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The increasing predictive power of polygenic scores for education has led to their promotion by some as a potential tool for genetically informed policy . How accurately polygenic scores predict an individual pupil's educational performance conditional on other phenotypic data is however not well understood . Using dat...	The way that people learn in school and other educational settings differs from person to person for a wide range of reasons . Over the past 15 years there has been a shift in the way that children are taught in the UK and some other countries . Education has become more focused on the students as individuals , recogni...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Can education be personalised using pupils’ genetic data?
In bladder , loss of mammalian Sonic Hedgehog ( Shh ) accompanies progression to invasive urothelial carcinoma , but the molecular mechanisms underlying this cancer-initiating event are poorly defined . Here , we show that loss of Shh results from hypermethylation of the CpG shore of the Shh gene , and that inhibition ...	In order to grow , cancer cells shut down or over-activate genes that normally maintain a cell’s health . The Sonic Hedgehog gene – named after a Japanese cartoon character – is associated with the cancer of several tissues , including the bladder . In 2014 , researchers found that losing the Sonic Hedgehog gene , Shh ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Epigenetic regulation of mammalian Hedgehog signaling to the stroma determines the molecular subtype of bladder cancer
Mature microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are processed from primary transcripts ( pri-miRNAs ) , and their expression is controlled at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels . However , how regulation at multiple levels achieves precise control remains elusive . Using published and new datasets , we profile a time course o...	Cells produce proteins by feeding molecules that contain temporary copies of the gene for that protein through a complex structure called a ribosome . The ribosome follows the coded instructions in these molecules to build the protein . These temporary copies of the code are reusable . Even if the cell stops copying a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	Importance of miRNA stability and alternative primary miRNA isoforms in gene regulation during Drosophila development
Generalization during aversive decision-making allows us to avoid a broad range of potential threats following experience with a limited set of exemplars . However , over-generalization , resulting in excessive and inappropriate avoidance , has been implicated in a variety of psychological disorders . Here , we use rei...	People apply what they have learned from past experiences to similar situations , a phenomenon known as generalization . For example , if eating a particular food caused illness , a person will likely avoid foods that look or smell similar in the future . Generalization can be helpful because it allows people to decide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Value generalization in human avoidance learning
Malaria is transmitted when an infected Anopheles mosquito deposits Plasmodium sporozoites in the skin during a bite . Sporozoites are formed within oocysts at the mosquito midgut wall and are released into the hemolymph , from where they invade the salivary glands and are subsequently transmitted to the vertebrate hos...	Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted by certain types of mosquito . The parasite lives in different organs within its vertebrate animal and insect hosts and to cope with these different environments it has a complex life cycle with several highly specialized life stages . To move from an infected mosquito into v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Motility precedes egress of malaria parasites from oocysts
Status epilepticus ( SE ) is a common neurological emergency for which new treatments are needed . In vitro studies suggest a novel approach to controlling seizures in SE: acute inhibition of estrogen synthesis in the brain . Here , we show in rats that systemic administration of an aromatase ( estrogen synthase ) inhi...	Seizures occur when connected groups of cells in the brain become over-active and fire together . Current anti-seizure medications work by reducing brain activity generally . Although this is often effective in controlling seizures , it can also lead to negative side effects like drowsiness , dizziness or difficulty co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Acknowledgments" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Acute inhibition of neurosteroid estrogen synthesis suppresses status epilepticus in an animal model
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis ( FASII ) and iron sulfur cluster ( FeS ) biogenesis are both vital biosynthetic processes within mitochondria . In this study , we demonstrate that the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein ( ACP ) , which has a well-known role in FASII , plays an unexpected and evolutionarily conserved...	Like animals and plants , yeast cells contain structures called mitochondria . These structures are commonly referred to as the powerhouses of the cell because they provide much of the energy that cells need to survive . All mitochondria contain a protein called acyl carrier protein ( ACP ) , which cells need in order ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "conclusions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2016	The mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP) coordinates mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis with iron sulfur cluster biogenesis
Rapid firing of cerebellar Purkinje neurons is facilitated in part by a voltage-gated Na+ ( NaV ) ‘resurgent’ current , which allows renewed Na+ influx during membrane repolarization . Resurgent current results from unbinding of a blocking particle that competes with normal channel inactivation . The underlying molecul...	The cerebellum is a region of the brain that is involved in motor control , and it contains a special type of nerve cells called Purkinje neurons . Messages travel along neurons as electrical signals carried by sodium ions , which have a positive electric charge . Normally , when a neuron is ‘at rest’ , the plasma memb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	FGF14 modulates resurgent sodium current in mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons
Every movement ends in a period of stillness . Current models assume that commands that hold the limb at a target location do not depend on the commands that moved the limb to that location . Here , we report a surprising relationship between movement and posture in primates: on a within-trial basis , the commands that...	Moving an arm requires the brain to send electrical signals to the arm’s muscles , causing them to contract . Neuroscientists call these types of brain signals “move signals” . The brain also sends so-called hold signals , which hold the arm still in a desired position . Part of the brain known as the primary motor cor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Postural control of arm and fingers through integration of movement commands
The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor ( IGF1R ) is involved in growth and survival of normal and neoplastic cells . A ligand-dependent conformational change is thought to regulate IGF1R activity , but the nature of this change is unclear . We point out an underappreciated dimer in the crystal structure of the ...	Hormones are chemicals that are produced to carry signals around the body . Mammals , including humans , need hormones called insulin and insulin-like growth factors ( or IGF for short ) to grow and develop normally . These hormones bind to , and activate , specific proteins—known as receptors—that span from the outsid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	How IGF-1 activates its receptor
Silent information regulator 2 ( Sir2 ) , an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase , has been proposed to be a longevity factor that plays important roles in dietary restriction ( DR ) -mediated lifespan extension . In this study , we show that the Sir2's role for DR-mediated lifespan extension depends on cAMP-PKA and cas...	We know that cutting calorie intake through a restricted diet can slow down the aging process and prolong the lives of many organisms ranging from yeast to mammals . Calorie restriction also has protective effects on various age-related diseases including neurodegenerative disorders , cardiovascular disease , and cance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Sir2 phosphorylation through cAMP-PKA and CK2 signaling inhibits the lifespan extension activity of Sir2 in yeast
Merozoites of the protozoan parasite responsible for the most virulent form of malaria , Plasmodium falciparum , invade erythrocytes . Invasion involves discharge of rhoptries , specialized secretory organelles . Once intracellular , parasites induce increased nutrient uptake by generating new permeability pathways ( N...	Malaria is a life-threatening disease that affects millions of people around the world . The parasites that cause malaria have a complex life cycle that involves infecting both mosquitoes and mammals , including humans . In humans , the parasites spend part of their life cycle inside red blood cells , which causes the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	The Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RhopH3 plays essential roles in host cell invasion and nutrient uptake
The evaluation of protein localization changes on a systematic level is a powerful tool for understanding how cells respond to environmental , chemical , or genetic perturbations . To date , work in understanding these proteomic responses through high-throughput imaging has catalogued localization changes independently...	Cells are busy structures in which proteins move from one place to the other to perform their roles . To survive , organisms must constantly adapt to changes , such as mutations , new environments , or encountering drugs . Often , these adaptive responses involve groups of proteins traveling to new locations in the cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Integrating images from multiple microscopy screens reveals diverse patterns of change in the subcellular localization of proteins
Nutrients shape the growth , maturation , and aging of plants and animals . In plants , the juvenile to adult transition ( vegetative phase change ) is initiated by a decrease in miR156 . In Arabidopsis , we found that exogenous sugar decreased the abundance of miR156 , whereas reduced photosynthesis increased the leve...	Like animals , plants go through several stages of development before they reach maturity , and it has long been thought that some of the transitions between these stages are triggered by changes in the nutritional status of the plant . Now , based on experiments with the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , Yang et al . and ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Sugar promotes vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by repressing the expression of MIR156A and MIR156C
The phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain ( CTD ) plays a key role in delineating transcribed regions within chromatin by recruiting histone methylases and deacetylases . Using genome-wide nucleosome mapping , we show that CTD S2 phosphorylation controls nucleosome dynamics in the promoter of a sub...	The process of activating genes—known as gene expression—involves a number of steps . During the first step , the gene's DNA is copied or ‘transcribed’ to produce a molecule of messenger RNA . However , most of the DNA in a cell is wrapped around proteins called histones to make structures known as nucleosomes , and th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Promoter nucleosome dynamics regulated by signalling through the CTD code
Recent work draws attention to community-community encounters ( 'coalescence' ) as likely an important factor shaping natural ecosystems . This work builds on MacArthur’s classic model of competitive coexistence to investigate such community-level competition in a minimal theoretical setting . It is shown that the abil...	Microbes live in us and on us . They are tremendously important for our health , but remain difficult to understand , since a microbial community typically consists of hundreds of species that interact in complex ways that we cannot fully characterize . It is tempting to ask whether one might instead characterize such ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Community-level cohesion without cooperation
Bioluminescence is a powerful biological signal that scientists have repurposed as a reporter for gene expression in plants and animals . However , there are downsides associated with the need to provide a substrate to these reporters , including its high cost and non-uniform tissue penetration . In this work we recons...	Many animals have evolved the capacity to produce light from chemical reactions . For example , an enzyme known as luciferase in fireflies produces light by acting on a molecule called luciferin . Scientists have identified the enzymes that drive several of these systems and used them to build reporters that can study ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Building customizable auto-luminescent luciferase-based reporters in plants
Diverse interactions among species within bacterial colonies lead to intricate spatiotemporal dynamics , which can affect their growth and survival . Here , we describe the emergence of complex structures in a colony grown from mixtures of motile and non-motile bacterial species on a soft agar surface . Time-lapse imag...	Communities of bacteria and other microbes live in every ecosystem on Earth , including in soil , in hydrothermal vents , on the surface of plants and in the human gut . They often attach to solid surfaces and form dense colonies called biofilms . Most biofilms found in nature are comprised of many different species of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2020	Flower-like patterns in multi-species bacterial colonies
A growing body of literature has demonstrated that primary sensory cortices are not exclusively unimodal , but can respond to stimuli of different sensory modalities . However , several questions concerning the neural representation of cross-modal stimuli remain open . Indeed , it is poorly understood if cross-modal st...	Imagine that you are waiting for a cappuccino at your favorite café . You hear the sound of the steamer , and shortly afterwards the barista calls your name and announces that your cappuccino is ready . As they hand it to you , you see the foam sprinkled with cocoa and the aroma of the cappuccino reaches your nose . Yo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Associative learning changes cross-modal representations in the gustatory cortex
Coordinated migration of cell collectives is important during embryonic development and relies on cells integrating multiple mechanical and chemical cues . Recently , we described that focal activation of the FGF pathway promotes the migration of the parapineal in the zebrafish epithalamus . How FGF activity is restric...	Many animal cells must move through the body from the place they are born to where they are needed , for example , when embryos are developing or wounds are healing . Often cells migrate in groups , which helps them to navigate and co-ordinate more effectively . Cells typically migrate by sensing different signals acro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Notch signaling restricts FGF pathway activation in parapineal cells to promote their collective migration
In nature , animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from different sensory modalities , such as smells and colors . It is unclear , however , how distinct sensory memories are processed in the brain . We established appetitive and aversive visual learning assays for Drosophila that are compa...	Animals tend to associate good and bad things with certain visual scenes , smells and other kinds of sensory information . If we get food poisoning after eating a new food , for example , we tend to associate the taste and smell of the new food with feelings of illness . This is an example of a negative ‘associative me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Shared mushroom body circuits underlie visual and olfactory memories in Drosophila
The hippocampal system appears to be critically important in establishing episodic memory of both internal and external events within contexts as well as spatial memory , which enables flexible spatial navigation . However , the neuronal substrates that function across different memories in the hippocampal system are p...	A little over 10 years ago , researchers discovered that a brain region called the hippocampus is larger in London taxi drivers than it is in the general population . This tied in with results from animal studies , which had revealed a key role for the hippocampus in spatial navigation and memory . However , other work...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Hierarchical organization of context in the hippocampal episodic code
Small G-proteins of the ADP-ribosylation-factor-like ( Arl ) subfamily have been shown to be crucial to ciliogenesis and cilia maintenance . Active Arl3 is involved in targeting and releasing lipidated cargo proteins from their carriers PDE6δ and UNC119a/b to the cilium . However , the guanine nucleotide exchange facto...	Most types of cells in humans and other animals have slender , hair-like structures known as cilia that project out of the cell surface . These structures sense and respond to signals from the external environment and are crucial for organisms to develop normally . Defects in cilia can lead to many serious conditions s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	A G-protein activation cascade from Arl13B to Arl3 and implications for ciliary targeting of lipidated proteins
Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection constitutes a global public health problem . In order to establish how HBV was disseminated across different geographic regions , we estimated the levels of regional clustering for genotypes D and A . We used 916 HBV-D and 493 HBV-A full-length sequences to reconstruct their global p...	The Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) is a major cause of liver disease , and according to the World Health Organization , around 257 million people live with Hepatitis B infection . The virus is a relatively ancient one in human history and has been infecting humans for at least 28 , 000 years . Previous studies have isolated...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Unravelling the history of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D infection using a full-genome phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach
Heterogeneity in physical and functional characteristics of cells ( e . g . size , cycle time , growth rate , protein concentration ) proliferates within an isogenic population due to stochasticity in intracellular biochemical processes and in the distribution of resources during divisions . Conversely , it is limited ...	All the different forms of life on our planet – including animals , plants , fungi and bacteria – tend to grow , multiply and expand . This happens through a process called cell division , where one cell becomes two; two cells become four; four cells become eight; and so on . Each dividing cell passes on the same set o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2021	Non-genetic inheritance restraint of cell-to-cell variation
Plasticity is often regarded as a derived adaptation to help organisms survive in variable but predictable environments , however , we currently lack a rigorous , mechanistic examination of how plasticity evolves in a large comparative framework . Here , we show that phenotypic plasticity in eyespot size in response to...	A well-known family of butterflies have circular patterns on their wings that look like eyes . These eye-like markings help deflect predators away from the butterfly’s body so they attack the outer edges of their wings . However , in certain seasons , such as the dry season in Africa , the best way for this family to s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2020	Origin of the mechanism of phenotypic plasticity in satyrid butterfly eyespots
Presence of multiple copies of the microtubule-binding NDC80 complex is an evolutionary conserved feature of kinetochores , points of attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules . This may enable multivalent attachments to microtubules , with implications that remain unexplored . Using recombinant human kinetocho...	Before a cell divides , its genome duplicates so that each copy can be given to the daughter cells . In a dividing cell , the chromosomes – the structures that store genetic information – look like an ‘X’ . This is because each chromosome is formed of two identical , rod-like , ‘sister chromatids’ which are attached by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Multivalency of NDC80 in the outer kinetochore is essential to track shortening microtubules and generate forces
Structure and function of mitochondria are intimately linked . In a search for components that participate in building the elaborate architecture of this complex organelle we have identified Aim24 , an inner membrane protein . Aim24 interacts with the MICOS complex that is required for the formation of crista junctions...	Respiration is vital to all living things because it is the process by which nutrients are converted into useful energy . Within our cells , organelles called mitochondria harness this energy and store it within molecules of ATP . This energy can then be released , when it is needed , by breaking down an ATP molecule i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Aim24 and MICOS modulate respiratory function, tafazzin-related cardiolipin modification and mitochondrial architecture
RNF213 is the major susceptibility factor for Moyamoya disease , a progressive cerebrovascular disorder that often leads to brain stroke in adults and children . Characterization of disease-associated mutations has been complicated by the enormous size of RNF213 . Here , we present the cryo-EM structure of mouse RNF213...	Moyamoya disease is a genetic disorder affecting both adults and children . It is characterized by narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain , which can lead to strokes . Moyamoya patients often have mutations in the gene for a protein called RNF213 . This protein is linked to multiple processes in the body , includi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Moyamoya disease factor RNF213 is a giant E3 ligase with a dynein-like core and a distinct ubiquitin-transfer mechanism
Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells , and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown . We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabu...	Plants , algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves , as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy . Animals typically lack chloroplasts , making them unable to use photosynthesis to power themselves . The sea slug Elys...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Photosynthetic sea slugs induce protective changes to the light reactions of the chloroplasts they steal from algae
Plant-herbivore interactions dominate the planet’s terrestrial ecology . When it comes to host–plant specialization , insects are among the most versatile evolutionary innovators , able to disarm multiple chemical plant defenses . Sequestration is a widespread strategy to detoxify noxious metabolites , frequently for t...	For millions of years , plant feeding insects have been locked in an arms race with the plants they consume . Plants have evolved defensive strategies such as the ability to produce noxious chemicals that deter insects , while many insects have evolved the means to thwart this defense and even turn it to their own adva...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2013	ABC transporter functions as a pacemaker for sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles
Human SEMAPHORIN 5A ( SEMA5A ) is an autism susceptibility gene; however , its function in brain development is unknown . In this study , we show that mouse Sema5A negatively regulates synaptogenesis in early , developmentally born , hippocampal dentate granule cells ( GCs ) . Sema5A is strongly expressed by GCs and re...	Neurons communicate with one another at specialized junctions called synapses . There are two types of synapses , called excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses , and the density and strength of both are tightly regulated because small deviations from the normal density and/or strength may lead to illness . For exa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Semaphorin 5A inhibits synaptogenesis in early postnatal- and adult-born hippocampal dentate granule cells
Knowledge of the host factors required for norovirus replication has been hindered by the challenges associated with culturing human noroviruses . We have combined proteomic analysis of the viral translation and replication complexes with a CRISPR screen , to identify host factors required for norovirus infection . The...	The human norovirus ( also known as the winter vomiting bug ) is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and is responsible for the deaths of many children in developing countries . Norovirus infections are estimated to have an economic cost of over 60 billion US dollars per year , yet there are no vaccines or drugs...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Noroviruses subvert the core stress granule component G3BP1 to promote viral VPg-dependent translation
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 ( eIF3 ) is a central player in recruitment of the pre-initiation complex ( PIC ) to mRNA . We probed the effects on mRNA recruitment of a library of S . cerevisiae eIF3 functional variants spanning its 5 essential subunits using an in vitro-reconstituted system . Mutations th...	Cells use the genetic information stored within genes to build proteins , which are largely responsible for performing the molecular tasks essential for life . The ribosome is the molecular machine that translates the information within genes to assemble proteins in all cells , from bacteria to humans . To make a prote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 plays distinct roles at the mRNA entry and exit channels of the ribosomal preinitiation complex
To optimize fitness , animals must dynamically match food choices to their current needs . For drosophilids , yeast fulfills most dietary protein and micronutrient requirements . While several yeast metabolites activate known gustatory receptor neurons ( GRNs ) in Drosophila melanogaster , the chemosensory channels med...	When animals run low on a certain nutrient , they change their behavior to seek out and feed on foods rich in that missing element . For example , fruit flies lacking sugar will look for and eat more sweet food; if they need proteins , they will instead favor yeast , flies’ principal source of proteins . In fruit flies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Internal amino acid state modulates yeast taste neurons to support protein homeostasis in Drosophila
Axolotls are uniquely able to mobilize neural stem cells to regenerate all missing regions of the spinal cord . How a neural stem cell under homeostasis converts after injury to a highly regenerative cell remains unknown . Here , we show that during regeneration , axolotl neural stem cells repress neurogenic genes and ...	Stem cells found in adult tissues are vitally important for tissue repair and maintenance . These cells divide in two main ways: equally to create two new stem cells , or unequally to create a stem cell and a cell that can develop into one of the cell types in the tissue . A key challenge for biologists is to understan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Planar cell polarity-mediated induction of neural stem cell expansion during axolotl spinal cord regeneration
The mitochondrial ATP synthase fuels eukaryotic cells with chemical energy . Here we report the cryo-EM structure of a divergent ATP synthase dimer from mitochondria of Euglena gracilis , a member of the phylum Euglenozoa that also includes human parasites . It features 29 different subunits , 8 of which are newly iden...	Every living thing uses the energy-rich molecule called adenosine triphosphate , or ATP , as fuel . It is the universal molecular currency for transferring energy . Cells trade it , mitochondria make it , and the energy extracted from it is used to drive chemical reactions , transport molecules across cell membranes , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Structure of a mitochondrial ATP synthase with bound native cardiolipin
A decline of skeletal muscle strength with aging is a primary cause of mobility loss and frailty in older persons , but the molecular mechanisms of such decline are not understood . Here , we performed quantitative proteomic analysis from skeletal muscle collected from 58 healthy persons aged 20 to 87 years . In muscle...	As humans age , their muscles become weaker , making it increasingly harder for them to move , a condition known as sarcopenia . Analyzing old muscles in other animals revealed that they produce energy inefficiently , they destroy more proteins than younger muscles , and they have high levels of molecules that cause in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Discovery proteomics in aging human skeletal muscle finds change in spliceosome, immunity, proteostasis and mitochondria
Plant-microbe associations are thought to be beneficial for plant growth and resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses , but for natural ecosystems , the ecological analysis of microbiome function remains in its infancy . We used transformed wild tobacco plants ( Nicotiana attenuata ) which constitutively express a...	Plants never grow alone in their natural environments , but are instead constantly surrounded by microbial life . The microbes associated with a plant are known as the plant’s microbiome , and while a few of them are thought to benefit the plant’s health , little is known about what most of these microbes really do . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Antimicrobial peptide expression in a wild tobacco plant reveals the limits of host-microbe-manipulations in the field
Dietary fatty acids are the main building blocks for cell membranes in animals , and mechanisms must therefore exist that compensate for dietary variations . We isolated C . elegans mutants that improved tolerance to dietary saturated fat in a sensitized genetic background , including eight alleles of the novel gene fl...	The saying “you are what you eat” is probably closest to the truth when talking about fats . This is because the outer edge of our cells , known as the cell membrane , is built mostly from the fats found in our diet . Yet , there is a possible problem with this situation . Based on their chemical make-up , fats can be ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "research", "communication", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Membrane fluidity is regulated by the C. elegans transmembrane protein FLD-1 and its human homologs TLCD1/2
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors encoded by RSL class I genes control a gene regulatory network that positively regulates the development of filamentous rooting cells – root hairs and rhizoids – in land plants . The GLABRA2 transcription factor negatively regulates these genes in the angiosperm Arabidopsis ...	Plants colonised the land sometime more than 500 million years ago . The ancestors of the first land plants were algae that were most likely simple with a few different types of cell . Yet , when faced with the challenges of life on land , plants evolved new cell types and specialised structures with roles such as anch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Negative regulation of conserved RSL class I bHLH transcription factors evolved independently among land plants
Oxygenic photosynthesis supports virtually all life forms on earth . Light energy is converted by two photosystems—photosystem I ( PSI ) and photosystem II ( PSII ) . Globally , nearly 50% of photosynthesis takes place in the Ocean , where single cell cyanobacteria and algae reside together with their viruses . An oper...	Photosynthesis—the process by which plants and other organisms harness the energy in sunlight—is the source of almost all oxygen , food and fuel on earth . Oxygenic photosynthesis in living cells involves a series of reactions catalyzed by large protein complexes , various other soluble chemicals , and the transfer of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Crystal structures of virus-like photosystem I complexes from the mesophilic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803
Protective antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are only acquired after years of repeated infections . Chronic malaria exposure is associated with a large increase in atypical memory B cells ( MBCs ) that resemble B cells expanded in a variety of persistent viral infections . Understanding the function of atypic...	The human immune system works to protect individuals from harmful microbes , such as the parasites that cause malaria . One line of defense is to produce a large array of proteins called antibodies that specifically bind to microbes to mark them for destruction by the immune system . The immune system also produces lon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Malaria-associated atypical memory B cells exhibit markedly reduced B cell receptor signaling and effector function
The Red Sea was witness to important events during human history , including the first long steps in a trade network ( the spice route ) that would drive maritime technology and shape geopolitical fortunes for thousands of years . Punt was a pivotal early node in the rise of this enterprise , serving as an important em...	Strontium is a chemical element that can act as a geographic fingerprint: its composition differs between locations , and as it enters the food chain , it can help to retrace the life history of extant or past animals . In particular , strontium in teeth – which stop to develop early – can reveal where an individual wa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2020	Mummified baboons reveal the far reach of early Egyptian mariners
As infectious diseases pose a threat to host integrity , eukaryotes have evolved mechanisms to eliminate pathogens . In addition to develop strategies reducing infection , animals can engage in behaviors that lower the impact of the infection . The molecular mechanisms by which microbes impact host behavior are not wel...	Bacteria are all around us: they are on our skin , in the food that we eat and inside our bodies , particularly in the gut . While many of these bacteria are harmless and some even help us digest our food , others can make us ill . Upon detecting harmful bacteria , our bodies therefore trigger an immune response intend...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Peptidoglycan sensing by octopaminergic neurons modulates Drosophila oviposition
Non-hematopoietic lymph node stromal cells shape immunity by inducing MHC-I-dependent deletion of self-reactive CD8+ T cells and MHC-II-dependent anergy of CD4+ T cells . In this study , we show that MHC-II expression on lymph node stromal cells is additionally required for homeostatic maintenance of regulatory T cells...	In vertebrates , the immune response that protects against infection and disease is made up of two systems . The body's first line of defense is the innate immune system that attacks invaders rapidly but indiscriminately . If this fails to stop disease progression , the adaptive immune system is activated . Although th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Lymph node stromal cells constrain immunity via MHC class II self-antigen presentation
The hippocampal CA1 field integrates a wide variety of subcortical and cortical inputs , but its synaptic organization in humans is still unknown due to the difficulties involved studying the human brain via electron microscope techniques . However , we have shown that the 3D reconstruction method using Focused Ion Bea...	There are billions of nerve cells or neurons in the human brain , and each one can form thousands of connections , also called synapses , with other neurons . That means there are trillions of synapses in the brain that keep information flowing . Studying the arrangement of individual neurons in the human brain , and t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Three-dimensional synaptic organization of the human hippocampal CA1 field
A neural code adapted to the statistical structure of sensory cues may optimize perception . We investigated whether interaural time difference ( ITD ) statistics inherent in natural acoustic scenes are parameters determining spatial discriminability . The natural ITD rate of change across azimuth ( ITDrc ) and ITD var...	When a person hears a sound , how do they work out where it is coming from ? A sound coming from your right will reach your right ear a few fractions of a millisecond earlier than your left . The brain uses this difference , known as the interaural time difference or ITD , to locate the sound . But humans are also much...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Natural ITD statistics predict human auditory spatial perception
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat ( NLR ) -containing proteins in plants and animals mediate intracellular pathogen sensing . Plant NLRs typically detect strain-specific pathogen effectors and trigger immune responses often linked to localized host cell death . The barley Mla disease resistance locus ha...	Powdery mildews are fungal diseases that affect many plants , including important crops such as barley . The fungi behind these diseases deliver molecules known as effectors inside plant cells , which manipulate the plants' biology and help the fungus to invade the plants' tissues . In response , some plants have evolv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2019	Multiple pairs of allelic MLA immune receptor-powdery mildew AVRA effectors argue for a direct recognition mechanism
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) has revealed fibrosis in embolic stroke of undetermined source ( ESUS ) patients comparable to levels seen in atrial fibrillation ( AFib ) . We used computational modeling to understand the absence of arrhythmia in ESUS despite the presence of putatively pro-arrhythmic fibrosi...	The heart usually beats with a regular rhythm to pump the blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to different organs . Sometimes , alterations in the heart’s rhythm known as arrhythmias can occur . Atrial fibrillation , also called AFib , is a type of arrhythmia in which the heart beats rapidly and irregularly , causi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2021	Computational modeling identifies embolic stroke of undetermined source patients with potential arrhythmic substrate
MicroRNAs are small ( 22 nucleotide ) regulatory molecules that play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes . These RNAs , which bind to targeted mRNAs via limited base pairing interactions , act to reduce protein production from those mRNAs . Considerable evidence indicates that miRNAs destabilize t...	DNA encodes instructions to make proteins . The DNA is first copied to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) that are then “translated” into proteins by large particles known as ribosomes . MicroRNAs are a type of very small RNA molecule that can reduce the amount of protein produced from mRNAs in anima...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Cotranslational microRNA mediated messenger RNA destabilization
Recent symbioses , particularly facultative ones , are well suited for unravelling the evolutionary give and take between partners . Here we look at variation in natural isolates of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and their relationships with bacterial symbionts , Burkholderia hayleyella and Burkholderia agr...	A species can benefit or be hurt by other species . For example , honeybees and flowering plants help each other to flourish , while lions and gazelles behave in ways that decrease each other’s populations . Understanding these relationships is important for controlling pests and diseases . Sometimes it is easiest to s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Symbiont location, host fitness, and possible coadaptation in a symbiosis between social amoebae and bacteria
When animals and their offspring are threatened , parents switch from self-defense to offspring protection . How self-defense is suppressed remains elusive . We postulated that suppression of the self-defense response , freezing , is gated via oxytocin acting in the centro-lateral amygdala ( CeL ) . We found that rat d...	Animals have many mechanisms to avoid or defend themselves against deadly encounters with predators . However , adult animals frequently put themselves at risk while protecting their more vulnerable offspring from attacks . For example , a killdeerbird with young will fake a broken wing and lead a predator away from it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Freezing suppression by oxytocin in central amygdala allows alternate defensive behaviours and mother-pup interactions
Ecological adaptation is of major relevance to speciation and sustainable population management , but the underlying genetic factors are typically hard to study in natural populations due to genetic differentiation caused by natural selection being confounded with genetic drift in subdivided populations . Here , we use...	The Atlantic herring is one of the most common fish in the world and has been a crucial food resource in northern Europe . One school of herring may comprise billions of fish , but previous studies had only revealed very few genetic differences in herring from different geographic regions . This was unexpected since At...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	The genetic basis for ecological adaptation of the Atlantic herring revealed by genome sequencing
Many viral pathogens target innate sensing cascades and/or cellular transcription factors to suppress antiviral immune responses . Here , we show that the accessory viral protein U ( Vpu ) of HIV-1 exerts broad immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting activation of the transcription factor NF-κB . Global transcriptional...	The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( or HIV for short ) has infected more than 70 million people worldwide . Although effective therapies exist to prevent the replication of the virus and the development to AIDS , there is no cure or vaccine , and the virus still spreads efficiently in human populations , infecting about...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	HIV-1 Vpu is a potent transcriptional suppressor of NF-κB-elicited antiviral immune responses
Developmental plasticity has been proposed to facilitate phenotypic diversification in plants and animals , but the macroevolutionary potential of plastic traits remains to be objectively tested . We studied the evolution of feeding structures in a group of 90 nematodes , including Caenorhabditis elegans , some species...	Every animal and plant grows to a body plan that is defined by its genes . However , the body plan must be flexible enough to allow the organism to respond to whatever the world throws at it . This flexibility—known as developmental plasticity—allows an organism to change certain characteristics in order to survive in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2015	Rapid diversification associated with a macroevolutionary pulse of developmental plasticity
Essential biological systems employ self-correcting mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis . Mammalian cell function is dynamically regulated by the interaction of cell surface galectins with branched N-glycans . Here we report that N-glycan branching deficiency triggers the Golgi to generate bioequivalent N-glyca...	Most proteins that are released from cells are modified with sugar molecules that allow the proteins to carry out their role properly . These modifications are called glycans , and are made from sugar subunits joined into chains or branched structures . Investigating how the structure of glycans is linked to their role...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Golgi self-correction generates bioequivalent glycans to preserve cellular homeostasis
Precise regulation of the dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton is critical for neurodevelopment and neuronal plasticity , but how neurons spatially control actin dynamics is not well defined . Here , we identify direct palmitoylation of the actin regulator LIM kinase-1 ( LIMK1 ) as a novel mechanism to control spine-spec...	Neurons transmit information from one cell to the next by passing signals across junctions called synapses . For the neurons that receive these signals , these junctions are found on fine branch-like structures called dendrites that stick out of the cell . Dendrites themselves are decorated with smaller structures call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Palmitoylation of LIM Kinase-1 ensures spine-specific actin polymerization and morphological plasticity
Schistosomes infect more than 200 million people . These parasitic flatworms rely on a syncytial outer coat called the tegument to survive within the vasculature of their host . Although the tegument is pivotal for their survival , little is known about maintenance of this tissue during the decades schistosomes survive...	Schistosomiasis is a devastating disease that infects more than 200 million people and kills 200 thousand people every year . The disease is caused by parasitic flatworms known as schistosomes . These worms can live in the bloodstream for decades , even if the host has a healthy immune system . This ability to evade th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Flatworm-specific transcriptional regulators promote the specification of tegumental progenitors in Schistosoma mansoni
In the absence of salient sensory cues to guide behavior , animals must still execute sequences of motor actions in order to forage and explore . How such successive motor actions are coordinated to form global locomotion trajectories is unknown . We mapped the structure of larval zebrafish swim trajectories in homogen...	Much of an animal’s behavior is guided by cues in the environment: many animals follow odors to find food , for example . But even in the absence of such cues , animals continue to show spontaneous behaviors that are optimized to help them discover resources , such as food , or landmarks , such as shelter . While these...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Brain-wide mapping of neural activity controlling zebrafish exploratory locomotion
Faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes relies on centromeres , the chromosomal sites that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle attachment during cell division . The centromeric histone H3 variant , CenH3 , is the defining chromatin component of centromeres in most eukaryotes , including animals ,...	Cell division is a fundamentally important process for living organisms . In eukaryotes , such as plants and animals , genomic DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes , which needs to be copied and faithfully divided into daughter cells . Segregating the chromosomes is accomplished by the kinetochore , a protein compl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Recurrent loss of CenH3 is associated with independent transitions to holocentricity in insects
Alternation between morphologically distinct haploid and diploid life forms is a defining feature of most plant and algal life cycles , yet the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern these transitions remain unclear . Here , we explore the dynamic relationship between chromatin accessibility and epigenetic modific...	Each pollen grain from a flowering plant houses sperm , which contain half of the genes needed to make a new plant , and a companion or vegetative cell ( VC ) that serves to deliver sperm to the egg . The genes in the vegetative cell and those in the sperm are identical to the genes of the plant they come from , so how...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	Epigenetic reprogramming rewires transcription during the alternation of generations in Arabidopsis
Morphogenesis in plants depends critically on directional ( anisotropic ) growth . This occurs principally perpendicular to the net orientation of cellulose microfibrils ( CMFs ) , which is in turn controlled by cortical microtubules ( CMTs ) . In young lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana , growth anisotropy also dep...	A fundamental challenge in biology is to understand how plants , animals and other multicellular organisms make organs of various shapes and sizes . Plant cells are surrounded by rigid walls that fix them into their position relative to the surrounding cells . Therefore , neighbouring cells have to precisely coordinate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Two mechanisms regulate directional cell growth in Arabidopsis lateral roots
Leptospirosis is the leading zoonotic disease in terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide . Effective prevention is urgently needed as the drivers of disease transmission continue to intensify . The key challenge has been developing a widely applicable vaccine that protects against the >300 serovars that can cause le...	Leptospirosis is a life-threatening disease with flu-like symptoms that is caused by bacteria known as Leptospira . It is more common in warmer regions with high rainfall , especially in impoverished areas . The disease is spread in the urine of animals such as rodents , farm animals or dogs . Humans and other animals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	A live attenuated-vaccine model confers cross-protective immunity against different species of the Leptospira genus
Budding yeast Spc110 , a member of γ-tubulin complex receptor family ( γ-TuCR ) , recruits γ-tubulin complexes to microtubule ( MT ) organizing centers ( MTOCs ) . Biochemical studies suggest that Spc110 facilitates higher-order γ-tubulin complex assembly ( Kollman et al . , 2010 ) . Nevertheless the molecular basis fo...	Microtubules are hollow structures made of proteins that have a central role in cell division and a variety of other important processes within cells . For a cell to divide successfully , the chromosomes containing the genetic information of the cell must be duplicated and then separated so that one copy of each chromo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of yeast pericentrin regulates γ-TuSC-mediated microtubule nucleation
Animals use olfactory cues for navigating complex environments . Food odors in particular provide crucial information regarding potential foraging sites . Many behaviors occur at food sites , yet how food odors regulate such behaviors at these sites is unclear . Using Drosophila melanogaster as an animal model , we fou...	Animals rely on their sense of smell to navigate their environments; for example , the smell of food attracts animals to particular locations . These food-rich sites are also popular places for meeting , mating , and rearing offspring . Scent molecules emitted by animals can also attract others to a particular location...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Food odors trigger Drosophila males to deposit a pheromone that guides aggregation and female oviposition decisions
The Fulani ethnic group has relatively better protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria , as reflected by fewer symptomatic cases of malaria , lower infection rates , and lower parasite densities compared to sympatric ethnic groups . However , the basis for this lower susceptibility to malaria by the Fulani is unkn...	There is a huge international effort to combat malaria , but even today almost half a million people die from the disease each year , mostly young children in Africa . Malaria infections are caused by the parasite Plasmodium , which is spread by mosquitoes . The Fulani are an ethnic group of people from West Africa tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Major transcriptional changes observed in the Fulani, an ethnic group less susceptible to malaria
Chloroplast function is orchestrated by the organelle's intricate architecture . By combining cryo-focused ion beam milling of vitreous Chlamydomonas cells with cryo-electron tomography , we acquired three-dimensional structures of the chloroplast in its native state within the cell . Chloroplast envelope inner membran...	Many organisms can harvest light to produce their own energy through a process called photosynthesis . In plant and algal cells , photosynthesis takes place within the chloroplasts , which are compartments that contain stacks of structures called thylakoids . Inside the thylakoids , proteins absorb energy from light an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Native architecture of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography
Heart of Glass ( HEG1 ) , a transmembrane receptor , and Rasip1 , an endothelial-specific Rap1-binding protein , are both essential for cardiovascular development . Here we performed a proteomic screen for novel HEG1 interactors and report that HEG1 binds directly to Rasip1 . Rasip1 localizes to forming endothelial cel...	Blood vessels are lined with cells known as vascular endothelial cells . These cells are connected to each other at junctions that consist of several different proteins . The junctions help to control how the blood vessel develops and provide a barrier that controls the movement of water and certain other molecules thr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Heart of glass anchors Rasip1 at endothelial cell-cell junctions to support vascular integrity
The highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) class I molecules present peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells , inducing immunity against infections and cancers . Quality control mediated by peptide loading complex ( PLC ) components is expected to ensure the cell surface expression of stable peptide-HLA class I co...	Most cells in the body make proteins called human leukocyte antigen class I ( or HLA-I ) . These proteins sit on the cell surface , where they help the immune system distinguish between healthy and diseased cells . A groove in each HLA-I protein holds a fragment of a protein chain , called a peptide , from inside the c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Variations in HLA-B cell surface expression, half-life and extracellular antigen receptivity
Biological factors that influence the host range and spillover of Ebola virus ( EBOV ) and other filoviruses remain enigmatic . While filoviruses infect diverse mammalian cell lines , we report that cells from African straw-colored fruit bats ( Eidolon helvum ) are refractory to EBOV infection . This could be explained...	Ebola virus and other filoviruses can cause devastating diseases in humans and other apes . Numerous small outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in Africa over the past 40 years . However , in 2013–2015 , the largest outbreak on record took place in three Western African nations with no previous history of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Filovirus receptor NPC1 contributes to species-specific patterns of ebolavirus susceptibility in bats
Early adverse experiences often have devastating consequences . However , whether preweaning paternal deprivation ( PD ) affects emotional and social behaviors and their underlying neural mechanisms remain unexplored . Using monogamous mandarin voles , we found that PD increased anxiety-like behavior and attenuated soc...	Parental care early in life is essential for normal development of the brain in humans and some other animals . It also lays the ground work for healthy behaviors later in life . Many studies have looked at the importance of a mother’s care , but less attention has been paid to the role played by fathers . Research sho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Increased anxiety and decreased sociability induced by paternal deprivation involve the PVN-PrL OTergic pathway
Recent experiments have shown that animals and humans have a remarkable ability to adapt their learning rate according to the volatility of the environment . Yet the neural mechanism responsible for such adaptive learning has remained unclear . To fill this gap , we investigated a biophysically inspired , metaplastic s...	Humans and other animals have a remarkable ability to adapt their decision making to changes in their environment . An experiment called the “multi-armed bandit task” shows this process in action . The individual’s role in this task is to choose between multiple targets . One of these has a higher probability of reward...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Adaptive learning and decision-making under uncertainty by metaplastic synapses guided by a surprise detection system
T cells are mechanosensitive but the effect of stiffness on their functions is still debated . We characterize herein how human primary CD4+ T cell functions are affected by stiffness within the physiological Young’s modulus range of 0 . 5 kPa to 100 kPa . Stiffness modulates T lymphocyte migration and morphological ch...	Our immune system contains many cells that play various roles in defending the body against infection , cancer and other threats . For example , T cells constantly patrol the body ready to detect and respond to dangers . They do so by gathering cues from their surroundings , which can be specific chemical signals or ph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Different TCR-induced T lymphocyte responses are potentiated by stiffness with variable sensitivity
Clinical trials are currently underway to assess the efficacy of forniceal deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) for improvement of memory in Alzheimer’s patients , and forniceal DBS has been shown to improve learning and memory in a mouse model of Rett syndrome ( RTT ) , an intellectual disability disorder caused by loss-of-...	Many brain disorders cause impairments in learning and memory . These include developmental disorders such as Rett syndrome , in which children struggle with learning , as well as diseases of old age such as Alzheimer’s disease . People with these disorders often show changes in a region of the brain called the hippoca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Forniceal deep brain stimulation induces gene expression and splicing changes that promote neurogenesis and plasticity
Dynamic instability , polarity , and spatiotemporal organization are hallmarks of the microtubule cytoskeleton that allow formation of complex structures such as the eukaryotic spindle . No similar structure has been identified in prokaryotes . The bacteriophage-encoded tubulin PhuZ is required to position DNA at mid-c...	For a cell or virus to reproduce , it must duplicate its genome and separate the two copies . In plants and animals , this DNA is stored in the nucleus of each cell in the form of chromosomes , and a complex protein structure called the spindle apparatus is responsible for physically aligning and then separating the du...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A bacteriophage tubulin harnesses dynamic instability to center DNA in infected cells
Cells exist within complex milieus of communicating factors , such as cytokines , that combine to generate context-specific responses , yet nearly all knowledge about the function of each cytokine and the signaling propagated downstream of their recognition is based on the response to individual cytokines . Here , we f...	The immune system is essential to defend our bodies from attacks of microbial invaders . It contains many types of cells that communicate with each other through proteins called cytokines . Cytokines act as messages that can promote or suppress the immune response . Since several types of immune cells can exist within ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Integration of IL-2 and IL-4 signals coordinates divergent regulatory T cell responses and drives therapeutic efficacy
Energy dissipation through interscapular brown adipose tissue ( iBAT ) thermogenesis is an important contributor to adaptive energy expenditure . However , it remains unresolved how acute and chronic changes in energy availability are detected by the brain to adjust iBAT activity and maintain energy homeostasis . Here ...	Losing weight through dieting can be difficult . Weight loss strategies often prove ineffective because the body works like a thermostat and couples what we eat to the number of calories we burn . When we eat less , our bodies compensate and burn fewer calories , which makes losing weight harder . The brain is the mast...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	mTORC1 in AGRP neurons integrates exteroceptive and interoceptive food-related cues in the modulation of adaptive energy expenditure in mice
In noisy settings , listening is aided by correlated dynamic visual cues gleaned from a talker's face—an improvement often attributed to visually reinforced linguistic information . In this study , we aimed to test the effect of audio–visual temporal coherence alone on selective listening , free of linguistic confounds...	In the noisy din of a cocktail party , there are many sources of sound that compete for our attention . Even so , we can easily block out the noise and focus on a conversation , especially when we are talking to someone in front of us . This is possible in part because our sensory system combines inputs from our senses...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Auditory selective attention is enhanced by a task-irrelevant temporally coherent visual stimulus in human listeners
In everyday social environments , demands on attentional resources dynamically shift to balance our attention to targets of interest while alerting us to important objects in our surrounds . The current study uses electroencephalography to explore how the push-pull interaction between top-down and bottom-up attention m...	When walking into a busy restaurant or café , our sense of hearing is bombarded with different sounds that our brain has to sort through to make sense of our surroundings . Our brain has to balance the desire to focus our attention on sounds we choose to listen to ( such as the friend we are having a conversation with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Push-pull competition between bottom-up and top-down auditory attention to natural soundscapes
The purpose of blinks is to keep the eyes hydrated and to protect them . Blinks are rarely noticed by the subject as blink-induced alterations of visual input are blanked out without jeopardizing the perception of visual continuity , features blinks share with saccades . Although not perceived , the blink-induced disco...	Blinking lubricates the surface of the eye and prevents it from becoming too dry . People blink around 20 times per minute , but we rarely notice the gaps in our vision because the brain becomes less sensitive to visual input during each blink . Eye movements can also hinder our vision . For example , our vision could ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A new motor synergy that serves the needs of oculomotor and eye lid systems while keeping the downtime of vision minimal
The Hippo pathway controls tissue growth through a core kinase cascade that impinges on the transcription of growth-regulatory genes . Understanding how this pathway is regulated in development remains a major challenge . Recent studies suggested that Hippo signaling can be modulated by cytoskeletal tension through a R...	Organs including the liver , eyes , and lungs are made up of millions of cells , and how these organs stop growing once they reach their final size has fascinated scientists for decades . The cells in developing organs must communicate with each other and respond appropriately to the signals that they receive from othe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Spectrin regulates Hippo signaling by modulating cortical actomyosin activity
Malaria parasites evade immune detection by growth and replication within erythrocytes . After erythrocyte invasion , the intracellular pathogen must increase host cell uptake of nutrients from plasma . Here , we report that the parasite-encoded RhopH complex contributes to both invasion and channel-mediated nutrient u...	The parasites that cause malaria in humans and other animals infect and live inside red blood cells to escape attack by their hosts’ immune systems . Malaria parasites grow and multiply in red blood cells before bursting out and invading new red blood cells . To fuel this growth , the parasite needs access to sugars an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	An essential dual-function complex mediates erythrocyte invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake in malaria parasites
Hyperexcitability has been suggested to contribute to motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . If this is so , and given that the physiological type of a motor unit determines the relative susceptibility of its motoneuron in ALS , then one would expect the most vulnerable motoneurons to displa...	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as Lou Gehrig's disease , is a fatal disorder of the nervous system . Early symptoms include muscle weakness , unsteadiness and slurred speech . These symptoms arise because the neurons that control muscles – the motoneurons – lose their ability to make the muscles con...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Hypoexcitability precedes denervation in the large fast-contracting motor units in two unrelated mouse models of ALS
Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal sensitivities ( λmax ) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum . In the course of avian evolution , the λmax of the most shortwave-sensitive cone , SWS1 , has switched between violet ( λmax > 400 nm ) and ultraviolet ( λmax < 380 n...	The pioneering eye doctor André Rochon-Duvigneaud once wrote that “a bird is a wing guided by an eye” . With this statement , he underscored the sophistication of the bird’s eye , which surpasses our own in several respects . Compared to humans who have three types of cone photoreceptor , birds have four , meaning they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds
Songbirds use auditory feedback to learn and maintain their songs , but how feedback interacts with vocal motor circuitry remains unclear . A potential site for this interaction is the song premotor nucleus HVC , which receives auditory input and contains neurons ( HVCX cells ) that innervate an anterior forebrain path...	Whenever we speak , sing , or play a musical instrument , we use auditory feedback to fine-tune our movements to achieve the sound that we want . This same process is used by songbirds to learn and maintain their songs . As juvenile birds practice singing , they compare their vocalizations with their father’s song , wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Auditory synapses to song premotor neurons are gated off during vocalization in zebra finches
The activity of serotonin ( 5-HT ) neurons is critical for mood regulation . In a mouse model of chronic social isolation , a known risk factor for depressive illness , we show that 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus are less responsive to stimulation . Probing the responsible cellular mechanisms pinpoints a dist...	Major depressive disorder is a common and debilitating disease that interferes with the afflicted person’s everyday life . While some patients do benefit from antidepressant treatments , these medications need to be taken for several weeks before they become effective . Still , a large proportion of patients do not rec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Chronic social isolation reduces 5-HT neuronal activity via upregulated SK3 calcium-activated potassium channels
CpG dinucleotides are the main mutational hot-spot in most cancers . The characteristic elevated C>T mutation rate in CpG sites has been related to 5-methylcytosine ( 5mC ) , an epigenetically modified base which resides in CpGs and plays a role in transcription silencing . In brain nearly a third of 5mCs have recently...	A molecule called DNA encodes genetic information inside our cells . Random changes to the DNA sequence , known as mutations , can occur in any cell . Most mutations are harmless , but some can lead to disease – most prominently cancer . Like how car accidents can happen more often on some roads than others , mutations...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	5-hydroxymethylcytosine marks regions with reduced mutation frequency in human DNA
Neurons face the challenge of regulating the abundance , distribution and repertoire of integral membrane proteins within their immense , architecturally complex dendritic arbors . While the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) supports dendritic translation , most dendrites lack the Golgi apparatus ( GA ) , an essential organ...	All cells must produce , sort and deliver molecular building blocks to the right places at the right time and in appropriate amounts . This is particularly important for neurons , which are the largest and most structurally complex cells in the body . A typical neuron consists of a cell body covered in branches called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Golgi-independent secretory trafficking through recycling endosomes in neuronal dendrites and spines
Strong antibody response is considered a hallmark of a successful vaccine . While dendritic cells ( DCs ) are important for T follicular helper ( Tfh ) cell priming , how this process is regulated in vivo is unclear . We show here that the depletion of CD301b+ DCs specifically enhanced the development of Tfh cells , ge...	The immune system consists of cells and biological processes that defend the body against infection and disease . Molecules called antibodies are a key component of most immune responses because they can bind to invading microbes and either neutralize them or mark them for destruction by immune cells . In autoimmune di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	CD301b+ dendritic cells suppress T follicular helper cells and antibody responses to protein antigens
To achieve maximal growth , cells must manage a massive economy of ribosomal proteins ( r-proteins ) and RNAs ( rRNAs ) to produce thousands of ribosomes every minute . Although ribosomes are essential in all cells , natural disruptions to ribosome biogenesis lead to heterogeneous phenotypes . Here , we model these per...	Cells are made up of thousands of different proteins that perform unique roles required for life . To create all of these proteins , cells use machines called ribosomes that are partly formed of elements known as r-proteins . When cells grow and divide , the ribosomes have to make copies of themselves through a process...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Proteotoxicity from aberrant ribosome biogenesis compromises cell fitness
Adaptive autoimmunity is restrained by controlling population sizes and pathogenicity of harmful clones , while innate destruction is controlled at effector phase . We report here that deletion of Rptor in mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells causes self-destructive innate immunity by massively increasing the popu...	The cells of the immune system defend us from bacteria , viruses and other microbes that might cause harm to the body . Immune cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow . The stem cells first develop into one of two types of progenitor cell before specializing further into the different types of mature immune ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	A population of innate myelolymphoblastoid effector cell expanded by inactivation of mTOR complex 1 in mice
Postmitotic tissues are incapable of replacing damaged cells through proliferation , but need to rely on buffering mechanisms to prevent tissue disintegration . By constitutively activating the Ras/MAPK-pathway via RasV12-overexpression in the postmitotic salivary glands ( SGs ) of Drosophila larvae , we overrode the g...	Tissues and organs work hard to maintain balance in everything from taking up nutrients to controlling their growth . Ageing , wounding , sickness , and changes in the genetic code can all alter this balance , and cause the tissue or organ to lose some of its cells . Many tissues restore this loss by dividing their rem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signaling during hypertrophy
The epithelial anion transporter SLC26A9 contributes to airway surface hydration and gastric acid production . Colocalizing with CFTR , SLC26A9 has been proposed as a target for the treatment of cystic fibrosis . To provide molecular details of its transport mechanism , we present cryo-EM structures and a functional ch...	Many processes in the human body are regulated by chloride and other charged particles ( known as ions ) moving in and out of cells . Each cell is surrounded by a membrane barrier , which prevents ions from entering or exiting . Therefore , to control the levels of ions inside the cell , specific proteins in the membra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Cryo-EM structures and functional characterization of murine Slc26a9 reveal mechanism of uncoupled chloride transport
The inability of cells to adapt to increased environmental tonicity can lead to inflammatory gene expression and pathogenesis . The Rel family of transcription factors TonEBP and NF-κB p65 play critical roles in the switch from osmoadaptive homeostasis to inflammation , respectively . Here we identified PACT-mediated P...	Cells are sensitive to changes in their environment . For example , maintaining normal salt levels in the blood , also called tonicity , is essential for the health of individual cells and the organism as a whole . Tonicity controls the movement of water in and out of the cell: high levels of salt inside the cell draw ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	PACT-mediated PKR activation acts as a hyperosmotic stress intensity sensor weakening osmoadaptation and enhancing inflammation
Neurotransmitter is released at synapses by fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane . To sustain synaptic transmission , compensatory retrieval of membranes and vesicular proteins is essential . We combined capacitance measurements and pH-imaging via pH-sensitive vesicular protein marker ( anti-synaptotagm...	Nerve cells release chemicals called neurotransmitters to communicate with each other . The neurotransmitters are packaged inside membrane-encased sacs called vesicles that fuse with the cell’s membrane and release their contents into the space between the nerve cells . The vesicle membrane ( which also has proteins em...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Distinct modes of endocytotic presynaptic membrane and protein uptake at the calyx of Held terminal of rats and mice
Single-cell expression profiling opens up new vistas on cellular processes . Extensive cell-to-cell variability at the transcriptomic and proteomic level has been one of the stand-out observations . Because most experimental analyses are destructive we only have access to snapshot data of cellular states . This loss of...	In biology , seemingly random variation within or between cells can have significant effects on a number of cellular processes , like how cells divide and develop . For example , how often a gene is switched on , or ‘expressed’ , can randomly fluctuate over time . This ‘noise’ may lead to a cell having slightly more of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2021	Pathway dynamics can delineate the sources of transcriptional noise in gene expression
Deregulated expression of COX-2 has been causally linked to development , progression , and outcome of several types of human cancer . We describe a novel fundamental level of transcriptional control of COX-2 expression . Using primary human mammary epithelial cells and monocyte/macrophage cell lines , we show that the...	To produce a protein a cell must first transcribe the DNA in a gene to make a messenger RNA molecule , which is then translated to make the protein . However , cells also produce other types of RNA molecules which do not become proteins . MicroRNAs , for example , regulate the expression of genes as proteins , while th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	p50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA (PACER) activates COX-2 gene expression by occluding repressive NF-κB complexes
Brain connectivity maps display a delicate balance between individual variation and stereotypy , suggesting the existence of dedicated mechanisms that simultaneously permit and limit individual variation . We show that during the development of the Drosophila central nervous system , mutual inhibition among groups of n...	The brains of all members of a species are similar , but not identical , and these differences are partly responsible for the range of behaviors displayed by individuals . The development of the nervous system is known to depend on the Notch signaling pathway , but the mechanisms that regulate the balance between fixed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Mutual inhibition among postmitotic neurons regulates robustness of brain wiring in Drosophila
Current therapies for sarcomas are often inadequate . This study sought to identify actionable gene targets by selective targeting of the molecular networks that support sarcoma cell proliferation . Silencing of asparagine synthetase ( ASNS ) , an amidotransferase that converts aspartate into asparagine , produced the ...	Sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the connective tissues of the body , such as bone , cartilage , muscle and fat . Usually , treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor and/or radiation to kill the tumor cells . However , if sarcomas spread to other parts of the body , the treatment options are limited . G...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Functional genomic screening reveals asparagine dependence as a metabolic vulnerability in sarcoma

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