providing humanitarian aid to displaced persons during the pandemic. Many healthcare providers and NGO leaders alike also noted a diminished concern for COVID-19 on behalf of the population during the war.
At that point it was a very stressful situation. No one was thinking about seeking care they were only thinking about getting COVID patients and soldiers into hospitals, it was a crisis situation—even maternity wards were turned into COVID wards and beds for wounded soldiers. […] There was no room in hospitals or clinics, and doctors were overwhelmed with patients. So this turned into a barrier.—NGO Leader
Recommendations from key informants
The overwhelming majority of recommendations offered to mitigate the effects of future crises on the health of mothers and infants in Armenia centred around healthcare system reform. Recommendations included the development of a strong primary care system and resilient surge capacity, better support for healthcare providers, improvements in quality of care, use of electronic medical records and incorporation of patient-centred care and communication practices in medical education. Many key informants emphasised the need for increased government responsibility, including the development of crisis preparedness policies and protocols as well as better support and coordination for NGOs and aid groups in times of crisis. Other recommendations included ensuring accessible mental health resources for the population, promoting culturally sensitive and sustainable aid opportunities, better organising and leveraging the Armenian diaspora, and investing in and strengthening the border regions near the Lachin Corridor. Key informant recommendations are summarised in table 1.
Number one recommendation is to develop a strong primary care system. Our system is skewed too heavily towards treating the sick and not at all, or very minimal at keeping patients healthy. I think the biggest determinant of being resilient through crisis like this is minimizing healthcare needs by keeping patients healthy. The strongest way of doing that is to focus on primary care.—Healthcare Provider
We need to become better doctors, not just our medical skills, but improve in our patient communication … we all live in the same environment, the doctors are experiencing the same trauma and stress as the pregnant women during the war, we need to be supported too and learn how to support them.—Healthcare Provider
What the diaspora doesn’t do enough of is institution building… helping Armenia develop strategies, for example, on emergency response or pandemic response or surge capacity.—Healthcare Provider
Discussion
This was the first study to examine the effects of the decade-long Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on maternal and infant health. The use of ecological data allowed for the evaluation of trends throughout relative peace and conflict periods in Armenia leading up to and focusing on the 2020 war, amid the global COVID-19 pandemic. Studies conducted early in the pandemic revealed that armed conflicts contributed to the increased spread of the virus. These studies also assessed the potential for the COVID-19 pandemic to create conditions conducive to violence by altering the dynamics of various long-standing conflicts.2
This, coupled with the existing literature on the disproportionate negative effects of conflict on maternal and infant health, signifies the unique importance of evaluating changes in maternal and infant health in Armenia during the 2020 war.
We found the 2020 war had the highest BRD over the past 30 years between Armenia and Azerbaijan, with effects exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding is in line with Karlinsky and Torrisi’s 2023 study, which concluded that the war led to 6500 excess deaths, primarily among young men aged 15–49, with 2800 of these fatalities occurring in Armenia. These findings imply enduring implications for future population, economic and social dynamics.24 The 2022 WHO Health Systems in Action Report on Armenia also reported that there was a peak in excess mortality that far exceeded the average of the WHO European Region between October and December 2020, attributable to the synergistic effects of war and pandemic.25 The mechanisms that led to the synergistic negative effects seen are similar to those being observed in Ukraine during the current conflict.26 COVID-19 cases began rising in Armenia and Ukraine, during the war as people sought refuge in densely populated areas, such as basements and bomb shelters, to hide from airstrikes.26 Additionally, our key informant interviews highlighted that the chaos of war and imminent threat of ethnic cleansing have replaced COVID-19 as a concern for the people during the war, a phenomenon that has also been observed in Ukraine and has undermined vaccination programmes and adherence to public health measures such as masking.26
Our ecological analysis of infant health outcomes showed an increase in sick newborn deaths during the first war, an increase in sick premature infant deaths in 2020, and a large increase in neonatal mortality rate in 2020. These findings are in line with studies done in the Democratic Republic of Congo27 and Syria,11 and other systematic reviews28 that demonstrate increases in infant and neonatal mortality during conflict periods. The birth rate was drastically lower following the first war. Seemingly unaffected by war, caesarean section rates in Armenia have been increasing exponentially for the past 20 years, a finding that has previously been attributed to higher reimbursement rates, maternal preference and lack of clear regulations.29 Cases of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia increased since the 2016 four-day war and reached a peak within the last decade in 2020. Given the relationship30 between stress and high blood pressure, and considering that high blood pressure is a leading cause of pre-eclampsia, the elevated levels of stress experienced by mothers during the 2020 war may have contributed to the increased number of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia cases in 2020.
This is in line with results from the key informant interviews, which identify the main concern to be the effects of stress and grief on the mental and physical health of mothers as well as on their pregnancy outcomes. It is, however, challenging to interpret pre-eclampsia or eclampsia as a variable given the overall incidence remains quite low in the population. Overall, our findings align with previous literature10–16 that illustrates the adverse effects of conflict on maternal and infant health indicators and healthcare experiences.
Armenia’s government must prioritise the promotion of primary healthcare and comprehensive benefit coverage to establish a sustainable healthcare system. By implementing necessary reforms, they can ensure a robust healthcare infrastructure that people will rely on, even in times of crisis. This commitment to accessible and reliable healthcare services is essential for the well-being of the nation’s citizens and the resilience of the healthcare system itself.
In addition to healthcare reform and increased government responsibility, there is a clear unmet need for culturally sensitive mental health resources in Armenia. This is especially critical to address the transgenerational trauma experienced by genocide decedents, which puts Armenians at high risk for mental health illnesses.7
Our study offers unique perspectives on the decision-making processes of mothers during times of conflict and the factors influencing their health-seeking behaviours. The study is innovative in its mixed-methods and historical case study approach, which provides a framework to study other crisis-affected populations. It is also significant in its examination of the Armenian population, as this population is both underrepresented in literature, and has experienced a disproportionate amount of conflict stemming from the Armenian Genocide and the present-day geopolitical climate in the Southern Caucuses. Despite these strengths, due to the ecological nature of the data, the challenges with reporting accurate data during times of war, and the recency of the 2020 war, the descriptive analysis of maternal and child health indicators is limited in its ability to illustrate the long-term effects of the recent conflict and is unable to assess causal relationships. Additionally, the variable of maternal mortality was not included in the analysis due to inconsistencies and gaps regarding the reporting of this variable in the NIH Statistical Yearbook data. It is also important to note that the qualitative nature of the study offers perspectives from key informants that may not entirely represent the lived experience experiences of the Armenian women and displaced mothers in need of healthcare.
We conclude the decades-long Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has significantly harmed the health of the maternal and infant population in Armenia, resulting in a nearly 19% increase in neonatal mortality and 14% increase in pre-eclampsia or eclampsia cases in 2020 compared with 2019. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan took a critical turn in September 2023, when Azerbaijan launched a large-scale attack on Nagorno-Karabakh. This resulted in the forceful displacement and ethnic cleansing of the Armenian population in Nagorno-Karabakh. Since 24 September, over 100 000 forcibly displaced individuals have sought refuge in Armenia.31 The American Public Health Association’s recent policy statement deemed the situation in Nagorno-Karabakh a public health emergency. It urged international action towards securing and protecting the rights of ethnic Armenians, ensuring humanitarian access and the right of expelled Armenians to return, monitoring human rights, providing aid and support, financing medical and psychosocial help, supporting reconstruction, and seeking accountability for human rights abuses and blockades in the region.32
This conflict, alongside numerous other geopolitical conflicts worldwide, poses a significant threat to the health and overall well-being of families residing in these conflict-affected regions. It is crucial to underscore the urgency of resolving conflicts as a paramount public health priority, involving upstream prevention strategies that engage international organisations. While there is a clear recommendation for prioritising health system reform in these countries, there is also an undeniable need for action on the part of public health practitioners and international health agencies to support sustainable health systems that will strengthen capacity-building efforts in conflict-affected regions. These groups can use their power to advocate for populations who are otherwise forgotten when setting the global health agenda. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 77 | https://www.linkedin.com/posts/alina-gegamova_armenia-yerevan-it-activity-7184165029913505793-w_mV | en | Alina Gegamova on LinkedIn: #armenia #yerevan #it #software #travelling | https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5622AQHV0tIdjwjc8Q/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1712838415644?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=9dTBgtsbm4HtFZS432pZP7A7XmBAU8V6ji5zDMZjVKM | https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5622AQHV0tIdjwjc8Q/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1712838415644?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=9dTBgtsbm4HtFZS432pZP7A7XmBAU8V6ji5zDMZjVKM | [
"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4D16AQHYZ2_1I_ko7Q/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/0/1646762174787?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=BpGtUH-k8WFMxI9e3zClObL_MyMSwfIvRc3kK2-Mk44"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Alina Gegamova"
] | 2024-04-11T12:26:58.434000+00:00 | Spending time in Yerevan and mentioning my location during calls often sparks genuine interest in learning about Armenia, its capital, and its history. This… | en | https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca | https://www.linkedin.com/posts/alina-gegamova_armenia-yerevan-it-activity-7184165029913505793-w_mV | #luo #Hebrew House of Ugunja; Israelite sultans before the British. Ugunja (popularly known as Zanzibar) August 16, 2024 Cabinet Secretary Wandayi ROARS in Ugunja, VOWS to ensure that Luo Nyanza forms government in 2027. https://lnkd.in/dzUHySem #perspective It goes to show western knee on Luos neck has been degraded.The rules based order directed Luo maginalization, the BRICS have freed Luos. #prophetic Isaiah 18:2-4 A Message to Cush …2which sends couriers by sea, in papyrus vessels on the waters. Go, swift messengers, to a people tall and smooth-skinned, to a people widely feared, to a powerful nation of strange speech, whose land is divided by rivers. 3All you people of the world and dwellers of the earth, when a banner is raised on the mountains, you will see it; when a ram’s horn sounds, you will hear it. 4For this is what the LORD has told me: “I will quietly look on from My dwelling place, like shimmering heat in the sunshine, like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest.”… #countdown Said it in this platform,for Collective West to leave the Luo alone, bizarrely the Western Elite; a new species emerged in the 15th century believe themselves the line of Shem and the seed of Jacob. from the 18th century, this group made it their mission to corrupt Hamito-Bantu Cushitic-speaking populations into terrorising Luos, Iberian Peninsular diaspora population scattered across the Great lakes region. The same individuals you have corrupted, are now a locusts invasions; the corrupt system you have heavily invested in Africa has collapsed. 🇷🇺 Russia is having Luo sacred colours of Kagan Kochia. Russia is 'Rusinga' "Russkie" is an English transliteration of the Russian word русские which means "Russians". It's a noun that can also be used as an adjective, and is sometimes used as slang to refer to a Russian. The plural of "Russkie" is "Russkies" or "Russkis". Cagn or Kaggen, supreme god of the San people (Bushmen) of Southern Africa · Khagan or Qaghan, a title for a ruler in Turkic and Mongolian languages · Joel 2:25-26 “Though I sent my great army against you— those swarming locusts and hopping locusts, the destroying locusts and the cutting locusts that ate your crops— I will pay you back for those years of trouble. Then you will have plenty to eat and be full. [Kabbalah Solomon is how to deal Zionists organisations.] July 24, 2023 Raila Odinga on X: "We are calling on Kenyans to come out, light candles and lay flowers, preferably white, in remembrance of and respect for the victims".. September 4, 2022 NTV Kenya ... Luo community, Siaya County leaders say after the US Embassy issued a travel advisory to its citizens, restricting their movement in Kisumu. https://lnkd.in/dcVtMnEB US Embassy: We didn't profile Kisumu as violent - The Standard (Kenya) 2 Aug 2022 — The US Embassy in Kenya has said its earlier travel advisory to Kisumu wasn't meant to profile the area as violent. https://lnkd.in/d7TzDvWa
April 20th - Share 20- Arab American Heritage Month. Libya: Libya, officially known as the State of Libya, is a country located in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. The capital city of Libya is Tripoli, which serves as the country's political and economic center. Libya is known for its vast stretches of desert, including the Sahara Desert in the south, as well as its long Mediterranean coastline, which boasts scenic beaches and ancient ruins. Libya has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with ancient civilizations such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines leaving their mark on the country. The economy of Libya is heavily dependent on oil exports, which account for the majority of government revenue and GDP. However, ongoing conflict and insecurity have disrupted oil production and hindered economic development, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty. Despite its challenges, Libya possesses significant potential due to its natural resources, strategic location, and educated population. Efforts to stabilize the country and establish a functioning government are ongoing, with support from the international community and regional actors. Follow us DiversiTrials Arab Board for Clinical Research Habibis United Research
#Zeinab_Badawi introduces her ground-breaking and epic history of Africa, An African History of Africa told through the voices of the Africans themselves and charting the history of the oldest inhabited continent on the planet. The history of Africa is the story of the origins of human civilisation. Africa is the birthplace of humankind itself, yet little of its early and modern history is widely known. For too long, Africa's history has been dominated by Western narratives of slavery and colonialism, or simply ignored. Now, broadcaster and SOAS President Zeinab Badawi will set the record straight. This seminal book is the culmination of seven years of research by Zeinab, travelling through 30 African countries and interviewing countless historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and local storytellers. The result is a fascinating and epic history, told through the voices of the Africans themselves - from the origins of our species, through ancient civilisations and medieval empires with remarkable queens and kings, to the miseries of conquest and the elation of independence. An African History of Africa unearths buried histories from across the continent and weaves them into an accessible and essential book, giving Africa its rightful place in our global story.
Rudison-Imhotep, C. N. (2022). Hiring Nonviolent African American Male Ex-offenders: A Phenomenological Investigation on Employment Discrimination (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University). Chicago The first incarcerated Africans arrived in the Western Hemisphere in the 16th century (Grimes, 2017). They were forced into slave labor to facilitate European colonialists by working in deforestation, agriculture, domestic labor, industrial labor, and other types of employment. Wesely and Miller (2018) believed that one of the primary reasons the United States was able to experience such an elevated level of growth and expansion was the low cost of the workforce comprised of incarcerated Africans. After the Civil War, these groups were formally granted liberty and the autonomy to live their lives (Zhang, 2018). However, in the 21st century, African Americans continue to face discrimination because of the xenophobic nature of structural racism. This discrimination is not restricted to vocal abuse but is also seen in education, employment opportunities, and the sentences given for crimes committed by African Americans and other non-White ethnic groups (Jacobsen & Hardaway, 2016). Link and Oser (2018) have argued that one of the most important effects of racial discrimination in the United States is visible in the nation’s crime rates. National data show that the highest number of crimes are related to drug abuse, robbery, theft, homicide, and any other activities, with African Americans as significant contributors (Young & Powell, 2015). As Stewart (2017) stated, the primary reasons for the high rate of crimes committed by African Americans are discrimination, a lack of available opportunities, and the deprivation of rights granted by the U.S. Constitution. In many major cities, crime rates have weakened sharply and become constant at depleted quantities (Jonson & Cullen, 2015).
Did you know? If you move to Ethiopia 🇪🇹 today, you will be at least seven (7) years younger as they're currently in the year 2016. 11.09.2024 is Ethiopia's 🇪🇹 new year for 2017 Here's one of the most mind blowing facts about the world. When we welcomed the year 2024 Ethiopia 🇪🇹 were four months into 2016. The most interesting differences are the holidays. Ethiopia 🇪🇹 celebrates the new year on September 11th and Christmas on January 7th. The Ethiopian 🇪🇹 calendar is different from the Georgian calendar. There are thirteen months in the Ethiopian calendar, which means they are currently in 2016. This makes the Ethiopian calendar 7 years behind the rest of the world. Not only is the country in a different year, they tell time differently as well. Ethiopians 🇪🇹 use a 12-hour clock, like many other countries. But with a variation that you can never come across anywhere else. “Orop time or Habbishat time?” That is the expression you should memorize, because you will use it several times a day. “Orop” or “Europe time” is how the Ethiopians refer to the clock system the rest of the world uses. “Habbishat” is the casual term for Ethiopians. Here is how it works. When you are in 🇪🇹 , at 6:00 in the morning (by your watch), an Ethiopian clock will say 12:00. Your 8:00 will be Ethiopian 2:00, and so on. And at 6:00 suppertime , an Ethiopian clock will revert to 12:00 again. Ethiopia 🇪🇹 is the only African country never to have been brought under colonial rule. The Italians tried but failed woefully and were defeated by the solid Ethiopian forces. 🇪🇹 is Africa's oldest country. Originally founded in 980 BC 🇪🇹 has the world's oldest Bible and according to some archaeological findings, 🇪🇹 is the cradle of humankind, meaning, life actually started in Ethiopia. Safe to say, life started in #africa, the garden of Eden was located in #ethiopia 🇪🇹 #GataamaGroup #Africa🌍
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia, known for its significant natural gas reserves and unique cultural heritage. Here are some key points about Turkmenistan: 1. **Geography**: Turkmenistan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. The country is mostly desert (the Karakum Desert), with oases and the Kopet Dag mountain range along the southern border. 2. **Capital and Major Cities**: The capital city is Ashgabat, which is known for its white marble buildings and grandiose national monuments. Other notable cities include Türkmenabat, Daşoguz, Mary, and Balkanabat. 3. **History**: Turkmenistan has a long history that includes ancient civilizations such as the Parthian Empire and later influences from the Persian Empire and the Mongol Empire. It became part of the Russian Empire in the late 19th century and was later incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. 4. **Economy**: The economy of Turkmenistan is heavily dependent on natural gas exports, which constitute the majority of its revenue. The country has the fourth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world. Other economic activities include cotton farming, oil production, and some manufacturing. 5. **Demographics**: Turkmenistan has a population of about 6 million people. The majority ethnic group is Turkmen, with smaller communities of Uzbeks, Russians, and Kazakhs. The official language is Turkmen, but Russian is also widely used, especially in government and business. 6. **Government**: Turkmenistan is a presidential republic with a highly centralized government. The first president, Saparmurat Niyazov, established an authoritarian regime with a strong cult of personality. His successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, continued many of Niyazov’s policies but has also made some reforms. The current president is Serdar Berdimuhamedow, who took office in March 2022. 7. **Culture**: Turkmen culture is characterized by its nomadic heritage, which influences its music, dance, and traditional crafts like carpet weaving. The country is also known for its traditional horse breeding, particularly the Akhal-Teke horse breed. The majority religion is Islam, predominantly Sunni. 8. **International Relations**: Turkmenistan maintains a policy of permanent neutrality, which was recognized by the United Nations in 1995. It has limited its involvement in international organizations and maintains a stance of non-alignment, although it has economic and energy-related partnerships with various countries, including Russia, China, and Iran. Turkmenistan is known for its stability and significant economic resources, yet it also faces challenges related to political freedoms and economic diversification.
Proud of being the fastest-developing country with a population of 37 million. 🏆🚀 #Uzbekistan #Progress We are the nation of al-Khwarizmi, who introduced the world to the concept of the 'algorithm' and is rightfully considered the father of modern mathematics and informatics. 🧮💡 We are the descendants of Jaloliddin, who chose death over captivity and remains a symbol of resistance to this day. ⚔️🛡️ We are the descendants of Temur, who was not only one of the most powerful conquerors of his time, creating a vast empire stretching from Central Asia to the Middle East and India, but also left behind a cultural legacy that continues to inspire to this day. 🏰👑 We are the great-grandchildren of the remarkable poet, great conqueror, and statesman who founded one of the greatest empires in history — Babur, whose legacy continues to influence the cultures of Central and South Asia. 📚📝 🇺🇿🚀 We are Uzbekistan — the fastest-developing country. #Uzbekistan #ProudToBeUzbek #Legacy #Olympics2024 | |||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia | en | Wikipedia | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shack... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] | 2001-07-02T05:33:58+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia | Country in West Asia
"Hayastan" redirects here. For other uses, see Armenia (disambiguation) and Hayastan (disambiguation).
Armenia ( ar-MEE-nee-ə),[14][a] officially the Republic of Armenia,[b] is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.[15][16] It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.[17] Yerevan is the capital, largest city and financial center.
Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. The Armenian Highlands has been home to the Hayasa-Azzi, Shupria and Nairi. By at least 600 BC, an archaic form of Proto-Armenian, an Indo-European language, had diffused into the Armenian Highlands.[18][19] The first Armenian state of Urartu was established in 860 BC, and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and in the year 301 became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion.[20][21][22][c] Armenia still recognises the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment.[23][d] The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century before falling in 1045. Cilician Armenia, an Armenian principality and later a kingdom, was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries.
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, up to 1.5 million Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian genocide. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Armenian SSR. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Armenia is a developing country and ranks 85th on the Human Development Index (2021).[13] Its economy is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. While Armenia is geographically located in the South Caucasus, it is generally considered geopolitically European. Since Armenia aligns itself in many respects geopolitically with Europe, the country is a member of numerous European organizations including the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Eastern Partnership, Eurocontrol, the Assembly of European Regions, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Armenia is also a member of certain regional groups throughout Eurasia, including the Asian Development Bank, the Collective Security Treaty Organization,[e] the Eurasian Economic Union, and the Eurasian Development Bank. Armenia supported the once de facto independent Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), which was proclaimed in 1991 on territory internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, until the republic's dissolution in September 2023.
Etymology
Main article: Name of Armenia
The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք (Hayk’); however, it is currently rarely used. The contemporary name Հայաստան (Hayastan) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan (place).[24] However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in c. 5th century in the works of Agathangelos,[25][26] Faustus of Byzantium,[27][28] Ghazar Parpetsi,[29] Koryun,[30] and Sebeos.[31]
The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk (Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene (Movsis Khorenatsi), defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region.[32] The further origin of the name is uncertain. It is also further postulated[33][34] that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states – the Ḫayaša-Azzi (1600–1200 BC).
The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴). The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC).[35] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC.[36]
Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani (Armanum, Armi) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme (Shupria).[37] These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms. Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of Lake Van (probably in the vicinity of Sason, and therefore in the greater Armenia region), the location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it near modern Samsat,[38] and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people.[39] It is possible that the name Armenia originates in Armini, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country".[40] The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the Mushki and the Kaskians. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.[41] Given that this was an exonym, it may have meant "wasteland, dense forest", cf. armutu (wasteland), armaḫḫu (thicket, thick woods), armāniš (tree). The southerners considered the northern forests to be the abode of dangerous beasts.
According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.[42][43] In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, the Table of Nations lists Aram as the son of Shem, to whom the Book of Jubilees attests,
And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara'.[44][45]
Jubilees 8:21 also apportions the Mountains of Ararat to Shem, which Jubilees 9:5 expounds to be apportioned to Aram.[44][45]
The historian Flavius Josephus also states in his Antiquities of the Jews,
Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians;... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini.[46]
History
Main article: History of Armenia
Prehistoric
The first human traces are supported by the presence of Acheulean tools, generally close to the obsidian outcrops more than 1 million years ago.[47]
The most recent and important excavation is at the Nor Geghi 1 Stone Age site in the Hrazdan river valley.[48] Thousands of 325,000 year-old artifacts may indicate that this stage of human technological innovation occurred intermittently throughout the Old World, rather than spreading from a single point of origin (usually hypothesized to be Africa), as was previously thought.[49]
Many early Bronze Age settlements were built in Armenia (Valley of Ararat, Shengavit, Harich, Karaz, Amiranisgora, Margahovit, Garni, etc.). One of the important sites of the Early Bronze Age is Shengavit Settlement,[50] It was located on the site of today's capital of Armenia, Yerevan.
Such things were discovered in Armenia, for example, the oldest shoe, oldest wagon, oldest skirt, and the oldest wine-making facility.[51]
Antiquity
Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of Ararat. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at the Areni-1 cave complex have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe,[52] skirt,[53] and wine-producing facility.[54]
Several Bronze Age cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, Hayasa-Azzi, and Mitanni (located in southwestern historical Armenia), all of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations.[55][56][57][58][59][60] The Nairi confederation and its successor, Urartu, successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highlands. Each of the aforementioned nations and confederacies participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenians.[61][62][63][64] A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.[65]
After the fall of the state of Urartu at the beginning of the 6th century BC, the Armenian Highlands were for some time under the hegemony of the Medes, and after that they were part of the Achaemenid Empire. Armenia was part of the Achaemenid state from the second half of the 6th century BC until the second half of the 4th century BC divided into two satrapies - XIII (western part, with the capital in Melitene) and XVIII (northeastern part).[66]
During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighbouring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latter's territories.[67]
The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.[68] In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including Assyria (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains),[69] Medes, Achaemenid Empire, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sasanian Empire, Byzantine Empire, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongols, Ottoman Empire, the successive Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties of Iran, and the Russians.
Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country used the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months.[71]
Christianity spread into the country in the early 4th century AD.[72] Tiridates III of Armenia (238–314) made Christianity the state religion in 301,[72][73] partly, in defiance of the Sasanian Empire, it seems,[74] becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the Roman Empire granted Christianity an official toleration under Galerius, and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptised. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country.[74]
After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within the Sasanian Empire.[75] Following the Battle of Avarayr in 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy.[76]
Middle Ages
The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia subsequently emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its centre in the Armenian city, Dvin. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia.
The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.[81]
In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short-lived, as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire.[82] To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under Leo I, King of Armenia, a descendant of Prince Ruben.[83]
Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region.[84]
The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The Orbelian Dynasty shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the House of Hasan-Jalalyan controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.[85]
Early Modern era
During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes, such as the Kara Koyunlu, Timurid dynasty and Ağ Qoyunlu, which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened.[86]
In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell to the Safavid Empire.[87][88] Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry that would last in West Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires during the Ottoman–Persian Wars. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century,[89] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.
From 1604, Abbas I of Iran implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved a forced resettlement of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands.[90]
In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, following the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), respectively, the Qajar dynasty of Iran was forced to irrevocably cede Eastern Armenia, consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh Khanates, to Imperial Russia.[91][92] This period is known as Russian Armenia.
While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social structure, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. In response to 1894 Sasun rebellion, Sultan Abdul Hamid II organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".[93]
During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed Armenian fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. The Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.[94]
World War I and the Armenian genocide
Main article: Armenian genocide
The outbreak of World War I led to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian campaigns. The new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian genocide.[95][96]
The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.[97][98] There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.[99]
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides.[100][101] According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 to 1916. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916.[102] The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million".[103] The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.[104]
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian genocide.[105]
First Republic of Armenia
Main article: First Republic of Armenia
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Western Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[107] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.[108]
The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputes, large-scale rebellions, and a mass influx of refugees from Western Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The Entente Powers sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support.[109]
At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Western Armenia to it.[110] Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Western Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia". In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.[111]
There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, and never came into effect.[112] The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara.
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.[113]
After the fall of the republic, the February Uprising soon took place in 1921, and led to the establishment of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia by Armenian forces under command of Garegin Nzhdeh on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July.
Armenian SSR
Main article: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
1922 to World War II
Armenia was annexed by the Red Army and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.[114][115] With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.[114][115]
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with secular policies of USSR. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, the general secretary of the Communist Party, gradually established himself as the dictator of the USSR. Stalin's reign was characterized by mass repressions, that cost millions of lives all over the USSR.[citation needed]
World War II and post-Stalinist period
Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the Red Army during the war, and 175,000 died.[116] A total of 117 citizens of Armenia including 10 non ethnic Armenians were awarded Hero of the Soviet Union. Six special military divisions were formed in Soviet Armenia in 1941–42, partly because so many draftees from the republic could not understand Russian. Five of them, the 89th, 409th, 408th, 390th, and 76th Divisions, would have a distinguished war record, while the sixth was ordered to stay in Armenia to guard the republic's western borders against a possible incursion by neighboring Turkey. The 89th Tamanyan Division, composed of ethnic Armenians, fought in the Battle of Berlin and entered Berlin.
It is claimed[by whom?] that the freedom index in the region had seen an improvement after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 and the emergence of Nikita Khrushchev as the new general secretary of the CPSU. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.
Gorbachev era
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970.[117] The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Armenia supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in Azerbaijan, such as the one in Sumgait, which was followed by anti-Azerbaijani violence in Armenia.[118] Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.[119]
Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.[citation needed]
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia.[120] On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.[121]
Restoration of independence
On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its statehood after the failed August coup in Moscow, RSFSR. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by leading the Karabakh movement for the unification of the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh.[122] On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenia's independence was recognised.
Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively debilitated Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic.[122] In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.[123]
The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered ceasefire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including almost all of the Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[124] The Armenian backed forces remained in control of practically all of that territory until 2020. The economies of both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.[125] Several thousand were killed in the later 2020 Karabakh war.
21st century
In the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a market economy. One study ranks it the 50th most "economically free" nation in the world, as of 2023 .[126] Its relations with Europe, the Arab League, and the Commonwealth of Independent States have allowed Armenia to increase trade.[127][128] Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. As of 2016 , Armenia maintained cordial relations with both countries.[129][needs update]
The 2018 Armenian Revolution was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as President of Armenia and later against the Republican Party controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared the movement, which led to Sargsyan's resignation, a "velvet revolution".[130]
In March 2018, the Armenian parliament elected Armen Sarkissian as the new President of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.[131] In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti-government demonstrations.[132]
On 27 September 2020, a full-scale war erupted due to the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[133] Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.[134] The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement to end the six-week war between Armenia and Azerbaijan was seen by many as Armenia's defeat and capitulation.[135] The year-long March of Dignity protests forced early elections.
On 20 June 2021, Pashinyan's Civil Contract party won an early parliamentary election. Acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed to the post of prime minister by Armenia's President Armen Sarkissian.[136] In January 2022, Armenian President Armen Sarkissian resigned from office, stating that the constitution no longer gives the president sufficient powers or influence.[137] On 3 March 2022, Vahagn Khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.[138] The next month yet more protests broke out.[139]
2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh
See also: Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians
Between 19 and 20 September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a large-scale military offensive against the self-declared breakaway state of Artsakh, a move seen by the European Parliament as a violation of the 2020 ceasefire agreement.[140][141] The offensive took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but populated by Armenians.[142][143] The attacks occurred in the midst of an escalating crisis caused by Azerbaijan blockading Artsakh, which resulted in significant scarcities of essential supplies such as food, medicine, and other goods in the affected region.[144]
One day after the offensive started, on 20 September, a ceasefire agreement was reached at the mediation of the Russian peacekeeping command in Nagorno-Karabakh.[145] Azerbaijan held a meeting with representatives of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians on 21 September in Yevlakh, to be followed by another meeting in October.[146][147] Ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan were nonetheless reported by both Artsakhi residents and officials.[148][149]
Human rights organizations and experts in genocide prevention issued multiple alerts, stating that the region's Armenian population was at risk or actively being subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide. Luis Moreno Ocampo, a former prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, warned that another Armenian genocide could take place, and attributed the inaction of the international community to encouraging Azerbaijan that it would face no serious consequences.[150]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Armenia
Armenia is a landlocked country in the geopolitical Transcaucasus (South Caucasus) region, that is located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains and their lowlands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and northeast of the Armenian Highlands. Located in West Asia,[151][15] on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor which is a part of Lachin District that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and Azerbaijan proper to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.[17] Armenia lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and meridians 43° and 47° E. It contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Caucasus mixed forests and Eastern Anatolian montane steppe.[152]
Topography
Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests. The land rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 feet) above sea level at Mount Aragats, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280 ft) above sea level.[153] Average elevation of the country area is tenth highest in the world and it has 85.9% mountain area, more than Switzerland or Nepal.[154]
Mount Ararat, which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region at 5,137 meters (16,854 feet). Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible from Armenia, it is regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the Armenian national emblem today.[155][156][157]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Armenia
The climate in Armenia is markedly highland continental. Summers are hot, dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between 22 and 36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while autumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage.
Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23 °F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsaghkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Lake Sevan, nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at 1,900 metres (6,234 ft) above sea level.
Environment
Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. Its rank on subindex Environmental Health (which is weighted at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia's rank on subindex of Ecosystem Vitality (weighted at 60% in EPI) is 27th best in the world.[159] This suggests that main environmental issues in Armenia are with population health, while environment vitality is of lesser concern. Out of sub-subindices contributing to Environmental Health subindex ranking on Air Quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying.
Waste management in Armenia is underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near Hrazdan city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps.[160]
Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and wind power) and calls from EU officials to shut down the nuclear power plant at Metsamor,[161] the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernization to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%.[162][163]
Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Armenia and Politics of Armenia
Armenia is a representative parliamentary democratic republic. The Armenian constitution adhered to the model of a semi-presidential republic until April 2018.
According to the current Constitution of Armenia, the President is the head of state holding largely representational functions, while the Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises executive power.
Since 1995 Legislative power is vested in the Azgayin Zhoghov or National Assembly, which is a unicameral parliament consisting of 105 members.[164]
The Fragile States Index since its first report in 2006 until most recent in 2019, consistently ranked Armenia better than all its neighboring countries (with one exception in 2011).[165]
Armenia has universal suffrage above the age of eighteen.[166][167]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Armenia
Armenia became a member of the United Nations on 2 March 1992, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements. Armenia is also a member of international organisations such as the Council of Europe, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Political Community, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the World Customs Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 2004, its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. Armenia is also an observer member of the Arab League,[168] the Organization of American States, the Pacific Alliance, the Non-Aligned Movement, and a dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. As a result of its historical ties to France, Armenia was selected to host the biennial Francophonie summit in 2018.[169]
Armenia has a difficult relation with neighbouring countries Azerbaijan and Turkey. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s.[170] To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under severe blockade. In addition, a permanent solution for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organizations such as the OSCE.
Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian genocide, even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the third republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, and citing it as the reason, Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.[170]
On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on the normalisation of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border.[171] The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their constitutionality to be approved. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues.[172] One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the Treaty of Kars. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law".[172][173] This was for the Turkish Government the reason to back down from the Protocols.[174] The Armenian President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that, as the leader of the political majority of Armenia, he assured the parliamentary ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".[citation needed]
Due to its position between two hostile neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the city of Gyumri located in Northwestern Armenia[175] as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. Armenia maintains positive relations with the United States, which is home to the second largest Armenian diaspora community in the world. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenian Americans in the country.[176]
Because of the illicit border blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain solid relations with its southern neighbour Iran, especially in the economic sector. Economic projects are being developed between the two nations, including a gas pipeline going from Iran to Armenia.
Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and maintains close relations with the European Union; especially with its member states France and Greece. In January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future.[177] A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenians favored joining the EU,[178] a move multiple Armenian officials have voiced support for.[179]
A former republic of the Soviet Union and an emerging democracy, Armenia was negotiating to become an associate EU partner and had completed negotiations to sign an Association Agreement with a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU in 2013. However, the government opted not to finalize the agreement, and instead joined the Eurasian Economic Union.[180][181][182] Despite this, Armenia and the EU finalized the Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on 24 November 2017. The agreement enhances the relationship between Armenia and the EU to a new partnership level, further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis.[183][184][185]
Legally speaking, Armenia has the right to be considered as a prospective EU member provided it meets necessary standards and criteria, though officially such a plan does not exist in Brussels.[186][187][188][189] Armenia is included in the EU's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and participates in both the Eastern Partnership and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia's relations with a long-term ally Russia started to deteriorate. In February 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said that the CSTO "hasn't fulfilled its security obligations towards Armenia" and that "in practice we have basically frozen our participation in the CSTO".[190] On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the National Assembly, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia".[191] In March 2024, Armenia officially expelled Russian border guards from the Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan.[192]
On 2 March 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan advised that Armenia would officially "apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days, within a month at most".[193][194] On 5 March, Pashinyan stated that Armenia would apply for EU candidacy by Autumn 2024 at the latest.[195] On 8 March 2024, Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan stated, "Armenia is seeking to get closer to the West amid worsening relations with Russia" and "New opportunities are largely being discussed in Armenia nowadays, that includes membership in the European Union".[196][197]
Military
Main article: Armed Forces of Armenia
See also: Military history of Armenia
The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, headed by Davit Tonoyan, while military command remains in the hands of the general staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Lieutenant-General Onik Gasparyan.
Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are in charge of patrolling the country's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilize every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with military preparedness.[citation needed]
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993. Armenia is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). Armenia also has an Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO and it participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC).
Human rights and freedom
Main article: Human rights in Armenia
Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most former Soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically.[citation needed] Nonetheless, there are still several considerable problems.
Armenia scored 5.63 on The Economist Democracy Index, published in January 2023 (data for 2022). Although still classified as "hybrid regime", Armenia recorded the strongest improvement among European countries and reached its ever-best score since calculation began in 2006.[198]
Armenia is classified as "partly free" in the 2019 report (with data from 2018) by Freedom House, which gives it a score of 51 out of 100,[199] which is 6 points ahead of the previous estimate.[200]
Armenia recorded unprecedented progress in the 2019 World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, improving its position by 19 points and ranking 61st on the list. The publication also confirms the absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants.[201][202]
Armenia ranks 26th in the 2022 report of The Human Freedom Index published by the American CATO Institute and Canada's Fraser Institute.[203]
Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries in the 2017 Human Freedom Index published by the Cato Institute.[204][205]
These classifications may improve when data from 2018, including the period of the velvet revolution and thereafter, is analyzed.[citation needed]
In October 2023 Armenia ratified signing the Rome statute, whereby Armenia will become a full member of the International Criminal Court.[206]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Armenia
Armenia is divided into ten provinces (marzer, singular marz), with the city (kaghak) of Yerevan (Երևան) having special administrative status as the country's capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the marzpet (marz governor), appointed by the government of Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor, elected since 2009.
Within each province there are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007 , Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.[207] Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.
Province Capital Area (km2) Population † Aragatsotn Արագածոտն Ashtarak Աշտարակ 2,756 132,925 Ararat Արարատ Artashat Արտաշատ 2,090 260,367 Armavir Արմավիր Armavir Արմավիր 1,242 265,770 Gegharkunik Գեղարքունիք Gavar Գավառ 5,349 235,075 Kotayk Կոտայք Hrazdan Հրազդան 2,086 254,397 Lori Լոռի Vanadzor Վանաձոր 3,799 235,537 Shirak Շիրակ Gyumri Գյումրի 2,680 251,941 Syunik Սյունիք Kapan Կապան 4,506 141,771 Tavush Տավուշ Ijevan Իջևան 2,704 128,609 Vayots Dzor Վայոց Ձոր Yeghegnadzor Եղեգնաձոր 2,308 52,324 Yerevan Երևան – – 223 1,060,138
† 2011 census
Sources: Area and population of provinces.[208]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Armenia
The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad.[209] Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.[72]
Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment.[210] This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.[211]
Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, and petroleum exist but have not yet been developed.
Access to biocapacity in Armenia is lower than world average. In 2016, Armenia had 0.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[213] In 2016 Armenia used 1.9 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use double as much biocapacity as Armenia contains. As a result, Armenia is running a biocapacity deficit.
Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. Shutdown of the nuclear power plant in 1989 lead to the Armenian energy crisis of 1990s. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth after the power plant was reopened in 1995.[210] The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.
Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 ceasefire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology and tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.[214]
This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.
A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatization was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatization. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015,[215] still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.
In 2017, the economy grew by 7.5% due to rising copper prices.[164]
In 2022, Armenia's GDP stood at $39.4 billion, and enjoyed an economic freedom index of 65.3, according to Heritage Organisation.[216]
The Armenian economy is predicted to grow by 13% in 2022 due to a huge influx of Russian citizens.[217] The IMF's preliminary forecast as of March 2022 predicted growth of 1.5% for the year.[218]
Science and technology
Research spending is low in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP over 2010–2013. However, the statistical record of research expenditure is incomplete, as expenditure by privately owned business enterprises is not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic expenditure on research was 1.7% of GDP in 2013.[219]
The country's Strategy for the Development of Science 2011–2020 envisions that 'by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based economy and is competitive within the European Research Area with its level of basic and applied research.' It fixes the following targets:[219]
Creation of a system capable of sustaining the development of science and technology;
Development of scientific potential, modernization of scientific infrastructure;
Promotion of basic and applied research;
Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and
Becoming a prime location for scientific specialization in the European Research Area.
Based on this strategy, the accompanying Action Plan was approved by the government in June 2011. It defines the following targets:[219]
Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development;
Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure;
Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and
Enhance international co-operation in research and development.
Although the Strategy clearly pursues a 'science push' approach, with public research institutes serving as the key policy target, it nevertheless mentions the goal of establishing an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. In between publishing the Strategy and Action Plan, the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014. These priorities are:[219]
Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences;
Life sciences;
Renewable energy, new energy sources;
Advanced technologies, information technologies;
Space, Earth sciences, sustainable use of natural resources; and
Basic research promoting essential applied research.
The Law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. It allows the National Academy of Sciences to extend its business activities to the commercialization of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for restructuring the National Academy of Sciences by combining institutes involved in closely related research areas into a single body. Three of these new centres are particularly relevant: the Centre for Biotechnology, the Centre for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Centre for Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.[219]
The government is focusing its support on selected industrial sectors. More than 20 projects have been cofunded by the State Committee of Science in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, medicine and biotechnology, agricultural mechanization and machine building, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, the sphere of information technology.[219]
Over the past decade, the government has made an effort to encourage science–industry linkages. The Armenian information technology sector has been particularly active: a number of public–private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, in order to give students marketable skills and generate innovative ideas at the interface of science and business. Examples are Synopsys Inc. and the Enterprise Incubator Foundation.[219] Armenia was ranked 72nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 64th in 2019.[220][221][222]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Armenia and Armenians
Armenia has a population of 2,932,731 as of 2022[223] and is the third most densely populated of the former Soviet republics.[224] There has been a problem of population decline due to elevated levels of emigration after the break-up of the USSR.[225] In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012.[226]
Armenia has a relatively large external diaspora (8 million by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 million population of Armenia itself), with communities existing across the globe. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around Istanbul).[227]
About 1,000 Armenians reside in the Armenian Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem, a remnant of a once-larger community.[228] Italy is home to the San Lazzaro degli Armeni, an island located in the Venetian Lagoon, which is completely occupied by a monastery run by the Mechitarists, an Armenian Catholic congregation.[229] Approximately 139,000 Armenians lived in the de facto independent country Republic of Artsakh where they formed a majority before 1 October 2023, when almost the entire population of the region had fled to Armenia.[230][231]
Cities
See also: Municipalities of Armenia
Ethnic groups
See also: Ethnic minorities in Armenia
Ethnic Armenians make up 98.1% of the population. Yazidis make up 1.1%, and Russians 0.5%. Other minorities include Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks (usually called Caucasus Greeks), Kurds, Georgians, Belarusians, and Jews. There are also smaller communities of Vlachs, Mordvins, Ossetians, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Poles and Caucasus Germans also exist though they are heavily Russified.[243] As of 2022, there are 31,077 Yazidis in Armenia.[244]
During the Soviet era, Azerbaijanis were historically the second largest population in the country, numbering 76,550 in 1922,[245] and forming about 2.5% in 1989.[246] However, due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, virtually all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character.
According to Gallup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has one of the highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rates in eastern Europe.[247]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Armenia
Armenians have their own distinct alphabet and language,[248] which is the only official language. The alphabet was invented c. AD 405 by Mesrop Mashtots and consists of thirty-nine letters, three of which were added during the Cilician period.[249] The main foreign languages that Armenians know are Russian and English. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%).[250]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Armenia
Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301.[251][252][253]
The predominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60.
Over 93% of Christians in Armenia belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church,[254][255] which is in communion only with the churches comprising Oriental Orthodoxy—of which it is itself a member.
The Catholic Church maintains jurisdictions of both the Latin Church and Armenian Catholic Church in Armenia. Of note are the Mechitarists (also spelled "Mekhitarists" Armenian: Մխիթարեան), a congregation of Benedictine monks in the Armenian Catholic Church, founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Sebaste. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts.
The Armenian Evangelical Church has several thousand members throughout the country.
Other Christian denominations in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of Protestant community such as the Word of Life, the Armenian Brotherhood Church,[256] the Baptists (which are known as one of the oldest existing denominations in Armenia, and were permitted by the authorities of the Soviet Union),[257][258] and Presbyterians.[259]
Armenia is also home to a Russian community of Molokans which practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originated from the Russian Orthodox Church.[260]
The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism.[261] The world's largest Yazidi temple, Quba Mêrê Dîwanê, was completed in 2019[262] in the village of Aknalich.[244]
There is a Jewish community in Armenia of approximately 750 people since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – one in the capital, Yerevan, and the other in the city of Sevan located near Lake Sevan.
Health care
Main article: Health in Armenia
Healthcare in Armenia has undergone significant changes since independence in 1991. Initially, the Soviet healthcare system was highly centralized and provided free medical assistance to all citizens. After independence, the healthcare system underwent reform and primary care services have been free of charge since 2006. Despite improvements in accessibility and the implementation of an Open Enrollment program, out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high and corruption among healthcare professionals remains a concern.[263] In 2019, healthcare became free for all citizens under the age of 18 and the number of people receiving free or subsidized care under the Basic Benefits Package was increased.[264][265]
After a significant decline in earlier decades, crude[f] birth rates in Armenia slightly increased from 13.0 (per 1000 people) in the year 1998 to 14.2 in 2015;[266] this timeframe also showed a similar trajectory in the crude death rate, which grew from 8.6 to 9.3.[267] Life expectancy at birth at 74.8 years was the 4th-highest among the Post-Soviet states in 2014.[268]
Education
In medieval times, the University of Gladzor and University of Tatev took an important role for Armenian education.[citation needed]
A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960.[269] In the communist era, Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from Moscow) of curricula and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy.[269]
In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average.[269] In 1989, some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education.[269] In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students.[269] Another seventy specialised secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities.[269] In addition, 35% of eligible children attended preschools.[269] In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, Yerevan State University, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law.[269] Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students.[269] The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933.[269]
In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system.[269] Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise Armenian history and culture.[269] Armenian became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991.[269] Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language.[269]
In 2014, the National Program for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational program (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.[270][271]
The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector. Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory.[269] Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area. The Armenian National Academy of Sciences plays an important role in postgraduate education.
Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years). Schools engage a 10-grade mark system. The government also supports Armenian schools outside of Armenia.
Gross enrollment in tertiary education at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.[272] However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).[273]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Armenia
Architecture
Main article: Armenian architecture
Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind. Armenian buildings tend to be rather low-slung and thick-walled in design. Armenia has abundant resources of stone, and relatively few forests, so stone was nearly always used throughout for large buildings. Small buildings and most residential buildings were normally constructed of lighter materials, and hardly any early examples survive, as at the abandoned medieval capital of Ani.[274]
Music and dance
Main article: Music of Armenia
Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan's well-known duduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christian music.
Instruments like the duduk, dhol, zurna, and kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, the Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.
The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated.
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.
Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.
Art
Main article: Armenian art
Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage.
Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends. Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeological sites to explore. Medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings.
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children's Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.
On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow freedom of panorama for 3D works of art.[275]
Media
Main article: Media of Armenia
Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders, between Georgia and Poland.[276] Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.[277]
As of 2020, the biggest issue facing press freedom in Armenia is judicial harassment of journalists, specifically defamation suits and attacks on journalists' right to protect sources,[278] as well as excessive responses to combat disinformation spread by social media users. Reporters Without Borders also cites continued concerns about lack of transparency regarding ownership of media outlets.[276]
Cinema
Main article: Cinema of Armenia
Cinema in Armenia was born on 16 April 1923, when the Armenian State Committee of Cinema was established by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government.
However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in Cairo by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on 13 March 1913.[279]
In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio; Armenfilm (Armenian: Հայֆիլմ "Hayfilm", Russian: Арменкино "Armenkino") was established in Yerevan, starting with a documentary film called Soviet Armenia.
Namus was the first Armenian silent black-and-white film, directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1925, based on a play of Alexander Shirvanzade, describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of namus (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father to another person. The first sound film, Pepo was shot in 1935 and directed by Hamo Beknazarian.
Cuisine
Main article: Armenian cuisine
Armenian cuisine is closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine; various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.
The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. The apricot is the national fruit.
Sport
Main articles: Sport in Armenia and Chess in Armenia
A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.
Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:
"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."[280]
Armenia first participated at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes. Since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Armenia has participated as an independent nation.
Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating.
Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter-final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Youri Djorkaeff, Alain Boghossian, Andranik Eskandarian, Andranik Teymourian, Edgar Manucharyan, Khoren Oganesian and Nikita Simonyan. Djokaeff and Boghossian won the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France, Teymourian competed in the 2006 World Cup for Iran and Manucharyan played in the Dutch Eredivisie for Ajax. Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as Borussia Dortmund, Manchester United, Arsenal, A.S. Roma and currently for Inter Milan.[281]
Wrestling has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Armen Nazaryan won the gold in the Men's Greco-Roman Flyweight (52 kg) category and Armen Mkrtchyan won the silver in Men's Freestyle Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history.
Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of Sambo, which is also very popular.[282]
The government of Armenia budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programs should benefit from the funds.[280]
Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.[280]
Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the World Champion in 2011 and the World Chess Olympiad on three occasions.[283]
See also
Asia portal
Europe portal
Armenians
History of Armenia
Index of Armenia-related articles
List of people on coins of Armenia
Outline of Armenia
Explanatory notes
Source attribution
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, 324–26, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.
Citations
Sources
Canard, Marius & Cahen, Claude (1960). "Armīniya". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 634–640. OCLC 495469456. | ||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 97 | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Nakhichevan | en | New World Encyclopedia | [
"https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/images/nwe_header.jpg",
"https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/d/images/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png",
"https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/d/images/thumb/0/03/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.png/85px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.png",
"https://www.neww... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/favicon.ico | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Nakhichevan | The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan bordering Armenia, Turkey, and Iran.
Armenian tradition holds that Nakhichevan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions. The oldest culture artifacts found in the region date back to the Neolithic Age (6000 B.C.E. to 4000 B.C.E.).
This small territory with a population of less than half a million has seen a succession of rulers including Mannae, Achaemenid Persians, Macedonians, Armenians, Sassanid Persians, the Eastern Roman Empire, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Safavid Persians, Russians and the Soviet Union.
Widespread population resettlements under the Russian Empire, and a changing population mixture of Turkic Muslim Azeris and Christian Armenians over the past 180 years created a toxic ethnic brew that has exploded into violence on a number of occasions.
Geography
Variations of the name include "Nachidsheuan," "Nakhijevan," "Nakhchawan," "Nakhjavan" and "Nakhdjevan," reflecting past rule by numerous powers. According to the nineteenth-century language scholar, Heinrich Hubschmann, the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent," a reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. Hubschmann notes that it was not known by that name in antiquity, and says that the present-day name evolved to "Nakhichevan" from "Naxcavan." The prefix "Naxc" was a name and "avan" is Armenian for "town." According to other versions, the name Nakhchivan derived from the Persian Nagsh-e-Jahan ("image of the world"), a reference to the beauty of the area. Medieval Arab chronicles referred to the area as "Nashava."
With an area 2124 square miles (5500 square kilometers), or less than one half of the size of the state of Connecticut in the United States, Nakhichevan is an atmospheric, semi-desert region that is separated from the main portion of Azerbaijan by Armenia. Nearly 75 percent of the territory has an elevation of 3280 feet (1000 meters). The Zangezur Mountains make up its border with Armenia while the Aras River defines its border with Iran. It is extremely arid and mountainous. Nakhichevan's highest peak is Mount Kapydzhik at 12,808 feet (3904 meters) and its most distinctive peak is Ilandag (Snake Mountain) at 7923 feet (2415 meters) which is visible from Nakhichevan City. According to legend, the cleft in its summit was formed by the keel of Noah's Ark as the floodwaters abated. The region has impressive volcanic domes.
The climate is dry, continental, becoming semi-desertic in parts. Winter temperatures average 20°F to 24°F (-7°C to -4°C), while summer temperatures range from 75°F to 84°F (24°C to 29°C). Precipitation is low, even in mountain areas. The scarcity of rain on the plain, which is less than 20 inches (500mm) annually, produces a steppe type of vegetation.
The only area of forest is located near Bichanak. The flora consists of mountainous steppe, with dwarf oak and Iberian maple in the upper valleys. Sparse vegetation and intense bursts of rain often causes floods. The region regularly has strong earthquakes; that of 1931 having been particularly severe.
Nakhichevan city, the capital, was an ancient trading center believed to be founded in the sixteenth century B.C.E. Legend holds that the city was founded by Biblical Noah. Nakhchivan city was home to over 60,000 inhabitants in 2007, when it had some industry, centered around glass, furniture, textiles and carpets, aluminum, tobacco and grape processing. Julfa, the administrative capital of the Julfa rayon, became extremely prosperous from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century because of the role its Armenian merchants played in international trade. The other chief city is Ordubad.
History
The oldest material culture artifacts found in the region date back to the Neolithic Age (6000 B.C.E. to 4000 B.C.E.). The region was part of the Mannaean civilization, an ancient people of unknown origin, who lived in the territory of present-day Iran, around the tenth to seventh centuries B.C.E. It became part of Urartu, an ancient kingdom of Armenia that existed from around 860 B.C.E. until 585 B.C.E. The name corresponds to the Biblical Mount Ararat. Then it was under the Medes, an ancient Iranian people. It became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under Achaemenid Persia circa 521 B.C.E. After Alexander the Great's death (323 B.C.E.) various Macedonian generals tried to take control of the region but failed. A native dynasty of Orontids flourished until Armenia was conquered by Seleucid Antiochus III the Great, (who ruled from 223 B.C.E. to 187 B.C.E.). The Seleucid Empire was the Hellenistic successor of Alexander the Great's dominion.
Armenian kingdom
In 189 B.C.E., Nakhichevan was part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by Artaxias I. Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhichevan was part of the Ayrarat, Vaspurakan and Syunik provinces. The area's status as a trade center allowed it to prosper, though because of this, it was coveted by many foreign powers. According to fourth century historian Faustus of Byzantium, when the Sassanid Persians invaded Armenia, Sassanid King Shapur II (310-380) removed 2,000 Armenian and 16,000 Jewish families in 360-370. In 428, the Armenian Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhichevan was annexed by Sassanid Persia. In 623, possession of the region passed to the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire.
Arabs invade
Beginning in 651, Arabs organized periodic marauding raids deep into the region, crushing all resistance and attacking Armenian nobles who remained in contact with the Byzantines or who refused to pay tribute. In 705, Armenian nobles and their families were locked into a church at Nakhichevan and by order of the governor, the church was burned with them inside. Central Asia came under Arab control by the early eighth century and was incorporated into Islamic Caliphate divided between provinces of Mawara'un Nahr and Khorasan. The Arab conquest brought Islam to the region. Eventually, Nakhichevan became part of the autonomous Principality of Armenia under Arab control. In the eighth century, Nakhichevan was one of the scenes of an uprising against the Arabs led by freedom fighter Babak Khorramdin. Nakhichevan was finally liberated from Arab rule in the tenth century by Bagratid King Smbat I and handed over to the princes of Syunik.
Seljuk Turk conquest
In the eleventh century, the conquering Seljuk Turks became the dominant force in Azerbaijan and laid the ethnic foundation of contemporary Azerbaijanis. In twelfth century, the city of Nakhichevan became the capital of the state of Atabegs of Azerbaijan, also known as Ildegizid state, which included most of Iranian Azerbaijan and a significant part of South Caucasus. The Armeno-Georgian princely house of Zacharids frequently raided the region when the Atabeg state was in decline in the early years of the thirteenth century. It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and became part of Mongol Empire in 1236, when the Caucasus was invaded by Chormaqan. The fourteenth century saw the rise of the Armenian Catholic Church in Nakhichevan, though by the fifteenth century the territory became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu.
Persian forced evacuation
In the sixteenth century, control of Nakhichevan passed to the Persian Safavid dynasty. In 1604, Shah Abbas I Safavi, concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, instituted a scorched earth policy. He forced the entire local population, Armenians, Jews and Muslims alike, to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of Aras. Many of the deportees were settled in a neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa, since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a predominantly Armenian town which was looted and burned). The Turkic Kangerli tribe was later permitted to move back under Shah Abbas II (1642-1666) in order to repopulate the frontier region of his realm. In the seventeenth century, Nakhichevan was the scene of a peasant movement led by Köroğlu against foreign invaders and "native exploiters." In 1747, the Nakhichevan khanate emerged in the region after the death of Nadir Shah Afshar.
The Nakhichevan khanate
The Nakhichevan khanate, a feudal state that existed in the territory of the present-day Nakhichevan, emerged after the death of Persian ruler Nadir Shah Afshar. The khanate was ruled by local Azeri-Turkic Kangarli dynasty and the population of the khanate was mostly Muslim (Azeri-Turkic and Kurdish). It was founded in 1747 by Haydar Quli Khan, who declared himself the ruler of Nakhichevan. During the rule of Panah khan of Karabakh khanate Nakhchivan was the dependency of Karabakh.
Russian conquest
After the last Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the Treaty of Turkmanchai, the Nakhichevan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. The Tsarist authorities encouraged resettlement of Armenians to Nakhichevan and other areas of the Caucasus from the Persian and Ottoman Empires. In 1828, only 17 percent of Nakhichevan residents were Armenian Christians, while the remaining 83 percent were Muslims. After resettlement, the number of Armenians had increased to 45 percent while Muslims remained the majority at 55 percent. According to Russian envoy to Persia Alexandr Griboyedov, the number of Armenian population resettled to Nakhichevan in 1828 exceeded all reasonable limits, and this resulted in tensions between the newcomers and local, mainly Muslim, population.
The Nakhichevan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhichevan uyezd of the new Armenian oblast, which later became the Erivan Governorate in 1849. It roughly corresponded to what is now most of central Armenia, the Iğdır Province of Turkey, and Nakhichevan exclave. By 1897, there were 829,556 inhabitants. By the turn of the twentieth century in the Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd, the territory of which would form part of modern-day Nakhichevan, Azeris constituted 70.5 percent of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5 percent.
Armenian-Tatar massacres
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Azeris, culminating in the Armenian-Tatar massacres (1905 to 1907). This was the bloody inter-ethnic confrontation between the Azeris (which were then referred to as Azerbaijani or Caucasian Tatars in Russia) and Armenians throughout the Caucasus, then part of Imperial Russia. The events were caused by a lasting hostility between Muslim Tatars on one side and Christian Armenians on the other. They were allegedly incited by the Russian government in order to reinforce its own authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905. The massacres claimed hundreds of lives.
Bolshevik revolution
After the February Revolution in Russia, in 1917, the region was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government, then the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved, in May 1918, Nakhichevan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation, then occupation by the British.
The Aras War
The British proposed a border settlement unacceptable to both Armenians and Azeris. In December 1918, Jafar Kuli Khan Nakhichevanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhichevan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by the British. The Armenian government sent its troops into the region to take control of it. Conflict erupted, known as the Aras War. By June 1919, Armenia gained control over Nakhichevan. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, Armenian troops were forced to leave Nakhichevan City. Violence erupted between Armenians and Azeris, leaving 10,000 Armenians dead and 45 Armenian villages destroyed. Meanwhile, the British withdrew. Fighting continued between Armenians and Azeris. In March 1920, Armenian forces attacked the disputed territories and by the end of the month, both the Nakhichevan and Zangezur regions came under Armenian control.
Soviet rule
In July 1920, the Eleventh Soviet Red Army invaded, and on July 28 declared the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR. In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks, in order to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhichevan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. Vladimir Lenin did not agree and called for the people of Nakhichevan to be consulted in a referendum, held in early 1921. In that referendum, 90 percent of Nakhichevan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR as an autonomous republic. The decision to make Nakhichevan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan was cemented March 16, 1921 in the Treaty of Moscow between the Soviet Union and the newly founded Republic of Turkey. This agreement also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhichevan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on October 23, in the Treaty of Kars. So, on February 9, 1924, the Soviet Union officially established the Nakhichevan ASSR. Its constitution was adopted on April 18, 1926.
Under Soviet rule, Nakhichevan became important for mining salt, and as junctions on the Moscow-Tehran, and Baku-Yerevan railway lines. It was strategically important during the Cold War, sharing borders with both Turkey (a NATO member) and Iran (a close ally of the west until the 1979 Iranian Revolution). Education and public health began to improve. As part of the Soviet Union, Nakhichevan ethnic tensions lessened.
The ethnic mix between Armenians and Azeris changed dramatically, as Nakhichevan's Armenian population gradually emigrated to the Armenian SSR. In 1926, 15 percent of region's population was Armenian, but by 1979 this number had shrunk to 1.4 percent. The Azeri population, meanwhile increased substantially with both a higher birth rate and immigration rising from 85 percent in 1926 to 96 percent by 1979.
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of the area. In the summer of 1989, the Azerbaijan SSR instigated a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, as a response to attacks by Armenian forces on trains entering from Azerbaijan. This effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85 percent of goods arrived by rail. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhichevan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union. Further unrest appeared in Nakhichevan in December 1989 as its Azeri inhabitants moved to dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area. The Soviet leadership accused the Azeris of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism."
Independence
On January 20, 1990, the Soviet army cracked down on an Azeri pro-independence protest in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, an event referred to as Black January. Heydar Aliyev, who was later to become president of Azerbaijan, returned to Nakhichevan, his birthplace, in 1990. He had been ousted from his position in the Politburo by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. Soon elected to the Supreme Soviet, Aliyev resigned from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and after the failed August 1991 coup against Gorbachev, he called for independence for Azerbaijan. He denounced Ayaz Mütallibov, the first post-Soviet President of Azerbaijan, for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of the Nakhichevan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nachichevan's near-total independence from Baku.
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Nakhichevan became a scene of conflict during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. On May 4, 1992, Armenian forces shelled the area's Sadarak rayon. The heaviest fighting took place on May 18, when the Armenians captured Nakhichevan's exclave of Karki, a tiny territory through which Armenia's main North-South highway passes. Heydar Aliyev declared a unilateral ceasefire on May 23 and sought to conclude a separate peace with Armenia. A cease-fire was agreed upon.
Despite a cease-fire in place since 1994, Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over the predominantly ethnic Armenian territory. Since the end of the war, Azerbaijan lost control of about 16 percent of its territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. The conflict brought economic hardships and refugee problems for both countries.
Government and politics
Nakhichevan, as an “exclave” of Azerbaijan, is geographically separated from the main territory by surrounding alien territory. Nakhichevan retains its autonomy as the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic and is internationally recognized as a constituent part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected parliament. A new constitution for Nakhichevan was approved in a referendum on November 12, 1995, adopted by the republic's assembly on April 28, 1998, and has been in force since January 8, 1999.
Nakhichevan has its own parliament, known as the Supreme Assembly, a cabinet of ministers, and a supreme court. The President of the Azerbaijan Republic appoints the chairman of the Supreme Assembly, the top official of Nakhichevan, upon the recommendation of the Supreme Assembly.
Vasif Talibov, who is related by marriage to Azerbaijan's ruling family, the Aliyevs, served as the chairman of the republic in 2007. He was known for his authoritarian and allegedly corrupt rule. Economic hardships and energy shortages result from Armenia's continued blockade of the region in response to the Azeri and Turkish blockade of Armenia.
Nakhichevan is subdivided into eight administrative divisions. Seven of these are rayons. Its capital, the city (şəhər) of Nakhichevan City is treated separately. The rayons are: Babek, 1; Julfa, 2; Kangarli, 3; Nakhichevan City, 4; Ordubad, 5; Sadarak, 6; Shakhbuz, 7; and Sharur, 8.
International issues
Armenia has accused the government of Azerbaijan of destroying historic Armenian headstones (khachkars) at a medieval cemetery in Julfa. Azerbaijan denies these accusations, asserting that the Armenian side started a propaganda campaign against Azerbaijan to divert attention from the destruction of Azerbaijani monuments in Armenia. The Institute for War and Peace Reporting, meanwhile, reported on April 19, 2006, that "there is nothing left of the celebrated stone crosses of Jugha.” The European Parliament has formally called on Azerbaijan to stop the demolition as a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. In 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site.
Meanwhile, Nakhichevan's parliament issued a non-binding declaration in the late 1990s recognizing the sovereignty of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and called upon Azerbaijan to do so. While sympathetic to the TRNC, Azerbaijan has not followed suit because doing so would prompt Greek Cypriot recognition of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.
Economy
Agriculture is the main activity, and major products include cotton and textiles, grapes, meat, silk, tobacco, and wheat. Although dry, irrigation, developed during the Soviet years has allowed the region to expand into the growing of wheat (mostly grown on the plains of the Aras River), barley, cotton, tobacco, orchard fruits, mulberries, and grapes for producing wine.
Nakhichevan's industries include the mining of salt, molybdenum, and lead. Other industries include cotton ginning/cleaning, silk spinning, fruit canning, meat packing, and, in the more arid regions, sheep farming. Nakhichevan offers basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.
Nakhchivan city has some industry, centered around glass, furniture, textiles and carpets, aluminum, tobacco and grape processing. The government was looking, in 2007, for investment to develop tourism and oil production. The city has a university and a significant scientific and artistic community, and attracts numerous business visitors from Iran, Turkey and Russia. The city is served by an airport and theoretically has good road and rail links, although the the Nagorno-Karabakh war has made access more difficult.
As an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan, Nakhichevan’s GDP, poverty, unemployment and trade statistics are part of Azerbaijan’s statistics. The territory shares all the problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy. Other problems result from the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, and pervasive corruption.
Demographics
Most of the population are Azerbaijanis, who constitute around 99% of the population. Ethnic Russians and a minority of Kurds constitute the remainder. The remaining Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.
Religion in Nakhichevan is assumed to resemble Azerbaijan which, as a secular country, constitutionally guarantees religious freedom. Azerbaijan is 93.4 percent Muslim and most Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shia Muslim. They represent about 60 percent of the Muslim population. Zoroastrianism, which goes back to the first millennium B.C.E., and for at least 1,000 years remained the predominant religion in Azerbaijan, remains highly respected there, and Novruz, the Persian new year, continues to be the main holiday.
The Azerbaijani language is a member of the Oghuz subdivision of the Turkic language family. Its closest relatives are Turkish and Turkmen. As a result of the language policy of the Soviet Union, Russian is commonly spoken as a second language among the urbane.
In Azerbaijani society, men are the breadwinners, although there are no restrictions on women's participation in work and in public life. Women are most respected for their role as mothers, and women in rural areas usually control domestic and ritual life. Marriages are increasingly arranged according the partners' wishes. Economic security is a concern for women. As well as a civil marriage ceremony, some couples marry according to Islamic law. The domestic unit is either a nuclear family, or two generations in one household, tending to include the husband's parents.
The education system reflects its Soviet past, higher education is valued, and literacy levels are high—98.8 percent aged 15 and over can read and write. Under Soviet rule, the urban merchant class and industrial bourgeoisie lost their wealth. An urban-rural divide is the most significant social stratification, although educational opportunities and principles of equality of the Soviet period altered this.
Culture
Seventy years of Soviet rule left many examples of the plain and anonymous Soviet style of building. Numerous examples of earlier building styles remain. Nakhichevan city features the heavily restored twelfth century Momine Khatun Mausoleum. This 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script, and uses turquoise glazed bricks. Nearby statue of its architect - Ajami Nakhchivani - and a bust of Heydar Aliyev. Also from the twelfth century and by the same architect, is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb, known as “Atababa,” half-abandoned near the main cemetery. More recent (1993) is the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid, the Azeri writer who died in the Gulag under Stalin.
Flat white bread is baked in rural areas. Kufte bozbash (meat and potatoes in a thin sauce) is popular, as is filled pepper and grape leaves and soups. Pulov (steamed rice) with apricots and raisins, a dish at celebrations, is eaten with meat, fried chestnuts, and onions. During the Novruz holiday, wheat is fried with raisins and nuts (gavurga). Baklava, a diamond-shaped thinly layered pastry filled with nuts and sugar, and shakarbura, a pie of thin dough filled with nuts and sugar, feature at celebrations.
Nakhichevan has been mentioned in works of literature. Writers and poets include: M. S. Gulubekov and Mammed Said Ordubadi, both writers; Huseyn Javid, poet; Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, writer and satirist; as well as Ekmouladdin Nakhichevani, Hindushah Nakhichevani, and Abdurrakhman en-Neshevi, all medieval literary figures.
The classical music of Azerbaijan is called mugam, and is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. The sung poetry sometimes includes tahrir segments, which use a form of throat singing similar to yodeling. The poetry is typically about divine love and is most often linked to Sufi Islam.
The stringed instruments tar (skin-faced lute), the kamancha (skin-faced spike fiddle), the oud, originally barbat, and the saz (long necked lute); the reeded wind instrument balaban,, the frame drum ghaval, the cylindrical double faced drum naghara, and the goshe nagara (a pair of small kettle drums). Other instruments include the garmon (small accordion), tutek (whistle flute), and dhol (drum). Ashiqs are travelling bards who sing and play the saz.
Dramatic performances staged by an amateur dance troupe were held in Nakhichiven in the late nineteenth century. The region has produced noteworthy Armenian artists including Soviet actress Hasmik Agopyan. In 1923, a musical sub-group was organized at the State Drama Theater (renamed the Dzh. Mamedkulizade Music and Drama Theater in 1962). The Aras Song and Dance Ensemble (established in 1959) is another famous group.
The creative work of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, M. S. Gulubekov, and G. Arablinski (the first Azerbaijani film director) have honorable mention in Nakhichevan's cultural heritage.
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Ambrosio, Thomas. 2004. Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics. Peace Research Abstracts. 41 (2). ISSN 0031-3599
Ayvazian, Argam. 1990. The historical monuments of Nakhichevan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814318967
Bremmer, Ian, and Ray Taras. 1997. New states, new politics: building the post-Soviet nations. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521571014
Croissant, Michael P. 1998. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict causes and implications. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 031304788X
De Waal, Thomas. 2003. Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0814719449
Hewsen, Robert H., and Christopher C. Salvatico. 2001. Armenia: a historical atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226332284
Kaufman, Stuart J. 2001. Modern hatreds: the symbolic politics of ethnic war. Cornell studies in security affairs. New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801438020
Kazemzadeh, Firuz. 1981. The struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917-1921. Westport, Conn: Hyperion Press. ISBN 0830500766
Potier, Tim. 2001. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: a legal appraisal. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9041114777
Whittow, Mark. 1996. The making of Byzantium, 600-1025. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520204964
All links retrieved November 10, 2022. | ||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 61 | https://agbu.org/massachusetts/first-armenian-american-communities-take-root-armenian-american-plymouth | en | THE FIRST ARMENIAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES TAKE ROOT: THE ARMENIAN AMERICAN PLYMOUTH | [
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/logo_agbu_org.png",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/styles/video_sm/public/2021-09/AGBUMag_2001_Mar_banner.jpg?itok=Oh1wZ_-z",
"https://agbu.org//themes/custom/agbu/images/227.png",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/styles/spot_short/public/2022-04/Support-AGBU-... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | by Hrag Vartanian The true Armenian community began to form in Worcester in 1867 shortly after the settlement of Garo from Bitlis, a servant of missionary George C. Knapp. Oral history suggests that while working at the missionary's home, one of the servants, an Irish laundrywoman, convinced him that working in local factories could make him more than his scant monthly wage of 75 cents. Garo would soon join the ranks of the emerging working class at a remarkable $1.75 a day. Other Armenians flocked to the town with hopes of sharing in the American dream. | en | favicon.png | https://agbu.org/massachusetts/first-armenian-american-communities-take-root-armenian-american-plymouth | by Hrag Vartanian
The true Armenian community began to form in Worcester in 1867 shortly after the settlement of Garo from Bitlis, a servant of missionary George C. Knapp. Oral history suggests that while working at the missionary's home, one of the servants, an Irish laundrywoman, convinced him that working in local factories could make him more than his scant monthly wage of 75 cents. Garo would soon join the ranks of the emerging working class at a remarkable $1.75 a day. Other Armenians flocked to the town with hopes of sharing in the American dream.
The trickle of Armenians would fortify the fledgling communities and by 1882 the first Armenian woman had arrived in Worcester, Sara Yazijian (known as Sara Writer), who would later be referred to as "the mother of the Armenian immigrants." It wasn't until the 1890's when Ottoman massacres drove thousands of Armenian refugees to America that the foundations for a sustained Armenian community began. In the early years, Worcester predominantly enticed immigrants from Kharpert and in time would be known as "Little Kharpert."
The central Massachusetts city of 200,000 witnessed many firsts for Armenians in the New World. The first "Little Armenia" was formed in the otherwise Nordic immigrant enclave of Belmont and Laurel Hills. The first Armenian American compatriotic organization (The Illumination Education Union of Hassenig) and the first Armenian Church in America also emerged during the nineteenth century.
Worcester, like other New England industrial towns, attracted Armenians searching for well-paying factory jobs. Others became servants and it was reputed that the president of Vassar College employed only Armenians.
In his study of the Worcester community, local historian Hagop Deranian notes that early Armenian immigrants often viewed themselves as pilgrims rather than colonists as they arrived, like the Mayflower pilgrims in search of religious freedom and liberty of conscience. Many in the Yankee missionary establishment supported this perception and drew parallels between Armenia's Battle of Avarayr and America's Plymouth pilgrims as symbols of each nation's resiliency to fight for their freedom of conscience. Reverend Herbert M. Allen wrote in the Watertown Daily Spy of July 15, 1901, "We may draw a fit comparison between the Armenian General Vartan [Mamigonian], who led his people against the overwhelming forces of the Persians in defense of Christianity, between him and the one whom we revere as the hero of Valley Forge and Yorktown [George Washington]..."
The industrial town became a transfer point for many new Armenian immigrants before they moved on to other cities including Boston. It would be known as the "Mother Armenian Community of America," similar to the claims of American Yankees to the pilgrims of Plymouth.
Sarkis Mugar, father of entrepreneur Stephen Mugar, renowned photographer John H. Garo, sculptor Khoren Der Harootian, plastic surgery pioneer Dr. Varaztad H. Kazanjian and industrialist Moses Gulesian all settled in Worcester before moving on to Boston and other cities. The city was a mandatory stop for the parade of Armenian Who's Who arriving in America to tour the nation's Armenian communities, including poet Siamanto (Adom Yarjanian), political activist Garabed M. Tashjian, playwright Shirvanzade (Alexander Shirvanzade) and painter Hovhannes Aivazovsky, who donated a small painting to the local Church of Our Savior where it still hangs.
The Church of Our Savior, the first Armenian Apostolic church of the Americas, was established in 1891 in Worcester. Knowing their community needed outside support, the trustees devised an ingenuous way of soliciting donations from across America. They addressed letters to "Mr. John Armenian" in Detroit, Chicago and other cities hoping that the postal service would deliver them to the first Armenian they encountered. The clever stunt was successful in collecting donations from Armenians in twenty other cities and allowed the community of 600 to build its first communal symbol. Father Hovsep Sarajian would be the first Armenian Apostolic priest to arrive and worked diligently to better the standing of Armenians in the greater community.
The first Armenian Protestant church was consecrated in the following years. It may be no coincindence that Worcester native Rev. William Goodell initiated the first Protestant Yankee mission to the Armenians in the Ottoman empire 1831. In 1833, two young New England ministers, Eli Smith and Harrison Gary Otis Dwight, published their findings regarding the Armenian communities in the Ottoman, Persian and Russian empires. They reported that the Armenians they encountered near Kars had never even heard of America—that would quickly change.
While the missionary establishment did much to bring Armenians to Massachusetts it was rapid industrialization that guaranteed a continuing flow of settlers.
Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company was an important employer of Armenians and by 1889, 285 Armenians were gainfully employed at what was then considered the largest wire factory in the world.
Armenians were ideal workers for many factory owners, as they were uninterested or uneducated about labor unions. In fact, their initial appearance in many Massachusetts towns were as strikebreakers, as was the case in Middleboro, Salem and Lynn during the 1890's. While new immigrants arrived unaware of union politics, some in the Armenian community reacted to the eagerness of newcomers to scab by shunning them and refusing them admittance to various establishments.
Early settlers faced unfamiliar problems, such as industrial accidents and job buying. Many paid exorbitant bribes to acquire lucrative factory jobs. In 1889, a newspaper reported allegations of bribery in a local factory and soon a foreman and his assistant were dismissed for taking bribes from Armenian workmen.
Others complained of being beaten by co-workers who took offense to their willingness to work for little pay. In 1891, some would organize the Armeno-American Ameliorating and Protective League to address their concerns, perhaps encouraged by a court case which five years earlier awarded an Armenian a $10 settlement for being insulted with the phrase, "God-damn Turk." But their resilience was strong and one early Armenian settler remembers, "...I'd eat five kuftehs (Armenian meat balls), a big bowl of madzoon (yogurt), take a picket off my fence and knock down three men...to get to my job at the mill."
By 1910, many had moved beyond traditional factory jobs to professional trades or opened independent businesses. The famous Velvet Ice Cream company developed by the Kalashian brothers (Sam, Giragos and Sarkis) became a highly visible symbol of new Armenian American enterprises. The Kalenian family developed Armeno Cereal Company into the first national manufacturer of "bulghur" (cracked wheat) and provided their compatriots with an indispensable component of Armenian cuisine.
By the end of the century, Worcester also fostered one of the earliest flowerings of an Armenian American press as both Yeprad (Euphrates) and Tsain Hayrenyatz (Voice of the Fatherland) were being published. Curiously, the latter had transferred its headquarters from New York, "because New York was far from the Armenian communities."
Worcester continued to play a national role until the 1920's when Boston, and particularly Watertown, became the focus of future immigration.
Reverend Dajad A. Davidian, born in Worcester, recalls growing up in the tightly knit community, "Whoever wasn't Armenian was considered American. Worcester was highly ethnicized like Watertown or for that matter all of Massachusetts."
But Rev. Davidian, pastor of St. James Armenian Church in Watertown since 1969 and now retired, also remembers some of the difficulties he faced, "Growing up there was a time when I was not very proud of being Armenian. Living in an Irish neighborhood I had racial slurs thrown at me and occasionally found myself in fights. Only at the age of 16 did I start to hang out with Armenians. Because of my conditioning that whatever was not Armenian was considered American I became pro-Armenian to the point of becoming anti-American and this was during the McCarthy era."
He adds that the rich mix of cultures was a strong asset of growing up in Worcester and even remembers the comical names each ethnic group had for others, "The Armenian kids would call Irish kids 'tevek' [Turkish for green leaf, an allusion to the shamrock], the Italians were 'khmor oodogh' [dough-eaters] and Armenians were called 'Armos'. I even remember as a child 'Babahoney' was used to describe us, a distortion of 'Babad hai ee?' [Your father's Armenian?]."
Soon the Worcester Armenian community would shrink as the town's economic fortunes waned and people moved to Boston or other cities.
Rev. Fr. Davidian says his own move to Watertown was a natural progression, "Watertown was the larger community [during the twentieth century] and I felt like I fulfilled my life's dream when I became the pastor of St. James."
Now a long-time resident of the town, Fr. Davidian describes some of the town's Armenian character, "Drive around east Watertown and you'll discover there are many two-family houses where Armenians lived--upstairs and downstairs. It was closer to the factories and the men and the women who worked there could walk. The neighborhood has retained the middle-class character it always had. The trolleycars also traveled up Belmont and Mt. Auburn Avenues which made it convenient." The town still has numerous Armenian businesses, institutions and place names, including Artsakh and Kondazian Streets.
He adds, "Watertown and Worcester are only 36 miles apart and everybody had relatives in both communities." Only in the 1920's did Greater Boston become the unchallenged center of Armenian life.
BOSTON AND WATERTOWN:
Building the institutions for a future community
While Garo is credited with being the first Armenian of the Worcester colony in 1867, during the same year Jacob Arakelyan settled in Boston and established what became the largest printing house in New England. But before Arakelyan another pioneer Armenian, Joseph Iasigi from Smyrna, settled in Boston as early as 1835. Iasigi, the Ottoman Consul in Boston, established India Wharf in partnership with an American as an import-export business. Iasigi's lasting legacies include statues of Columbus and Aristides he gifted in 1850 to Louisburg Square Park in historic Beacon Hill and the historic Holy Family stain glass windows at Boston's Catholic Cathedral later gifted in his memory by his son.
Other notable Boston Armenians of the nineteenth century included entrepreneurs Hagop Bogigian, best remembered as the "first Armenian American millionaire," and Moses H. Gulesian.
Bogigian opened the city's premiere oriental carpet store on Harvard Square in the late 1870's. As luck would have it American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow would be his first client. Their eventual friendship helped the merchant court his clients among the city's elite. In 1882, when Bogigian moved to the fashionable Beacon Street, Longfellow used the store as a rendezvous point with friends who would arrive to have discussions before proceeding to the Atheneum literary club further down the street.
A native of Marash, Moses H. Gulesian would became a shining symbol of New World success. After arriving penniless in New York harbor in 1883, he moved to Worcester and eventually settled in Boston where he opened a successful copperworks factory.
In 1900, he was commissioned by the state to replace the wooden lion and unicorn symbols of the Old State House with copper ones--the originals incidentally were installed later on his home in Chestnut Hill.
Today Gulesian is best remembered for his efforts to save the U.S.S. Constitution, commonly known as "Old Ironsides," the oldest commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy and the champion of the War of 1812. In 1905, Gulesian, overtaken by a strong sense of patriotism, sent the following telegram to Naval Secretary J. Bonaparte, "Will give ten thousand dollars for the Constitution, Old Ironsides. Will you sell?"
The offer made national headlines and one reporter suggested that the ship might worry the "Sultan" of Turkey if it was sold to an Armenian. "It would be a good joke if they could be led to believe that the old frigate might steal out of Boston some night and sail for the Mediterranean to bombard some of the unprotected ports of Turkey," Gulesian replied.
Gulesian's efforts rallied public support and saved the ship. For his role, Gulesian was elected President of the Old Ironsides Association and later he would be given the distinction of becoming the first foreign-born member of the Sons of the American Revolution.
Boston's first Armenian enclave formed in the South Cove region of Boston, which by 1900 was also home to large concentrations of Syrians, Greeks, and Chinese and was commonly referred to as the "Orient of Boston." As their economic fortunes improved most moved to other areas. Those that lived on Harrison Avenue moved to Watertown, while those on the haughtier Shamut Avenue would move to the wealthier towns of Newton, Belmont and Arlington.
The Boston community fostered an indigenous Armenian culture that gave rise to theatre troupes such as the Dudley Street Opera House, and a plethora of newspapers, including The Armenian Mirror-Spectator and Hairenik—which was the first to publish the unknown William Saroyan.
Sporting events, charities and politics also became fixtures of Armenian immigrant life early on. In 1911 the Boston Chapter of the Kharpert Union Educational Association sponsored a Boxing and Athletic Night at the Knights of Honor Hall in Boston which prominently featured Armenian fighters alongside boxers of other nationalities. By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, all the major political parties had centers in Boston. The city would be home to many philanthropic organizations including AGBU's first American chapter in 1908. By 1911, AGBU Boston had developed an employment agency in the midst of one of the era's worst depressions.
As a testament to the growing Armenian presence in Boston, Otis Frothingham, a mayoral candidate of 1905, appealed to Armenian voters by purchasing a half page advertisement in Hairenik.
As early as 1895 some Armenians saw the need to train and prepare young Armenian men as military volunteers for Armenia. During the Ottoman massacres of 1894-96, the fledgling Armenian community could do little except watch the suffering of their compatriots on the other side of the world, but by the First World War there were efforts not only to collect funds but also to organize units to help fight the Ottomans.
By 1905, Armenian United Guard units were organized in Worcester and during the First World War many Armenians would join the Armenian Legion to fight the Turks in the Near East. Of the 1,200 Armenians that fought in the Legion, the majority hailed from Massachusetts. Greater numbers would volunteer during the First World War with the American military and in the famed YD (Yankee Division) of Massachusetts Armenians were particularly numerous.
In the war years, the community's center of gravity would shift to Watertown, a town adjacent to the city of Boston and the eventual heartland of the region's Armenians.
After the Second World War, Greater Boston played a crucial role in establishing institutions that would reflect the emerging diversity of the Armenian American community. Most prominent among them is the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) founded in Cambridge in 1954, "to foster the study of Armenian history, culture and language on an active, scholarly and continuous basis in America." Other organizations still active include the Armenian Cultural Foundation (ACF), the Armenian Library and Museum of America (ALMA), the Armenian International Women's Association (AIWA), the Cambridge-Yerevan Sister City Association and two day schools (St. Stephen's in Watertown and the Armenian Sisters Academy in Lexington).
The city's world-renowned universities have always attracted many Armenians from around the country as well as from the four corners of the globe. Barbara J. Merguerian, born and raised in a suburb of neighboring Providence, Rhode Island, was first lured to Boston in the early sixties to attend Harvard and remembers encountering the unique character of Watertown, "It was a real shock to get on a bus in Watertown and hear people speaking Armenian. This was before the Lebanese influx and it wasn't very common in those days."
After a brief stay in Washington D.C. she would return to Boston and become editor of The Armenian Mirror-Spectator, "When I was first named editor, the fact that I was a woman was the first thing everyone noticed—I wasn't expecting that."
She has witnessed the changes that have occurred over the decades and offers her insight into the evolution of the community, "During the Cold War years, and I know from my own family, the different political affiliations and debates were rather bitter. I think things changed during the 50th Anniversary of the Genocide when the political parties came together. Since then, during important events we unite when necessary."
It was during the years of her editorial career at The Mirror-Spectator that she would witness the cultural shift that would revitalize and change the community forever. She recalls, "The pre-1970's community was mostly made up of Armenians who had either come before or soon after the Genocide. People worked their way up—it was a settled community. In the seventies the influx of Armenians from Lebanon fleeing the civil war saw tensions develop between those who knew American ways and the Lebanese who didn't but were more educated in Armenian ways. Eventually both sides grew to acknowledge and learn from differences and develop a cohesive unit."
After the seventies, other waves would arrive in Watertown, including Iranian-Armenians and refugees from the former Soviet Union, particularly Baku Armenians fleeing the bloody pogroms of the late eighties.
Rev. Fr. Davidian notes that a unique group of Armenians from the remote village of Gigi near Kayseri in Central Anatolia adopted Watertown as their New World home. He describes the impetus for their arrival, "The first Gigitsi, known as 'Topal' or 'Bastermadji' Markar, arrived before the First World War and started to bring over his relatives. Some villagers moved to Istanbul but 75% of the village is here in Watertown. It may only be seven or eight families but that constitutes over 300 people."
The face of the Armenian community in Watertown is as strong and diverse as ever, according to the pastor, who challenges the perception that the community may be past its glory days, "There are more Armenians today than there have ever been in Watertown and there are 10 Armenians serving on the town committee."
He adds, "Today you have a number of visible groups in the Watertown Armenian community. The old Armenians or 'deghatzis' [natives], the Armenians of the Near East and since we are often the first American stop on transatlantic flights we've had Iraqi Armenians and others who claim refugee status here. Then there are the 'Hayastantsis' [Armenian-Armenians] which include many repatriated Armenian Americans from the forties as well as those that first settled in California and have chosen to call Watertown home."
Today's community faces the same issues, assimilation and unity, which confront other communities around the world. Barbara Merguerian who admits that these issues are something she faced daily when raising her two daughters, suggests another dilemma is increasingly becoming part of the issues to be confronted by the community, "I think there is an issue of where we should put our strength. It came up during the 1988 earthquake and then again after Independence. There is a strong feeling that we need to help Armenia and we do, but we also need strong and thriving Armenian institutions to preserve our heritage."
Merguerian is optimistic about the future of Boston's role in the American Diaspora, "The Boston area institutions have the potential to be a great impetus for the future. It will depend on whether we can find the leadership needed from a younger generation." | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 78 | https://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Little-Armenia-Los-Angeles-CA.html | en | Little Armenia neighborhood in Los Angeles, California (CA), 90027, 90029 subdivision profile | [
"https://pics3.city-data.com/assets/common/google_custom_search_smnar.gif",
"https://pics3.city-data.com/images/cse-logo2.png",
"https://pics3.city-data.com/bm/neighborhood/NEIGHBORHOOD-LITTLE-ARMENIA-LOS-ANGELES-CA.png",
"https://pics4.city-data.com/sgraphs/nb/races-Little-Armenia-CA.png",
"https://pics.ci... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | null | Jump to a detailed profile, search site with google or try advanced search | |||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 0 | 63 | https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/51970742/1ivvqzm | en | 1IVvqzm | [
"https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/logo/Yumpu_Logo_RGB.png",
"https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step1.png",
"https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step2.png",
"https://img.yumpu.com/5197... | [] | [] | [
"saminteraction",
"hunger",
"gender",
"countries",
"institute",
"poverty",
"economic",
"global",
"nutrition",
"nations",
"equality",
"www.yumpu.com"
] | null | [
"Yumpu.com"
] | null | 1IVvqzm | en | yumpu.com | https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/51970742/1ivvqzm | Page 3 and 4: 2015 HUNGER REPORTWhen Women Flouri
Page 5 and 6: www.bread.org/institute ■ 2015 Hu
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 2: THE CARE GAP: REDUCING G
Page 9 and 10: List of Figuresi.1 Girls are More A
Page 12 and 13: Foreword: David BeckmannEnding disc
Page 14 and 15: UN Photo/Olivier Chassot
Page 16 and 17: Joseph Molieri/Bread for the WorldI
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 2The Care Gap: Reducing Gen
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 4The Feminization of Hunger
Page 22 and 23: THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF U.S. ASSISTANCE
Page 24 and 25: Joseph Molieri/Bread for the World
Page 26 and 27: Todd Post/Bread for the WorldThe ai
Page 28 and 29: ore Affected by Economic Crises:can
Page 30 and 31: BOX I.2VOICES OF WOMEN OF FAITHREV.
Page 32 and 33: Few Women Seek Services in Case of
Page 34 and 35: BOX I.3ENGENDERING THE RESPONSE TOC
Page 36 and 37: USAIDThrough USAID assistance,rape
Page 38 and 39: Ray Witlin/World BankSifting grain
Page 40 and 41: BOX I.4VOICES OF WOMEN OF FAITHVIRG
Page 42 and 43: Moeun Sun/Bread for the WorldIn Jun
Page 44 and 45: Cumulative Number of Countries with
Page 46 and 47: Kelley LynchAn Ethiopian womanand h
Page 48 and 49: AN INCOMPLETE PICTURE:MISSING DATA
Page 51 and 52: INTRODUCTIONStunting occurs when a
Page 53 and 54:
CHAPTER 1Bargaining Power:The Basic
Page 55 and 56:
Who controls women’s own income?p
Page 57 and 58:
Source: FAO (2011), Women in Agricu
Page 59 and 60:
Women could gain some measure of ba
Page 61 and 62:
Agricultural Assistance to Help Bui
Page 63 and 64:
of the compact. As senior leaders o
Page 65 and 66:
USAID project centered on women’s
Page 67 and 68:
tions in domestic violence—includ
Page 69 and 70:
CCT programs that include group mob
Page 71 and 72:
The value of having men in the grou
Page 73 and 74:
CHAPTER 1The roots of the tree illu
Page 75 and 76:
to more fully develop their potenti
Page 77 and 78:
Investing in EducationBetween 1990
Page 79 and 80:
Abolishing primary school fees has
Page 81 and 82:
ducted continuously through all phr
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 1violence, and poverty is o
Page 85 and 86:
CHAPTER 1more so than men, are conc
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 1global south partners cons
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 2The Care Gap: Reducing Gen
Page 91 and 92:
for a family member with AIDS incre
Page 93 and 94:
Counting Unpaid CareAssigning monet
Page 95 and 96:
ment of the Measuring National Well
Page 97 and 98:
six months after birth, adequate co
Page 99 and 100:
which in turn help them to better n
Page 101 and 102:
Men Who CareThere are many men who
Page 103 and 104:
CHAPTER 2together women, the tradit
Page 105 and 106:
Care. His father was a violent man
Page 107 and 108:
unpaid care work and share it more
Page 109 and 110:
BOX 2.3 CHAPTER 2POWERING AFRICALes
Page 111 and 112:
Proportions of women and men in emp
Page 113 and 114:
entrepreneurs doesn’t happen at n
Page 115 and 116:
improvement (public secondary schoo
Page 117 and 118:
teachers had a child enrolled at th
Page 119 and 120:
CHAPTER 2“In several sessions, fa
Page 121 and 122:
Chapter SummaryCHAPTER 3Collective
Page 123 and 124:
Share of Women in Parliament by Reg
Page 125 and 126:
adamant that it is far too early to
Page 127 and 128:
sexual violence in conflict. The th
Page 129 and 130:
them by cleaning their homes, fetch
Page 131 and 132:
India: Empowered to SpeakIn 1993, t
Page 133 and 134:
“The government is doing so much
Page 135 and 136:
guarantees up to 100 days of minimu
Page 137 and 138:
lion Indians work at wage rates tha
Page 139 and 140:
than $1.25 a day shrank from 70 per
Page 141 and 142:
the back of open trucks. In 2013, 6
Page 143 and 144:
WIC works in partnership with other
Page 145 and 146:
Cutting off trade with these countr
Page 147 and 148:
did Banda fare poorly, but so did m
Page 149 and 150:
Patience describes her experience w
Page 151 and 152:
Danielle Resnick of the Internation
Page 153 and 154:
More Unaccompanied Girls CaFrom the
Page 155 and 156:
CHAPTER 4The Feminization of Hunger
Page 157 and 158:
country. Restaurant servers, 70 per
Page 159 and 160:
Gender, Race, and Mass Incarceratio
Page 161 and 162:
Children whose parents are incarcer
Page 163 and 164:
able to invest in community revital
Page 165 and 166:
was used to increase support for me
Page 167 and 168:
In 1971, the United States very nea
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 4Since 2000, extreme povert
Page 171 and 172:
In 2013, 34 percent of the parents
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER 4grams that provide high-qu
Page 175 and 176:
anged from $7,852 to $10,491 a year
Page 177 and 178:
Gender Voting Gap Over Time, By Rac
Page 179 and 180:
for office and 70 percent of those
Page 181 and 182:
self finished law school, she had a
Page 183 and 184:
BOX 4.2 CHAPTER 4THE POWER OF COLLE
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER 4Low-wage jobs pay far too
Page 187 and 188:
CHAPTER 4In 2014, the Obama adminis
Page 189 and 190:
CONCLUSIONLet Women FlourishAsma La
Page 191 and 192:
earnest. Since 2012, the United Nat
Page 193 and 194:
BOX C.1CONCLUSIONPROPOSED POST-MDG
Page 195 and 196:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 197 and 198:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 199 and 200:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 201 and 202:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 203 and 204:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 205 and 206:
CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE - 2015 HUNGER
Page 207 and 208:
Women and Girls. Why Women?Why Now?
Page 209 and 210:
tial interventions for reduction of
Page 211:
42Anxiety and Depression Associatio
Page 215 and 216:
90See Note 88, p. 3.91Workers Right
Page 217 and 218:
J. Budig (December 2010), “WhoGet
Page 219 and 220:
“D.C. says it’s out of options
Page 221 and 222:
imum wage hike,” Pew ResearchCent
Page 223 and 224:
Gender analysis: A process ofanalys
Page 225 and 226:
Millennium Development Goals: Progr
Page 227 and 228:
Table 1Demographics & Economic Indi
Page 229 and 230:
Table 1Demographics & Economic Indi
Page 231 and 232:
Table 1Demographics & Economic Indi
Page 233 and 234:
Table 1Demographics & Economic Indi
Page 235 and 236:
Table 2MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Pov
Page 237 and 238:
Table 3MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Hun
Page 239 and 240:
Table 3MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Hun
Page 241 and 242:
Table 4 Table 5 Table 4 & 5MDG 2: A
Page 243 and 244:
Table 6 Table 7 Table 6 & 7MDG 4: R
Page 245 and 246:
Table 6 Table 7 Table 6 & 7MDG 4: R
Page 247 and 248:
Table 8MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Mala
Page 249 and 250:
Table 9MDG 7: Ensure Environmental
Page 251 and 252:
Table 9MDG 7: Ensure Environmental
Page 253 and 254:
Table 10MDG 8: Develop a Global Par
Page 255 and 256:
Table 11MDG 8: Develop a Global Par
Page 257 and 258:
Table 12United States: National Hun
Page 259 and 260:
Sources for Data TablesTABLE 1Count
Page 261 and 262:
SponsorsThe Hunger Report would not
Page 263 and 264:
can bring to the task of promotingp
Page 265 and 266:
Innocent Mutabaruka, Philbert Nirin
Page 267 and 268:
Civil society, 7, 9, 70, 105, 109,
Page 269 and 270:
International Men and Gender Equali
Page 271 and 272:
Renta Dignidad (the Dignity Pension | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 94 | https://wateractionhub.org/geos/country/12/d/armenia/ | en | Water Action Hub | https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.net/static/img/v3/favicons/favicon.ico | https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.net/static/img/v3/favicons/favicon.ico | [
"https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.net/static/img/v3/lib/flags/united-kingdom-flag-3d-icon-32.png",
"https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.net/static/img/v3/lib/flags/colombia-flag-3d-icon-32.png",
"https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.ne... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Lucas Howell",
"Timberline Labs LLC"
] | null | Country: Armenia Detailed Overview | en | https://wateractionhubfrontdoor-d6dwaqhbgwebcfg2.z01.azurefd.net/static/img/v3/favicons/favicon.ico | https://wateractionhub.org/geos/country/12/d/armenia/ | 1.1.WATER RESOURCES 1.1.1.WATER RESOURCES The rivers in Armenia are tributaries of the main rivers of the southern Caucasus, namely the Araks and the Kura. About 76 per cent of the total territory is part of the Araks basin and 24 per cent of the Kura basin (UNDP/GEF, 2006). Total outflow is equal to the IRWR. The outflow to Georgia through the Debet river is estimated at about 0.89km3/year and the outflow to Azerbaijan through the Agstay river at about 0.35km3/year; both these rivers are located in the Kura basin. The total outflow to Azerbaijan through the Araks and its tributaries (Arpa, Vorotan, Vokhchi) is estimated at about 5.62km3/year. The Araks river forms the border between Turkey and Armenia and further downstream, between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Armenia, it flows into Azerbaijan, joining the Kura river about 150km before its mouth at the Caspian Sea. The border flow of the Akhuryan (with Turkey) is estimated at 1.03km3/year and the Araks at 0.79km3/year. Half of the border flow is accounted for in Armenia’s water balance, bringing the total actual renewable water resources to 7.769km3/year. The 14 sub-basins of the two main river basins (Kura and Araks) have been grouped into five basin management areas: Akhuryan, Northern, Sevan-Hrazdan, Ararat and Southern. About 9,500 rivers and streams with a total length of 23,000km flow in Armenia. Out of that number, 379 rivers are around 10-100 km long and seven, namely the Akhuryan, Debet, Vorotan, Hrazdan, Aghstev, Arpa and Metsamor-Kasakh, are longer than 100km. Armenian rivers are typically of a mountainous nature, with sharp seasonal variations, spring freshets and low water flow in summer. Armenia has more than 100 small lakes, some of which regularly dry out in the dry season. The Sevan and Arpi lakes are the most important in terms of size and economic importance. The Hrazdan and Akhuryan rivers originate from these two lakes, the larger of which is Lake Sevan, located in the centre of the country. It lies at 1,900m above sea level, which makes it a strategic source of energy and irrigation water. The level of the lake, originally with a surface area of about 1,414km2 and 58km3 of stored water, has fallen since the 1930s due to the lake’s increasing use for irrigation and domestic water supply. By 1972, its level had fallen by almost 19m and its surface area had been reduced to 1,250km2. At present, it covers an area of about 1,200km2, has a volume of approximately 34km3, and plays a central and important hydrological role in the country. It serves the densely populated Hrazdan river basin and the Ararat Valley where Yerevan, the capital, is situated. Through its regulated surface outflow into the Hrazdan river, the lake’s water provides a substantial amount of hydropower and irrigation to croplands in the Ararat Valley. The lake is also an important recreational area, natural habitat and cultural resource for the Armenian population. Since 1960, two inter-basin transfer schemes have been implemented to restore the ecology of the lake and its storage capacity as a strategic water reserve for multipurpose use. A 48km tunnel was built between 1963 to 1982 to divert some 250 million m3 of water annually from the Arpa river to Lake Sevan. A similar project, to divert 165 million m3 of water annually from the upper Vorotan river to the Arpa river through a 22km tunnel was completed in 2004. In the last few years, the lake’s level has risen by about 2.7m as a result of favourable meteorological conditions and improved management. Electricity generation at the Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade is currently tied to irrigation releases. During the last few years, irrigation releases have ranged from 120 to 150 million m3. The second most important lake is Lake Arpi. It is located in the western part of the Ashotsk depression at an altitude of 2,020 m above sea level. With the construction of a dam to solve irrigation problems, the lake became a reservoir. Most of the reservoirs were constructed during the Soviet period. In 2004, some 83 reservoirs were operating in Armenia and total capacity was estimated at 1,399 million m3, of which approximately 1,350 million m3 was stored in reservoirs with a capacity of over 5 million m3 each. Most of the water is used for irrigation. Some reservoirs are used for hydropower, recreation, fisheries and environmental protection. In 1995, about 145 million m3 was used for municipal and industrial purposes. The largest reservoir is on the Akhuryan river, which forms the border with Turkey. It has a storage capacity of 525 million m3, is shared with Turkey, and provides water for the irrigation of about 300km2 in Armenia. In contrast, many small off-channel reservoirs in the southwest of Aragats (Talish, Talin, Kakavadzor, Bazmaberd, Katnakhpyur), which accumulate spring tide waters, have a capacity of only 10,000-50,000 m3 (UNDP, 2006).
1.1.2.WATER USE Since the mid-1980s, there has been a decrease in total water withdrawal, mainly due to a decrease in agricultural and industrial water withdrawal. In fact, the reduction in water use has been accompanied by a remarkable improvement in surface water quality. In 2006, total water withdrawal for agricultural, municipal and industrial purposes was 2,827 million m3, of which about 66 per cent was for agricultural purposes, 30 per cent for municipal use and 4 per cent for industrial purposes. Agricultural water withdrawal mainly refers to irrigation of crops. Works for the watering of pastures, including providing water for cattle in the pasturing period, began in 1956. Sources of pasture watering are springs, mountain melted snow, and non-discharge water bodies. Surface water withdrawals represent 78 per cent of total water withdrawals. In most of Armenia’s territory, it is possible to use groundwater for drinking needs without any additional treatment. Indeed, about 95 per cent of the water used for drinking purposes comes from groundwater sources. Both surface water and underground springs are used for industrial water supply. Industrial water supply is provided by independently operating water supply Country Overview - Armenia systems as well as from the city drinking water supply network. For the past 10-15 years, the water requirements of industrial enterprises have significantly decreased due to reductions in the activity of many enterprises. It should be mentioned that 40 per cent of the industrial enterprises using water in Armenia are located in Yerevan. The largest water-using industrial enterprise is the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant, which uses about 35 million m3/year. There are 35 high- and middle-capacity hydropower plants in Armenia, nine of which are the plants at the Vorotan and Hrazdan hydropower cascades. Hydropower accounts for 20 per cent of electricity generation. The total installed hydropower generating capacity of Armenia is about 1,100MW, of which 1,050MW is operational. Almost 95 per cent of this capacity is installed along two important hydropower cascades: the Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade and the Vorotan Cascade. Electricity generation at the Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade is tied to irrigation releases from Lake Sevan on the basis of an annual water allocation plan. As a result of insufficient regulation of volumes, hydropower production is also subject to seasonal variations. While the industrial sector is not considered a major water user, an important problem for this sector is the implementation of industrial wastewater removal and treatment. Most industrial facilities were never equipped individually because they had been connected to the public sewer network during the Soviet era, and thus were able to access municipal wastewater treatment. Attention should therefore be paid to those industries that have resumed production and from which the wastewater generated is channelled to the municipal wastewater treatment system, where only the mechanical treatment step is currently being operated. Also, the industries that are not connected to a municipal sewerage system discharge their mostly untreated wastewater directly into streams or rivers. In general, old industries that resume production are the most polluting. The total quantity of wastewater produced in 2006 amounted to 363 million m3, of which 89 million m3 was treated
1.2.WATER QUALITY, ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN HEALTH Armenia’s major environmental problems are: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation resulting from the energy crisis of the 1990s, when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of the Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras rivers; the draining of Lake Sevan, a result of its use as a source for hydropower, which threatens drinking water supplies; and the resumption of operations at Metsamor nuclear power plant, in spite of its location in a seismically active zone. Most of the drinking water is provided by groundwater, which has high organoleptic properties and is very pure. Due to the poor state of the water supply networks, however, the risk of water contamination is high. Due to the lack of liquid and lime chlorine and the electric power deficit, water in most cases is supplied without chlorination. In many places, sewage and drinking water supply networks are connected, and at present the sewage system is in an emergency situation: 63 per cent of the network is more than 20 years old and 22 per cent requires immediate renewal. According to data provided by the Ministry of Health, between 1984 and 1991 no infection outbreak episodes related to drinking water quality were recorded in Armenia. However, since 1992 such episodes have been periodically registered. During the 1999-2002 period, 18 outbreak episodes relating to water pollution were recorded, with a total of 5,690 diseased persons. In 2003, 21,839 incidents were recorded, 5,839 of which (26.7 per cent) occurred in Yerevan. Solonetzic soils, which are characterized by a tough, impermeable hardpan that may vary from 5 to 30cm or more below the surface soils, are widespread. These soils are most exposed to the risk of irrigation-related salinization, mainly as a result of rising groundwater in the plains, where the majority of irrigated lands are located. In the Ararat plain, solonetzic soils cover about 10 per cent of the area. In 2006, the part of the irrigated land that was salinized was 204km2, of which 151km2 was weakly salinized, 24km2 medium salinized, and 29km2 strongly salinized. The malaria situation was stable in Armenia until 1994. In subsequent years, a downgrading of malaria prevention services and a weakening of the malaria surveillance system resulted in a steady increase in the number of malaria cases, which reached 1,156 in 1998. Over 98 per cent of these cases were detected in the Masis district of the Ararat valley, an area bordering Turkey. In recent years, owing to epidemic control interventions, the number of autochthonous malaria cases has continued to decrease, dropping to 8 in 2003. However, although numbers have been in decline, the situation must be monitored closely because of the existence of favourable conditions for malaria transmission. In 2003, Armenia redefined and adjusted its malaria control strategy, objectives and approaches, bearing in mind the results achieved to date, the extent of the problem, and potential threats in the country. | |||
6007 | dbpedia | 0 | 62 | https://www.tiktok.com/%40pebrii_editz/video/7382092588507090181 | en | Make Your Day | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | null | ||||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 96 | https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/population_density/ | en | Population density by country, around the world | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | The average for 2021 based on 196 countries was 456 people per square km. The highest value was in Macao: 20806 people per square km and the lowest value was in Mongolia: 2 people per square km. The indicator is available from 1961 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available. | en | /favicon.ico | TheGlobalEconomy.com | https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/population_density/ | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 3 | https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17398605 | en | Armenia country profile | [
"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10C7B/production/_131013786_bbcm_armenia_country_profile_070923-edit.png",
"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/9705/production/_101216683_gettyimages-955692098.jpg",
"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C44B/production/_131315205_gettyimages-12466378... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"BBC News",
"www.facebook.com"
] | 2012-03-16T15:36:05+00:00 | Provides an overview of Armenia, including key events and facts about this country in the Caucasus. | en | BBC News | https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17398605 | A landlocked country in the Caucasus with Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, and Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia boasts a history longer than most European countries.
After independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia quickly became drawn into a bloody conflict with Azerbaijan over the mainly Armenian-inhabited Nagorno-Karabakh region.
One of the earliest Christian civilisations, Armenia's first churches were founded in the fourth century. In later centuries, it frequently oscillated between Byzantine, Persian, Mongol or Turkish control, as well as periods of independence.
Opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan was elected prime minister by parliament in May 2018 after he spearheaded weeks of mass protests against the ruling party, transforming the country's political landscape.
He had piled pressure on the then ruling Republican Party through an unprecedented campaign of civil disobedience, leading to the shock resignation of veteran leader Serzh Sargsyan a week after he had shifted to the newly-empowered role of prime minister after ten years as president.
In December 2018 Mr Pashinyan called a snap election to remove the Republican Party majority in parliament, and his My Step Alliance won overwhelmingly.
Mr Pashinyan promised to maintain Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia.
But he faced calls for his resignation in late 2020 after agreeing to a Moscow-brokered ceasefire with Azerbaijan, which had made major gains in fighting to recapture Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijani territory around it.
President: Vahagn Khachaturyan
Following the resignation of President Armen Sarkissian in January 2022, Khachaturyan was elected president by the Armenian parliament in the second round of voting. He took office in March 2022.
The post is a largely ceremonial one. Voters in a 2015 referendum backed constitutional changes reducing the powers of the president in favour of the premiership.
The political changes in 2018 had a profound effect on the media, with the main TV stations becoming largely free of state control.
But the media remain prone to political polarisation and a lack of financial independence.
TV is the leading medium, although less so among younger audiences.
The internet is a forum for political debate. Facebook is the top social platform.
Some key events in Armenia's history:
6th Century BC - first Armenian established under the Orontids as part of the Achaemenid empire.
190BC onwards - Kingdom becomes fully sovereign.
95-66BC - Under Tigranes the Great, Armenia becomes the most powerful kingdom east of the Roman Republic.
301AD - Tiridates III of Armenia makes Christianity the state religion.
428 - Armenia becomes part of the Sasanian empire.
c, 660-750 - Christian Armenia is absorbed into the Umayyad Caliphate.
884 - Armenia regains its independence under Ashot I.
1045 - Byzantine empire conquers Armenia.
1071 - Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines and conquer Armenia following the Battle of Manzikert.
12th Century - Armenian drive out the Seljuks and establish a semi-independent principality.
1230s - Mongols conquer Armenia.
16th Century - Armenia divided between Ottoman empire and Iran's Safavid dynasty.
1813-1828 - Iran forced to cede eastern Armenia to Russia following the Russo-Persian War of 1804-13 and the Russo-Persian War of 1826-28; western Armenia remains under Ottoman control.
1890s - Armenian Revolutionary Federation, or Dashnaks, became active within the Ottoman Empire. Their aim is both political reform and the wider goal of creating an independent Armenia.
1894-96 - Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II organises massacres of Armenians in response to growing Armenian political pressure, killing between 80,000-300,000 people.
1915-1917 - Between 300,000 and 1.5 million Armenians are massacred or deported by the Ottoman government from their homeland in Anatolia to present-day Syria. Armenia and many historians consider the killings an act of genocide. Turkey says killings occurred on both sides and denies that those suffered by Armenians amount to genocide. The topic remains a highly sensitive issue.
1918 - Independent Armenia emerges from defeat of Ottoman Empire in World War One, but is incorporated into the Soviet Union four years later.
1989 - Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh begins with Azerbaijan.
1991 - Armenia declares independence.
1994 - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh sign a ceasefire accord. Ethnic Armenians remain in control of Karabakh.
2009 - Armenia and Turkey agree on a provisional roadmap for normalising diplomatic ties, but subsequently fail to ratify the deal.
2015 - Armenia officially joins the Russian-led Eurasian Customs Union, having decided against signing a EU Association Agreement.
2018 - Long-standing Republican Party rules ends after mass protests.
2020 - Azerbaijan recaptures large amounts of territory around Nagorno-Karabakh. Some 3,000 Azerbaijani soldiers and 4,000 Armenian soldiers are killed in the conflict.
Russian peacekeepers are deployed to monitor a new Moscow-brokered ceasefire, and also to ensure safe passage through the region of Lachin - the so-called "Lachin corridor" separating Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia.
2022 - Fighting breaks out between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops along the Armenia-Azerbaijan border, about 50 soldiers on each side are killed in the clashes.
2023 - Following a months-long Azerbaijani blockade of the Lachin corridor, Azerbaijani forces rapidly overwhelm Nagorno-Karabakh troops and seize the region after 24 hours of fighting. The majority of ethnic Armenians flee.
2024 - Nagorno-Karabakh is formally dissolved. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 76 | https://alexeiontheroad.com/2021/11/11/armenia-first-christian-nation-and-the-country-of-stones/ | en | Armenia: First Christian Nation and the “Country of Stones.” | [
"https://alexeiontheroad.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cropped-image-1.jpg",
"https://alexeiontheroad.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cropped-p1000673.jpg",
"https://alexeiontheroad.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pxl_20210824_132120720.jpg?w=982",
"https://alexeiontheroad.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/armeni... | [
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/YU2v38hRRbg?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent",
"https://video.wordpress.com/embed/Kil0oGLA?cover=1&preloadContent=metadata&hd=0"
] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Alexei Krindatch"
] | 2021-11-11T00:00:00 | I grew up in former USSR which consisted of fifteen republics with Russia being by far the largest. By the time Soviet Union broke apart in 1991, I have traveled to all of these republics - presently independent states - except for one: Armenia. It is late August of 2021 and it is time to… | en | Alexei on the Road | https://alexeiontheroad.com/2021/11/11/armenia-first-christian-nation-and-the-country-of-stones/ | I grew up in former USSR which consisted of fifteen republics with Russia being by far the largest. By the time Soviet Union broke apart in 1991, I have traveled to all of these republics – presently independent states – except for one: Armenia. It is late August of 2021 and it is time to finally discover Armenia. Granted, not everyone knows where the Republic of Armenia (official name) is situated. Here it is:
Armenia is a small (smaller than Belgium, but bigger than Israel) landlocked country situated in the mountainous Caucasus region. As a nation, Armenia has an ancient heritage. The first Armenian state (Urartu) was established in 860 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height in the 1st century BC. Armenians are proud to be the first state in the world which adopted Christianity as official national religion in 301 AC (ten years before Christianity was granted “toleration” status in the Roman Empire). The country is bordered by Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Georgia.
Except, for the latter, Armenia had historically difficult relations with its neighbors. Between 16th and 19th centuries, the Armenian homelands were under interchangeable rules of the Ottoman (think “Turkey”) and Persian (think “Iran”) empires. Both were Islamic nations and this did not make easy the fate of the deeply Christian Armenian people. During World War I, more than one million Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were systematically massacred in what has become known as Armenian genocide. In the late 1980s, a bloody conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan (then still being part of the same country, the USSR) began over Nagorno-Karabakh (also known as “Artsakh”). It is an autonomous district which was recognized as part of Azerbaijan in ex-USSR, but populated mostly by ethnic Armenians. Armenia was able to secure its control over Nagorno-Karabakh until September 2020, when Turkey-trained Azerbaijanian troops retook most of Nagorno-Karabakh resulting in mass-exodus of Armenians living there. Here is a good short documentary about the roots of the war and human tragedy surrounding the fight over Nagorno-Karabakh.
If you would ask someone who grew up in ex-USSR (like me), “What Armenia is known for?”, besides many archeological sites and historical monuments associated with country’s Christian heritage, different people would tell you quite different things. Some would praise traditional Armenian hospitality which no visitor can “escape.” Some would describe Armenians as very intelligent and talented people: indeed, the country produced plenty of well-known musicians, mathematicians and chess-players. Yet, some would think first of all about famous Armenian Cognac (exported abroad as “Armenian Brandy,” but sold internally as “Armenian Cognac”). And anyone who actually visited Armenia would be captivated by the rugged beauty (hence, nick-name the “country of stones”) of this semiarid and mountainous country (average elevation is 5,900 feet/1,800 meters) with lake Sevan being its most precious natural pearl. Here are couple of Armenian landscapes painted by Martiros Saryan
And so, in late August 2021, I flew together with my Russian friends Vladimir and Elena from Moscow to Yerevan, the capital of Armenia (the flight is less than three hours). By the way, neither Americans nor Russians need a visa to travel to Armenia. And both nations have a very positive public image, and during our entire journey we felt truly welcomed. Partially, this is because of a huge Armenian diaspora in both Russia and the USA – i.e. ethnic Armenians living in these two countries. Overall, roughly 8 millions Armenians live outside Armenia – a number greatly exceeding less than 3 million population of country itself.
Upon arrival, we did not stay in Yerevan, but picked up the car and drove to our first destination, a scenic village called Oshakan. The main “official” site there is St. Mesrop Mashtots Church with the grave of St. Mesrop. Mesrop Mashtots was an early medieval Armenian linguist, composer, and theologian who is venerated as a saint in both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet in c. 405 AD. I need confess, however, that our first destination in Oshakan was different: we went to visit Voskevaz winery or more precisely Chateau Voskevaz
Indeed, Vosevaz winery does look as a chateau, but…sort of a Disneyland-style
Besides fun architecture and high ratings of their wines on Google maps, I was curious to see an interesting technology used at Voskevaz for wine production – the old “karases” that were made in the 19th century. Karas, a traditional vessel for wine fermentation and aging, was used in Armenia from ancient times.
I arranged the visit to Voskevaz in advance and we were met and given grand-tour by the chief winemaker: Ray Chevond Petrosyan.
As it turned out, Ray studied enology in Germany. We switched to German language (I studied and worked there) and talked about our favorite wine areas in Germany. This has made us “instant friends” and, sure enough, the formal wine-tasting evolved into “let’s open this and that bottle.” Honestly, I was impressed both with the variety of choices and overall quality of Voskevaz wines. My absolute favorite was very aromatic dry white wine called Urzana which was made out of Muscat grapes.
It was late, when we returned to our B&B, but the evening was warm: we sat at the table under the tree and enjoyed one (or two) more glasses of wine with my friend Vladimir.
The place where we stayed this night was called Bed and Breakfast Hatsekats and it was an excellent choice. For about $50, we had a big, nicely restored and decorated traditional house (with all modern amenities) which was surrounded by a fruit garden. Our hosts encouraged us to “help yourself” with the fruits: the peaches, oranges and pomegranates were in season and abundant.
Our hosts, Armen and Svetlana, prepared generous – truly gargantuan – breakfast and “tempted” us to stay longer by offering possible guide services and excursions to the nearby sights. But, unfortunately, we need to leave and head to the next destination. It was time to say “Good bye, Hatsekats!”
The next destination was a place which is a “must visit” for anyone traveling in Armenia: the ancient Geghard Monastery. It is situated at the end of a narrow Azat River gorge and is partially carved out of the rocky mountainside. Geghard Monastery is on a UNESCO World Heritage list and there are many reasons for this. The monastery was founded at the beginning of 4th century by St. Gregory Illuminator, the patron saint of Armenia, the founder of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, and, most importantly, the person who converted the country to Christianity in 301 AD. The impressive monastic complex (several chapels, tombs, walls, towers, gardens) has been continously built between the 4th and 13th centuries. It is widely regarded as finest example of Armenian medieval architecture. The monastery is surrounded by spectacular towering cliffs. Some of its churches are entirely dug out of the rocks, others are inside of the caves, while others are elaborate stand-alone structures.
According to the legend, St. Gregory founded the monastery at the site of a sacred spring in a cave. And, indeed, this spring is still intact and can be seen inside one of the monastery’s churches.
Geghard is also famous because of the many sacred relics that it housed. The most celebrated of these is the spear which had wounded Christ on the Cross and was allegedly brought to the monastery by the Apostle Thaddeus. This gave the monastery its full name, Geghardavank which means “the Monastery of the Spear.” We arrived at the monastery on Sunday morning and it was perfect timing to join the traditional, most important Orthodox worship service, called Liturgy, which was accompanied by a beautiful choral singing.
After few hours at Geghard, we were hungry. Miraculously, as we drove back through the winding canyon, a make-shift roadside bakery emerged. In the huge clay-oven, two women baked “lavash” – the paper-thin traditional Armenian bread. Needless to say that we stopped, bought and enjoyed this pipingly-hot delicacy.
Most people coming to Geghard combine this trip with a visit to the nearby town of Garni. Why? Because of the Temple of Garni – the only remaining Greco-Roman monument and as such the symbol of pre-Christian Armenia. The Temple of Garni was built in the first century AD and was dedicated to the God of the Sun, Mihr.
It is not clear, how Garni survived Christian epoch when all pagan structures were destroyed. The most common theory is that the temple was converted into a royal summer house of the sister of King Tiridates III. I personally would support this theory, because the location of the temple is spectacular: it sits at the edge of a triangular cliff which overlooks the ravine of the Azat River and the Gegham mountains.
In previous travel stories (blogs about Yukatan in Mexico and Eastern Sierras in California), I wrote about my love for the natural hot springs. Armenia is actually a good destination for various healing mineral waters with mountain resort town of Jermuk being the most known and popular destination. But we wanted to explore something more out of the beaten bath and opted for Hankavan Thermal Baths situated about 80 km / 65 miles North of Armenian capital Yerevan. It is an area with several hot springs – all around Hankavan village. Our choice was Nairi Spa Resort – a modern hotel surrounded by forest and featuring nicely kept grounds and some interesting sculptures.
We did not stay overnight, but took a long walk on hotel’s trails and then booked for couple hours a private room with a huge mineral bath. The water was hot and relaxing, and – after leaving Nairi Spa Resort – we felt that it was time to head for our booked overnight accommodations.
As it turned out, however, the day was not finished yet. Driving near the town of Meghradzor, we noticed a sign for a trail to Tezharuyk Monastery. After hiking about one mile up the slope we came to the place which we instantly liked: the remnants of gorgeous basilica were surrounded by the nature and some scattered sculptures. The sense of serenity was overwhelming and it was clear that very people ever come here.
We descended back to the road by the time of sunset, and stayed here a bit longer enjoying the quietness and some good views with the town of Meghradzor in the distance.
Tsaghkadzor – the place where we spent this night – is actually a very popular holiday destination in Armenia. Its name literally means valley of flowers or flower canyon in Armenian and this is for a good reason: situated on the southeastern slope of Mount Teghenis, at a height of 1,841 meters / 5,500 feet above above sea level, the town is surrounded by Alpine meadows. There are a few nearby attractions, but by far most important is Tsaghkadzor ski resort which is located just above the town. It was fully modernized about ten years ago, when all Soviet-era structures were replaced by new equipment. Today, three lifts take skiers from the foot of the mountain at a height of 1,969 meters / 6,000 feet to the top of the mountain at 2,819 meters / 8,500 feet.
Tsaghkadzor has plenty of tourist accommodations for all tastes and budgets and – although we did not plan to stay long – it was a logical choice to spend the night. Our family-run B&B was called Guest House Arsan. It does not have a website or even a Face Book page, but you can find it on Google maps or booking.com. In fact, I do not think that they need any additional advertisement, because most people who once stayed there keep returning year after year. Arsan belongs to the family of Oganes Mkrtchjan, who used to be a deputy mayor of Tsaghkadzor. Needless to say, that he knows everyone in the town and everything about the area. The rooms were big and comfortable, the price ridiculously low (something like $40 including breakfast), but the biggest highlight of this Guest House were the hosts themselves: the cheerful story-teller Oganes and his super-welcoming wife, Svetlana. We asked in advance Oganes and Svetlana to prepare “something traditional” for the dinner and this was table awaiting us.
We stayed at dinner much longer and drank much more excellent Armenian wine than planned, but we were in no hurry and enjoyed the company of Oganes and Svetlana. Next morning, Oganes walked us around and shared his plans for expansion of his already quite flourishing business. But, eventually, it was time to leave: thank you, Oganes and Svetlana!
The plan for this day was to explore the Western coast of lake Sevan which is the largest lake in Armenia and one of the largest high-altitude alpine lakes in Eurasia: it is situated at 1,900 meters / 6,235 feet above sea level. The total surface area of its basin is about 5,000 km2 (1,900 square miles), which makes up 1⁄6 of Armenia’s territory. But numbers and data aside, Sevan is, first of all, an iconic and almost sacred place for every Armenian – the “jewel” of Armenia.
For several reasons, its Western coast is much more developed and “dotted” with restaurants and hotels (some very attractive, some fairly ugly), whereas Sevan’s Eastern part remains relatively untouched. We planned to see both, but today focused on more touristy area. The most important cultural monument and popular destination here is the Sevanavank monastery. It is located on the peninsula, which was until the mid-20th century an island. Yes, this is right: initially the monastery was built at the southern shore of a small island, but after heavy usage of Sevan for irrigation, the water level fell about 20 meters, and the island evolved into a peninsula. Founded in 9th century, besides very scenic location, Sevanavank monastery was known for its strict rules as it was mainly intended for those monks who – allegedly – had somehow sinned.
Granted, it is a beautiful and nicely restored monastic complex, but it is also full of tourists which makes it more difficult to relax and enjoy. However, you could walk just a few hundred meters to the end of the peninsula and get the feeling that the place belongs to you only.
Later in the day, we visited Hayravank monastery which is also located on the coast of Sevan, about 30 km / 20 miles to the South of Sevanavank. Hayravank sits on the rocky cliff and has truly commanding view.
I personally liked Hayravank much more than Sevanavank: it felt serene and pristine.
Hayravank is also a good destination for people who want to explore the so-called khachkars. Known also as Armenian cross-stones, khachkars are carved, memorial stellas bearing a cross combined with some additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, flowers. Hayravank is surrounded by numerous khachkars and gravestones that are part of a small cemetery.
My fellow travelers, Vladimir and Elena, lingered somewhat longer inside the monastery’s church, and I began playing with Google maps exploring the nearby area. Suddenly, something interesting popped up: the sign on Google maps said “Mikayelyan Farm Factory.” The associated picture displayed a cellar full of heads of cheeses. All of us are cheese-lowers, and we drove to the village of Gavar where the farm was located. Long story short, a big extended family from the capital Yerevan moved here in 2012, bought properties, and began production of fine cheeses. Most of them (made of cow and goat milk) are well aged (at least, 4 months) and some are fermented with added brandy, grape leaves, cinnamon, or wine. The selection is impressive (about 10 kinds) and the entire set-up for wine-and-cheese tasting is enjoyable.
We stayed at Mikayelyan’s for a while, sampled their entire selection, and ended up buying plenty of cheeses. And then we were back on the the road heading for the resort town of Dilijan in Northern Armenia where we planned to stay the following two nights. There are many reasons to visit Dilijan. Surrounded by forest and being within the Dilijan National Park, this area is often nicknamed the Armenian Switzerland or Little Switzerland. The narrow streets of the Old town feature well restored traditional Armenian architecture. Because of the quality of mountain air, natural beauty and slow pace of life, numerous Armenian artists, composers, and filmmakers moved here from busy Yerevan. Plus, several interesting ancient monasteries are also located within short distance from Dilijan. In short, in Dilijan, you can combine hiking in the nature, exploring traditional Armenian, and visits to many historical sites. We stayed in B&B right in the middle of Old town on Myasnikyan Street.
There is a story about the origins of the name, “Dilijan.” According to legend, the town is named after a shepherd called Dili. He was in love with his master’s daughter, but the father was against this union and ordered to kill the shepherd. For many days, the sorrowful mother of Dili was mourning and looking for her only son. And she was desperately crying, “Dili jan, Dili jan .. ” (“Jan” is an Armenian term added to the name of a friend or family member). Hence, the area has become known under this name. Our B&B was appropriately called “Old Dili” and it looked like this:
My room was as huge as soccer field and had plenty of sunlight.
Yet, while being home, I preferred to sit outside, on a terrace and in a spacious stone gazebo.
The thing was that this gazebo offered a truly commanding view of the modern (lower) part of the town.
Dilijan has a vibrant restaurant scene. On the first night we went to the place called Kchuch which is known for its dishes prepared in a wood-fired brick oven. “Kchuch” means in Armenain “clay pot,” and many dishes in this restaurant are cooked in clay pots. I had for dinner a pizza with locally harvested wild mushrooms, while my friend Vladimir opted for lamb slowly prepared in a honey sauce and served in a “kchuch.”
The next day, I decided to combine hiking in the nature with visits to some historical sites. And this can be done easily in Dilijan. Two medieval monasteries, Matosavank and Jukhtakvank, are located in scenic forest settings and yet close to Dilijan. The trailheads to both begin from the same parking area and it takes only about 10 min. by car from Dilijan to come here. I first walked about one hour through the forest to Matosavank, a small 13th century monastery. Nobody was there, when I arrived and it was good time to stretch under the son on the monastery’s roof covered with soft moss.
Although the monastery looks from the outside really like “ruins,” its interior is amazingly well preserved.
And then I heard some voices from the outside: a group of pilgrims led by a village priest came to the monastery.
As it turned out, they were planning not simply visit, but also have a worship service in the church. The ladies began cleaning and preparing. By the time I left, the makeshift altar was assembled and ready.
I returned to the parking area and hiked (just about 30 min.) to the second monastery: Jukhtakvank. What is left of this monastery are two churches. The bigger one is called St. Grigor.
The name of the smaller church is St. Astvatsatsin.
I lit the candle and said my prayers inside of St. Astvatsatin Church.
In afternoon, I joined my fellow travelers, Vladimir and Elena, and we all felt like having some fun. Well, there is a good place for doing this near Dilijan: lake Parz. It is a small lake in the mountains which offers cafes, boat rentals, etc. There is also a hiking trail connecting Dilijan with lake Parz, but we simply drove there.
But most importantly, lake Parz has a loooooong zip line and it is definitely worth of $20 to take the ride.
The main official attraction near Dilijan is a huge monastic complex called Haghartsin, and by the end of day we drove there. Its name translates as “soaring eagle.” The legend says that by the time of monastery’s dedication, an eagle was soaring over the dome: “Hagh” means playing/soaring and “arts” refers to an eagle. Hagartsin was continuously built between 10th and 13th centuries. It has three churches: St. Astvatsatsin, St. Gregory, and St. Stepanos. Besides churches, Khachkars (Armenian cross-stones) are dispersed trough the monastery’s lands. Regardless of monastery’s historical and architectural importance, for me, the major attraction was its location: a gorgeous combination of the ivory color of buildings which are in perfect contrast with the surrounding green woods.
Hagartsin is nicely restored, easily accessible by a good road, and offers a variety of services for visitors: bakery, restaurant, art shops, etc. Predictably, it attracts many tourists, and it is unlikely that you will have this place for yourself only. And, yet, I did not feel that the monastery has lost its unique sacred aura. Especially, when I saw two boys lightening candles and taking this very seriously.
The next day we planned to explore Eastern, less visited, part of Lake Sevan. But first we drove to Ijevan, the town about 50 km / 30 miles North-East of Dilijan. The goal was to visit Ijevan Wine-Brandy Factory and buy some famous Armenian Brandy. Indeed, brandy of highest quality has been produced in Armenia since the end of the 19th century with brand of “Ararat” being best known. There is a story that at the end of WWII, during the Yalta Conference, Joseph Stalin gave British Prime-Minister Winston Churchill a bottle of Armenian brandy “Dvin.” Churchill was so impressed that he asked for several cases of it. Reportedly 400 bottles of “Dvin” were shipped to Churchill annually. Following Stalin’s example, during a 2013 meeting at his villa, Russian president Vladimir Putin presented British Prime Minister David Cameron with a bottle of the same Armenian brandy (“Dvin”).
When I grew up in ex-USSR, domestically Armenian Brandy was sold under the name “Armenian Cognac,” but for the export it was marketed as “Armenian Brandy” in order to not violate the rule that only precious beverage produced in French province of Cognac can be labeled “Cognac.” Compared to internationally renown “Ararat” (the factory existed since 1887), “Ijevan” is less recognizable name. In fact, “Ijevan” began its own production only in 1996: prior to that, it shipped unfinished brandies to “Ararat.” But – trust me – today, the quality of “Ijevan” brandies is as good as that of “Ararat.” Plus, you will pay a much lower price for the former. The pride of the factory is brandy “King Abgar” which is aged 40 years, acquiring an incredibly deep flavor. But I was quite happy purchasing a bottle of seven-years-old “Vanuhi” and five-years-old apricot-based brandy. Both – under $10.
After Ijevan, we drove along the Eastern coast of lake Sevan. There is a reason why this part of the lake is much less developed than its Western coast. In former Soviet Union, most villages around Eastern Sevan were populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis. Although at that time it was one country (Soviet Union), the local Armenian authorities treated culturally and religiously different Azerbaijanis with suspicion and they kept the entire infrastructure in this part of Armenia underdeveloped. The same happened to ethnically Armenian settlements on the territory of Azerbaijan. Fast forward, in 1980s, an exchange of population was organized: Armenians from Azerbaijan moved into formerly Azerbaijanian villages in Armenia and vice versa. It was not an easy process, but relatively peaceful and mutually satisfactory. Brand new roads were built around Eastern part of the lake, but then Soviet Union collapsed and little was invested into creating tourist infrastructure along Sevan’s Eastern coast. Hence, today, there is a perfect road and a few villages, but overall the lake feels natural and untouched.
The day was sunny and warm. Naturally, our goal was to find some good beach: to sunbath and take a swim in the crystal clear waters. Unfortunately, truth to be told, there are not many good beaches around Sevan, but we found a real hidden gem. The beach shows as “Gold Beach” on Google maps: it has fine sand and is surrounded by the pine forest. We could not wish anything better and stayed here a few hours.
The final destination for this day was the village Tsapatagh, also on Eastern coast of Sevan. Via AirBnB, I found there accommodations which were described as “cozy house with the view of Lake Sevan.” And it was indeed very cozy and traditional village house.
The house had all modern comforts (hot shower, strong WiFi), but its main “selling point” was this peaceful view from the furnished deck: vineyards with the lake in the distance.
There is not much “to do” in Tsapatagh, but it is a good place to take a long walk around. We haven’t seen many people or cars, and this lonely railroad track made me think about old pop-song from the 1970s: “One way ticket.”
And finally, after long day of driving, swimming, and walking, Tsapatagh rewarded us with gorgeous sunset over Sevan.
Next morning, a scrumptious breakfast was prepared by our hosts. Needless to say that the meal was accompanied again by the view on Sevan.
We stayed only one night in Tsapatagh and, honestly, I somewhat regretted that we need to leave. Being there felt like an immersion in the realities of the authentic and unhurried village life. Clearly and largely this happened thanks to our AirBnB hosts: the local Englsih school teacher, Alina, and her cheerful mother, Asmik. They received us as if we were part of their family or old friends. The life of people in Tsapatagh is not easy: it is difficult to make decent living there, the winters can be harsh, and the urban centers are far away. But Alina and her mother are real patriots of their village and Armenia as a country, and they tell us many stories about living in Tsapatagh.
We left Tsapatagh and drove as fast as possible to Yerevan: it was the only day which was reserved for exploring Armenian capital. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan has been country’s capital since 1918, the fourteenth in the history of Armenia. The origins of Yerevan date back to the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by King Argishti I. Erebuni was designed as a great religious center and royal capital, but later in the history other cities were established, and Yerevan declined in importance. After World War I, thousands of survivors of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire arrived in this area. Consequently, Yerevan became the capital of the First Republic of Armenia which existed as an independent state between 1918 and 1922, when Armenia was incorporated into Soviet Union. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century into a world-class cultural center. In 2012, UNESCO named Yerevan as a World Book Capital. With about 1,100,000 inhabitants, Yerevan has more than one-third of Armenia’s total population.
Having little time in Yerevan (which I also regretted), we did not go into city’s many great museums, art collections, or artistic performances. Instead, we simply walked around and explored the streets and monuments of Armenian capital. I liked Yerevan a lot: its monumental architecture (some call it “Soviet style”), wide avenues, green alleys and parks, many fountains and interesting sculptures. The city is centered around Republic Square which is home to the office of Armenian Government and National History Museum.
And yet many believe that the most iconic place in Yerevan is the so-called Cascade Complex. The Cascade is a giant stairway made of limestone which links the downtown Kentron area with the neighborhoods of upper city. Inside the Cascade, underneath the exterior steps, are exhibit halls which together compose the Cafesjian Museum of Art. The exterior of Cascade is adorned with fountains and modernist sculptures. The base of the Cascade is designed as a garden with many statues by contemporary international sculptors such as Botero, Lynn Chadwick, and Barry Flanagan. Combined with many open air cafes, restaurants and street performances, Cascade Complex is genuine cultural heart of Yerevan.
Even if you don’t go to Cascade, Yerevan is full of appealing artistic work. I mentioned at the beginning of this story that Armenia produced many talented composers and musicians. One of them was Arno Babajanian. Here is a great statue dedicated to his memory.
Another good place to visit in Yerevan is Lovers’ Park: a big public garden with lush vegetation, man-made waterfalls, sculptures, and cafes.
You can also have some fun with public transportation in Yerevan. The taxis are cheap and services similar to Uber are abundant, but Yerevan has also very efficient subway system (“metro”). It is quite deep and the stations are nicely decorated.
And it is definitely the only subway (at least, in my experiences), where the cars are decorated with carpets.
Yerevan was the last point of this trip for my friends, Vladimir and Elena: next day, they flew back to Moscow. But I planned to continue the journey together with my sister-in-law, Olga, and visit the Republic of Georgia, another part of former Soviet Union. There is a modern and comfortable train which connects the capitals of Armenia (Yerevan) and Georgia (Tbilisi). It leaves at around 1 pm from Yerevan and arrives at around midnight to Tbilisi. I headed to the train station and boarded this train.
But the story about adventures in Georgia and Northern Turkey will be in another post. However, the trip to Armenia “caught up with me” in an unexpected way upon return to California. About a month later, I received by mail seven speeding tickets. Granted, I was driving there fast, but not too fast and the roads were modern and wide. Regrettably, I did not bother to inquire about the actual speed limit which – as it turned out – is quite low, less than 60 miles per hour even on major highways. It has also taken a while to figure out information on these speeding tickets, because everything was in Armenian.
Good news was that – all tickets combined – it was not terribly expensive: about $200 all together. I paid the fine obediently and…I hope to visit Armenia again: the country with interesting history and culture and amazingly welcoming people. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 43 | https://cod.pressbooks.pub/easternworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/central-asia/ | en | Central Asia – The Eastern World: Daily Readings on Geography | [
"https://cod.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/2020/01/cropped-cd-logo-white-265x40-1-1.png",
"https://cod.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/89/2021/09/Central_Asia_PhilippianS-300x200.jpg",
"https://cod.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/89/2021/09/GobiDesertHonsaSoukupFlickr040908-300x199.jpg",
"https://cod.pressbook... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Joel Quam",
"Scott Campbell"
] | 2022-08-31T00:00:00 | en | https://cod.pressbooks.pub/easternworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/central-asia/ | 79 Central Asia
How do we define this region?
As we have with other regions, as geographers we seek to group similarities together in a region. What do we find that makes a coherent Central Asia?
A key shared characteristic of Central Asia is low population density. Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world with over 600,000 square miles of area, but only five people per square mile.
Central Asian Country Population Density
(people per square mile) American state Population Density Mongolia 5 South Dakota 4 Kazakhstan 17 Maine 17 Turkmenistan 31 West Virginia 30 Tajikistan 64 South Carolina 62 Uzbekistan 73 Indiana 71 Kyrgyzstan 82 Virginia 81 Afghanistan 137 Florida 141 Azerbaijan 298 Connecticut 287
These low numbers of people even in large areas such as Mongolia and Kazakhstan are directly correlated with the key physical landscape characteristics of the region. The dominant landscapes are mountains and deserts, both of which cannot sustain large populations. Additionally, all these countries are landlocked, a major hindrance to international trade and economic development. Mongolia features high elevations including the Gobi Desert, the world’s highest elevation desert. Turkmenistan is entirely desert. Kazakhstan has desert areas, but is mainly a vast steppe, similar to America’s Great Plains. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are entirely mountainous. Mostly, Afghanistan is either mountain or desert. Azerbaijan mixes lowlands with segments of the Caucasus Mountains. These features naturally limit population size throughout the region.
Furthermore, Central Asia is landlocked. Without any ocean coastline (or even coastline on a sea that connects to the ocean), Central Asia cannot participate in ocean-going international trade. This is a tremendous disadvantage and precludes the idea of large seaports. Participation in international fisheries obviously is excluded as well. While the Caspian Sea provides some fisheries in the region, it does not connect to the world’s oceans.
By religion, the region is uniformly Islamic with the exception of Mongolia (Buddhism about 50%). During their time in the Soviet Union, these contemporary countries (Mongolia influenced by the USSR) were republic of that communist country where religious faith was discouraged. Islam suffered but persevered and renewed itself after the Soviet Union’s breakup.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, most of Central Asia had been conquered by the Mongols. Much later, Central Asia fell under the rule the Russian Empire, quite fully by the end of the 19th century. With the fall of the Russian Empire to revolution in 1917, the empire’s communist heirs gained control of the region. The principal relic of these communist years is the rule of government in Central Asia, where strong dictators have limited democracy, in some cases very much imitating Stalinist rule of the Soviet Union. This has been most evident in Turkmenistan, where two rulers have successively ruled in a ruthless and somewhat comical, certainly bizarre, manner.
Afghanistan’s experience with Russia/USSR was somewhat different. While the Russian Empire controlled Central Asia, it was the British Empire pushing northward seeking gains in Afghanistan. The British failure to conquer Afghanistan apparently did not deter the Soviet Union from trying to do the same with an invasion in late 1979 and war in the 1980s. The Soviet failure to conquer Afghanistan apparently did not deter the United States from trying to oust the Taliban and transform the country into a democratic state. As we know in 2021, this failed as well.
Azerbaijan also has slightly different circumstances. This state is situated on the west side of the Caspian Sea, in contrast to the rest of Central Asia. It too fell to Russia and the Soviet Union, but with its neighboring Christian countries Armenia and Georgia. However, it fits Central Asia well enough, while its alternatives of Europe or NAME are awkward regional fits.
Major native languages of Central Asia are Turkic. Turkic languages include Turkish, so be carefully of the terminology. All of the national languages of Central Asia are in the Turkic family, except for Afghanistan and Tajikistan. In Afghanistan there is no such thing as the “Afghan” language. Instead, small minorities do speak the Turkic languages of Kyrgyz, Turkemen, and Uzbek respectively. Tajik is in the Iranian language family, being similar to Persian.
The “-stans.”
This is a less scholarly inclusion. Which countries of the world end in -stan? Six of the countries of Central Asia do.
Afghanistan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Not in the region, but some would argue for its inclusion.
Pakistan
In the region, but not ending in -stan.
Azerbaijan
The suffix -stan in Turkic languages means “the land of.” Thus, Kazakhstan is the land of the Kazakhs, and so on. The country name Azerbaijan has two primarily proposed derivations that both refer to “a land of fire” that may be appropriate given the country’s oil reserves.
As with many regional or country names, the suffix -ia also means “the land of.” Thus, Russia is land of the Russians, Czechia is the land of the Czechs, while Australia is the southern land (as “austral” means southern in Latin based languages). So, the remaining country in Central Asia – Mongolia – is the land of the Mongols.
Overall then, we have landlocked -stan countries featuring desert and/or mountains geographies, where uncrowded Turkic speaking populations practice the Islamic faith. These now independent countries were in or greatly affected by the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union.
Cited and additional bibliography:
Luciano. Bukhara. October 7, 2012. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/30208099@N00/8445725606/. Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
Philippian, Samuel. Central Asia. College of DuPage GIS class. July 2022.
Soukup, Honza. Gobi X. April 9, 2008. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/honzasoukup/2398223063/. Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
Wiertz, Steven. Central Asia. College of DuPage GIS class. July 2022. | |||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 16 | https://www.orexca.com/armenia/country-info.htm | en | Armenia Country Profile | [
"https://www.orexca.com/image/logo.svg",
"https://www.orexca.com/image/logo.svg"
] | [] | [] | [
"Armenia Country Profile",
"Armenia",
"information",
"information about Armenia",
"capital",
"population",
"boundaries",
"language",
"religion"
] | null | [] | null | The Armenia Country Profile will walk you through this Transcaucasian nation whose extensive and often turbulent history has shaped the country in countless ways. It’s a country that quietly impresses and welcomes anyone willing to get off the beaten path to climb its mountains, tour its monasteries and linger in Yerevan long enough to hear the stories that still echo through its boulevards and stone edifices. | en | https://www.orexca.com/armenia/country-info.htm | Armenia means "Land of Stone" and is a fitting name for this Transcaucasian nation – between its soaring mountain ranges, stone monasteries and capital city built from pink volcanic rock, Armenia practically doubles as a finely chiseled open-air museum. It’s a country that quietly impresses and welcomes anyone willing to get off the beaten path to climb its mountains, tour its monasteries and linger in Yerevan long enough to hear the stories that still echo through its boulevards and stone edifices.
Armenia’s extensive and often turbulent history has shaped the country in countless ways. One of the greatest assets that travelers to Armenia can bring to the country is an understanding of the nation’s background and cultural heritage and its sources of national pride. Take a virtual tour of the Land of Stone through the Armenia Country Profile to learn more about this special land and people.
Armenia Country Facts
Official Name: Republic of Armenia (Hayastan)
Capital of Armenia: Yerevan
Country Population of Armenia: 3.1 million (2019)
Total area: 29,743 square km
Land Boundaries: Georgia (north), Azerbaijan (east), Iran (south), Turkey (south, west)
Climate: continental, subtropical
Language: Armenian
Ethnic Makeup of Armenia: Armenian (93.3%), Yazidi (1.7%), Russian (1.5%), other (3.5%)
Armenia Religion: Christian, Armenian Apostolic (94.8%), Christian, other (4%), Yazidi (1.2%)
Independence: September 21, 1991
Internet Domain: .am
Administrative Divisions: 10 provinces a d 1 city (Yerevan)
National currency: Armenian dram
National GDP: 12.43 USD billion
Electricity: 230V AC, 50 Hz; type C and F round two-pin plugs are standard
Flag of Armenia
Armenia’s flag was officially adopted in 1990 upon independence from the Soviet Union.
The flag of Armenia has a simple design of three equally sized horizontal stripes of red, blue and orange.
Red symbolizes the central Armenian highland and the Armenians’ ongoing fight for survival, and gives reference to the blood of Armenians shed in wars and genocide in the past.
Blue represents Armenian territory - its pure sky and calming nature.
Orange reflects the bravery, productiveness and creativity of the Armenian people.
History of Armenia
Armenia’s history reaches back to time immemorial, and though plagued by conquests and tragedy, is a testament to the resiliency of this ancient people.
The term ‘Armenian’ is likely a derivative of ‘Aramean’. When the Armen people of the northern Balkans migrated to the Armenian Highland around 1200 BC, they intermarried with the Hayasa-Azzi tribe residing on the plateau, resulting in the birth of the Armenian race.
The first Armenian empire existed between 800-585 BC under King Aramu. Referred to as either Urartu, Armenia or the Kingdom of Ararat, the empire was known for its advanced architecture, developed writing system and unification of the peoples within its realm.
The kingdom of Evanduni eventually replaced Urartu in the region, but by 520 BC had been subjected to the Persians, resulting in many Iranian customs being absorbed into the Armenian culture.
In 331 BC Alexander the Great conquered the region and the Armenian Kingdom was divided into three sections. Armenia regained partial autonomy in 190 BC as the two states of Greater Armenia and Sophene.
The climax of the Armenian Empire was reached in 95-66 BC, when the two kingdoms were united under Tigran the Great. A map of Armenia from this period would reveal greatly expanded borders. Likewise significant cultural developments were achieved, including the formation of the Armenian language.
The Romans invaded under Pompey in 66 BC, forcing Armenia to ally with Rome. After becoming entangled in battles and political alliances, Armenia was fully under Roman rule by 1 AD. The Parthians and Romans, and later the Persians and Byzantines, took turns wielding power in the area over the ensuing centuries.
In an effort to separate itself from the religion of the ruling Persian Dynasty, Armenia declared itself a Christian nation in 301AD, becoming the first official Christian nation in the world. Despite Arab invasion a few centuries later, Armenia was given eventual permission to continue practicing Christianity.
In 885, Armenian gained independence, which ushered in a 200-year period of Armenian renaissance and peace. This period came to a halt in 1071 with the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, causing many to flee Armenia.
History attests that in 1080, Rupen I established a “little Armenia” in Cilicia, which lasted several centuries and had strong ties with Europe. This helped to preserve Armenian statehood and culture until it succumbed to Egyptian invasion in 1375.
Meanwhile, in 1124 Armenia’s then-capital Ani was freed by Georgia from the Seljuk Turks; Armenia thus began a loose subservience to Georgia until 1236, when the Mongols invaded.
For the next 6 centuries, Armenia would be subject to surrounding nations – Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, the Ottomans, the Persians and surrounding tribes all conquered the land in turn. While Nagorno-Karabakh maintained independence, Armenia was ultimately divided between Turkey and Iran.
While under Persian rule, East Armenia began to be partitioned to Russia in the 19th century as it gained independence from Iran during the Russo-Persian War. Increased contact with Russia and the West led to the Armenian Renaissance of the 19th century.
East Armenia remained under Russian rule until joining the USSR shortly after its formation, while West Armenia continued under Turkish control.
During the tragic years of 1894-1896, over a quarter million Armenians were massacred at the hands of Turkish and Kurdish forces, as the Turks tried to annihilate the Armenians in an attempt to establish a pan-Turkic rule through Central Asia. A similar massacre occurred again in 1909.
1915-1923 was a tragic time in Armenian history. Approximately 1.5 million Armenians, or 80% of the population of Western Armenia, was killed at the hands of the Turks, who claimed the Armenians were allies with Russia in WWI. As a result, millions of Armenians fled their homeland, creating the large Armenian diaspora that still exists today.
During this tumult, for the first time since the Middle Ages, Armenia gained independence in 1918. Freedom was short-lived, however, as the Russians and Turks again gained control of the land.
In 1920 West Armenia tried to ally with Azerbaijan, Georgia and Eastern Armenia, then sought full independence. This attempt failed and the related skirmishes are known as the Turkish-Armenian War.
In 1921, Armenia briefly formed the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, which lasted only a few months. In 1922 Armenia was made a state within the USSR, and the support from Russia led to a growth in industry, medicine and infrastructure development for Armenia.
Armenia was declared an independent republic within the USSR in 1936. Upon creation of the SSR states, Stalin gave the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan. While the ensuing decades were a time of peace and development for Armenia, their cultural identity was largely suppressed.
In 1988, protests over Nagorno-Karabakh led to the massacre of Armenians living in Azerbaijan. Over 250,000 Armenians fled Azerbaijan for Armenia, and many Azerbaijanis likewise fled Armenia. Travel to Azerbaijan by Armenians was banned and retaliatory sanctions by Azerbaijan left Armenia’s economy in shambles, forcing thousands more Armenians to emigrate abroad.
Also in December 1988, the 6.8 magnitude Spitak Earthquake killed more than 25,000 people and devasted the country.
On August 23, 1990, Armenia declared its independence from the USSR, yet its independence was not recognized until the following year.
From 1991-1994, Armenia and Azerbaijan were enmeshed in the Nagorno-Karabakh War over the disputed territory with the same name, which was primarily ethnic Armenian and desired to be free from Azerbaijani rule. A ceasefire was signed in 1994 but tensions remain between the two nations even today.
In the past 20 years, Armenia’s economy and social stability has steadily improved, funded largely by Armenians in diaspora.
Government of Armenia
Armenia is a parliamentary republic consisting of executive, legislative and judicial branches. Its constitution was drafted in 1995 and while having undergone major amendments since that time, is still the basis of the national government.
The prime minister acts as head of government and the president as head of state. Presidents are not permitted to be affiliated with any political party.
The legislative branch is comprised of a 101-seat National Assembly, with members serving 5-year terms.
The judicial branch acts independently and is comprised of the Constitutional Court, Court of Cassation and several smaller courts.
Levon Ter-Petrosyan (LTP) was Armenia’s first president, elected upon independence in 1991 and serving until 1998. His tenure in office bore the country through the war with Azerbaijan over the breakaway territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Robert Kocharyan became Armenia’s second president in 1998 and led the country for the next decade. Prior to becoming Armenia’s leader, Kocharyan was the president of Nagorno-Karabakh, his birthplace, from 1994-1997.
Serzh Sargsyan served as president from 2008-2018 after having completed two terms as Prime Minister. Some opposed his election, claiming he was a close ally of President Kocharyan. However, his was a largely peaceful term until it ended in 2018.
Armen Sarkissian, Armenia’s fourth president, was elected to office in April 2018. The next month Nikol Pashinyan was elected as Prime Minister, despite attempts from outgoing president Serzh Sargsyan to secure the position.
Armenia’s government was restructured in late 2018 and early 2019. The country is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Independent States, World Trade Organization and the Council of Europe.
The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, referred to internally as Artsakh, has its own governmental system.
Geography of Armenia
Armenia, a landlocked country roughly the size of Belgium, is home to no less than seven geographical regions. Fertile farmland and semi-desert terrain, forests and swamps, alpine meadows and mountainous territory all merge together to form the landscape of Armenia.
One look at a map of Armenia reveals that the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are by far the most dominant landscape, particularly in the north and east. Over 90% of the country sits at least 1,000m above sea level, with Mount Aragats (4,090 m,13,419 ft) the highest peak in both Armenia and the entire Lesser Caucasus Range. Mount Ararat, while now situated in Turkey, was historically part of Armenia and is by far the tallest mountain in the region. On a clear day it can be easily seen from Armenian territory and continues to be a significant landmark to the Armenian people.
Although mountainous, much of the soil is fertile, thanks to a limited number of rivers and tributaries that snake their way through the country. Key bodies of water include the Aras, Razdan and Debet Rivers, and more notably Lake Sevan, which comprises 5% of the country’s land.
During Soviet times, Armenia was one of the most densely populated republics within the USSR. The vast majority of the population, and all of the country’s major cities, are located in the nation’s central and southwest region, comprised mostly of flatland and the most temperate climate in all of Armenia.
Moving toward the northern and eastern regions of Armenia, travel becomes more rugged, as the terrain is dominated by the aforementioned Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The southeast corner is regarded by many to be the most beautiful region, with a conglomeration of mountains and woods.
Armenia contains a range of mineral resources but is particularly known for the hundreds of hot springs that provide potable water to the entire nation. Extinct volcanoes also dot the landscape. The country is susceptible to earthquakes, the last significant one having occurred in 1988.
Climate of Armenia
Armenia has a mostly dry continental climate, although due to its terrain and location between the Caucasus Mountains and the Black and Caspian Seas, it experiences a wild range in temperatures and weather patterns.
Armenia welcomes every season in turn. Winters are usually long, cold and icy, with snowfall upwards of 100 cm. The highest peaks retain snow year-round, while the highlands may have snow until the spring. Although the Northern Caucasus shields the country from frigid northern blasts, the valleys still experience biting cold. Average winter temperatures range from -5° to -10°C.
Springtime in Armenia is beautiful, festive and short-lived. Beginning in late March but peaking in April, the weather is typically warm and stable. Spring also sees the refreshing thaw of winter and the blossoming of gorgeous wildflowers.
Summers are typically hot, dry and sunny, beginning in June and lasting through much of September. Although precipitation is uncommon this time of year, when it does rain it often comes on suddenly, quickly developing into a downpour. While summer days are usually hot, temperatures may fall suddenly at night. Summer temperatures average anywhere from 23° to 36°C.
Autumn is a gorgeous season in Armenia. It generally lasts much longer than spring and is notable for its breathtaking hues of red, orange and yellow. While rainfall may increase towards the end of the season, autumn is generally sunny and pleasant, making it a prime time for travel to Armenia.
Precipitation varies greatly throughout Armenia. While average yearly precipitation is estimated at 500mm, the mountainous zones receive much more snow and rainfall than the plains. The southern region has a distinct subtropical climate and is particularly dry. Spring and late fall are the wettest seasons of the year.
Armenian People
“Is Armenia part of Europe or Asia?” is one of the most commonly asked questions regarding the country. Armenia is located at the intersection of Europe and Asia, technically in Asian territory but with strong European influence in language, culture, and worldview.
Unlike the other former USSR nations, Armenia is very monoethnic, with well over 90% of the population claiming Armenian heritage. The Armenian peoples’ history of genocide, diaspora, cultural suppression and domination by other cultures has led to a close-knit Armenian community today. Young and old alike willingly hold onto cultural traditions, taking a special pride in their ancestry and ethnic heritage.
This is true not only of the Armenian population within the country’s borders but of the sizable Armenian diaspora, which is actually larger than the local Armenian community. Currently there are over 1.5 million Armenians in the former USSR nations, particularly in Russia and Georgia, and another 1 million in the US. There are also significant communities of Armenians in Europe and the Middle East.
Despite this fact, the rights of minorities are guaranteed in Armenia. The most significant minority people groups living in Armenia today include the Yazidis and Russians, with smaller pockets of Assyrians, Georgians, Ukrainians, Molokans and Iranians. Since independence from the USSR, these minority groups have been more fully recognized and permitted to embrace their ethnic heritage. For example, approximate 50,000 Yazidis may now study their language and culture at school. Women also are accorded nearly equal access to education and work opportunities.
Armenian people are known to be artistic, creative and expressive. Classic architecture and stone engravings (khachkars) are famous in the region, and the many opera houses, concert halls and theaters are well attended year-round. Armenia’s musical roots reach back to ancient times, and more recently, Armenia composers have been credited with greatly aiding the development of Mideastern musical styles.
Traditional Armenian folk music is a blend of Middle Eastern, Oriental and classical influences and is expressed uniquely among each dialect of Armenian. Special stylistic songs and dances exist for many occasions, including the rhythmic Yarkhusta battle dance and the Uzundara bridal dance.
Family and traditions are at the core of everyday Armenian life. Children are adored and are often cared for well into adulthood. While arranged marriages may still occur in rural areas, it is no longer the norm. Great emphasis is placed on hospitality, with guests being lavished with honor and respect.
Nearly two-thirds of Armenia’s population lives in urban areas.
Economy and Industry
Armenia’s economy faced an uphill battle during the first years after independence. Landlocked with limited natural resources, tensions with neighboring countries blocked the Armenian peoples’ access to the ocean and participation in multi-country efforts. Yet Armenia displayed remarkable resiliency as it steadily built up sustainable industries, earning it the title “Tiger of the Caucasus”.
Today, agriculture, mining and food processing are Armenia’s key industries.
Major crops include fruits and vegetables, most notably melons, wheat, barley and olives. Orchards and vineyards are plentiful throughout the country. Small-scale agriculture prevails in Armenia, whose industrialized and state-run ventures have almost completely been privatized.
Armenia’s mining industry centers on ores and metals, most notably copper, diamonds, gold, silver and iron.
The food processing industry continues to expand, with an emphasis on eco-friendly products that use minimal fertilizers. Goods include wine, brandy, coffee, cheese and jam.
Other steadily growing industries include the IT sector, supported by international investments, and tourism. Shoe and apparel industries are being locally financed to increase overall production and provide small business support. Jewelry is also made from Armenia’s natural deposits of diamonds and gold.
Armenia imports nearly all of its oil and gas. Key exports include diamonds and copper ore, pharmaceuticals and equipment. Russia is by far its primary trade partner, although strong trade relations also exist with Iran and Russia.
Armenian Language
Armenian is one of the oldest languages in the world, with evidence pointing to its existence as early as 5,000-7,000 years ago. In 405 AD, Mesrop the Monk created the written Armenian alphabet, and written literature began to be widely produced that same century.
Armenian is an Indo-European language, and while it’s loosely related to Greek, it forms its own branch within the Indo-European language family, having no close ties with other languages.
The Armenian written script evolved somewhat independently from the spoken language, which both encountered multiple changes over the centuries due to contact with other cultures. Today the original written language, known as Grabar, is still used for religious ceremonies in the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Spoken Armenian contains over 60 dialects, which formed over the centuries as the people were divided by war, geography and forced exile. Today, some of these dialects are no longer mutually intelligible with one another. There are two key dialects today. Eastern Armenian is spoken by Armenian people in Armenia, the former USSR and Iran, while Western Armenian is spoken by many Armenians residing in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas. Due to great diversity among Armenian dialects, the huge Armenian diaspora and the natural tendency to revert to the majority language spoken around them, Armenians have been gradually losing proficiency in their mother tongue.
Many Armenians can speak at least 2-3 languages. Other commonly spoken languages within Armenia include Kurdish, Assyrian, Greek and Russian. While most of the population understands the latter language, they will rarely speak it unless required to do so. In recent years English has become the preferred second language for the younger generations, who are required to learn it in school.
Religion of Armenia
Armenia became the first official Christian nation in 301, and since that time the Armenian people have remained loyal to their Orthodox faith as a symbol of their beliefs and national identity. The church has long been a symbol of Armenian culture and one of its key propagators, having aided the spread of the written language and traditional culture for centuries. It continues to be a connecting point for Armenians in diaspora around the world.
Today the vast majority of Armenians (roughly 95%) are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Its headquarters are located in the city of Etchmiadzin, situated just west of Yerevan and regarded as a holy city.
Over the centuries, the Armenian Apostolic Church has gradually incorporated elements of other ancient religions into its own observances, such that today in Armenia, religious customs are sometimes a combination of traditional Orthodox and ancient pagan beliefs. For example, in accordance with ancient Zoroastrian customs, newlyweds may dance around or jump over a fire to protect their marriage from future calamity.
In Armenia, religion for most Orthodox adherants includes belief in the afterlife. Honoring the dead through grave visitation and memorial services at designated times is standard practice, as is attendance at the church for special ceremonies, holidays, etc. Unlike in the Catholic tradition, however, the existence of purgatory isn’t taught, and the need to be cleansed from sin is given little emphasis.
Today freedom of religion in Armenia is guaranteed, as it is an officially secular state. Minority religious groups within Armenia include Yezidis, Jews, Catholics, Protestants and Muslims. In addition to churches, Armenia is home to the world’s largest Yazidi temple and a Shi’a mosque and community center.
Capital of Armenia
Armenia’s capital Yerevan, which celebrated its 2,800th birthday in 2018, holds the record as one of the world’s oldest continually occupied cities. Today Yerevan, situated on the Hrazdan River in the Ararat Valley, is home to over one-third of Armenia’s total population, about 1.2 million people.
A clean city with well-kept parks, it’s easy to see why Yerevan is a major tourist destination within Armenia. The city’s vibe reflects the laid-back, cultured and dignified character of the Armenian people. Coffee shops and tea houses abound and in summer, downtown Yerevan itself feels like one big café - it remains light out until late and people drink coffee, enjoy live music and socialize until the early hours. Locals and tourists alike enjoy climbing up Yerevan Cascade for a striking view of the city, particularly glorious at night.
At the geographic and social center of Armenia’s capital is Republic Square, designed by famed architect Alexander Tamanyan and taking more than 50 years to construct. Resplendent in the pink-hued tuff (volcanic stone) that has given Yerevan the nickname ‘Pink City’, the square is framed with the History Museum, Art Gallery, various government buildings and colorful singing fountains that delight young and old.
Other notable locales include Abovian Street, a major thoroughfare flaunting traditional architecture, and Mesrop Mashtots Prospect, Yerevean’s main street and cultural center.
Yerevan’s numerous museums, theaters and concert halls reflect the Armenian peoples’ love for music and the visual arts. Visitors will not want to miss the State Opera and Ballet House in Freedom Square, the renowned Opera and Ballet Theater, or the seven-story National Gallery Museum. At Vernissage open-air market, locally made handicrafts can be bought and sold in a festive and friendly atmosphere, particularly on the weekends. For anyone fond of exhibitions, a trip to Saryan Park on Saturdays will not disappoint. Browse the many paintings on display and interact with some of the artists themselves.
The Armenian Genocide Memorial is a moving commemoration of the millions who perished in the 20th century attacks. Numerous monuments and statues throughout the city likewise pay daily tribute to Armenia’s key historical figures.
Public Holidays
January 1-4 – New Year Holiday
January 5-7 – Armenian Christmas
January 28 – National Army Day
March 8 – Women’s Day
April 24 – Armenian Remembrance Day
April 27 - Citizen’s Day
May 1 – Labor Day
May 9 – Victory Day
May 28 – First Republic Day
July 5 – Constitution Day
September 21 – Independence Day
December 31 – New Year’s Eve
Date Varies - Good Friday and Easter (end of March-beginning of May)
Notable Historical Figures
Anania Shirakatsi (610-685 AD) – сonsidered the first Armenian mathematician and astronomer, he’s hailed as the father of sciences in Armenia.
Gregory of Narek (951-1003) – also known as St. Gregory Narekatzi, this poet and saint of the Armenian church is famous for his mystical poems and hymns, most notably Lamentations.
Khachatur Abovian (1809-???)– the father of modern Armenian literature, Abovian mysteriously disappeared in 1848 and was never found.
Andranik Ozanian (1865-1927) – Armenian military commander hailed as a national hero for his key role in the Armenian independence movement of his time.
Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869-1923) – regarded as the national poet of Armenia, Tumanyan is best known for his poems, but also wrote literature and translated various works.
Komitas Vardapet (1869-1935) – Armenia’s leading composer who helped to birth Armenia’s unique musical style.
Aram Khachaturian (1903-1978) – the greatest Armenian composer of the 20th century and one of the most renowned musicians from the Soviet Union, he shaped Armenian culture through his life and music.
Vazgen 1 (1908-1994) – chief bishop of Armenia from 1955-1994, Vazgen was a symbol of unity for Armenians worldwide and the first to be awarded the title “National Hero of Armenia”. | ||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 14 | https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/armenia/demographics/ | en | Demographics in Armenia | [
"https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/logotype.png"
] | [] | [] | [
"demographics of Armenia",
"Armenia",
"people",
"language",
"demographics"
] | null | [] | null | The demographics of Armenia and the human resources available for your business. In total, 2,934,152 people live in the country. Out of them, 48.04% or 1,409,660 people are an active workforce. Armenia is considered to be a developing nation. The linguistic situation in Armenia is vaguely diverse, which is an essential factor for the business localization procedures. | en | https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/favicon.ico | null | Demographics of Armenia
The total population of Armenia is 2,934,152 people. People in Armenia speak the Armenian language. The linguistic diversity of Armenia is vaguely diverse according to a fractionalization scale which for Armenia is 0.1291. The median age is approximately 33.7 years. Life expectancy in Armenia is 74.44. The female fertility rate in Armenia is 1.5. Around 24% of the population of Armenia are obese. The ethnic diversity is almost uniform according to a fractionalization scale which for Armenia is 0.1272. To find out specifics of language, religion, age, gender distribution, and advancement of people in Armenia see the sections below, as well as visit the section concerning the education in the country.
Population
In Armenia, the population density is 101.5 people per square kilometer (264 per square mile). Because of this statistic, this country is considered to be densely populated. The total population of Armenia is 2,934,152 people. Armenia has approximately 317,001 foreign immigrants. Immigrants in Armenia represent 0.2 percent of the total number of immigrants in the world. Immigrants in Armenia represent 10.6 percent of the total number of immigrants in the world. The ethnic diversity of Armenia is almost uniform according to a fractionalization scale based on ethnicity. Ethnic fractionalization (EF) deals with the number, sizes, socioeconomic distribution, and geographical location of distinct cultural groups, usually in a state or some otherwise delineated territory. Specific cultural features might refer to language, skin color, religion, ethnicity, customs and traditions, history, or other distinctive criteria, alone or in combination. Frequently, these features are used for social exclusion and the monopolization of power. The index of ethnic fractionalization in Armenia is 0.1272. This means that the people living in Armenia are coming from a narrow group of ethnicities, all of which are related to one another. EF is usually measured as 1 minus the Herfindahl concentration index of ethnolinguistic group shares, which reproduces the probability that two randomly drawn individuals from the population belong to different groups. The theoretical maximum of EF of 1 means that each person belongs to a different group. Read below for statistics of Armenia on median age and gender distribution at various ages.
Age
The median age is approximately 33.7 years. The median age for men is 31.8, while the median age for women is 35.8.
Gender
The sex ratio, or the number of males for each female (estimated at birth), is 1.124. It can be further divided into the following categories: sex ratio under 15 - 1.15; sex ratio from 15 to 64 - 0.88; sex ratio over 64 - 0.62; total sex ratio - 0.89. Total sex ratio is different from sex ratio estimated at birth. This is due to the fact that some newborns are considered in the sex ratio estimated at birth but pass away within the first weeks of their life and are not included in the total sex ratio.
Religion
The majority religion of Armenia is Christianity, the followers of which comprise 98.5% of all religious believers in the country. Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. The religious diversity of Armenia is diverse according to a fractionalization scale based on the number of religions in Armenia. The index of religious fractionalization in Armenia is 0.4576. This score means that within the country there is one major religion and several other minor beliefs.
General development
Armenia is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. As a developing nation, Armenia may not be able to offer consistent social services to its citizens. These social services may include things like public education, reliable healthcare, and law enforcement. Citizens of developing nations may have lower life expectancies than citizens of developed nations. In Armenia, 39.16 in every 100 people use internet. Armenia has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.73. Armenia has an upper medium HDI score. This indicates that the majority of citizens will be able to attain a desirable life, though some citizens will not be able to achieve high living standards. The migration rate in Armenia is -5.8%. In Armenia, 32% of the population lives below the poverty line. The percentage of citizens living below the poverty line in Armenia is fairly high, but is not reason for complete concern with regard to investments. Potential financial backers should look at other economic markers, including GDP, urbanization rate, and strength of currency, before making any decisions regarding investments.
Language
People in Armenia speak the Armenian language. The linguistic diversity of Armenia is vaguely diverse according to a fractionalization scale based on the number of unrelated languages spoken in Armenia. The index of linguistic fractionalization in Armenia is 0.1291. This means that within the country there is one major language and several minor languages. Unrelated languages share few characteristics of grammatical structure, vocabulary, and etymological heritage. Linguistic diversity often results in issues of social and cultural fractionalization that can impact a country’s political circumstance and public policies. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 57 | https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/library-research-services/collections/diversity-inclusion-belonging/secret-nation | en | Secret Nation: The Hidden Armenians of Turkey | https://www.hks.harvard.edu/themes/harvardkennedy/favicon.ico | https://www.hks.harvard.edu/themes/harvardkennedy/favicon.ico | [
"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/logos/logo_2.svg",
"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/logos/logo_2.svg",
"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/logos/logo_2.svg",
"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2023-08/secretnation.jpg",
"https://www.hks.harvard.edu... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | “It has long been assumed that no Armenian presence remained in eastern Turkey after the 1915 massacres. As a result of what has come to be called the Armenian Genocide, those who survived in Anatolia were assimilated as Muslims, with most losing all traces of their Christian identity. In fact, some did survive and together with their children managed during the last century to conceal their origins. | en | /themes/harvardkennedy/favicon.ico | https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/library-research-services/collections/diversity-inclusion-belonging/secret-nation | “It has long been assumed that no Armenian presence remained in eastern Turkey after the 1915 massacres. As a result of what has come to be called the Armenian Genocide, those who survived in Anatolia were assimilated as Muslims, with most losing all traces of their Christian identity. In fact, some did survive and together with their children managed during the last century to conceal their origins. Many of these survivors were orphans, adopted by Turks, only discovering their ‘true’ identity late into their adult lives. Outwardly, they are Turks or Kurds and while some are practicing Muslims, others continue to uphold Christian and Armenian traditions behind closed doors. In recent years, a growing number of ‘secret Armenians’ have begun to emerge from the shadows. Spurred by the bold voices of journalists like Hrant Dink, the Armenian newspaper editor murdered in Istanbul in 2007, the pull towards freedom of speech and soul-searching is taking hold across the region. Avedis Hadjian has traveled to the towns and villages once densely populated by Armenians, recording stories of survival and discovery from those who remain in a region that is deemed unsafe for the people who once lived there. This book takes the reader to the heart of these hidden communities for the first time, unearthing their unique heritage and identity. Revealing the lives of a people that have been trapped in a history of denial for more than a century, Secret Nation is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide in the very places where the events occurred.” --Dust jacket. | |||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 1 | https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/armenia-population | en | Armenia Population 2024 (Live) | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | [
"https://worldpopulationreview.com/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=32&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=64&q=75 2x"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | null | Armenia has experienced population decline since the USSR was broken up, but the decline leveled out between 2008-2010. Based on the medium variant of the UN projections, the population will be nearly 3 million in 2020.
Armenia Population Growth
The annual growth rate of the population in Armenia has been wavering on both sides of zero since the turn of the century, gaining numbers just to lose some a few years later leading to little overall change. As of 2019, the population was close to a standstill growing at just 0.09% a year. Net migration is relatively low, yet negative, and the largest contributing factor to the low amount has been the below-average birth rate of 1.61 children being born to the average Armenian woman. The birth rate was even lower in the 1990s, meaning that there are not many people around child-bearing age around at present. That in combination with socio-economic factors have not inspired people to start large families.
Armenia Population Projections
The decrease in the annual growth rate of Armenia is expected to continue in the coming years, beginning to see a decrease in numbers as soon as the year 2024. Current projections go out to the year 2050 and believe that the net migration will regularly be at least -5,000 annually and the birth rate will remain below the worldwide average, staying close to 1.51, which is not conducive to growth. If these factors remain as expected, the annual growth rate should get down to -0.47% by 2050, and the population of Armenia will be roughly 2,938,679 in 2020, 2,907,463 in 2030, 2,818,399 in 2040 and 2,600,184 by 2050.
The small landlocked nation of Armenia is located along the boundary between Europe and Asia but is technically an Asian nation that shares its border with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. Located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas, Armenia covers 11,484 square miles (29,743 square kilometers) of area, which ranks 141st in the world in terms of size. However, Armenia is the second-most densely populated nation of the former Soviet republics. The population in 2019 was 2,937,026 which gives it a population density of 256 people per square mile (99 people per square kilometer), which ranks 84th in the world in this regard.
Roughly 63% of the people living in Armenia reside in or around a major metropolitan area. Armenia’s largest city, Yerevan, has a population of approximately 1.075 million people - roughly one-third of the entire population. Yerevan is one of the world’s oldest, continually inhabited cities in existence to this day. Yerevan is also the nation's capital and is home to most of the country's major industries and international headquarters. This area of Armenia is where it is speculated that Noah’s Ark would have landed, by all research and accounts. Yerevan is by far the largest city in Armenia, with the second-largest city of Gyumri having a population of 117,000. Other notable cities with populations less than 100,000 include Vanadzor, Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Abovyan, and Kapan. Armenia is urbanizing at a rate of 0.5% but has seen a population decrease by about 6% over the most recent 4 years.
Armenia Demographics
The ethnic tapestry of Armenia is 98% ethnic Armenians, while the rest are primarily Yazidis, with some Russian ethnicity present. Accordingly, the two official languages in Armenia are Armenian, and Kurdish, which is spoken by the Yezidi minority. The life expectancy in Armenia is higher than most other Soviet Republics with men expected to live to 71.6 and women to 78.3 years old. The median age in Armenia is 35.6 years old. Armenia has a large diaspora, with about 8 million Armenians living throughout the world. This is much larger than the current 3 million population of Armenia itself. The largest communities outside of Armenia are in Russia, Iran, France, the U.S., Canada, Syria, Lebanon and elsewhere. The northern portion of the country is more densely populated than the south.
Armenia Religion, Economy and Politics
Religious devotion in Armenia is traditionally Christian. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as a national religion, and antiquity shows this occurred around 301 A.D. Over 93% of the current populous claims to be part of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Catholicism exists in Armenia, as well as Sunni Islam, both practiced by a small fraction of Armenian residents.
In the years since Armenia's independence, they have become increasingly self-reliant for natural resources and mining for copper, zinc, gold, and lead is the most significant portion of the economy. Most of their fuel, however, still comes from Russia. Trade in Armenia is somewhat limited since two of its neighboring countries, Azerbaijan and Turkey, have had their trade borders closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, leaving just Jordan and Georgia as their most accessible trade partners. This limited trade in addition to the pervasiveness of monopolies throughout many industries has led Armenia to be particularly susceptible to the volatilities of the global market.
Armenia Population History
600,000 - 1,500,000 Armenians were either killed or deported from Western Armenia, their homeland, to the area that is now Syria between the years 1915-1917, at which time the Armenian part of the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the Russian army before being incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Under Stalin, the economy flourished and there was much industrial development, but the people suffered greatly through the 1930s.
In 1988, Armenians began campaigning for the Nagorno-Karabakh region of neighboring Azerbaijan to be incorporated with the rest of Armenia. Later that year an earthquake killed 25,000 and left hundreds of thousands of people without homes. Shortly after the earthquake, tensions rose over the Nagorno-Karabakh region and thousands were forced to leave their homes. Armenia joined the United Nations in 1992 and became a full member of the Council of Europe in 2002. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 77 | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison | en | Population Comparison | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | /the-world-factbook/favicon-32x32.png?v=c3853bf09f084a8b1f66c6c2685054a1 | null | ||||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 22 | https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/armenia/ | en | Armenia country profile | [
"https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/logotype.png",
"https://www.confiduss.com/site/image/state/intro/main/am.png"
] | [] | [] | [
"Armenia",
"general",
"information",
"country",
"profile",
"jurisdiction"
] | null | [] | null | Armenia is a country located in the Western part of Asia. It is a Semi-presidential republic, lead by president Armen Sarkissian. The capital of Armenia is Yerevan. Armenian is the official language of Armenia. Read more about why Armenia is a worthwile jurisdiction for your business setup and investments. | en | https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/favicon.ico | null | Armenia
The ISO code of Armenia is AM according to the ISO 3166 standard. The local name of the country is Hayastan. Armenia capital city is Yerevan. People in Armenia speak the Armenian language. Around 2492 BCE, Armenia emerged as a sovereign political entity. In the year 2492 BCE, Armenia emerged as a sovereign political entity. The largest cities in Armenia are Yerevan, Gyumri, Vanadzor.
Armenia is located in the UTC +04:00 time zone, which is also called Armenia Time or AMT. The internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Armenia is .am. The International dialing code for Armenia is 374. People in Armenia drive on the right side of the road. Total land area of Armenia is 29,743 km² (approx. 11,484 mi²). Armenia is a landlocked country.
Armenia is located in Asia. Armenia is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life.
Currently Armenia faces various issues, including chemical pollution. deforestation.
Doing business in Armenia
We offer various corporate services in Armenia jurisdiction. These services can serve both, people coming from Armenia and foreigners. If you plan on doing business in Armenia you might be interested in contacting us.
To find out about starting your business in Armenia click on company formation in Armenia.
To find out how to open a bank account in Armenia and moreover what type of account Confidus Solutions suggests to create, please click on bank account in Armenia.
Choose preferred service below or continue reading to find out more about Armenia.
Company formation Bank account (Corporate)Available banks Bank account (Private)
Demographics of Armenia
The total population of Armenia is 2,934,152 people. In Armenia, the population density is 101.5 people per square kilometer (264 per square mile). Because of this statistic, this country is considered to be densely populated. The ethnic diversity is almost uniform according to a fractionalization scale which for Armenia is 0.1272. Armenia has approximately 317001 foreign immigrants. The median age is approximately 33.7 years. In Armenia, 39.16 in every 100 people use internet. Armenia has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.73.
The majority religion of Armenia is Christianity, Armenia is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. Click on a link to read more on demographics of Armenia.
Culture of Armenia
People in Armenia speak the Armenian language. According to data on inbound tourists in Armenia, 1,084,000 tourists arrive in the country each year. One of the most popular national dishes of Armenia is khash. To read more click on culture of Armenia.
Geography of Armenia
Armenia is considered to be a large nation because of its total area. Its total land area is 29,743 km² (approx. 11,484 mi²). Armenia is located in Asia. Its capital city is Yerevan. Armenia has 4 neighbouring countries. Its neighbours include Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Turkey. Total length of land borders of Armenia is 1570 kilometers (~606 miles).
The highest point of Armenia is Mount Aragats, with its official height being 4090 m (13,419 ft). The most notable natural resources found in Armenia are gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite.To read more click on geography of Armenia.
Economy of Armenia
The currency of the country is Armenian dram. The symbol used for this currency is ֏, and it is abbreviated as AMD. 18.2% of population in the country are unemployed. The total number of unemployed people in Armenia is 534,016. Each year, Armenia exports around $1.65 billion and imports roughly $3.46 billion. The Gini Index of the country is 30.9. Armenia has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.73.The Global Peace Index (GPI) for Armenia is 2.028. Armenia has a government debt of 13.22% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as assessed in 2010. Armenia is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. Major industries in the country are diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing, brandy, mining.
The total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) assessed as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in Armenia is $21 billion. Each year, consumers spend around $6,946 million. The ratio of consumer spending to GDP in Armenia is 67%, and the ratio of consumer spending to the world consumer market is 0.02. The corporate tax in Armenia is set at 20%. Personal income tax ranges from 24.4% to 36%, depending on your specific situation and income level. VAT in Armenia is 20%. In 2013, Armenia received 272.7 million USD in foreign aid.In 2014, the foreign aid amounted to 400.1 USD.To read more click on economy of Armenia.
Infrastructure of Armenia
Infrastructure quality in Armenia is rated to be at 2.38. It indicates a mediocre quality - roads, railroad, ports and other facilities are able to handle somewhat significant traffic, but not enough to ensure smooth transit at all times.
In Armenia, 100% of the population has access to electricity. There are 194,142 internet hosts in Armenia. Armenia has 11 airports nationwide.
The logistics performance index of Armenia is 2.67. It indicates a satisfactory performance - in general, traffic is handeled well, some flaws in certain areas are possible, but overall the logistics system performs reliably and is ready to handle predictable amounts of traffic.
Tracking possibilities for shipments are rated at 2.5. It indicates a satisfactory performance - the tracking systems provide all the basic information as well as additional data about shipments; most of the times it also has a weel established cooperation with foreign and international tracking systems, as well as usually provides information in multiple languages.
To read more click on infrastructure of Armenia.
Politics of Armenia
Armenia, is a semi-presidential republic. With regard to political and civil freedoms, Armenia is 2. Citizens in Armenia experience partial freedom. While the majority of citizens are able to exercise their free will to a certain extent in Armenia, some political engagement may be limited and certain population groups may be excluded from certain freedoms or expressions. The head of the government is Armen Sarkissian.
According to the World Bank Group, the government effectiveness index of Armenia is -0.17. This indicates that the government of Armenia is mediocre. While some public and civil services are limited, in other cases they can be considered adequate or even effective. Potential investors should carefully evaluate the governmental situation in Armenia before considering any business maneuvers.In Armenia, the legislative power is vested in a National Assembly. The Global Peace Index (GPI) for Armenia is 2.028. The strength of legal rights index for Armenia is 5. Overall, it is considered to be rather inadequate - bankruptcy and collateral laws are able to protect the rights of borrowers and lenders to some degree; credit information may be sufficient, but hardly available, or, the oppoiste case, available but not sufficient. In 2013, Armenia received 272.7 million USD in foreign aid. In 2014, the foreign aid amounted to 400.1 USD. Armenia is a member of the United Nations (UN). On 2 March 1992, it joined the UN as a full member state. Armenia is a member of the World Bank. To read more click on politics of Armenia.
Environment of Armenia
Armenia emits 1.7 metric tons per capita of CO2. 2974 km² of Armenia's territory is covered in forests. and forest land comprises 10% of all the land in the country. To read more click on environment of Armenia.
Company formation in Armenia
The development of telecommunications and economic globalization has made it possible for interested investors to form companies around the world. With proper research, financial investments, and legal backing, business ventures can safely be established in Armenia.
When establishing a company in Armenia, an interested investor must do due diligence with regard to legal processes, international regulations, and sufficient investment for success. It is critical to understand cultural, social, and political factors of Armenia that will affect the establishment and growth of one's business. Contact us or click on company formation in Armenia to read additional information when setting up a business.
Bank account opening in Armenia
With the right paperwork and initial outlay, it is possible for a foreign citizen to open a bank account in Armenia. This opportunity for international accounts and investments offers several advantages based on economic regulations and tax structures. Interest rates and fees vary depending on your interests. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 20 | https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31331 | en | Armenia | [
"https://encyclopedia.pub/build/images/header_logo.png",
"https://encyclopedia.pub/build/images/logo.png",
"https://encyclopedia.pub/build/images/point-3.png",
"https://encyclopedia.pub/media/common/202210/mceclip0-6358cbeb6ec73.png",
"https://encyclopedia.pub/media/common/202210/mceclip1-6358cc3a8fea3.png"... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Amaretti Nagoayuskali"
] | 2022-10-26T09:05:18+02:00 | Encyclopedia is a user-generated content hub aiming to provide a comprehensive record for scientific developments. All content free to post, read, share and reuse. | en | /favicon.ico | https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31331 | 1. Etymology
The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք (Hayk’); however, it is currently rarely used. The contemporary name Հայաստան (Hayastan) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan (place).. However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos,[1][2] Faustus of Byzantium,[3][4] Ghazar Parpetsi,[5] Koryun,[6] and Sebeos.[7]
The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk (Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene (Movsis Khorenatsi), defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region.[8] The further origin of the name is uncertain. It is also further postulated[9][10] that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states – the Ḫayaša-Azzi (1600–1200 BC).
The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴). The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC).[11] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC.[12]
Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani (Armanum, Armi) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme (Shupria).[13] These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms. Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of Lake Van (probably in the vicinity of Sason, and therefore in the greater Armenia region), the location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it near modern Samsat,[14] and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people.[15] It is possible that the name Armenia originates in Armini, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country."[16] The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the Mushki and the Kaskians. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.[17]
It has also been speculated that the land of Ermenen (located in or near Minni), mentioned by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III in 1446 BC, could be a reference to Armenia.
According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.[18][19] The Table of Nations lists Aram as the son of Shem, to whom the Book of Jubilees attests,
"And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara'."[20][21]
Jubilees 8:21 also apportions the Mountains of Ararat to Shem, which Jubilees 9:5 expounds to be apportioned to Aram.[20][21] The historian Flavius Josephus also states in his Antiquities of the Jews,
"Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians;... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini."[22]
2. History
2.1. Antiquity
Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of Ararat. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at the Areni-1 cave complex have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe,[23] skirt,[24] and wine-producing facility.[25]
According to the story of Hayk, the legendary founder of Armenia, around 2107 BC Hayk fought against Belus, the Babylonian God of War, at Çavuştepe along the Engil river to establish the very first Armenian state. Historically, this event coincides with the destruction of Akkad by the Gutian dynasty of Sumer in 2115 BC,[26] a time when Hayk may have left with the "more than 300 members of his household" as told in the legend, and also during the beginning of when a Mesopotamian Dark Age was occurring due to the fall of the Akkadian Empire in 2154 BC which may have acted as a backdrop for the events in the legend making him leave Mesopotamia.[27]
Several Bronze Age cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, Hayasa-Azzi, and Mitanni (located in southwestern historical Armenia), all of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations.[28][29][30][31][32][33] The Nairi confederation and its successor, Urartu, successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highlands. Each of the aforementioned nations and confederacies participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenians.[34][35][36][37] A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.[38]
During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighbouring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.[39] In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including Assyria (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains),[40] Medes, Achaemenid Empire, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sasanian Empire, Byzantine Empire, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongols, Ottoman Empire, the successive Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties of Iran, and the Russians.
Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country used the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months.
Christianity spread into the country as early as AD 40. Tiridates III of Armenia (238–314) made Christianity the state religion in 301,[42][43] partly, in defiance of the Sasanian Empire, it seems,[44] becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the Roman Empire granted Christianity an official toleration under Galerius, and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptised. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country.[44]
After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within the Sasanian Empire.[45] Following the Battle of Avarayr in 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy.[46]
2.2. Middle Ages
After the Sasanian period (428–636), Armenia emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its centre in the Armenian city, Dvin. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia.[50]
The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.[51]
In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short-lived, as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire.[52] To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under Leo I, King of Armenia, a descendant of Prince Ruben.[53]
Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region.
The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The Orbelian Dynasty shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the House of Hasan-Jalalyan controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.[54]
2.3. Early Modern Era
During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes, such as the Kara Koyunlu, Timurid dynasty and Ağ Qoyunlu, which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened.[55]
In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell to the Safavid Empire.[56][57] Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires during the Ottoman–Persian Wars. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century,[58] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.
From 1604, Abbas I of Iran implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved a forced resettlement of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands.[59]
In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, following the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), respectively, the Qajar dynasty of Iran was forced to irrevocably cede Eastern Armenia, consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh Khanates, to Imperial Russia.[60][61] This period is known as Russian Armenia.
While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social structure, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".[62]
During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed Armenian fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. The Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.[63]
2.4. World War I and the Armenian Genocide
The outbreak of World War I led to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian campaigns. The new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion, because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian genocide.
The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.[64][65] There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.[66]
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides.[67][68] According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 to 1916. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916.[69] The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million".[70] The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.[71]
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian genocide.[72]
2.5. First Republic of Armenia
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.
The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputes, and a mass influx of refugees from Ottoman Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The Entente Powers sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support.
At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia". In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.[74]
There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, and never came into effect. The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara.
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.[75]
After the fall of the republic, the February Uprising soon took place in 1921, and led to the establishment of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia by Armenian forces under command of Garegin Nzhdeh on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July.
2.6. Armenian SSR
Armenia was annexed by the Red Army and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.[76][77] With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.[76][77]
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with secular policies of USSR. After the death of Vladimir Lenin and events occurred during Russian Civil War, Joseph Stalin became the general secretary of the CPSU, the most powerful position in the USSR of the time.[78]
Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the Red Army during the war, and 175,000 died.[79]
It is claimed that the freedom index in the region had seen an improvement after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 and the emergence of Nikita Khrushchev as the new general secretary of the CPSU. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970.[80] The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Armenia supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in Azerbaijan, such as the one in Sumgait, which was followed by anti-Azerbaijani violence in Armenia.[81] Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.[82]
Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia.[83] On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.[84]
2.7. Restoration of Independence
On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its statehood after the failed August coup in Moscow, RSFSR. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by leading the Karabakh movement for the unification of the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh.[85] On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenia's independence was recognised.
Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively debilitated Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic.[85] In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.[86]
The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered ceasefire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[87] The Armenian backed forces remained in control of practically all of that territory until 2020. The economies of both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.[88] Several thousand were killed in the later 2020 Karabakh war.
2.8. Modernity
In the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a market economy. One study ranks it the 41st most "economically free" nation in the world, (As of 2014).[89] Its relations with Europe, the Arab League, and the Commonwealth of Independent States have allowed Armenia to increase trade.[90][91] Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. (As of 2016), Armenia maintained cordial relations with both countries.[92][needs update]
The 2018 Armenian Revolution was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as President of Armenia and later against the Republican Party controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared it[clarification needed] a "velvet revolution."[93]
In March 2018, Armenian parliament elected Armen Sarkissian as the new President of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.[94] In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti-government demonstrations.[95]
On 27 September 2020, a full-scale war erupted due to the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[96] Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.[97] The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement to end the six-week war between Armenia and Azerbaijan was seen by many as Armenia's defeat and capitulation.[98] The year-long March of Dignity protests forced early elections.
On 20 June 2021, Pashinyan's Civil Contract party won an early parliamentary election. Acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed to the post of prime minister by Armenia's President Armen Sarkissian.[99] In January 2022, Armenian President Armen Sarkissian resigned from office, stating that the constitution no longer gives the president sufficient powers or influence.[100] On 3 March 2022, Vahagn Khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.[101] The next month yet more protests broke out.[102]
3. Geography
Armenia is a landlocked country in the geopolitical Transcaucasus (South Caucasus) region, that is located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains and their lowlands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and northeast of the Armenian Highlands. Located in Western Asia,[103][104] on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor which is a part of Lachin District that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and Azerbaijan proper to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.[105] Armenia lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and meridians 43° and 47° E. It contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Caucasus mixed forests and Eastern Anatolian montane steppe.[106]
3.1. Topography
Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests. The land rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 feet) above sea level at Mount Aragats, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280 ft) above sea level.[107] Average elevation of the country area is tenth highest in the world and it has 85.9% mountain area, more than Switzerland or Nepal.[108]
Mount Ararat, which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region at 5,137 meters (16,854 feet). Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible from Armenia, it is regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the Armenian national emblem today.[109][110][111]
3.2. Climate
The climate in Armenia is markedly highland continental. Summers are hot, dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between 22 and 36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while autumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage.
Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23 °F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Lake Sevan, nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at 1,900 metres (6,234 ft) above sea level.
3.3. Environment
Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. Its rank on subindex Environmental Health (which is weighted at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia's rank on subindex of Ecosystem Vitality (weighted at 60% in EPI) is 27th best in the world.[113] This suggests that main environmental issues in Armenia are with population health, while environment vitality is of lesser concern. Out of sub-subindices contributing to Environmental Health subindex ranking on Air Quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying.
Waste management in Armenia is underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near Hrazdan city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps.[114]
Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and wind power) and calls from EU officials to shut down the nuclear power plant at Metsamor,[115] the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernization to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%.[116][117]
4. Government and Politics
Armenia is a representative parliamentary democratic republic. The Armenian constitution adhered to the model of a semi-presidential republic until April 2018.
According to the current Constitution of Armenia, the President is the head of state holding largely representational functions, while the Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises executive power.
Legislative power is vested in the Azgayin Zhoghov or National Assembly, which is a unicameral parliament.
Fragile states index since its first report in 2006 until most recent in 2019 consistently ranked Armenia better than all its neighboring countries (with one exception in 2011).[118]
Armenia has universal suffrage above the age of eighteen.[119][120]
4.1. Foreign Relations
Armenia became a member of the United Nations on 2 March 1992, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements. It is also a member of international organisations such as the Council of Europe, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the World Customs Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. Armenia is also an observer member of the Arab League,[121] the Organization of American States, the Pacific Alliance, the Non-Aligned Movement, and a dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. As a result of its historical ties to France, Armenia was selected to host the biennial Francophonie summit in 2018.[122]
Armenia has a difficult relation with neighbouring countries Azerbaijan and Turkey. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s.[123] To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under severe blockade. In addition, a permanent solution for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organizations such as the OSCE.
Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian genocide, even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the third republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, and citing it as the reason, Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.[123]
On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on the normalisation of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border.[124] The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their constitutionality to be approved. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues.[125] One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the Treaty of Kars. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law".[125][126] This was for the Turkish Government the reason to back down from the Protocols.[127] The Armenian President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that, as the leader of the political majority of Armenia, he assured the parliamentary ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".
Due to its position between two hostile neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the city of Gyumri located in Northwestern Armenia[128] as a deterrent against Turkey. Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. Armenia maintains positive relations with the United States, which is home to the second largest Armenian diaspora community in the world. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenian Americans in the country.[129]
Because of the illicit border blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain solid relations with its southern neighbour Iran, especially in the economic sector. Economic projects are being developed between the two nations, including a gas pipeline going from Iran to Armenia.
Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and maintains close relations with the European Union; especially with its member states France and Greece. In January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future.[130] A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenians favored joining the EU,[131] a move multiple Armenian officials have voiced support for.[132]
A former republic of the Soviet Union and an emerging democracy, Armenia was negotiating to become an associate EU partner and had completed negotiations to sign an Association Agreement with a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU in 2013. However, the government opted not to finalize the agreement, and instead joined the Eurasian Economic Union.[133][134][135] Despite this, Armenia and the EU finalized the Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on 24 November 2017. The agreement enhances the relationship between Armenia and the EU to a new partnership level, further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis.[136][137][138]
Legally speaking, Armenia has the right to be considered as a prospective EU member provided it meets necessary standards and criteria, though officially such a plan does not exist in Brussels.[139][140][141][142] Armenia is included in the EU's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and participates in both the Eastern Partnership and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
4.2. Military
The Armenian Army, Armenian Air Force , Armenian Air Force , and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, headed by Davit Tonoyan, while military command remains in the hands of the general staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Lieutenant-General Onik Gasparyan.
Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are in charge of patrolling the country's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilize every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with military preparedness.
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993. Armenia is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). Armenia also has an Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO and it participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC).
4.3. Human Rights and Freedom
Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most former Soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically. Nonetheless, there are still several considerable problems.
Armenia scored 4.79 on The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index published in January 2019 (data for 2018). Although still classified as "hybrid regime", Armenia recorded the strongest improvement among European countries[143] and reached its ever-best score since calculation began in 2006.[144]
Armenia is classified as "partly free" in the 2019 report (with data from 2018) by Freedom House, which gives it a score of 51 out of 100,[145] which is 6 points ahead of the previous estimate.[146]
Armenia has recorded an unprecedented progress in the 2019 World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, improving its position by 19 points and ranking 61st on the list. The publication also confirms the absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants.[147][148]
Armenia ranks 54th in the 2017 report The Human Freedom Index (with data from 2016) published by Canada's Fraser Institute.[149]
Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries in the 2017 Human Freedom Index published by the Cato Institute .[150][151]
These classifications may improve when data from 2018, including the period of the velvet revolution and thereafter, is analyzed.
4.4. Administrative Divisions
Armenia is divided into ten provinces (marzer, singular marz), with the city (kaghak) of Yerevan (Երևան) having special administrative status as the country's capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the marzpet (marz governor), appointed by the government of Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor, elected since 2009.
Within each province there are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). (As of 2007), Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.[152] Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.
Province Capital Area (km2) Population † Aragatsotn Արագածոտն Ashtarak Աշտարակ 2,756 132,925 Ararat Արարատ Artashat Արտաշատ 2,090 260,367 Armavir Արմավիր Armavir Արմավիր 1,242 265,770 Gegharkunik Գեղարքունիք Gavar Գավառ 5,349 235,075 Kotayk Կոտայք Hrazdan Հրազդան 2,086 254,397 Lori Լոռի Vanadzor Վանաձոր 3,799 235,537 Shirak Շիրակ Gyumri Գյումրի 2,680 251,941 Syunik Սյունիք Kapan Կապան 4,506 141,771 Tavush Տավուշ Ijevan Իջևան 2,704 128,609 Vayots Dzor Վայոց Ձոր Yeghegnadzor Եղեգնաձոր 2,308 52,324 Yerevan Երևան – – 223 1,060,138
† 2011 census
Sources: Area and population of provinces.[153]
5. Economy
The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad.[154] Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.[42]
Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment.[155] This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.[156]
Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, and petroleum exist but have not yet been developed.
Access to biocapacity in Armenia is lower than world average. In 2016, Armenia had 0.8 global hectares [157] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[158] In 2016 Armenia used 1.9 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use double as much biocapacity as Armenia contains. As a result, Armenia is running a biocapacity deficit.[157]
Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. Shutdown of the nuclear power plant in 1989 lead to the Armenian energy crisis of 1990s. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth after the power plant was reopened in 1995.[155] The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.
Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 ceasefire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology and tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.[159]
This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.
A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatization was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatization. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015,[160] still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.
6. Science, Technology and Education
6.1. Science and Technology
Research spending is low in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP over 2010–2013. However, the statistical record of research expenditure is incomplete, as expenditure by privately owned business enterprises is not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic expenditure on research was 1.7% of GDP in 2013.[161]
The country's Strategy for the Development of Science 2011–2020 envisions that 'by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based economy and is competitive within the European Research Area with its level of basic and applied research.' It fixes the following targets:[161]
Creation of a system capable of sustaining the development of science and technology;
Development of scientific potential, modernization of scientific infrastructure;
Promotion of basic and applied research;
Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and
Becoming a prime location for scientific specialization in the European Research Area.
Based on this strategy, the accompanying Action Plan was approved by the government in June 2011. It defines the following targets:[161]
Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development;
Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure;
Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and
Enhance international co-operation in research and development.
Although the Strategy clearly pursues a 'science push' approach, with public research institutes serving as the key policy target, it nevertheless mentions the goal of establishing an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. In between publishing the Strategy and Action Plan, the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014. These priorities are:[161]
Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences;
Life sciences;
Renewable energy, new energy sources;
Advanced technologies, information technologies;
Space, Earth sciences, sustainable use of natural resources; and
Basic research promoting essential applied research.
The Law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. It allows the National Academy of Sciences to extend its business activities to the commercialization of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for restructuring the National Academy of Sciences by combining institutes involved in closely related research areas into a single body. Three of these new centres are particularly relevant: the Centre for Biotechnology, the Centre for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Centre for Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.[161]
The government is focusing its support on selected industrial sectors. More than 20 projects have been cofunded by the State Committee of Science in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, medicine and biotechnology, agricultural mechanization and machine building, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, the sphere of information technology.[161]
Over the past decade, the government has made an effort to encourage science–industry linkages. The Armenian information technology sector has been particularly active: a number of public–private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, in order to give students marketable skills and generate innovative ideas at the interface of science and business. Examples are Synopsys Inc. and the Enterprise Incubator Foundation.[161] Armenia was ranked 69th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 64th in 2019.[162][163][164][165][166]
6.2. Education
In medieval times, the University of Gladzor and University of Tatev took an important role for whole Armenia.
A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960.[167] In the communist era, Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from Moscow) of curricula and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy.[167]
In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average.[167] In 1989, some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education.[167] In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students.[167] Another seventy specialised secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities.[167] In addition, 35% of eligible children attended preschools.[167] In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, Yerevan State University, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law.[167] Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students.[167] The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933.[167]
In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system.[167] Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise Armenian history and culture.[167] Armenian became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991.[167] Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language.[167]
In 2014, the National Program for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational program (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.[168][169]
The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector. Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory.[167] Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area. The Armenian National Academy of Sciences plays an important role in postgraduate education.
Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years). Schools engage a 10-grade mark system. The government also supports Armenian schools outside of Armenia.
Gross enrollment in tertiary education at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.[170] However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).[171]
7. Demographics
Armenia has a population of 2,951,745 (2018 est.)[172][173] and is the third most densely populated of the former Soviet republics.[174] There has been a problem of population decline due to elevated levels of emigration after the break-up of the USSR.[175] In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012.[176]
Armenia has a relatively large external diaspora (8 million by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 million population of Armenia itself), with communities existing across the globe. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around Istanbul).[177]
About 1,000 Armenians reside in the Armenian Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem, a remnant of a once-larger community.[178] Italy is home to the San Lazzaro degli Armeni, an island located in the Venetian Lagoon, which is completely occupied by a monastery run by the Mechitarists, an Armenian Catholic congregation.[179] Approximately 139,000 Armenians live in the de facto independent country Republic of Artsakh where they form a majority.[180]
7.1. Ethnic Groups
Ethnic Armenians make up 98.1% of the population. Yazidis make up 1.2%, and Russians 0.4%. Other minorities include Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks (usually called Caucasus Greeks), Kurds, Georgians, Belarusians, and Jews. There are also smaller communities of Vlachs, Mordvins, Ossetians, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Poles and Caucasus Germans also exist though they are heavily Russified.[181] (As of 2016), there are an estimated 35,000 Yazidis in Armenia.[182]
During the Soviet era, Azerbaijanis were historically the second largest population in the country, numbering 76,550 in 1922,[183] and forming about 2.5% in 1989.[184] However, due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, virtually all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character.
According to Gallup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has one of the highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rates in eastern Europe.[185]
7.2. Languages
Armenians have their own distinctive alphabet and language,[186] which is the only official language. The alphabet was invented c. AD 405 by Mesrop Mashtots and consists of thirty-nine letters, three of which were added during the Cilician period.[187] The main foreign languages that Armenians know are Russian and English. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%).[188]
7.3. Cities
7.4. Religion
Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301.[200][201][202]
The predominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60.
Over 93% of Christians in Armenia belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church,[203][204] which is in communion only with the churches comprising Oriental Orthodoxy—of which it is itself a member.
Catholics also exist in Armenia, both Latin rite and Armenian rite. The latter group, the Armenian Catholic Church, is headquartered in Bzoummar, Lebanon. Of note are the Mechitarists (also spelled "Mekhitarists"), a congregation of Benedictine monks in the Armenian Catholic Church, founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Sebaste. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts.
The Armenian Evangelical Church has several thousand members throughout the country.
Other Christian denominations in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of Protestant community such as the Word of Life, the Armenian Brotherhood Church,[205] the Baptists (which are known as one of the oldest existing denominations in Armenia, and were permitted by the authorities of the Soviet Union),[206][207] and Presbyterians.[208]
Armenia is also home to a Russian community of Molokans which practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originated from the Russian Orthodox Church.[209]
The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism.[210] The world's largest Yazidi temple, Quba Mêrê Dîwanê, was completed in 2019[211] in the village of Aknalich.[182] There are also Kurds who practice Sunni Islam.
There is a Jewish community in Armenia diminished to 750 persons since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – in the capital, Yerevan, and in the city of Sevan located near Lake Sevan.
8. Culture
8.1. Music and Dance
Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan's well-known duduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christian music.
Instruments like the duduk, dhol, zurna, and kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, the Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.
The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated.
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.
Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.
8.2. Art
Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage.
Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends. Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeological sites to explore. Medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings.
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children's Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.
On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow freedom of panorama for 3D works of art.[212]
8.3. Cinema
Cinema in Armenia was born on 16 April 1923, when the Armenian State Committee of Cinema was established by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government.
However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in Cairo by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on 13 March 1913.[213]
In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio; Armenfilm was established in Yerevan, starting with a documentary film called Soviet Armenia.
Namus was the first Armenian silent black-and-white film, directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1925, based on a play of Alexander Shirvanzade, describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of namus (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father to another person. The first sound film, Pepo was shot in 1935 and directed by Hamo Beknazarian.
8.4. Sport
A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.
Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:
"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."[214]
Armenia first participated at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes. Since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Armenia has participated as an independent nation.
Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating.
Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Youri Djorkaeff, Alain Boghossian, Andranik Eskandarian, Andranik Teymourian, Edgar Manucharyan and Nikita Simonyan. Djokaeff and Boghossian won the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France, Teymourian competed in the 2006 World Cup for Iran and Manucharyan played in the Dutch Eredivisie for Ajax. Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as Borussia Dortmund, Manchester United, Arsenal and currently for A.S. Roma.[215]
Wrestling has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Armen Nazaryan won the gold in the Men's Greco-Roman Flyweight (52 kg) category and Armen Mkrtchyan won the silver in Men's Freestyle Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history.
Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of Sambo, which is also very popular.[216]
The government of Armenia budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programs should benefit from the funds.[214]
Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.[214]
Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the World Champion in 2011 and the World Chess Olympiad on three occasions.[217]
8.5. Cuisine
Armenian cuisine is closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine; various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.
The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. The apricot is the national fruit.
8.6. Media
Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders, between Georgia and Poland.[218] Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.[219] | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 83 | https://ecfr.eu/article/setting-boundaries-the-fallout-of-armenias-border-agreement-with-azerbaijan/ | en | Setting boundaries: The fallout of Armenia’s border agreement with Azerbaijan | [
"https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/themes/ecfr/assets/img/ecfr-logo-small.svg",
"https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/dumoulin_m-96x96-c-center.png",
"https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Policy-Alert-10-scaled-1280x720-c-center.jpg",
"https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/dumoulin_m-96x96-c-center.png",
"https:/... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"ECFR Comms",
"Marie Dumoulin"
] | 2024-05-31T12:40:52+00:00 | What started as a promising border agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan may end up further weakening the government in Yerevan and undermining its reform agenda | en | ECFR | https://ecfr.eu/article/setting-boundaries-the-fallout-of-armenias-border-agreement-with-azerbaijan/ | On 19 April, Armenia and Azerbaijan agreed to delimit eight miles of their common border in the north-eastern Armenian region of Tavush. The move was widely welcomed by the international community as an encouraging sign that the bilateral dialogue could bring results, and Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan defended the demarcation as an important “milestone” on the road to peace with Azerbaijan.
But, as part of the agreement, Armenia retroceded four abandoned villages that were part of Soviet Azerbaijan but had been under Armenian control since the early 1990s. The loss of territory to Azerbaijan triggered protests in neighbouring villages and sparked the “Tavush for the Motherland” movement, culminating in a demonstration of several thousand people in Yerevan on 9 May. The movement has since escalated and protesters are now demanding Pashinyan’s resignation, taking to the streets, and blocking several major roads. What started as a promising diplomatic step may end up significantly weakening Pashinyan’s government.
Indeed, one of the protest leaders and the head of the Tavush diocese of the Armenian church, Archbishop Bagrat Galstanian, announced on 26 May that he is willing to suspend his ecclesiastic career to become a candidate for prime minister. Together with the main opposition parties, Galstanian is unlikely to garner the necessary support of half of all members of parliament to impeach Pashinyan, who retains a comfortable majority. However, even if Pashinyan does hold onto his premiership, his position may be significantly weakened.
How Europeans should respond
Due to Armenia’s relative weakness against Azerbaijan, Pashinyan has had to accept compromises unpopular with the Armenian public. Until Yerevan’s negotiating position with Baku is strengthened, destabilising protests could escalate and perhaps violently so. This would undermine Pashinyan’s ability to implement his domestic reform agenda and to continue peace treaty negotiations with Azerbaijan, which will touch upon even more difficult issues.
To strengthen his position and allow him to pursue reforms and negotiations, the European Union should send clear signals of support for Pashinyan’s government. The recent €270 million plan for Armenian business and industry is a step in this direction, but Hungary has scuppered the EU’s efforts to use the European Peace Facility to provide non-lethal assistance to the Armenian military. European policymakers need to work towards overcoming their divisions on how to deal with Azerbaijan, an important trade and energy partner for several member states, and a key player of “middle corridor” initiatives. In doing so, the EU should not shy away from using the leverage it has over Azerbaijan, including with the preparation of the upcoming United Nations Climate Change Conference in Baku, to try to establish a more balanced negotiation equation that would not let Armenia face its much more powerful neighbour alone.
Pashinyan’s (un)popularity | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 36 | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population-distribution | en | Population distribution | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | /the-world-factbook/favicon-32x32.png?v=c3853bf09f084a8b1f66c6c2685054a1 | null | This entry provides a summary description of the population dispersion within a country. While it may suggest population density, it does not provide density figures. | |||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 95 | https://www.landportal.org/news/2022/11/perspectives-suddenly-borderland-new-borderization-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan | en | Suddenly a borderland: The new borderization between Armenia and Azerbaijan | https://www.landportal.org/themes/custom/landportal/favicon.ico | https://www.landportal.org/themes/custom/landportal/favicon.ico | [
"https://www.landportal.org/themes/custom/landportal/images/logo.png",
"https://www.landportal.org/sites/default/files/news-items/news/Screen%20Shot%202565-11-28%20at%2015.17.21_0.png",
"https://www.landportal.org/sites/default/files/news-items/news/Screen%20Shot%202565-11-28%20at%2015.17.21_0.png",
"https://... | [] | [] | [
"",
"Land & Conflicts"
] | null | [
"Daniel Hayward"
] | 2022-11-28T09:18:00 | [current-page] | en | /themes/custom/landportal/favicon.ico | Land Portal | https://www.landportal.org/news/2022/11/perspectives-suddenly-borderland-new-borderization-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan | Azerbaijani military advances have created facts on the ground, as the two countries work on an agreement demarcating their shared border.
Main photo: A new sign marks the border between Armenia's Syunik province and Azerbaijan. (Joshua Kucera)
The word “borderization” is a relatively new one, but in its short life it has acquired multiple meanings. At root, it refers to the establishment of physical infrastructure to demarcate a borderline and prevent the free movement of people. The erection of border fencing, the deployment of barbed wire, or simply the posting of a border sign are examples of borderization.
But the term has another meaning, deriving from the context of its initial coinage by the European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia: the de facto boundary between Georgia and the Russian-backed breakaway territory of South Ossetia. Borderization, in this second meaning, is a geopolitical gambit aimed at turning an unrecognized boundary line into a hard border designed to control the movement of people and goods.
The South Caucasus now provides a third meaning: the process of turning a neglected but recognized line on a map into an actual demarcated border between two states. The context for this new meaning is the Armenia-Azerbaijan border, particularly along the southernmost Armenian province of Syunik.
After the defeat of Armenian forces in the 2020 war with Azerbaijan, this province suddenly became a real borderland between the two states. Previously, Syunik enjoyed proximity to the Armenian-controlled territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, known locally as Artsakh. Nominally it was an international border. In actuality it was a mere line on a map, which if it was acknowledged at all was thought to represent only different parts of what locals saw as Armenian land.
Following the 2020 war, Azerbaijan retook control of the territory on the eastern side of this line. Since then, the process of borderization in Syunik has not been smooth. Borderland clashes this fall killed more than 200 people in the worst flare-up of fighting between the two neighbors since November 2021.
The exact location of the borderline is unclear, and it has never acted as an international border. In the Soviet Union it was merely an internal administrative line, and after Armenia and Azerbaijan gained independence there was no formal demarcation. As a result, there are various disputes as to where the border actually runs on the landscape and which state controls various strategic locations.
The ceasefire agreement that ended the 2020 war did not address the demarcation of the border. It did, however, indirectly address Syunik in a different way: the stipulation of a transport route that would link the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the rest of Azerbaijan through southern Armenia, referred to as the “Zangezur Corridor” by the leadership in Baku. (“Zangezur” is used in Azerbaijani to denote Syunik, and it also is an alternative name for the province in Armenian.)
Such a route would create a continuous land connection between the Azerbaijani mainland and Turkey, a longstanding aspiration of strategists from both countries. Rhetoric from Baku has implied that it expects the route to amount to an extraterritorial transport corridor through Syunik. Yerevan, however, insists that the route on its territory would remain subject to Armenian laws and customs controls.
Syunik’s place in Armenia
All this has placed Syunik in the spotlight. Often referred to as “the backbone of Armenia,” it is a vital transportation node not only to Nagorno-Karabakh, but to the southern border with Iran. That is one of only two open international borders Armenia has now; the other being Georgia to the north. The borders to the west (Turkey) and east (Azerbaijan) have been closed since the First Karabakh War of the early 1990s.
Not only is Syunik a lifeline for the country’s communications routes, it also contains substantial mineral wealth. Syunik has, in addition, a storied past – the home of Armenian national heroes such as Davit Bek and Garegin Njdeh, who led campaigns of liberation against foreign rule. Njdeh is in particular credited in the local imagination with keeping Syunik within what became Soviet Armenia, making him a hero to Armenians and a villain to Azerbaijanis. The region had a mixed Armenian and Azerbaijani population before Sovietization, like Karabakh and Nakhchivan, and all three territories were bitterly contested in the early Soviet period.
The legacies of these historical figures are finding renewed resonance today and the territory’s strategic and symbolic significance has risen in the geopolitical cultures of both countries. In Armenia’s evolving and anxious geopolitical culture, it is especially sensitive: Should the “backbone of the country” break, the country itself will not be able to stand.
Experiencing borderization
The outcome of the 2020 war left the residents of Syunik in a state of shock. As a result of Azerbaijan’s military victory, its armed forces were soon visible on hilltops and locations abutting Armenian towns and villages. Before long, Azerbaijan had begun to reinforce these positions with bases and garrisons.
Armenian and Azerbaijani military forces remain in close proximity. In the village of Khnatsakh in Syunik, for example, the two flags are easily visible on the ridge above a picturesque bowl-shaped valley, fluttering across from one another. Most residents of Khnatsakh can see the Azerbaijani position from their homes.
Fieldwork in the area in 2021 revealed a variety of local emotions about the sudden changes along the border. The overriding feeling was one of precariousness and uncertainty. All along Armenia’s newly militarized eastern border, fearful villagers have stopped using some land that they had previously employed for cultivation or pasture. Incidents of shooting and cattle rustling have become common over the past two years, some resolved through Russian mediation, some not. The capacity of the Armenian government and military are largely seen as ineffective and discouraging.
At the same time, many older residents of Syunik from the generation socialized in Soviet times have active and even pleasant memories of Azerbaijani friends and colleagues. Yet, with all the violence and hardened attitudes of the past three decades, the prospects for renewed neighborliness seem remote.
A journalist in Kapan, the provincial capital, expressed a deep fear for the safety of her family. “My child goes to school every day under the viewfinder of the Turk,” she said. (The word “Turk” is commonly used in Armenian discourse to refer to both Azerbaijanis and Turks.)
One constant fear is that Azerbaijan is maneuvering to continually shift the borderline to its advantage. Armenia’s military counts five areas where Azerbaijani forces have carried out incursions into Armenian territory since May 2021. A further six areas were targeted in the September 2022 attacks. Estimates of Armenian territory now under Azerbaijani control vary: some open source estimates put it at a total of 145 square kilometers (56 square miles) whereas others indicate 127 square kilometers (49 square miles).
A borderization agreement
Via European mediation, Armenia and Azerbaijan have affirmed their recognition of one another’s Soviet-era borders in principle and pledged to work towards finalizing them. The delimitation and demarcation of their mutual border is one of the key elements of a peace agreement under discussion. In subsequent face-to-face diplomacy in the United States and Russia, Yerevan and Baku have gone back and forth on which maps from what era should serve as a point of departure. The Russian government argues it has the only “authentic” Soviet-era sources.
Lines on the map are one thing. Facts on the ground are something else, locations where armies stand and where infrastructure is built along disputed lines. Positions taken up by Azerbaijani soldiers have produced a borderland where none existed before, and enabled a process of borderization across areas that were previously uncontested.
Ultimately, borders are constructs of power. But to acquire local and international legitimacy they require agreement between neighboring states. Any enduring peace requires Armenia and Azerbaijan to agree on a detailed demarcation line on the ground, and on precise protocols for regional transportation routes, whether or not they are frictionless corridors. In Syunik, the process of borderization, and possible de-borderization by new connectivities, has only begun. | ||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 61 | https://armenianweekly.com/2021/08/25/discovering-armenian-architecture-in-the-province-of-sebastia/ | en | Discovering Armenian Architecture in the Province of Sepastia | [
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Hairenik-Archives-BANNER.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-2018-logo-website-1.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/themes/mh-magazine/images/mostadon-logo.png",
"https://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/202... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Dr. Anastasios Mavrakis"
] | 2021-08-25T00:00:00 | Continuing my journey in search of truth and authenticity, I reached Gürün in the Sepastia (Sivas) province back in 2018. The Sepastia province was heavily populated by Armenians before the 1915 Genocide, not only the [...] | en | The Armenian Weekly | https://armenianweekly.com/2021/08/25/discovering-armenian-architecture-in-the-province-of-sebastia/ | Continuing my journey in search of truth and authenticity, I reached Gürün in the Sepastia (Sivas) province back in 2018.
The Sepastia province was heavily populated by Armenians before the 1915 Genocide, not only the town of Sepastia itself, but also other areas, urban as well as rural, e.g. Zara, Divriği (Tefriki), Gürün (Gurin).
I was standing out of the ruins of Surp Asdvadzadzin cathedral in Gürün (recently renovated), when I was approached by a group of local Turks. They inquired about the reason for my visit.
When I expressed my interest in Armenian architecture, they invited me on a trip to the mountainous outskirts of Gürün, approximately 1.5 hours away, to visit the ruins of an old Armenian church.
I accepted the invitation at once.
After more than an hour on the road, I explored the ruins of the church of an old Armenian village in the mountains of Gürün, whose name remains unknown.
The black and white stones reminded me of the architecture of Diyarbekır. It was undoubtedly an exquisite structure. I could not discern any remaining Armenian elements in the village.
This particular trip underscored the importance of the Armenian culture produced in the rural areas. People often focus on the main urban centers of Armenian culture and tend to forget the vast population which once resided in the rural areas, usually for safety, to take refuge and to escape pogroms, but also to enjoy a certain degree of autonomy from Turkish oppression.
This slideshow requires JavaScript.
Rural areas prospered, developed schools and churches, and many times became the frontline of resistance, rebellion and safeguarding of Armenian culture, as is the case of Zeitun.
I am dedicating these photographs to the resilience of the people in the rural Armenian areas, whose cultural values have been expressed through the architectural monuments they created, the songs and oral traditions saved by Soghomon Sogomonian (Komitas) and whose invincible spirit has been transplanted to more urban Armenian areas, the Republic of Armenia and to the Armenian community in the diaspora. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 56 | https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/armenia | en | Armenia | [
"https://www.catholic.com/images/logos/ca-logo.png",
"https://www.catholic.com/images/misc/x-logo-white.png",
"https://www.catholic.com/images/misc/tiktok-logo-white.png",
"https://www.catholic.com/images/logos/ca-logo.png",
"https://www.catholic.com/images/logos/ca-logo-shield.png",
"https://www.catholic... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Catholic Answers"
] | 2018-11-19T00:00:00 | Armenia, a mountainous region of Western Asia occupying a somewhat indefinite area to the southeast of the Black Sea. Although the name “Armenia”... | /favicon.ico | Catholic Answers | https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/armenia | Armenia, a mountainous region of Western Asia occupying a somewhat indefinite area to the southeast of the Black Sea. Although the name “Armenia” occurs twice in the Vulgate, the regular biblical designation of the country is “Ararat”, a name which is doubtless identical with the “Urartu” of the cuneiform inscriptions. Not being delimited by permanent natural boundaries, the territory covered by Armenia has varied at different epochs of the world’s history, and even as early as the time of the ancient Romans there was recognized a Lesser as well as a Greater Armenia, the former embracing a portion of Asia Minor. Politically Armenia has ceased to exist, having been partitioned between Turkey, Persia, and Russia, the largest share being possessed by Turkey. The country comprises a total area of about 120,000 square miles and consists in the main of an elevated plateau traversed by several mountain ranges which run parallel to the Caucasian mountains on the north. A few of the principal peaks, the most noted of which is Ararat, the “holy mount”, rise above the line of perpetual snow. Among the important rivers that take their rise in Armenia are the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Araxes. There are many lakes, chief among which are Lake Sevanga and Lake Van. The latter is seventy miles in length and about twenty-eight in breadth, and is probably the “Upper Sea of the Nairi” mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions. The climate is severe, including the extremes of heat and cold. There are practically but two seasons, summer and winter, the latter lasting from October to May, and the transition from one to the other is abrupt. The peculiarities of the climate, among which may be noted a considerable degree of humidity, are due in part to the proximity of the Black Sea, partly to the high elevation of the region, most of the inhabited localities being from 5,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea level. Scarcely any trees are to be found on the Armenian mountains, but those planted in the inhabited localities thrive well. Grapes are successfully cultivated in the valleys and around Lake Van, Wheat, barley, hemp, cotton, and tobacco are also raised. Preeminent among the domestic animals are the horse and buffalo. The mountainous tracts yield excellent pasturage, and m consequence, the rearing of live stock is more extensively carried on than agriculture. On account of the various subjugations of the country the inhabitants of Armenia belong to different races. The native Armenians and Kurds form each about a quarter of the entire population; the Turkish and Turcoman elements constitute the major part of the remaining half. Greeks, Jews, and Gypsies are scattered throughout the country. The Armenians themselves, of whom only about 1,000,000, or about one-half of the total number, live in Armenia, are a commercial people par excellence.
THE CHURCH IN ARMENIA.—I. Ancient POLITICAL CONSTITUTION., the name Armenia appears for the first time in the cuneiform inscriptions of Darius Hystaspis. Much obscurity obtains as to the derivation of the word. Some would refer it back to the Vannic word Armani-lis, a stela, while others would connect it with Arman, a district lying to the south of Lake Van. Armenia is the name given to a mountainous strip of land situated in the southwestern portion of Asia. On one side it touches the Black Sea, on the other the Caspian, while on the north and on the south it is enclosed respectively by the Caucasus and the Taurus Mountains. Within its confines is the celebrated Lake Van. In shape it much resembles a quadrangle. As far as is known, the earliest inhabitants of Armenia were a white race, whose capital, Dhuspa, stood on the site of the present city of Van. An Aryan race replaced it and it is from this latter stock that the modern Armenians have sprung. They style their ancestors the Haik and make allusion to their country as Haisdan. They claim that the father of their race, Haik, was the son of Thogorma, whom in Genesis we find to be the third son of Gomer. This belief has given rise to many beautiful legends. Be this as it may, it was about the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century B.C. that this new race took possession of the country. In number and social condition it was superior to its predecessor, but this new people also was subject to the Medes and the Persians. With the victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians in 328 B.C. Armenia fell into Greek hands. The Seleucidae of Syria, under whose control the land soon passed, allowed it the choice of its rulers. When in 190 B.C. the Romans overthrew Antiochus the Great, Artaxias and Zariadris, who were then ruling the land, declared themselves kings, the former in Armenia proper, the latter in Sophene. Thus began the national dynasty of the Arsacides, which became famous under Tigranes the First. Later the Romans and the Parthians made a plaything of the country, which soon chose as its ruler Tiridates, the brother of the Parthian king. When the Arsacides lost the Persian throne to the Sassanides (A.D. 226) Armenia declared itself against the new house and there ensued a bloody combat between the two countries, which lasted for several centuries.
II. CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY., The nature and characteristics of the paganism which preceded Christianity in Armenia are practically unknown to us. Attempts have been made to identify its gods with those of Greece, but all we know are the names and the sanctuaries of its pagan deities. Obscurity likewise shrouds the beginnings of Christianity in the country. Native historians of a rather late period would have us believe that several of the Apostles preached in Armenia, and that some of them, as St. Bartholomew and St. Thaddeus, died there. A popular legend ascribes to the latter the evangelizing of the land. Although the very ancient writers of the country, such as Korioun, Agathangelus, etc., do not even mention the name of Thaddeus, yet the legend, which apparently came at a late period from a Greek source, has so prevailed that even today the head of the Armenian Church claims to be occupying the “throne of St. Thaddeus”. Although legendary, this tradition witnesses that Christianity at a rather early date passed from Syria over into Armenia. The letter of Meruzan to Dionysius of Alexandria (A.D. 248-265) confirms us in the belief that Christianity had already penetrated into Armenia before the time of St. Gregory the Illuminator. However, it is around St. Gregory that the story of Christianity‘s growth in Armenia centers; for in him Armenia had its apostle. Born of the royal stock of the Arsacides, and brought in early infancy to Cesarea of Cappadocia because of a Persian persecution of the Armenians, he was there instructed in the Christian Faith. About 261 he returned to Armenia and after much persecution brought the king and a large number of the people over to Christianity. Consecrated Metropolitan of Armenia (according to Cardinal Hergenrcether) in 302, by Leontius, Archbishop of Caesarea, he took up his residence at Achtichat. Under his influence the Faith began to spread throughout the land. Priests from the Greek Empire aided him in the work of conversion. When Christianity had gained a good headway in the country, the metropolitan turned his attention to the organization of the Church. The national language replaced the Syriac in the liturgy. To win over the converted pagan priests more fully, he chose from their sons, after educating them, the occupants of a dozen episcopal sees created by himself. Thus the high dignities were given to the sacerdotal families, which retained them for some time. The office of catholicos or patriarch was for a considerable period confined to the family of St. Gregory. A beautiful legend, lacking, however, a historic basis, tells of a trip by him to Rome. His missionaries went as far north as Georgia and Albania.
In 311 Maximinus began war on the struggling Church of Armenia, but met with many repulses. About this time St. Gregory passed away, having spent the last years of his life in solitude. After his death we find the progress of the infant Church stayed by internal dissensions. At the time apostates were numerous, and in their eagerness to subjugate the country the Persians lent every encouragement to perversion. Meanwhile, successors filled the office of metropolitan once held by St. Gregory. His youngest son, Aristaces, took the post of his father and was present at the Council of Nicaea. In 363 and 372 the Armenian episcopate took an active part in the affairs of the Christian world. St. Basil of Caesarea visited a great part of Armenia and corrected many abuses. Led on by his example, the Catholicos Nerses in the Synod of Achtichat (c. 365), the first authentic Armenian synod, laid the foundations of the first hospitals and other charitable institutions for the country. He gave an impetus to monastic life and promulgated numerous laws on marriage and the observance of fasts. These reforms, showing a Greek influence, arrayed against the catholicos the king and the nobles, and thus we meet the first recorded instance of that spirit of national independence and intolerance of foreign influence which is so important a factor in the history of the Armenian Church. An anticatholicos was appointed by the king, and soon Nerses died a violent death. Then a fierce antireligious reaction set in. State endowments were in part withdrawn, numbers of the clergy fell away, and charitable institutions were allowed to crumble to ruins. Pagan practices came into use everywhere and the Christianity of but a few years before seemed to have died out. The vacant see of the catholicos was filled by the king, and the coveted position went to Iousik, of the family of the Aghbianos, rival to that of St. Gregory. St. Basil clamored for the rights of his Caesarean see, but, though supported by the older clergy of Armenia, his claims were not allowed, and the consecration of the Armenian catholicos was thus lost forever to the Church of Caesarea.
The religious autonomy of the Armenian Church was begun thus. Shortly after this event occurred the death of Manuel the Mamikonian, which was the signal for Rome and Persia to divide Armenia between them. Of the country, which both had lost and reconquered, and were now parcelling out (387) four-fifths went to Persia. As a consequence, persecution was immediately raised against the Christian Church, and the Christians were forced to take to the mountains. The man of the hour for the Christian cause was the catholicos, Isaac the Great, the son of Nerses. About him rallied all parties. Even during his exile the people remained attached to him. Beneath his care the Armenian. Church flourished in spite of difficulties, ecclesiastical discipline was enforced, and the intellectual standard of the people raised. His death in 439 was a great loss to the cause of Christianity in Armenia. The Persian masters continued to leave no stone unturned to stifle Christianity and to replace it by Parseeism. The Armenians, however, remained constant in the face of persecution. Another foe attacked them, and that was heresy. Gnosticism in the second century and Paulicianism in the sixth and seventh centuries had adherents among the Armenians, but the chief heresies to be mentioned in. this connection are Nestorianism and Monophysitism. The works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Diodorus of Tarsus, which were filled with Nestorian ideas, were translated into Armenian, and through them endeavors were made to disseminate the teachings, of Nestorius. Rabulas of Edessa and Acacius warned the bishops against these writings. A synod was, held and two priests were despatched to Constantinople to ask of Proclus what was the right position in the matter. In reply came the famous “Document for the Armenians” which was held in high. honor by the Armenian ecclesiastical authorities,. and which exerted a powerful influence on their theology. Henceforth the Armenians were bitter opponents of Nestorianism. But where Nestorianism failed, Monophysitism succeeded. The Council of Chalcedon, which condemned that error, was held while the Armenians were fighting against the Persians’ endeavor to crush out Christianity. As soon as they heard of the council and of the action it had taken, opposition arose against it, and the charge of the Monophysites that Chalcedon had but renewed the Nestorian error was readily believed.. Monophysitism was accepted, and the decrees of Chalcedon rejected. The attitude of the Armenians in this entire matter was dictated not so much by a love of orthodoxy as by the desire of promoting the welfare of their country; for, by receiving Monophysitism, they hoped that Greek favor would be gained and Persian domination more easily thrown off. Writings were published in Armenia against Chalcedon and appeals were urged for a return to Apostolic doctrine. The Catholicos Papken in the Synod of Vagharchapat (491) solemnly condemned in the presence of the Armenian, Iberian, and Albanian bishops the Council of Chalcedon. Within half a century, this condemnation was reaffirmed by the two Councils of Tvin, the second of which was held in 552, and fixed July 11, 552, as the beginning of the Armenian era. The Greeks, having returned to orthodoxy, tried several times to lead back the Armenians also from Monophysitism. In 571 the Catholicos John went with part of his clergy to Constantinople, where he died, after making an act of fidelity to orthodoxy, This incident had no effect on Armenia. When in 591 the Greek emperor Maurice, having taken most of Armenia from the Persians, invited the Catholicos, Moses I, to convoke at Constantinople the bishops and nobles of Armenia, his request met with a refusal. Then the emperor had the Armenian bishops in the Roman territory assemble and recognize the Council of Chalcedon. He chose for the office of patriarch a bishop named John, with residence at Avan. Thus in 593 the Armenian Church found itself divided into two sections. Soon after the Iberians fell away, with their Catholicos Kiouron at their head, rejecting Monophysitism and the authority of the Armenian patriarch. For a time the Albanians also declared themselves independent, but soon came back. When Heraclius had conquered the country and thus deprived the Persians of their control for the second time (629), he obtained from the Catholicos Ezr the condemnation of Nestorius and all heretics, without any mention being made of Chalcedon. The union with the Greeks thus effected lasted during the lifetime of Heraclius. But in the Synod of Tvin (645) Chalcedon was again condemned. Meanwhile, the Arabs had attacked the country, which fell, an easy victim, before them, and so Armenia, which once had its own rulers and was at other times under Persian and Byzantine control, passed into the power of the Caliphs.
III. LITERATURE, EARLY, MEDIEVAL, AND MODERN.—Of the literature of pagan Armenia only a few fragments have come down to us. The foundation of what we know as Armenian literature must therefore be sought in Christian times. Very rich in itself, Christian Armenian literature dates from the invention of the national alphabet by Mesrob. In these first years of the fifth century were composed some of the apocryphal works which, like the “Discourses” attributed to St. Gregory and the “History of Armenia” said to have come from Agathangelus, are asserted to be the works of these and other well-known men. Connected with early Armenian literature are the names of such illustrious persons as Isaac the Great and Mesrob, by whom an impetus was given to the literature of the country. They translated the Bible from a Syriac version and revised their translation by means of the Septuagint of the Hexapla, and the Greek text of the New Testament. There followed various other translations which for the most part are of great importance, since the originals of many have been lost. Of these we may mention the “Homilies” of St. John Chrysostom, two works of Philo on “Providence”, together with some of his Biblical commentaries, the “Chronicle” of Eusebius, and the works of St. Ephrem. This early period of Armenian literature also produced original compositions. Eznik of Kolb wrote a “Refutation of the Sects”, and Koroun the “History of the Life of St. Mesrob and of the Beginnings of Armenian Literature”. These men, both of whom were disciples of Mesrob, bring to an end what may be called the golden age of Armenian literature.
The medieval period opens with comparative sterility. The first name of importance is met with in the eighth century, that of John Otznetzi, surnamed the “Philosopher”. A “Discourse against the Paulicians“, a “Synodal Discourse”, and a collection of the canons of the councils and the Fathers anterior to his day, are the principal works of his now extant. About the same time appeared the translations of the works of several of the Fathers, particularly of Sts. Gregory of Nyssa and Cyril of Alexandria, from the pen of Stephen, Bishop of Siounik. It was two centuries later that the celebrated “History of Armenia” by the Catholicos John VI came forth, covering the period from the origin of the nation to the year A.D. 925. A contemporary of his, Ananias of Mok, an abbot and the most celebrated theologian of the time, composed a treatise against the Thondrakians, a sect imbued with Manicheism. The name of Chosrov, Bishop of Andzevatsentz, is honored because of his interesting commentaries on the Breviary and the Mass-Prayers. Gregory of Narek, his son, is the Armenian Pindar from whose pen came elegies, odes, panegyrics, and homilies. Stephen Asoghik, whose “Universal History” reaches down to A.D. 1004, and Gregory Magistros, whose long poem on the Old and New Testaments displays much application, are the last writers worthy of mention in this period.
The modern period of Armenian literature can well be dated from the renaissance of letters among the Armenians in the twelfth century. The Catholicos Nerses, surnamed the Gracious, is the most brilliant author in the beginning of this period. Besides his poetic works, such as the “Elegy on the Taking of Edessa“, there are prose works Including a “Pastoral Letter”, a “Synodal Discourse”, and his “Letters”. This age gave us also a commentary on St. Luke and one on the Catholic Epistles. Of note, too, is the Synodal Discourse of Nerses of Lampron, Archbishop of Tarsus, delivered at the Council of Hromcla in 1179, which is anti-Monophysite in tone. The thirteenth century gave birth to Vartan the Great, whose talents were those of a poet, an exegete, and a theologian, and whose “Universal History” is extensive in the field it covers. Gregory of Datev in the next century composed his “Question Book”, which is a fiery polemic against the Catholics. The sixteenth century saw Armenia in the hands of Persia, and a check was for the time put on literature. However, in scattering the Armenians to all parts of Europe, the Persian invasion had its good effects. They established printing shops in Venice and Rome, and in the following century (the seventeenth) in Lemberg, Milan, Paris, and elsewhere. Old works were republished and new ones given forth. The Mechitarists of Venice have been the leaders in this movement; but their publications, although numerous, have been often uncritical. Their brothers, the Mechitarists of Vienna, have been likewise active in this work and it is to their society that Balgy and Catergian belong, two well-known writers on Armenian topics. Russia, Constantinople and Etchmiacizin are the other centers of Armenian literary efforts and the last-named place is especially worthy of note, imbued as it is today with German scientific methods and taste. Looking back over the field of Armenian literature, we note a trait of the national character displayed in the bent the Armenians have had for singing the glories of their land in history and chronicles. Translations have ever been an important part of Armenian literature. Again, the standpoint is religious, and even history seems to have been written rather for its doctrines than for the facts themselves. A last feature is that the golden age came early and with the passing of centuries the Armenian writers grew fewer and fewer.
IV. THE CRUSADES.—Although the native dynasty of the Bagratides, to which the Arabs gave the royal crown of Armenia, was founded under favorable circumstances, yet the feudal system by gradually weakening the country, brought about its ruin. Thus internally enfeebled, Armenia proved an easy victim for the Seldjukid Turks under Alp-Arslan in the latter half of the eleventh century. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Kakig II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen with some of his countrymen went into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. Here the Byzantine governor of the place gave them shelter. Soon after, the members of the First Crusade appeared in Asia Minor. Hostile as they were to the Turks, and unfriendly to the Greeks, these Armenian refugees joined forces with the crusaders. Valiantly they fought with the Christians of Europe, and for their reward, when Antioch had been taken (1097), Constantine, the son of Roupen, received from the crusaders the title of baron. Within a century, the heirs of Roupen were further rewarded by the grant of a kingdom known as Cilicia or Lesser Armenia, to be held as a vassal government of the Holy See and of Germany. This kept them in touch with the crusaders. No doubt the Armenians aided in some of the other crusades. This kingdom lasted till 1375, when the Mamelukes of Egypt destroyed it.
To THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.—The establishment of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia created more frequent relations between the Armenians and the Holy See. On the occasion of the crowning of King Leo II, the union of the Armenian Church with Rome was proclaimed under Catholicos Gregory VI. Only southern Armenia was affected by this. In 1251, however, there took place at Sis at the order of Pope Innocent IV a council of Armenians to witness to their belief in the procession of the Holy Ghost. In strange contrast we find James I refusing to send representatives to the Council of Lyons. Yet, when Pope Boniface VIII began his pontificate, Catholicos Gregory VII sent to him an expression of filial attachment. A little later (1307) a council was held by the Armenians in which the old error of Monophysitism was repudiated, and two natures acknowledged in Christ. The bonds of union which united Rome and Armenia during this period gave way more or less after the fall of Lesser Armenia in 1375. Harassed from without by the Turks, and weakened by the internal strifes that divided it into so many independent patriarchates, Armenia had after that date but spasmodic relations with Rome. Which of the patriarchs during this period remained united to the West is hard to determine. Yet, even in the darkest days, there were always some Armenians who remained attached to Rome. The Dominican missionaries in founding houses in Armenian territory were instrumental in the training of native missionaries called the “United Brothers”, whose sole aim was to procure union with Rome. Their founder, John of Kerni, went too far in his zeal, so that Pope Benedict XII was forced to have the Armenians assemble in council in 1342 and repudiate the errors ascribed to these monks. These cries of unorthodoxy did much to estrange Armenia from the West. The Fathers of the Council of Basle (1433) asked the catholicos to attend, but the invitation was not accepted. However in the Council of Florence (1439) Armenia was represented, and here a last attempt was made to bring about reunion. It was at the behest of Eugenius IV that Catholicos Constantine V had despatched his delegates. The decree “Exultate Deo”, which was to effect the union, was published in 1439, containing among other things the Nicene Creed, the definitions of Chalcedon, and the Letter of Pope Leo I. Meanwhile, Constantine died. A few years later a rent occurred in the Armenian Church which gave a setback to the plan of union. Armenia was divided into two large jurisdictions, that of Sis in Cilicia and that of Etchmiadzin in Greater Armenia, each with its own catholicos. The latter of the two patriarchates was looked upon as devoted to the cause of union with Rome. Its Catholicos, Stephanos V, paid a visit to the Eternal City, and in 1680 Aghob IV, just before his death, made a profession of Catholic faith, an example followed by many of his successors. Some of the patriarchs of Sis were friendly to Rome, such as Gregory IX, while others were hostile.
CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.—The action of Count Ferriol, minister of Louis XIV at Stamboul (1689-1709), in carrying off to Paris the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, who evinced strong anti-Catholic tendencies, served to bring persecution upon the Armenian Catholics in the Turkish Empire, which lasted till 1830. The declaration of religious liberty at that time caused the Catholic missions in Armenia to become more energetic than ever before. In 1838, Eugene Bore, still a layman, founded at Tibriz and Ispahan two schools for Armenians, which the French Lazarists have since conducted. Within twenty years this order had three other missions. The barefooted Carmelites with Bagdad as their center are laboring for the Armenians in that city and Bassorah. Since 1856 the French Dominicans have been active in the provinces of Mossoul, Bitlis, and Van. The Capuchins are also represented in this field and are working with Diarbekir as their headquarters. Lesser Armenia is a field cultivated chiefly by Jesuit missionaries, and, unlike the rest, their efforts are confined to the Armenians. The Oblate Sisters of the Assumption and the Sisters of St. Joseph from Lyons are effectively aiding them in their work, in which some 31 Fathers and Brothers are engaged.
When we come to statistics, we find that out of a population of Armenians comprising from two to three millions, approximate figures give to Protestantism 40,000 to 50,000, to Catholicism 60,000 to 70,000, the rest to the Gregorian or non-Uniat Church of Constantinople. Of the Catholic Armenians, the greater part are under the patriarch, whose full title is “the Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians”, and whose residence is at Constantinople. Under his jurisdiction are 3 other Armenian archbishops, 12 bishops, 1 being at Alexandria in Egypt, 9 patriarchal vicars, one of whom resides at Jerusalem. In Rome there is a titular bishop for the Armenians, whose chief function is that of ordaining. The Armenian patriarch is assisted in the work of tending to his flock by a vicar who is a titular archbishop, by an ecclesiastical council composed of 12 priests, by a civil council and by two other councils, one of which is for the national hospital. Directly under his charge are 3 large churches, that of St. Gregory the Illuminator at Leghorn, those of St. Blaise and St. Nicholas at Rome, the 2 seminaries of Zmar and Rome, and finally the 16 churches and the 16 schools of Constantinople. In the Armenian Archbishopric of Lemberg there are about 5,500 faithful, the greater part being in Galicia, the rest in Bukowina. The religious orders among the Armenians are of but comparatively recent origin and are not very prosperous. The Mechitarists of Venice, the most flourishing, have but 60 priests and some laybrothers. The Mechitarists of Vienna are not quite so numerous. Among the women, the Armenian Sisters of the Immaculate Conception have flourishing schools at Constantinople and Angora.
JAMES F. DRISCOLL | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 3 | 17 | https://agbu.org/texas-utah-armenians/proud-armenians-utah | en | THE PROUD ARMENIANS OF UTAH | [
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/logo_agbu_org.png",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/styles/video_sm/public/2021-09/AGBUMag_1996_Mar_banner.jpg?itok=dsxQhR-X",
"https://agbu.org//themes/custom/agbu/images/227.png",
"https://agbu.org/sites/default/files/styles/spot_short/public/2022-04/Support-AGBU-... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | by Lisa Boghosian | en | favicon.png | https://agbu.org/texas-utah-armenians/proud-armenians-utah | by Lisa Boghosian
Salt Lake City, Utah - Armenians living in Utah? That's what we said after AGBU received a donation in the mail from Abraham Markosian of Salt Lake City this fall. After our learning that a small, but very old Armenian community exists there, Mr. Markosian explained that his family, along with thousands of early settlers, came to the area at the turn-of-the-century to pursue work in mining and smelting. Other Armenian immigrants, like the Sheranians, Kezerians, and Aposhians relocated to Utah in the early 1900s as converts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS).
Today Armenians from all parts of the Diaspora are making their way to the Beehive State- from Iran, Armenia and Lebanon. Families like the Daghlians settled in the area 12 years ago from Beirut. There is even a little bit of Utah living in Armenia. After the 1988 earthquake, the Huntsman Corporation of Salt Lake constructed a concrete plant in Yerevan- SpanCrete- which was established to help the Armenian people rebuild the country.
There are few of us who have actually thought what it would be like to live as an Armenian in Utah- geographically tucked away between the Wasatch range of the Rocky Mountains, the Colorado Plateau, and the Great Basin. It might seem that the Armenian community there would be closer and tighter than in other parts of the country. First, because of its size- which ranges between 200 and 250 families- and second, because of its location. However, in reality the small community is actually more divided- origins, intermarriages, religious differences, generation differences, and lack of Armenian churches or schools have separated the community into many tiny factions.
The Armenian Pioneers
A few of the Armenians living in Utah today can trace their family's history back to the period following American industrialization. In the late 1800s, hundreds of gold, copper, silver and lead mines were opened in the canyons of Salt Lake, including the copper pit at Bingham Canyon. According to historian Helen Papanikolas, in her article in Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies Journal, Volume V, 1979, in the beginning labor agents for the mines were commissioned by the mine owners to find the cheapest labor they could.
The agents often traveled to other parts of the world, or across the country to meet new immigrants, like the Armenians, at Ellis Island. There, the immigrants paid the labor agents between $20 and $50 dollars to secure their jobs, and the brokers paid the immigrants way to Salt Lake City. But upon arrival to Utah, the immigrants still had to bargain to maintain their positions at the mines. So, every month they'd pay the agents $1 to secure their job. And the labor agents paid the mine owners bribes to keep their positions with the companies.
Mr. Skleris, the leading mine broker for the West and Midwest, arranged with mine and railroad companies to deduct the money from the laborers wages before they were paid. Later, as mining positions grew in demand, labor agents hired underlings to arrange for new labor positions. Immigrants traveled to nearby coffee houses to pay the underlings to give them the details of their assignments, and also take them to their jobs where they acted as interpreters.
"The need for these workers in Utah was especially critical because Mormon church leaders counseled their people to stay on the land," explains Mrs. Papanikolas. "The immigrants needed the wages to help their destitute families and Utah needed their muscle." Between 1910 and 1920, nearly 150 Armenian surnames were registered as workers in the mines and for the railroads in Utah.
Greeks, Italians, and Lebanese came by the hundreds to the area, finding their own community to settle in. And for most of these early Armenian pioneers that place was Murray- located just south of Salt Lake. But for the Armenians living in this area, proximity to their own countrymen was not the same as it was for the Greeks and the Lebanese who clustered in pockets of Salt Lake- because the Armenians were few and spread out. Besides, the early miners didn't have time to go out of their way to socialize - they were too busy working long hours for around $1.50 per day.
Today, Bingham County Copper Mine is the largest man made open-pit mine in the world. The pit measures 2.5 miles in diameter and one half mile deep. Much of the population is still directly or indirectly involved in the industry. Each year, Utah extracts significant quantities of copper, petroleum, coal, asphalt, and salt.
The Armenian Mormons
In 1990, it was reported that Mormons made up two thirds of the population in Utah. Though today that number is diminishing, their presence is as strong as ever. Salt Lake City is the heart of the Mormons, with its world-wide LDS Mormon Temple and the famous Tabernacle. Statues, plaques and memorials line the streets to pay homage to early Mormon settlers. Even the layout of the city is Mormon, originally the concept of leader Joseph Smith. Streets are noticeably straight and very wide. They are set on the compass, numbered from the center and arranged in ten-acre square blocks.
While statistics about the exact number of Armenian Mormons in Utah are not available, it seems about half of Utah's Armenian population are Mormon converts. There are the second and third generation Armenians whose parents were converted to the LDS Church in Turkey. Legend has it that these families became Mormon after a missionary by the name of Ferdinand F. Hintze left Salt Lake and traveled east to Turkey to the small village of Zara, near Sivas. There, he and newly converted Nishan K. Sherinian convinced about 10 families to change their faith and to move to Salt Lake.
Generation after generation of these Hintze converts still live in the area today. And in the meantime, more proselytized Armenians make their way to Salt Lake every year. This new generation of Armenian converts includes the youth, many of whom have come from Armenia to study at Brigham Young University or the University of Utah. Lastly, there are the Armenians who have become Mormon through marriage.
If you ask any Armenian Mormon, they will tell you they are Armenian first. But their beliefs and convictions in their faith run powerfully close. Men spend hours, in addition to their regular work, volunteering at the Wards or in the Temples. Women's schedules are booked with work from the Church, and evenings are devoted to family and study. While many of the Mormon virtues overlap with traditional Armenian values, being Mormon means living life a definite Mormon way.
One woman I spoke with in Utah said it was difficult growing up with Mormons because you always had the sense that you were different. Another remembers the time her daughter went to school with a cross around her neck, and Mormons made fun of her because she was wearing one- Latter Day Saints do not revere or wear crosses. One man insisted that the influence of the Mormons never affected him at all.
Maintaining Faith Without a Church
Many Armenians living in Utah today have maintained their allegiance to the Armenian Apostolic Church, despite never having had a church of their own in the area. Instead, they worship at home, or at different local churches. Many Armenians attend services at the Greek Orthodox Church in downtown Salt Lake, even though the liturgy is in another language.
Through the years, several attempts have been made by individuals in the area to establish an Armenian Church in Salt Lake. Unfortunately, none of them have succeeded. The same is true for Armenian schools. Buildings have been rented to house classes, but programs couldn't continue because of lack of support.
New Genealogical Records for the Armenians
The LDS Genealogical Family History Library is the largest genealogical library in the world. It's also the place where thousands of people from all over the world travel each year to trace their family history.
There are two libraries on the grounds of the LDS Temple. First, there is the Family Search Library. Inside the room, computers are available so individuals can quickly see if any research has already been done on their family. Searches can be done by last name, location, or by legal document. Anyone who was born or died in the United States should be registered in these computers. However, pedigree charts will only be displayed on screen if someone has already done the research on your family, and submitted it to the library.
There is also the main LDS Family History Library. The library is divided into different sections and contains detailed microfiche records of old documents. People spend hours here, researching files trying to find the names of their ancestors.
Today, there is much work being done for the Armenians in locating ancestral records. New records have been unmasked from all parts of the world- from Egypt, England, Austria, Turkey and many other countries- and now are available at the library.
Armenians in a Booming Economy
Besides mining, which is Utah's largest industry, many people in the State are involved in agriculture. Driving down the I-15, past the airport to Great Salt Lake, are miles and miles of crops of hay, wheat, barley, and sugar beets. A large bulk of the agricultural income is also derived from cattle and dairy products.
While Armenians play a role in the economy of Utah, it does not appear that they lean towards any one industry. But all are aware of the changes taking place within their State. In the last ten years, the population of Utah has increased by nearly 18 percent. Many high-tech companies are making their way east from California and are settling with others in-between Salt Lake City and Provo. A Chamber of Commerce representative said that they receive between 400 to 500 phone calls a month from companies interested in re-locating to Utah. Most, the woman said, are calling from cities in California and from Philadelphia.
Many people are moving into the area everyday, and real estate is strong. New housing developments near the ski resorts have been built only half an hour away from downtown Salt Lake, making it easy for those who work in the area to commute.
Observations
In general, the people of Utah are very friendly. The greeters on the Temple Square grounds are among the friendliest- so many say hello, so many ask if they can help. And you can't help but notice the smiles around the square. Young girls walk arm in arm, smiling when they are not even talking.
Waiting at the traffic lights is a standard for most "Utahians." Even when there are no cars in sight, people wait to cross the street until the light turns green. So obedient and such a contrast to other major cities in the United States.
A dark head of hair is sure to stand out in Utah. In 1990, it was reported that 94 percent of the State was white. Of that population, probably 75 percent have blonde hair.
I asked the Armenians living in the area how they felt about Utah. Many like it there because of the recreation, clean air and clean living. Others are happy they've stayed or glad they've moved, especially with Salt Lake's booming economy. Many never have known any different, but say their parent's liked it because it reminded them of the land they left behind.
The Armenians of Utah are wonderful people. They are proud of their State, and rightly so. They are proud of their history, and proud of their heritage. It is through testimonies like these that we as Armenians begin to understand the different facets of our culture. | |||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 6 | https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/armenia-population | en | Armenia Population 2024 (Live) | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | [
"https://worldpopulationreview.com/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=32&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=64&q=75 2x"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | null | Armenia has experienced population decline since the USSR was broken up, but the decline leveled out between 2008-2010. Based on the medium variant of the UN projections, the population will be nearly 3 million in 2020.
Armenia Population Growth
The annual growth rate of the population in Armenia has been wavering on both sides of zero since the turn of the century, gaining numbers just to lose some a few years later leading to little overall change. As of 2019, the population was close to a standstill growing at just 0.09% a year. Net migration is relatively low, yet negative, and the largest contributing factor to the low amount has been the below-average birth rate of 1.61 children being born to the average Armenian woman. The birth rate was even lower in the 1990s, meaning that there are not many people around child-bearing age around at present. That in combination with socio-economic factors have not inspired people to start large families.
Armenia Population Projections
The decrease in the annual growth rate of Armenia is expected to continue in the coming years, beginning to see a decrease in numbers as soon as the year 2024. Current projections go out to the year 2050 and believe that the net migration will regularly be at least -5,000 annually and the birth rate will remain below the worldwide average, staying close to 1.51, which is not conducive to growth. If these factors remain as expected, the annual growth rate should get down to -0.47% by 2050, and the population of Armenia will be roughly 2,938,679 in 2020, 2,907,463 in 2030, 2,818,399 in 2040 and 2,600,184 by 2050.
The small landlocked nation of Armenia is located along the boundary between Europe and Asia but is technically an Asian nation that shares its border with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. Located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas, Armenia covers 11,484 square miles (29,743 square kilometers) of area, which ranks 141st in the world in terms of size. However, Armenia is the second-most densely populated nation of the former Soviet republics. The population in 2019 was 2,937,026 which gives it a population density of 256 people per square mile (99 people per square kilometer), which ranks 84th in the world in this regard.
Roughly 63% of the people living in Armenia reside in or around a major metropolitan area. Armenia’s largest city, Yerevan, has a population of approximately 1.075 million people - roughly one-third of the entire population. Yerevan is one of the world’s oldest, continually inhabited cities in existence to this day. Yerevan is also the nation's capital and is home to most of the country's major industries and international headquarters. This area of Armenia is where it is speculated that Noah’s Ark would have landed, by all research and accounts. Yerevan is by far the largest city in Armenia, with the second-largest city of Gyumri having a population of 117,000. Other notable cities with populations less than 100,000 include Vanadzor, Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Abovyan, and Kapan. Armenia is urbanizing at a rate of 0.5% but has seen a population decrease by about 6% over the most recent 4 years.
Armenia Demographics
The ethnic tapestry of Armenia is 98% ethnic Armenians, while the rest are primarily Yazidis, with some Russian ethnicity present. Accordingly, the two official languages in Armenia are Armenian, and Kurdish, which is spoken by the Yezidi minority. The life expectancy in Armenia is higher than most other Soviet Republics with men expected to live to 71.6 and women to 78.3 years old. The median age in Armenia is 35.6 years old. Armenia has a large diaspora, with about 8 million Armenians living throughout the world. This is much larger than the current 3 million population of Armenia itself. The largest communities outside of Armenia are in Russia, Iran, France, the U.S., Canada, Syria, Lebanon and elsewhere. The northern portion of the country is more densely populated than the south.
Armenia Religion, Economy and Politics
Religious devotion in Armenia is traditionally Christian. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as a national religion, and antiquity shows this occurred around 301 A.D. Over 93% of the current populous claims to be part of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Catholicism exists in Armenia, as well as Sunni Islam, both practiced by a small fraction of Armenian residents.
In the years since Armenia's independence, they have become increasingly self-reliant for natural resources and mining for copper, zinc, gold, and lead is the most significant portion of the economy. Most of their fuel, however, still comes from Russia. Trade in Armenia is somewhat limited since two of its neighboring countries, Azerbaijan and Turkey, have had their trade borders closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, leaving just Jordan and Georgia as their most accessible trade partners. This limited trade in addition to the pervasiveness of monopolies throughout many industries has led Armenia to be particularly susceptible to the volatilities of the global market.
Armenia Population History
600,000 - 1,500,000 Armenians were either killed or deported from Western Armenia, their homeland, to the area that is now Syria between the years 1915-1917, at which time the Armenian part of the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the Russian army before being incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Under Stalin, the economy flourished and there was much industrial development, but the people suffered greatly through the 1930s.
In 1988, Armenians began campaigning for the Nagorno-Karabakh region of neighboring Azerbaijan to be incorporated with the rest of Armenia. Later that year an earthquake killed 25,000 and left hundreds of thousands of people without homes. Shortly after the earthquake, tensions rose over the Nagorno-Karabakh region and thousands were forced to leave their homes. Armenia joined the United Nations in 1992 and became a full member of the Council of Europe in 2002. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 59 | https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Armenia/Geography/All-stats | en | Armenia Geography Stats: NationMaster.com | [
"https://www.nationmaster.com/nm_app/pix/logo-nationmaster%402x.jpg",
"https://www.nationmaster.com/nm_app/pix/flag/AM.png",
"https://www.nationmaster.com/nm_app/pix/pgn-prev.png",
"https://www.nationmaster.com/nm_app/pix/pgn-next.png",
"https://www.nationmaster.com/nm_app/pix/watermark.png",
"https://www... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | Find out how Armenia ranks internationally on Geography. Get the facts and compare to other countries! | http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Armenia/Geography/All-stats | Armenian Geography Stats
Definitions
Agricultural land > % of land area: Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
Area > Comparative: The area of various small countries expressed in comparison to various areas within the United States of America.
Area > Comparative to US places: This entry provides an area comparison based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).
Area > Land: Total land area in square kilometres
Area > Land > Per capita: Total land area in square kilometres Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Area > Land per 1000: Total land area in square kilometres. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Area > Total: Total area in square kilometers
Area > Total > Per capita: Total area in square kilometers Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Area > Total per 1000: Total area in square kilometers. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Area > Water: Total water area in square kilometers
Area > Water > Per capita: Total water area in square kilometers Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
Area > Water per 1000: Total water area in square kilometers. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Average precipitation in depth > Mm per year: Average precipitation in depth (mm per year). Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.
Average rainfall in depth > Mm per year: Average rainfall is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.
Border to area ratio: The ratio of a country's land border to its surface area.
Capital: Country capital.
Capital city with population: Capital cities including most recent population (estimates included). Populations are figures only within the city limits, unless otherwise specified. All populations are from 2001 t0 2005 unless otherwise specified.
Climate: A brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year.
Coastline: The total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea.
Coastline per 1000: The total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Continent or sub continent: Within Continent / Subcontinent.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Elevation extremes > Highest point: Highest point above sea level
Elevation extremes > Lowest point: This entry is derived from Geography > Elevation extremes, which includes both the highest point and the lowest point.
Environment > Current issues: This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
Acidification - the lowering of soil and water pH due to acid precipitation and deposition usually through precipitation; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flows and may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions (see acid rain).
Acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note - a pH of 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar) has been measured in rainfall in New England.
Aerosol - a collection of airborne particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog.
Afforestation - converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire.
Asbestos - a naturally occurring soft fibrous mineral commonly used in fireproofing materials and considered to be highly carcinogenic in particulate form.
Biodiversity - also biological diversity; the relative number of species, diverse in form and function, at the genetic, organism, community, and ecosystem level; loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem's ability to recover from natural or man-induced disruption.
Bio-indicators - a plant or animal species whose presence, abundance, and health reveal the general condition of its habitat.
Biomass - the total weight or volume of living matter in a given area or volume.
Carbon cycle - the term used to describe the exchange of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological deposits.
Catchments - assemblages used to capture and retain rainwater and runoff; an important water management technique in areas with limited freshwater resources, such as Gibraltar.
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) - a colorless, odorless insecticide that has toxic effects on most animals; the use of DDT was banned in the US in 1972.
Defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in agricultural practices for weed control, and may have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health.
Deforestation - ...
Full definition
Environment > International agreements > Party to: This entry is derived from Geography > Environment > International agreements, which separates country participation in international environmental agreements into two levels - party to and signed, but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.
Environment > International agreements > Signed, but not ratified: This entry is derived from Geography > Environment > International agreements, which separates country participation in international environmental agreements into two levels - party to and signed, but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.
Forest area > % of land area: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens."
Forest area > Sq. km: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens."
Forested Land: Forested land as a proportion of total land area, estimate by FAO
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita: This entry is derived from Geography > Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural , which provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal.
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita per million people: This entry is derived from Geography > Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural , which provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita: This entry provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal.
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita per million people: This entry provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Total: This entry provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal.
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Total per million people: This entry provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Geographic coordinates: This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the Gazetteer of Conventional Names, Third Edition, August 1988, US Board on Geographic Names and on other sources.
Note: This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere.
Highest point: Name of country’s highest point.
Highest point elevation: Name of country’s highest point.
Highest town: Name of country’s highest permanent settlement, which is occupied year-round.
Irrigated land: The number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water.
Irrigated land > Per capita: The number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Irrigated land per million: The number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Land area > Sq. km: Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes."
Land area > Sq. km > Per capita: Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes." Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Land area > Square miles: Country land area.
Land boundaries > Border countries: Length of land boundaries by border country
Land boundaries > Total: The total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries
Land boundaries > Total > Per capita: The total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Land boundaries > Total per million: The total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Land use > Arable land: The percentage of used land that is arable. Arable land is land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest like wheat, maize, and rice
Land use > Other: The percentage share of used land that is not arable or under permanent crops. This includes permanent meadows and pastures, forests and woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren land, etc.
Land use > Permanent crops: The percentage share of used land on which permanent crops are grown. This is land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest like citrus, coffee, and rubber. It includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber.
Largest city with population: Largest cities including most recent population (estimates included). Populations are figures only within the city limits, unless otherwise specified. All populations are from 2001 t0 2005 unless otherwise specified.
Location: The country's regional location, neighboring countries, and adjacent bodies of water.
Low-lying areas > Elevation under 5 metres > % of land area: Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area). Land area below 5m is the percentage of total land where the elevation is 5 meters or less.
Lowest point: Lowest point.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Lowest point altitude: Altitude.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Map references: The name of the CIA World Factbook reference map on which a country may be found. The entry on Geographic coordinates may be helpful in finding some smaller countries.
Marine Coastline: Length of each country's coastline in kilometers.
Maritime claims: Includes the contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, exclusive fishing zone, and territorial sea. Full and definitive definitions can be found in the Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention
Natural hazards: Potential natural disasters.
Natural resources: A country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.
Northernmost point: Northernmost point.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Northernmost point latitude: Latitude.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Population density: People per square kilometre, in 1999. At this time the world average was 14.42.
Population density > People per sq. km: Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.
Precipitation: Average Annual Precipitation in Largest City (mm, 1931-1960)
Road density > Km of road per 100 sq. km of land area: Road density (km of road per 100 sq. km of land area). Road density is the ratio of the length of the country's total road network to the country's land area. The road network includes all roads in the country: motorways, highways, main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and other urban and rural roads.
Rural population density > Rural population per sq. km of arable land: Rural population density is the rural population divided by the arable land area. Rural population is calculated as the difference between the total population and the urban population. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Surface area > Sq. km: Surface area is a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.
Surface area > Sq. km > Per capita: Surface area is a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Surface area > Sq. km per 1000: Surface area is a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Terrain: A brief description of the topography
Terrestrial protected areas > % of total land area: Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area). Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.
Total area > Sq. km: Surface area is a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways."
STAT AMOUNT DATE RANK HISTORY Agricultural land > % of land area 57.27% 2007 50th out of 197 Area > Comparative slightly smaller than Maryland 2013 Area > Comparative to US places slightly smaller than Maryland 2008 Area > Land 28,454 sq km 2008 138th out of 235 Area > Land > Per capita 9.59 sq km per 1,000 people 2008 130th out of 224 Area > Land per 1000 9.56 sq km 2008 116th out of 196 Area > Total 29,743 sq km 2013 144th out of 251 Area > Total > Per capita 10.02 sq km per 1,000 people 2008 133th out of 228 Area > Total per 1000 9.99 sq km 2008 116th out of 199 Area > Water 1,540 sq km 2013 99th out of 246 Area > Water > Per capita 434.21 sq km per 1 million peo 2008 56th out of 142 Area > Water per 1000 0.433 sq km 2008 53th out of 138 Average precipitation in depth > Mm per year 562 2011 134th out of 178 Average rainfall in depth > Mm per year 562 2008 127th out of 169 Border to area ratio 0.0422 km/km² 2014 16th out of 197 Capital Yerevan 2013 Capital city with population Yerevan - 1,226,000 2005 Climate highland continental, hot summers, cold winters 2013 Coastline 0.0 2014 211th out of 242 Coastline per 1000 0.0 2005 171st out of 198 Continent or sub continent Asia 2014 Elevation extremes > Highest point Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m 2013 Elevation extremes > Lowest point Debed River 400 m 2013 Environment > Current issues soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone 2013 Environment > International agreements > Party to Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands 2013 Environment > International agreements > Signed, but not ratified Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants 2013 Forest area > % of land area 9.72% 2007 149th out of 195 Forest area > Sq. km 2,742 2007 143th out of 195 Forested Land 12.4% 2000 137th out of 193 Freshwater > Withdrawal > Per capita 977 2000 Freshwater > Withdrawal > Total 2.95 2000 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita 929.7 cu m/yr 2010 7th out of 15 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita per million people 313.72 cu m/yr 2010 2nd out of 15 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita 929.7 cu m/yr 2010 7th out of 15 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Per capita per million people 313.72 cu m/yr 2010 2nd out of 15 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Total 2.86 cu km/yr 2013 79th out of 168 Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic/industrial/agricultural > Total per million people 0.962 cu km/yr 2013 19th out of 168 Geographic coordinates 40 00 N, 45 00 E 2013 Note landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range 2013 Highest point Mount Aragats 2014 Highest point elevation None 2014 Highest town Sevan 2014 Irrigated land 2,740 sq km 2008 67th out of 174 Irrigated land > Per capita 0.942 sq km per 1,000 people 2003 20th out of 166 Irrigated land per million 942.02 sq km 2003 20th out of 162 Land area > Sq. km 28,200 sq km 2008 133th out of 199 Land area > Sq. km > Per capita 9.5 per 1,000 people 2008 120th out of 198 Land area > Square miles 11,484 square miles 2013 67th out of 98 Land boundaries > Border countries Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km 2013 Land boundaries > Total 1,254 km 2013 112th out of 166 Land boundaries > Total > Per capita 0.422 km per 1,000 people 2008 47th out of 162 Land boundaries > Total per million 421.16 km 2008 43th out of 153 Land use > Arable land 14.47% 2013 76th out of 246 Land use > Other 83.74% 2011 148th out of 245 Land use > Permanent crops 1.8% 2013 93th out of 247 Largest city with population Yerevan - 1,226,000 2005 Location Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan 2013 Low-lying areas > Elevation under 5 metres > % of land area 0.0 2000 183th out of 206 Lowest point Debed 2014 Lowest point altitude 400 m (1,312 ft) 2014 Map references Asia 2013 Marine Coastline 0.0 2014 211th out of 242 Maritime claims none (landlocked) 2008 Natural hazards occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts 2011 Natural resources small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite 2013 Northernmost point Mamai 2014 Northernmost point latitude 41\u00b017'N 2014 Population density 120.04 people per sqkm 1999 83th out of 255 Population density > People per sq. km 106.96 people/m² 2005 81st out of 202 Precipitation 277 mm 1960 81st out of 95 Road density > Km of road per 100 sq. km of land area 25.91 sq. km 2010 58th out of 92 Rural population density > Rural population per sq. km of arable land 218.76 people/km² of arable lan 2005 33th out of 73 Surface area > Sq. km 29,800 km² 2005 138th out of 204 Surface area > Sq. km > Per capita 9.88 km² per 1,000 people 2005 122nd out of 204 Surface area > Sq. km per 1000 9.88 km² 2005 120th out of 198 Terrain Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley 2013 Terrestrial protected areas > % of total land area 8.1% 2012 133th out of 200 Total area > Sq. km 29,740 2008 134th out of 199 Total renewable water resources 2011 141st out of 172
SOURCES: Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Food and Agriculture Organization; Food and Agriculture Organisation, electronic files and web site.; Wikipedia: List of countries and territories by border/area ratio (Border/area ratio); British Broadcasting Corporation 2014; United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook, City Population, CIA World Factbook, World Gazetteer, Official government websites.; Wikipedia: List of political and geographic borders (Countries); CIA World Factbooks 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; FAO; CIA World Factbooks 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; CIA World Factbook 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; CIA World Factbook 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Wikipedia: List of countries by highest point (Sovereign, fully recognized countries); Wikipedia: List of highest towns by country (Sovereign, fully recognized countries); Center for International Earth Science Information Network; Wikipedia: List of countries by lowest point; CIA Factbook: List of countries by coastline size; Wikipedia: List of countries by northernmost point; Heal The World Foundation.; World Development Indicators database; United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook; International Road Federation, World Road Statistics and electronic files, except where noted.; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Citation
Armenia ranked 14 places from the bottom for area > total amongst Europe in 2013.
Armenia ranked #4 for land use > permanent crops amongst Cold countries in 2013. | |||||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 52 | https://politicsandwar.fandom.com/wiki/Population_Density | en | Population Density | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/politicsandwar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713143507 | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/politicsandwar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713143507 | [
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/politicsandwar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713143507",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-4... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Contributors to Politics and War Wiki"
] | null | Population Density is the average number of people per square mile. Population Density is an important factor in controlling disease. The higher a nation's Population Density, the higher the disease rate (which will lower the nation's actual population, lowering gross income). Recommended... | en | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/politicsandwar/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210713143509 | Politics and War Wiki | https://politicsandwar.fandom.com/wiki/Population_Density | Population Density is the average number of people per square mile.
Importance[]
Population Density is an important factor in controlling disease. The higher a nation's Population Density, the higher the disease rate (which will lower the nation's actual population, lowering gross income).
Recommended Population Density for each city is 50 people per square mile unless a hospital is present in that city. | ||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 6 | https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/armenia/location | en | Where is Armenia in the World? | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico | [
"https://worldpopulationreview.com/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=32&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Flogo2x.b874b885.png&w=64&q=75 2x",
"https://worldpopulationreview.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsvg_placeholder.png&w=1080&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fsvg_placeho... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | null | Armenia is an Asian country located in the Eurasia Region on the Armenian Highlands. To give you an idea of where this is, picture Russia on a map. Armenia is located to the southwest, with the Black Sea on one side and the Caspian Sea on the other. As one of the former Soviet republics, Armenia is the smallest of them all.
GPS Coordinates
Armenia is located at a latitude of 40.0691° N and a longitude of 45.0382° E.
Levels of Elevation in Armenia
At its highest point, Armenia reaches an altitude of 13,419 feet above sea level. Located atop Mount Aragats, the highest point is found on a volcano. In the opposite direction, Armenia’s lowest point is 1,312 feet above sea level. This point is located along the Debed River in along the northern parts of Armenia.
Most Extreme Points
In the north, Armenia shares borders with Georgia. The northernmost part of Armenia is the province of Tavush, with GPS coordinates of 41°17′ N and 45°0′ E. In the east, Armenia shares borders with two different areas: Azerbaijan and the Republic of Artsakh. The easternmost point of Armenia is located in the province of Syunik with coordinates of 39°13′ N and 46°37′ E. In the south lie Nakhchivan and Iran. The most extreme point in southern Armenia is also located in the Syunik province at a latitude of 38°49′ N and 46°10′ E. In the west, Armenia shares borders with Turkey, with the most extreme point situated in the Shirak province at a latitude of 41°5′ N and longitude of 43°27′ E.
Total Area and Population Density of Armenia
The total area of Armenia is 11,484 square feet, which marks Armenia as the 138th largest country based on total area alone. Armenia is a landlocked state, but there are areas of water within the boundaries of the country. Of its total area, Armenia is made up of 594.6 square miles of water. The remaining 10,889.4 square miles are land areas. In terms of percentages, Armenia is 94.9% land and 5.1% water.
The Republic of Armenia has a population of 2,935,242 people. Taking total area and population into consideration, we are able to calculate the population density of Armenia. By dividing the population by the total area, the outcome is a population density of approximately 255.59, which is rounded to 256. This means that there are just about 256 people per square mile in Armenia. Based on population, Armenia is the 134th most populated country in the world, and in terms of density, it is the 99th most dense country. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 2 | 50 | https://www.projecthope.org/news-stories/responses/conflict-in-south-caucasus-how-project-hope-is-responding/ | en | Conflict in South Caucasus: How Project HOPE is Responding | [
"https://www.projecthope.org/wp-content/themes/projecthope/assets/images/logo.svg",
"https://www.projecthope.org/wp-content/themes/projecthope/assets/images/logo.svg",
"https://www.projecthope.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Armenia_featured-aspect-ratio-1200-675.webp",
"https://www.projecthope.org/wp-content/... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Meg Landis"
] | 2023-10-27T15:27:00+00:00 | Heavy fighting between Armenia and Azerbaijan has displaced tens of thousands of people in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. | en | /favicon.ico?2023-03-11 | Project HOPE | https://www.projecthope.org/news-stories/responses/conflict-in-south-caucasus-how-project-hope-is-responding/ | A resurgence of fighting in the Nagorno-Karabakh region has led to a crisis of critical proportions. More than 100,000 refugees fled the region in September after the territory was officially surrendered to Azerbaijan.
Project HOPE is working closely with local partners in Armenia to assess and respond to the most immediate health needs of displaced populations and affected communities. Get the latest facts on this crisis and learn more about our unfolding response below.
What you need to know:
The conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh has caused nearly all 120,000 ethnic Armenians to leave their homes and seek refuge in Armenia.
There is an urgent need for winterization supplies and health care, including mental health and psychosocial support.
Project HOPE is responding to the immediate health and mental health needs of Armenian refugees after conducting a comprehensive health needs assessment in close coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) agencies.
What is Nagorno-Karabakh, and why is there fighting?
Nagorno-Karabakh is a mainly ethnic Armenian region that is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan. The region declared independence in 1991 during the collapse of the Soviet Union and has been governed by a self-declared republic run by ethnic Armenians since the mid-1990s.
Conflict has roiled inside Nagorno-Karabakh for decades. In 2020, a serious escalation in fighting devastated densely populated cities and essential civilian infrastructure, including schools and hospitals, across Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Thousands of civilians were killed and half of the region’s population was displaced. The two sides signed a settlement to end the six-week war on November 9, 2020, but territorial disputes have remained unresolved and tensions have remained high ever since, with periodic violations of the ceasefire over the past several years.
In September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a “lightning offensive” and regained control of the region. In one week, over 80 percent of Nagorno-Karabakh’s population fled to Armenia.
>> News Alert: Project HOPE Responds to the Urgent Needs of Armenian Refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh
What are the greatest needs?
Many of those who fled Nagorno-Karabakh left with only a few essential items they could carry. Project HOPE’s assessment has found food, housing, cash assistance, warm clothing, and heating supplies to be the most immediate needs. Many refugees left their homes in the Nagorno-Karabakh region during the warmer months and are now ill-prepared for winter conditions. The provision of adequate shelter and winterization items such as heating fuel will be crucial.
The primary issue for the vast majority of the displaced is a need for mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS), as refugee families face the long-term trauma of permanent displacement. Many refugees are also dealing with stress and anxiety about living so close to the Azerbaijan border. Armenia does not have enough psychologists to meet such an increase in demand. There is also an urgent need to train health workers to be able to provide psychological first aid to better address the rise of stress and trauma in their patients, and to address their own mental health needs.
Our assessment team also identified gaps in Armenia’s health care infrastructure, notably a shortage of medical equipment, supplies, and qualified staff, especially in rural areas. Some areas do not have ambulances to transport patients and lack quality pharmaceuticals. There is a high incidence of chronic diseases among refugee populations, such as diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory issues, which require specialized support. In the longer term, there will be a need to support the Armenian health system to vaccinate children, provide medication to address chronic conditions, and expand access to maternal care.
Loss of livelihood is another concern. The Nagorno-Karabakh crisis has resulted in a loss of jobs for refugees, particularly for men who served in the military. Efforts to help refugees find employment and support their families will be essential to promoting social integration and ensuring that families can become self-sufficient once again.
>> News Alert: Urgent Health Needs of Refugees in Armenia
How is Project HOPE responding?
Project HOPE is on the ground in Armenia working closely with local partners and UN agencies to assess the most immediate health and mental health needs.
On October 19, Project HOPE organized the distribution of electrical heaters to support the most vulnerable families in Tegh community, located in the southern border area of Syunik province. The Tegh area is home to around 6,000 inhabitants and now accommodates 500 refugees, comprising 110 families.
We continue to work in close coordination with WHO and UN agencies in the region to address outstanding gaps. Long-term recovery efforts will likely focus on providing MHPSS services to refugees and host communities.
In 2020, Project HOPE shipped urgent humanitarian assistance, including essential health packs and hygiene kits, to the conflict-affected populations in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as displaced populations in surrounding areas of Armenia. At that time Project HOPE also trained health workers to be able to better respond to urgent health needs. | ||||
6007 | dbpedia | 1 | 13 | https://www.mapsofworld.com/armenia/armenia-population.html | en | Population of Armenia | [
"https://images.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/mow-logo.png",
"https://images.mapsofworld.com/mapsofworld-logo.jpg",
"https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/bbb-img.png",
"https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/cropped-mapsofworld-logo-1.jpg",
"https://moderate2-v4.cleantalk.org/pixel... | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Vishal Kumar"
] | 2021-11-21T11:21:22+00:00 | Armenia Population consists of a heterogeneous mix of natives and immigrants from the neighboring nations. Armenian economy is considered to be one of the primitive civilizations in the world | en | MapsofWorld.com | https://www.mapsofworld.com/armenia/armenia-population.html | 964
Overview of Armenia Population
Armenia Population consists of a heterogeneous mix of natives and immigrants from the neighboring nations. Armenian economy is considered to be one of the primitive civilizations in the world. This Republic of Armenia is a populous nation with an estimated total population of around 2,971,650.
However the nation experienced the problem of population fall immediately after the break down of the former Soviet Union. The decline of Armenia population has been the result of the emigration problem prevalent in the Republic of Armenia.
Features of Armenia Population
Ethnic natives constitute the major part of the population in Armenia . 95 percent of Armenia Population is made up of ethnic Armenians. Besides the indigenous people, Armenia Population also features Kurds, Yezidis, Russian, Assyrians and Greeks. Georgians, Belarusians, Ukrainians are the other minorities living in the Republic of Armenia.
The urban areas of the Armenian Territory are much more populated than its rural part. The capital city of Yerevan is the most densely crowded urban locality in the Armenian Republic. Yerevan city houses a substantial part of Armenia Population.
Armenia Population density per square mile is estimated to be around 258. Infant mortality rate of Armenia Population is about 21.7 per 1000 people, while birth rate varies around 12.3 per 1000 people.
Armenia Population with its huge diaspora has been an important feature of Armenia demography. |