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Membrane fusion is the critical step for infectious cell penetration by enveloped viruses . We have previously used single-virion measurements of fusion kinetics to study the molecular mechanism of influenza-virus envelope fusion . Published data on fusion inhibition by antibodies to the 'stem' of influenza virus hemag...	Influenza ( or flu ) viruses can infect humans and other animals and can lead to life-threatening illness . To multiply , the virus particles must first enter a host cell . The final step in the entry process is the fusion of the membrane that surrounds the influenza virus with the membrane of the host cell . This even...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Distinct functional determinants of influenza hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion
Membrane constriction is a prerequisite for cell division . The most common membrane constriction system in prokaryotes is based on the tubulin homologue FtsZ , whose filaments in E . coli are anchored to the membrane by FtsA and enable the formation of the Z-ring and divisome . The precise architecture of the FtsZ rin...	Cell division is the process by which new cells are made . It is therefore vital for the growth and development , and the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues . When bacterial and animal cells divide , they must constrict their membrane inwards to split a single cell into two . In most bacteria , this constrictio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Architecture of the ring formed by the tubulin homologue FtsZ in bacterial cell division
Neurons develop highly stereotyped receptive fields by coordinated growth of their dendrites . Although cell surface cues play a major role in this process , few dendrite specific signals have been identified to date . We conducted an in vivo RNAi screen in Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization ( C4da ) neurons an...	There are hundreds of types of neurons , but all of them are variations on the same basic theme . Each neuron consists of a cell body , which contains the nucleus , and various structures that stick out from the cell body . These include a large number of short protrusions called dendrites , and a long thin cable-like ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	The Ret receptor regulates sensory neuron dendrite growth and integrin mediated adhesion
Aging is thought to be associated with increased molecular damage , but representative markers vary across conditions and organisms , making it difficult to assess properties of cumulative damage throughout lifespan . We used nontargeted metabolite profiling to follow age-associated trajectories of >15 , 000 metabolite...	Signs of aging have been observed in many different species , but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood . It is thought that aging is influenced by metabolism . For example , scientists have found that metabolism can lead to the accumulation of byproducts , which may cause damage to cells . Moreover , a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Age- and diet-associated metabolome remodeling characterizes the aging process driven by damage accumulation
Obesity is associated with blunted β-adrenoreceptor ( β-AR ) -mediated lipolysis and lipid oxidation in adipose tissue , but the mechanisms linking nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance are poorly understood . We report that targeted disruption of TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7 alleviates diet-induced catechol...	Adrenaline and noradrenaline are two hormones that trigger the burst of energy and increase in heart rate and blood pressure that are needed for the ‘fight-or-flight’ response . Both belong to a group of chemicals called catecholamines . These chemicals bind to cells carrying proteins called adrenoceptors on their surf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Adipocyte ALK7 links nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance in obesity
Life expectancy has risen sharply in the last 50 years . We applied the classic Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics to demonstrate a novel mathematical relationship of income to childhood ( aged 0–5 years ) and adult ( aged 15–60 years ) survival . We treat income as a substrate that is catalyzed to increase survival ( fr...	In 1975 Samuel Preston published a classic paper that showed life expectancy was related to national income . When plotted as a graph , with national income on the horizontal axis and life expectancy on the vertical axis , the Preston curve shows that an increase in national income leads to an increase in life expectan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "(data", "sources)", "Methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2012	Global divergence in critical income for adult and childhood survival: analyses of mortality using Michaelis–Menten
Proper orchestration of quiescence and activation of progenitor cells is crucial during embryonic development and adult homeostasis . We took advantage of the zebrafish sensory lateral line to define niche-progenitor interactions to understand how integration of diverse signaling pathways spatially and temporally regul...	All the different types of cells that make up the body of an animal are descended from a single fertilized egg . As this egg develops into an embryo , the cells divide and specialize to become a specific type of cell , such as: a liver cell , a muscle cell or a nerve cell . The cells in the embryo that are destined to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2014	ErbB expressing Schwann cells control lateral line progenitor cells via non-cell-autonomous regulation of Wnt/β-catenin
The eukaryotic 43S pre-initiation complex bearing tRNAiMet scans the mRNA leader for an AUG start codon in favorable context . Structural analyses revealed that the β-hairpin of 40S protein Rps5/uS7 protrudes into the 40S mRNA exit-channel , contacting the eIF2∙GTP∙Met-tRNAi ternary complex ( TC ) and mRNA context nucl...	To make a protein , the DNA sequence of a gene is first copied to make an mRNA molecule , which is then translated into a protein by a molecular machine called the ribosome . The first step of translation is known as initiation . Several proteins referred to as initiation factors can bind to the small subunit of the ri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	The β-hairpin of 40S exit channel protein Rps5/uS7 promotes efficient and accurate translation initiation in vivo
The functional mechanisms of membrane proteins are extensively investigated with cysteine mutagenesis . To complement cysteine-based approaches , we engineered a membrane protein with thiol-independent crosslinkable groups using azidohomoalanine ( AHA ) , a non-canonical methionine analogue containing an azide group th...	Living cells can sense cues from their environment via molecules located at the interface between the inside and the outside of the cell . These molecules are mostly proteins and are made up of building blocks known as amino acids . To understand how these proteins work , fluorescent probes can be attached to amino aci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Exploring structural dynamics of a membrane protein by combining bioorthogonal chemistry and cysteine mutagenesis
Cytosine DNA methylation ( mC ) is a genome modification that can regulate the expression of coding and non-coding genetic elements . However , little is known about the involvement of mC in response to environmental cues . Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of mC in rice gro...	Phosphate is an important nutrient for all living organisms . This chemical group forms part of the backbone of DNA molecules , and has a crucial role in many chemical reactions that occur inside cells . Plants in particular need a source of phosphate to grow . This is why agricultural fertilizers are rich in phosphate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Stress induced gene expression drives transient DNA methylation changes at adjacent repetitive elements
Single-cell RNA sequencing has spurred the development of computational methods that enable researchers to classify cell types , delineate developmental trajectories , and measure molecular responses to external perturbations . Many of these technologies rely on their ability to detect genes whose cell-to-cell variatio...	New technologies have enabled scientists to closely examine the activity of individual cells . One increasingly popular technique to do this is called single-cell RNA-sequencing and it relies on the fact that although all cells in an organism carry the same DNA , different cell types use different genes . This techniqu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Self-assembling manifolds in single-cell RNA sequencing data
We examined substrate-induced conformational changes in MjNhaP1 , an archaeal electroneutral Na+/H+-antiporter resembling the human antiporter NHE1 , by electron crystallography of 2D crystals in a range of physiological pH and Na+ conditions . In the absence of sodium , changes in pH had no major effect . By contrast ...	Antiporters are proteins that move molecules or charged particles , such as sodium ions and protons , in and out of cells . Antiporters therefore have an important role in controlling the conditions inside a cell , such as the pH ( which is a measure of acidity ) and sodium content ( which is a measure of saltiness ) ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	pH- and sodium-induced changes in a sodium/proton antiporter
Virus-host interactions drive a remarkable diversity of immune responses and countermeasures . We found that two RNA viruses with broad host ranges , vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) and Sindbis virus ( SINV ) , are completely restricted in their replication after entry into Lepidopteran cells . This restriction is o...	Viruses can infect species as diverse as bacteria , plants and animals , and once they have infected an organism they hijack its cells to rapidly replicate their own genetic material , which is made of DNA or RNA . Many animals , including insects , have been used as model organisms to investigate viral infections . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	A single vertebrate DNA virus protein disarms invertebrate immunity to RNA virus infection
Duplicating chromosomes once each cell cycle produces sister chromatid pairs , which separate accurately at anaphase . In contrast , reduplicating chromosomes without separation frequently produces polytene chromosomes , a barrier to accurate mitosis . Chromosome reduplication occurs in many contexts , including: polyt...	Before a cell divides , it duplicates all its genetic information , which is stored on chromosomes . Then , each chromosome evenly divides into two new cells so that each cell ends up with identical copies of the genetic information . Because the cellular machinery that evenly divides chromosomes is built to recognize ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Distinct responses to reduplicated chromosomes require distinct Mad2 responses
Nanos RNA-binding proteins are required for germline development in metazoans , but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood . We have profiled the transcriptome of primordial germ cells ( PGCs ) lacking the nanos homologs nos-1 and nos-2 in C . elegans . nos-1nos-2 PGCs fail to silence hundreds of transcript...	Every new embryo inherits a set of starting instructions from its mother . These instructions are called a ‘maternal dowry’ and help a fertilized egg through the first few stages of development . Later , the maternal dowry is removed so that the embryo’s genetic instructions can take over . In animals , some of the cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Nanos promotes epigenetic reprograming of the germline by down-regulation of the THAP transcription factor LIN-15B
Building a genotype-phenotype-fitness map of adaptation is a central goal in evolutionary biology . It is difficult even when adaptive mutations are known because it is hard to enumerate which phenotypes make these mutations adaptive . We address this problem by first quantifying how the fitness of hundreds of adaptive...	One of the goals of evolutionary biology is to understand the relationship between genotype , phenotype , and fitness . An organism's genes – its genotype – determine its physical and behavioral traits – its phenotype . Phenotypes , in turn , affect the organisms’ chances of survival and reproduction – its fitness . Ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Fitness variation across subtle environmental perturbations reveals local modularity and global pleiotropy of adaptation
Fructophily is a rare trait that consists of the preference for fructose over other carbon sources . Here , we show that in a yeast lineage ( the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella , W/S clade ) comprised of fructophilic species thriving in the high-sugar floral niche , the acquisition of fructophily is concurrent with a wider...	Cells build their components , such as the molecular machinery that helps them obtain energy from their environment , by following the instructions contained in genes . This genetic information is usually transferred from parents to offspring . Over the course of several generations , genes can accumulate small changes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Evidence for loss and reacquisition of alcoholic fermentation in a fructophilic yeast lineage
The association between pregnancy and altered cutaneous pigmentation has been documented for over two millennia , suggesting that sex hormones play a role in regulating epidermal melanocyte ( MC ) homeostasis . Here we show that physiologic estrogen ( 17β-estradiol ) and progesterone reciprocally regulate melanin synth...	Factors controlling pigment production in skin are complex and poorly understood . Cells called melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin , which makes the skin darker . It has been known for a long time that skin color often changes during pregnancy , which suggests that sex hormones may be involved . However , the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Sex steroids regulate skin pigmentation through nonclassical membrane-bound receptors
The internal brain dynamics that link sensation and action are arguably better studied during natural animal behaviors . Here , we report on a novel volume imaging and 3D tracking technique that monitors whole brain neural activity in freely swimming larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) . We demonstrated the capability of ...	How do neurons in the brain process information from the senses and drive complex behaviors ? This question has fascinated neuroscientists for many years . It is currently not possible to record the electrical activities of all of the 100 billion neurons in a human brain . Yet , in the last decade , it has become possi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Rapid whole brain imaging of neural activity in freely behaving larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Tumor initiation is often linked to a loss of cellular identity . Transcriptional programs determining cellular identity are preserved by epigenetically-acting chromatin factors . Although such regulators are among the most frequently mutated genes in cancer , it is not well understood how an abnormal epigenetic condit...	When an animal is developing as an embryo , different cells start to specialize into the specific cell types needed to form the tissues and organs of the body . How an individual cell commits to become a certain type of cell is mostly determined by which of the genes in its DNA are active . In animal cells , DNA is wra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	A switch in transcription and cell fate governs the onset of an epigenetically-deregulated tumor in Drosophila
Metzincin metalloproteases have major roles in intercellular communication by modulating the function of membrane proteins . One of the proteases is the a-disintegrin-and-metalloprotease 10 ( ADAM10 ) which acts as alpha-secretase of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein . ADAM10 is also required for neuron...	Several neurodegenerative disorders , including Alzheimer’s disease , arise when protein-cutting enzymes process proteins in the wrong way . The resulting protein fragments can accumulate in nerve cells and cause them to die , leading to symptoms such as memory loss . In the case of Alzheimer’s disease the toxic protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Systematic substrate identification indicates a central role for the metalloprotease ADAM10 in axon targeting and synapse function
Protein concentration gradients pattern developing organisms and single cells . In Schizosaccharomyces pombe rod-shaped cells , Pom1 kinase forms gradients with maxima at cell poles . Pom1 controls the timing of mitotic entry by inhibiting Cdr2 , which forms stable membrane-associated nodes at mid-cell . Pom1 gradients...	All organisms need to know how to arrange different cell types during the development of their organs and tissues . This information is provided by protein concentration patterns , or gradients , that tell cells how to behave based on where they are positioned . The same fundamental principles also work on a smaller sc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Multi-phosphorylation reaction and clustering tune Pom1 gradient mid-cell levels according to cell size
Singlet oxygen is a highly toxic and inevitable byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis . The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is capable of acclimating specifically to singlet oxygen stress , but the retrograde signaling pathway from the chloroplast to the nucleus mediating this response is unknown . Here...	Plants , algae and some bacteria use photosynthesis to extract energy from sunlight and to convert carbon dioxide into the sugars needed for growth . One by-product of photosynthesis is a highly toxic molecule called singlet oxygen . Typically , organisms deal with stressful events such as the presence of toxic molecul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Phosphoprotein SAK1 is a regulator of acclimation to singlet oxygen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Eukaryotes and many archaea package their DNA with histones . While the four eukaryotic histones wrap ~147 DNA base pairs into nucleosomes , archaeal histones form ‘nucleosome-like’ complexes that continuously wind between 60 and 500 base pairs of DNA ( ‘archaeasomes’ ) , suggested by crystal contacts and analysis of c...	All animals , plants and fungi belong to a group of living organisms called eukaryotes . The two other groups are bacteria and archaea , which include unicellular , microscopic organisms . All three groups have genes , which are typically stored on long strands of DNA . Eukaryotes have so much DNA that they use protein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Archaeal chromatin ‘slinkies’ are inherently dynamic complexes with deflected DNA wrapping pathways
How proteins harness mechanical force to control function is a significant biological question . Here we describe a human cell surface receptor that couples ligand binding and force to trigger a chemical event which controls the adhesive properties of the receptor . Our studies of the secreted platelet oxidoreductase ,...	Many proteins embedded in a cell’s surface allow the cell to interact with its surroundings . Integrins are a group of cell surface proteins that have many uses in different cells . Integrins become activated when they come into contact with other specific proteins , which like other molecules that bind to proteins are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Mechano-redox control of integrin de-adhesion
Hsp70 participates in a broad spectrum of protein folding processes extending from nascent chain folding to protein disaggregation . This versatility in function is achieved through a diverse family of J-protein cochaperones that select substrates for Hsp70 . Substrate selection is further tuned by transient complexati...	All cells must maintain their proteins in a correctly folded shape to survive . The task of sustaining a healthy set of proteins has increased with the rise of complex life from prokaryotes ( such as bacteria ) that form simple single-celled organisms to eukaryotes ( such as yeast , plants and multicellular animals ) ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Evolution of an intricate J-protein network driving protein disaggregation in eukaryotes
The assembly of the preinitiation complex ( PIC ) occurs upstream of the +1 nucleosome which , in yeast , obstructs the transcription start site and is frequently assembled with the histone variant H2A . Z . To understand the contribution of the transcription machinery in the disassembly of the +1 H2A . Z nucleosome , ...	To fit the genetic information of an animal , yeast or other eukaryote into cells , DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones to form repeating units known as nucleosomes . However , this tight winding prevents proteins from accessing the DNA , and so prevents gene transcription – the first stage of producin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Constitutive turnover of histone H2A.Z at yeast promoters requires the preinitiation complex
Responses of sensory neurons represent stimulus information , but are also influenced by internal state . For example , when monkeys direct their attention to a visual stimulus , the response gain of specific subsets of neurons in visual cortex changes . Here , we develop a functional model of population activity to in...	Our brains receive an enormous amount of information from our senses . However , we can’t deal with it all at once; the brain must selectively focus on a portion of this information . This process of selective focus is generally called “attention” . In the visual system , this is believed to operate as a kind of amplif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Attention stabilizes the shared gain of V4 populations
The thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP ) riboswitch is a cis-regulatory element in mRNA that modifies gene expression in response to TPP concentration . Its specificity is dependent upon conformational changes that take place within its aptamer domain . Here , the role of tertiary interactions in ligand binding was studied a...	When a gene is switched on , its DNA is first copied to make a molecule of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) . The genetic code in the mRNA is then translated into a protein . There are also untranslated regions within mRNAs that do not code for protein themselves , but serve to regulate whether or not a protein is p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Observation of long-range tertiary interactions during ligand binding by the TPP riboswitch aptamer
Many believe that humans can ‘perceive unconsciously’ – that for weak stimuli , briefly presented and masked , above-chance discrimination is possible without awareness . Interestingly , an online survey reveals that most experts in the field recognize the lack of convincing evidence for this phenomenon , and yet they ...	In the 1980s , psychologists made an unexpected discovery while working with individuals who had become blind after sustaining damage to areas of the brain required for vision . These individuals could respond correctly to questions about the shape and location of objects in their visual field , even though they could ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Human observers have optimal introspective access to perceptual processes even for visually masked stimuli
Multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a serious health threat , especially in hospitals . Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) of mobile genetic elements ( MGEs ) facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistance , virulence , and environmental persistence genes between nosocomial pathogens . We screened the genomes of 2173 bact...	Bacteria are able to pass each other genes that make them invulnerable to antibiotics . This exchange of genetic material , also called horizontal gene transfer , can turn otherwise harmless bacteria into drug-resistant ‘superbugs’ . This is particularly problematic in hospitals , where bacteria use horizontal gene tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Systematic detection of horizontal gene transfer across genera among multidrug-resistant bacteria in a single hospital
Synaptic transmission from Drosophila photoreceptors to lamina neurons requires recycling of histamine neurotransmitter . Synaptic histamine is cleared by uptake into glia and conversion into carcinine , which functions as transport metabolite . How carcinine is transported from glia to photoreceptor neurons remains un...	Photoreceptors are light-sensitive neurons in the eyes of the fruit fly Drosophila that form connections with other neurons in the fly’s brain . At these connections , which are called synapses , the photoreceptors continuously release a chemical called histamine . Photoreceptors will release more or less histamine dep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	The carcinine transporter CarT is required in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons to sustain histamine recycling
Loss of Foxc1 is associated with Dandy-Walker malformation , the most common human cerebellar malformation characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia and an enlarged posterior fossa and fourth ventricle . Although expressed in the mouse posterior fossa mesenchyme , loss of Foxc1 non-autonomously induces a rapid and devasta...	The part of the brain responsible for coordinating and fine-tuning movement , sensory processing and some cognitive functions—the cerebellum—is found tucked away at the back of the brain , where it sits in a hollow in the skull called the posterior fossa . In a relatively common neurological disorder called Dandy-Walke...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Foxc1 dependent mesenchymal signalling drives embryonic cerebellar growth
p27Kip1 ( p27 ) is a cyclin-CDK inhibitor and negative regulator of cell proliferation . p27 also controls other cellular processes including migration and cytoplasmic p27 can act as an oncogene . Furthermore , cytoplasmic p27 promotes invasion and metastasis , in part by promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition ...	When animals develop from embryos to adults , or try to heal wounds later in life , their cells have to move . Moving means that the cells must invade into their surroundings , a dense network of proteins called the extracellular matrix . The cell first attaches to the extracellular matrix; degrades it; and then moves ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	p27Kip1 promotes invadopodia turnover and invasion through the regulation of the PAK1/Cortactin pathway
The impact of phage predation on bacterial pathogens in the context of human disease is not currently appreciated . Here , we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen , Vibrio cholerae , can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natura...	Cholera epidemics occur seasonally in areas such as Bangladesh , and outbreaks can also strike in vulnerable regions , as has occurred recently in Haiti . The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae , a water-borne bacterium that colonizes the small intestine , and its symptoms include severe diarrhea and vomiting which c...	[ "Abstract", "Main", "Text", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Evolutionary consequences of intra-patient phage predation on microbial populations
In bacteria , multicellular behaviors are regulated by cell–cell signaling through the exchange of both diffusible and contact-dependent signals . In a multicellular context , Myxococcus cells can share outer membrane ( OM ) materials by an unknown mechanism involving the traAB genes and gliding motility . Using live i...	Bacteria studied in the laboratory are , in general , readily amenable to culture , and they easily form colonies when grown on agar plates . In the wild , however , many bacteria exhibit a range of more complex behaviors , including the growth of super-organisms that contain many cells . The bacterium Myxococcus xanth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Direct live imaging of cell–cell protein transfer by transient outer membrane fusion in Myxococcus xanthus
Regulation of size and growth is a fundamental problem in biology . A prominent example is the formation of the mitotic spindle , where protein concentration gradients around chromosomes are thought to regulate spindle growth by controlling microtubule nucleation . Previous evidence suggests that microtubules nucleate ...	When cells divide , they first need to create a copy of their genetic material , which they then evenly distribute between their daughter cells . This is done by a complex of proteins known as the mitotic spindle , which divides the chromosomes that carry the genetic material in the form of genes . The mitotic spindle ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "materials" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Autocatalytic microtubule nucleation determines the size and mass of Xenopus laevis egg extract spindles
It is generally assumed that human intelligence relies on efficient processing by neurons in our brain . Although grey matter thickness and activity of temporal and frontal cortical areas correlate with IQ scores , no direct evidence exists that links structural and physiological properties of neurons to human intellig...	Our brains are made up of almost 100 billion brain cells . Each of them acts like a small chip: they collect , process and pass on information in the form of electrical signals . In brain areas that integrate different types of information , such as frontal and temporal lobes , brain cells have larger dendrites – long ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Large and fast human pyramidal neurons associate with intelligence
The most common cause of early onset primary dystonia , a neuromuscular disease , is a glutamate deletion ( ΔE ) at position 302/303 of TorsinA , a AAA+ ATPase that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum . While the function of TorsinA remains elusive , the ΔE mutation is known to diminish binding of two TorsinA ATPase a...	A group of enzymes known as the AAA+ ATPase family have a wide variety of roles in the cell . They are able to break down a molecule called ATP and use the energy released to change the structure of other ‘target’ molecules . TorsinA is one such AAA+ ATPase and is found primarily in nerve cells inside two cell compartm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Structures of TorsinA and its disease-mutant complexed with an activator reveal the molecular basis for primary dystonia
The balance between Th17 and T regulatory ( Treg ) cells critically modulates immune homeostasis , with an inadequate Treg response contributing to inflammatory disease . Using an unbiased chemical biology approach , we identified a novel role for the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A in...	Inflammation is used by the immune system to protect and repair tissues after an injury or infection . However , if inflammation is too strong , or goes on for too long , it can damage tissues . This is seen in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and type 1 diabetes . Therefore , precise regulation o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	The kinase DYRK1A reciprocally regulates the differentiation of Th17 and regulatory T cells
Non-clustered δ-protocadherins are homophilic cell adhesion molecules essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system , as several are closely linked to neurodevelopmental disorders . Mutations in protocadherin-19 ( PCDH19 ) result in a female-limited , infant-onset form of epilepsy ( PCDH19-FE ) . Over ...	As the brain develops , its basic building blocks – cells called neurons – need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to neural circuits . A mistake that leads to the formation of incorrect connections can result in a number of disorders or brain abnormalities . Proteins called cadherin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "conclusions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Structural determinants of adhesion by Protocadherin-19 and implications for its role in epilepsy
Due to their economic relevance , the study of plant pathogen interactions is of importance . However , elucidating these interactions and their underlying molecular mechanisms remains challenging since both host and pathogen need to be fully genetically accessible organisms . Here we present milestones in the establis...	Fungi cause many diseases in plants , and reduce the yield of important crops like wheat , corn and rice – all of which belong to the family of grasses . Much research into how disease-causing fungi infect plants will look at a given fungus that infects a specific plant in order to understand plant diseases in general ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	A complete toolset for the study of Ustilago bromivora and Brachypodium sp. as a fungal-temperate grass pathosystem
Although millions of distinct virus species likely exist , only approximately 9000 are catalogued in GenBank's RefSeq database . We selectively enriched for the genomes of circular DNA viruses in over 70 animal samples , ranging from nematodes to human tissue specimens . A bioinformatics pipeline , Cenote-Taker , was d...	When scientists hunt for new DNA sequences , sometimes they get a lot more than they bargained for . Such is the case in metagenomic surveys , which analyze not just DNA of a particular organism , but all the DNA in an environment at large . A vexing problem with these surveys is the overwhelming number of DNA sequence...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses
Dorsal/ventral ( DV ) patterning of the sea urchin embryo relies on a ventrally-localized organizer expressing Nodal , a pivotal regulator of the DV gene regulatory network . However , the inceptive mechanisms imposing the symmetry-breaking are incompletely understood . In Paracentrotus lividus , the Hbox12 homeodomain...	Embryos begin as a collection of identical cells . As the embryo develops further , the cells in different regions must take on different structures and roles in order to form the complex tissues and organs seen in the fully developed organism . Therefore , a key task in early development is to inform cells where they ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Early asymmetric cues triggering the dorsal/ventral gene regulatory network of the sea urchin embryo
The mammalian circadian clock is driven by a transcriptional–translational feedback loop , which produces robust 24-hr rhythms . Proper oscillation of the clock depends on the complex formation and periodic turnover of the Period and Cryptochrome proteins , which together inhibit their own transcriptional activator com...	Since the very simplest organisms emerged on earth , the rhythms of life have been synchronized with the rising and setting of the sun . Even the most basic life forms have internal clocks that help them to maintain daily routines and adapt to shifting seasons . In animals , these internal clocks regulate processes suc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Molecular assembly of the period-cryptochrome circadian transcriptional repressor complex
Nuclear pore complexes ( NPCs ) conduct massive transport mediated by shuttling nuclear transport receptors ( NTRs ) , while keeping nuclear and cytoplasmic contents separated . The NPC barrier in Xenopus relies primarily on the intrinsically disordered FG domain of Nup98 . We now observed that Nup98 FG domains of mamm...	Cells of eukaryotic species—which include plants , animals , and fungi—have a nucleus that harbours the organism's genome . Two membrane layers surround the nucleus and separate its contents from the cytoplasm , where proteins are made . This separation is essential for a correct interpretation of the genetic informati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Nup98 FG domains from diverse species spontaneously phase-separate into particles with nuclear pore-like permselectivity
Progression through the mitotic cell cycle requires periodic regulation of gene function at the levels of transcription , translation , protein-protein interactions , post-translational modification and degradation . However , the role of alternative splicing ( AS ) in the temporal control of cell cycle is not well und...	Mitosis is a key step in the normal life cycle of a cell , during which one cell divides into two new cells . As a cell progresses through the cell cycle , it must carefully regulate its gene activity to switch particular genes on or off at specific moments . When a gene is activated its sequence is first copied into a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	An extensive program of periodic alternative splicing linked to cell cycle progression
At the origin of multicellularity , cells may have evolved aggregation in response to predation , for functional specialisation or to allow large-scale integration of environmental cues . These group-level properties emerged from the interactions between cells in a group , and determined the selection pressures experie...	All multicellular organisms , from fungi to humans , started out life as single cell organisms . These cells were able to survive on their own for billions of years before aggregating together to form multicellular groups . Although there are trade-offs for being in a group , such as sharing resources , there are also ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Evolution of multicellularity by collective integration of spatial information
Genetic alterations which impair the function of the TP53 signaling pathway in TP53 wild-type human tumors remain elusive . To identify new components of this pathway , we performed a screen for genes whose loss-of-function debilitated TP53 signaling and enabled oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cell...	Cancers grow from rogue cells that manage to defy the strict rules that normally stop a cell from dividing when it should not . Each cell contains many proteins that are responsible for implementing these rules , and thus help to prevent tumors from forming . One of these proteins – p53 ( which is also called TP53 ) – ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Transglutaminase 2 contributes to a TP53-induced autophagy program to prevent oncogenic transformation
Nramp family transporters—expressed in organisms from bacteria to humans—enable uptake of essential divalent transition metals via an alternating-access mechanism that also involves proton transport . We present high-resolution structures of Deinococcus radiodurans ( Dra ) Nramp in multiple conformations to provide a t...	Cells use transport proteins embedded in their membrane to acquire many of the nutrients they need to survive and grow . Different transport proteins transport different nutrients; for example , the Nramp transporters move transition metal ions across cell membranes . Nramps are found in a wide range of organisms . Bac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Structures in multiple conformations reveal distinct transition metal and proton pathways in an Nramp transporter
The reconstruction of ancient insect ectoparasitism is challenging , mostly because of the extreme scarcity of fossils with obvious ectoparasitic features such as sucking-piercing mouthparts and specialized attachment organs . Here we describe a bizarre fly larva ( Diptera ) , Qiyia jurassica gen . et sp . nov . , from...	Parasites have been exploiting other organisms for millions of years . However , little is known about ancient parasitic insects , as it is rare to find fossils that are preserved well enough for them to be identified as parasites . This is particularly true for ectoparasitic insects , which live on the skin of their h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Extreme adaptations for aquatic ectoparasitism in a Jurassic fly larva
A key question in human genetics and evolutionary biology is how mutations in different genes combine to alter phenotypes . Efforts to systematically map genetic interactions have mostly made use of gene deletions . However , most genetic variation consists of point mutations of diverse and difficult to predict effects...	Proteins , the molecular workhorses of the cell , are made of small units called amino acids attached together like the links of a chain . Each protein is composed of a unique combination of amino acids , which is determined by a specific sequence of DNA called a gene . A change in a gene – a mutation – can create a va...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	The genetic landscape of a physical interaction
Genetic variation conferring resistance and susceptibility to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis is frequently studied in mice . We have now turned this idea to melanoma using the collaborative cross ( CC ) , a resource of mouse strains designed to discover genes for complex diseases . We studied melanoma-prone transgeni...	Melanoma is a type of skin cancer . Melanoma tumors form in the skin’s pigment-producing cells or melanocytes . Growing evidence points to complex interactions between genetics and environmental exposures that contribute to the risk of developing melanoma . Ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation from the sun causes genetic mutat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Different genetic mechanisms mediate spontaneous versus UVR-induced malignant melanoma
In vertebrates , the total number of vertebrae is precisely defined . Vertebrae derive from embryonic somites that are continuously produced posteriorly from the presomitic mesoderm ( PSM ) during body formation . We show that in the chicken embryo , activation of posterior Hox genes ( paralogs 9–13 ) in the tail-bud c...	In humans and other vertebrates , the number of bones ( vertebrae ) in the spine is determined early in development . The vertebrae form from blocks of tissue called somites that make segments along the body axis—a virtual line running from the head to the tail-end—of the embryo . The somites form as the embryo increas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Hox genes control vertebrate body elongation by collinear Wnt repression
How movements are selected is a fundamental question in systems neuroscience . While many studies have elucidated the sensorimotor transformations underlying stimulus-guided movements , less is known about how internal goals – critical drivers of goal-directed behavior – guide movements . The basal ganglia are known to...	An important role of the nervous system is to allow us to move around in the world . These movements are typically influenced by the goal that we want to achieve ( for example , finding food ) as well as stimuli that we sense in our environment ( for example , the smell of pizza ) . Yet we understand little about how t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Basal ganglia output reflects internally-specified movements
The stochastic multicolor labeling method ‘Brainbow’ is a powerful strategy to label multiple neurons differentially with fluorescent proteins; however , the fluorescence levels provided by the original attempts to use this strategy were inadequate . In the present study , we developed a stochastic multicolor labeling ...	The brain is made up of millions of cells called neurons , and it is important to learn how these neurons are wired together to better understand how the brain works . To make it easier to tell individual neurons apart in samples from brains , some scientists have developed a process called Brainbow that labels individ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Bright multicolor labeling of neuronal circuits with fluorescent proteins and chemical tags
In many cases of trauma , the same environmental stimuli that become associated with aversive events are experienced on other occasions without adverse consequence . We examined neural circuits underlying partially reinforced fear ( PRF ) , whereby mice received tone-shock pairings on half of conditioning trials . Tone...	While walking home alone late one night , you hear footsteps behind you . Your heart starts to beat faster as you wonder whether someone might be following you . Being able to identify and evade threats is essential for survival . A key part of this process is learning to recognize signals that predict potential danger...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	A prefrontal-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis circuit limits fear to uncertain threat
Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-based ATP-powered motors , important for multiple , essential cellular functions . How microtubule binding stimulates their ATPase and controls force generation is not understood . To address this fundamental question , we visualized microtubule-bound kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 mo...	The interior of a cell is a hive of activity , filled with proteins and other items moving from one location to another . A network of filaments called microtubules forms tracks along which so-called motor proteins carry these items . Kinesins are one group of motor proteins , and a typical kinesin protein has one end ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Conserved mechanisms of microtubule-stimulated ADP release, ATP binding, and force generation in transport kinesins
Resveratrol has beneficial effects on aging , inflammation and metabolism , which are thought to result from activation of the lysine deacetylase , sirtuin 1 ( SIRT1 ) , the cAMP pathway , or AMP-activated protein kinase . In this study , we report that resveratrol acts as a pathway-selective estrogen receptor-α ( ERα ...	Resveratrol is a compound found in significant quantities in red wine , grapes , and peanuts . Many health benefits have been linked to it , including protecting against certain types of cancer and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease . How resveratrol could produce these very different effects is unknown , but ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Resveratrol modulates the inflammatory response via an estrogen receptor-signal integration network
Vesicle fusion is mediated by an assembly of SNARE proteins between opposing membranes , but it is unknown whether transmembrane domains ( TMDs ) of SNARE proteins serve mechanistic functions that go beyond passive anchoring of the force-generating SNAREpin to the fusing membranes . Here , we show that conformational f...	Neurons signal to other cells by releasing chemicals known as neurotransmitters . The neurotransmitters are stored in the neuron in small membrane-bound compartments called vesicles . When a neuron receives an electrical impulse , this ultimately triggers the vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and release their co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	v-SNARE transmembrane domains function as catalysts for vesicle fusion
Orphans are genes restricted to a single phylogenetic lineage and emerge at high rates . While this predicts an accumulation of genes , the gene number has remained remarkably constant through evolution . This paradox has not yet been resolved . Because orphan genes have been mainly analyzed over long evolutionary time...	New genes are added to most genomes on a steady basis . A new gene can either begin as a copy of an existing gene from elsewhere in the genome , or is created entirely ‘from scratch’ from a DNA sequence that had not previously encoded for a protein . New genes that are not found in other related species are called orph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	The life cycle of Drosophila orphan genes
Millions of neurons drive the activity of hundreds of muscles , meaning many different neural population activity patterns could generate the same movement . Studies have suggested that these redundant ( i . e . behaviorally equivalent ) activity patterns may be beneficial for neural computation . However , it is unkno...	When you swing a tennis racket , muscles in your arm contract in a specific sequence . For this to happen , millions of neurons in your brain and spinal cord must fire to make those muscles contract . If you swing the racket a second time , the same muscles in your arm will contract again . But the firing pattern of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Constraints on neural redundancy
During embryonic development , cell type-specific transcription factors promote cell identities , while epigenetic modifications are thought to contribute to maintain these cell fates . Our understanding of how genetic and epigenetic modes of regulation work together to establish and maintain cellular identity is still...	The cells in our blood are constantly being replaced with new cells that are produced by stem cells called hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ( or HSPCs for short ) . The HSPCs form early on in the development of the embryo and continue in the same role throughout the life of the animal . A gene called runx1 is re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Epigenetic regulation of hematopoiesis by DNA methylation
Plasma membrane lipid composition must be maintained during growth and under environmental insult . In yeast , signaling mediated by TOR Complex 2 ( TORC2 ) -dependent protein kinase Ypk1 controls lipid abundance and distribution in response to membrane stress . Ypk1 , among other actions , alleviates negative regulati...	Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that separates and protects each cell from its environment . These membranes are made of a variety of proteins and fatty molecules called lipids , which are carefully organized throughout the membrane . When cells experience stresses such as heat or excessive pressure , the plasm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	TORC2-dependent protein kinase Ypk1 phosphorylates ceramide synthase to stimulate synthesis of complex sphingolipids
Asynchronous transmission plays a prominent role at certain synapses but lacks the mechanistic insights of its synchronous counterpart . The current view posits that triggering of asynchronous release during repetitive stimulation involves expansion of the same calcium domains underlying synchronous transmission . In t...	Neurons communicate with one another at junctions called synapses . The arrival of an electrical signal known as an action potential at the first ( presynaptic ) neuron causes calcium ions to flood into the cell . This in turn causes the neuron to release packages of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the synapse ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Synchronous and asynchronous modes of synaptic transmission utilize different calcium sources
Evolutionary theory predicts that the lack of recombination and chromosomal re-assortment in strictly asexual organisms results in homologous chromosomes irreversibly accumulating mutations and thus evolving independently of each other , a phenomenon termed the Meselson effect . We apply a population genomics approach ...	An organism’s genetic ‘blueprint’ is encoded in DNA packaged within structures called chromosomes . Most organisms have two copies of each chromosome and , through sexual reproduction , the DNA within a pair of chromosomes can recombine randomly in a process that could be likened to shuffling a deck of cards . This pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Population genomics reveals the origin and asexual evolution of human infective trypanosomes
Superelongation complexes ( SECs ) are essential for transcription elongation of many human genes , including the integrated HIV-1 genome . At the HIV-1 promoter , the viral Tat protein binds simultaneously to the nascent TAR RNA and the CycT1 subunit of the P-TEFb kinase in a SEC . To understand the preferential recru...	The rate at which many genes are expressed as proteins depends on a process called transcriptional elongation . This process takes place as the region of DNA that defines the gene is transcribed into an RNA molecule , and it is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase II . However , this process often stalls shortl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	AFF4 binding to Tat-P-TEFb indirectly stimulates TAR recognition of super elongation complexes at the HIV promoter
Behavior of extinct organisms can be inferred only indirectly , but occasionally rare fossils document particular behaviors directly . Brood care , a remarkable behavior promoting the survival of the next generation , has evolved independently numerous times among animals including insects . However , fossil evidence o...	Many animals care for and protect their offspring to increase their survival and fitness . Insects care for their young using a range of strategies: some dig underground chambers for their young , whilst others carry their brood around on their own bodies . However , it was unclear when these strategies first evolved i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	Brood care in a 100-million-year-old scale insect
How cargoes move within a crowded cell—over long distances and at speeds nearly the same as when moving on unimpeded pathway—has long been mysterious . Through an in vitro force-gliding assay , which involves measuring nanometer displacement and piconewtons of force , we show that multiple mammalian kinesin-1 ( from 2 ...	The inside of a cell is a crowded space , full of proteins and other molecules . Yet , the molecular motors that transport some of those molecules within the cell move at the same speed as they would in pure water – about one micrometer per second . How the molecular motors could achieve such speeds in crowded cells wa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Multiple kinesins induce tension for smooth cargo transport
In the striatum , signaling via G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors is essential for motor control . Critical to this process is the effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase type 5 ( AC5 ) that produces second messenger cAMP upon receptor-mediated activation by G protein Golf . However , the molecular organization of ...	In the brain , cells called neurons communicate with one another using chemicals called neurotransmitters , which bind to receptors on the surface of cells . In most cases , the binding of neurotransmitter causes a protein known as a G protein to interact with the receptor . G proteins are made up of three subunits: α ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Stable G protein-effector complexes in striatal neurons: mechanism of assembly and role in neurotransmitter signaling
The dynamics of different ionic currents shape the bursting activity of neurons and networks that control motor output . Despite being ubiquitous in all animal cells , the contribution of the Na+/K+ pump current to such bursting activity has not been well studied . We used monensin , a Na+/H+ antiporter , to examine th...	In animals , cells called neurons relay information around the body in the form of electrical signals . An enzyme called the sodium and potassium pump is found in the membrane that surrounds neurons . It uses energy to pump sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions in the opposite direction . This helps to maint...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Na+/K+ pump interacts with the h-current to control bursting activity in central pattern generator neurons of leeches
Although arthropods are important viral vectors , the biodiversity of arthropod viruses , as well as the role that arthropods have played in viral origins and evolution , is unclear . Through RNA sequencing of 70 arthropod species we discovered 112 novel viruses that appear to be ancestral to much of the documented gen...	Many illnesses , including influenza , hemorrhagic fever , and rabies , are caused by a group of viruses called negative-sense RNA viruses . The genetic information—or genome—of these viruses is encoded in strands of RNA that must be copied before they can be translated into the proteins needed to build new viruses . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses
Mechanisms of muscle atrophy are complex and their understanding might help finding therapeutic solutions for pathologies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . We meta-analyzed transcriptomic experiments of muscles of ALS patients and mouse models , uncovering a p53 deregulation as common denominator . We the...	Many conditions , including cancer and AIDS , lead to a person’s muscles wasting away . Often the muscles are not necessarily the prime targets of these diseases . However , in the case of a neurodegenerative disease called amyotrophic laterals sclerosis ( or ALS ) , it is the muscle degeneration that ultimately leads ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Transcriptional activator TAp63 is upregulated in muscular atrophy during ALS and induces the pro-atrophic ubiquitin ligase Trim63
Polo-like kinase 1 ( PLK1 ) is a key cell cycle regulator implicated in the development of various cancers , including prostate cancer . However , the functions of PLK1 beyond cell cycle regulation remain poorly characterized . Here , we report that PLK1 overexpression in prostate epithelial cells triggers oncogenic tr...	Living cells grow and divide via a series of events called the cell cycle . If this process is disturbed in animals , it can lead to cancer . In the later stages of tumor development , cancer cells frequently change their structure and behavior in a process called the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) , whic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Polo-like kinase 1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes epithelial cell motility by activating CRAF/ERK signaling
Located in the midbrain , the inferior colliculus ( IC ) is the hub of the central auditory system . Although the IC plays important roles in speech processing , sound localization , and other auditory computations , the organization of the IC microcircuitry remains largely unknown . Using a multifaceted approach in mi...	Our brains help us make sense of our surroundings . Our sense organs , for example the ears , receive signals from the environment , which are passed on to specialized parts of the brain , called nuclei . There , neurons process the information and send impulses to other areas in the brain , which eventually help us de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	A novel class of inferior colliculus principal neurons labeled in vasoactive intestinal peptide-Cre mice
Many chronic diseases are associated with fibrotic deposition of Collagen and other matrix proteins . Little is known about the factors that determine preferential onset of fibrosis in particular tissues . Here we show that plasma membrane ( PM ) overgrowth causes pericellular Collagen accumulation in Drosophila adipoc...	In animals , so-called ‘basement membranes’ surround organs and help to both anchor certain tissue types together and control which molecules move between them . The basement membrane is made up of various proteins , and a large protein called Collagen IV is the most abundant component . Collagen IV is made inside cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Plasma membrane overgrowth causes fibrotic collagen accumulation and immune activation in Drosophila adipocytes
Sperm are equipped with a unique set of ion channels that orchestrate fertilization . In mouse sperm , the principal K+ current ( IKSper ) is carried by the Slo3 channel , which sets the membrane potential ( Vm ) in a strongly pHi-dependent manner . Here , we show that IKSper in human sperm is activated weakly by pHi a...	A sperm that has been ejaculated into the female reproductive tract must complete a number of tasks to pass on its genes to the next generation . First it must travel along a meandering route to encounter an egg , before pushing through a jelly-like coating that surrounds the egg and then , finally , fusing with the eg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	The Ca2+-activated K+ current of human sperm is mediated by Slo3
Collective migration—the directed , coordinated motion of many self-propelled agents—is a fascinating emergent behavior exhibited by active matter with functional implications for biological systems . However , how migration can persist when a population is confronted with perturbations is poorly understood . Here , we...	Flocks of birds , schools of fish and herds of animals are all good examples of collective migration , where individuals co-ordinate their behavior to improve survival . This process also happens on a cellular level; for example , when bacteria consume a nutrient in their surroundings , they will collectively move to a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2022	Chemotactic smoothing of collective migration
Although damage to the primary visual cortex ( V1 ) causes hemianopia , many patients retain some residual vision; known as blindsight . We show that blindsight may be facilitated by an intact white-matter pathway between the lateral geniculate nucleus and motion area hMT+ . Visual psychophysics , diffusion-weighted ma...	Visual information from our eyes projects to a region at the back of the brain called the primary visual cortex , which is where the information is processed to allow us to see the world around us . If a person suffers a stroke that affects this primary visual cortex , he or she can become blind on one side . However ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Human blindsight is mediated by an intact geniculo-extrastriate pathway
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms . In plants , prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1 , which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth , respectively . Intriguingly , despite inducing distinct signalling outputs , both receptors employ c...	Unlike most animals , plants cannot move away if their environment changes for the worse . Instead , a plant must sense these changes and respond appropriately , for example by changing how much it grows . Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants . To detect the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "materials" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains
Visual cues exert a powerful control over hippocampal place cell activities that encode external spaces . The functional interaction of visual cortical neurons and hippocampal place cells during spatial navigation behavior has yet to be elucidated . Here we show that , like hippocampal place cells , many neurons in the...	The brain is able to create and maintain a map of our surroundings as we go about our daily activities . It is thought that some of this spatial information is first processed in a region of the brain called the visual cortex , the information is then relayed to a region called the hippocampus , where the map is reliab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Activities of visual cortical and hippocampal neurons co-fluctuate in freely moving rats during spatial behavior
Optimal decision-making requires balancing fast but error-prone and more accurate but slower decisions through adjustments of decision thresholds . Here , we demonstrate two distinct correlates of such speed-accuracy adjustments by recording subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) activity and electroencephalography in 11 Parkinso...	In everyday decisions , we have to balance how quickly we need to make a decision with how accurate we want our decision to be . For example , if you plan your next holiday you might want to make sure that you pick the best destination without caring too much about the time it takes to arrive at that decision . On the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Distinct mechanisms mediate speed-accuracy adjustments in cortico-subthalamic networks
Many aspects of social behavior are controlled by sex-specific pheromones . Gender-appropriate production of the sexually dimorphic transcription factors doublesex and fruitless controls sexual differentiation and sexual behavior . miR-124 mutant males exhibited increased male–male courtship and reduced reproductive su...	Like many animals , the fruit fly Drosophila uses pheromones to influence sexual behaviour , with males and females producing different versions of these chemicals . One of the pheromones produced by male flies , for example , is a chemical called 11-cis-vaccenyl-acetate ( cVA ) , which is an aphrodisiac for female fli...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	miR-124 controls male reproductive success in Drosophila
Central thalamus plays a critical role in forebrain arousal and organized behavior . However , network-level mechanisms that link its activity to brain state remain enigmatic . Here , we combined optogenetics , fMRI , electrophysiology , and video-EEG monitoring to characterize the central thalamus-driven global brain ...	The ability to wake up every morning and to fall asleep at night is something that most people take for granted . However , damage to a brain region called the central thalamus can cause a range of consciousness-related disorders , including memory problems , excessive sleeping , and even comas . For example , cell dea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Frequency-selective control of cortical and subcortical networks by central thalamus
Squamous cell carcinomas occurring at transition zones are highly malignant tumors with poor prognosis . The identity of the cell population and the signaling pathways involved in the progression of transition zone squamous cell carcinoma are poorly understood , hence representing limited options for targeted therapies...	Many different types of cells make up the tissues and organs throughout our bodies . There are locations throughout the body where two different types of cells meet – called transition zones – and these regions are susceptible to cancer formation . Many of these tumors are particularly aggressive , including those that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	De-repression of the RAC activator ELMO1 in cancer stem cells drives progression of TGFβ-deficient squamous cell carcinoma from transition zones
HIV-1 replication commences inside the cone-shaped viral capsid , but timing , localization , and mechanism of uncoating are under debate . We adapted a strategy to visualize individual reverse-transcribed HIV-1 cDNA molecules and their association with viral and cellular proteins using fluorescence and correlative-lig...	When viruses infect human cells , they hijack the cell’s machinery to produce the proteins they need to replicate . Retroviruses like HIV-1 do this by entering the nucleus and inserting their genetic information into the genome of the infected cell . This requires HIV-1 to convert its genetic material into DNA , which ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	HIV-1 uncoating by release of viral cDNA from capsid-like structures in the nucleus of infected cells
The origin of angiosperms has been a long-standing botanical debate . The great diversity of angiosperms in the Early Cretaceous makes the Jurassic a promising period in which to anticipate the origins of the angiosperms . Here , based on observations of 264 specimens of 198 individual flowers preserved on 34 slabs in ...	From oranges to apples , flowering plants produce most of the fruits and vegetables that we can see on display in a supermarket . While we may take little notice of the poppy fields and plum blossoms around us , how flowers came to be has been an intensely debated mystery . The current understanding , which is mainly b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	An unexpected noncarpellate epigynous flower from the Jurassic of China
Due to their strict maternal inheritance in most animals and plants , mitochondrial genomes are predicted to accumulate mutations that are beneficial or neutral in females but harmful in males . Although a few male-harming mtDNA mutations have been identified , consistent with this ‘Mother’s Curse’ , their effect on fe...	Cell compartments called mitochondria are responsible for producing much of the energy that animal and plant cells need . Most of the proteins in mitochondria are produced from genes found in another compartment called the nucleus . However , some mitochondrial proteins are made from genes found in the mitochondria the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	A mitochondrial DNA hypomorph of cytochrome oxidase specifically impairs male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster
The nucleoporin Nup98 is frequently rearranged to form leukemogenic Nup98-fusion proteins with various partners . However , their function remains largely elusive . Here , we show that Nup98-HoxA9 , a fusion between Nup98 and the homeobox transcription factor HoxA9 , forms nuclear aggregates that frequently associate w...	The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell ( which includes plant and animal cells ) contains most of the cell’s genetic material in the form of carefully packaged strands of DNA . Genes are stretches of DNA that contain the instructions needed to produce the proteins and RNA molecules that the cell needs to survive . These mole...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Chromatin-prebound Crm1 recruits Nup98-HoxA9 fusion to induce aberrant expression of Hox cluster genes
The kinesin-3 family member Unc-104/KIF1A is required for axonal transport of many presynaptic components to synapses , and mutation of this gene results in synaptic dysfunction in mice , flies and worms . Our studies at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction indicate that many synaptic defects in unc-104-null mutants a...	Each nerve cell , or neuron , has a long nerve fiber – called an axon – that forms specialized sites for information exchange – called synapses – with other cells . Many molecules work at synapses to coordinate the exchange of information . These molecules are largely made in the central part of the neuron – known as t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Restraint of presynaptic protein levels by Wnd/DLK signaling mediates synaptic defects associated with the kinesin-3 motor Unc-104
Two parallel pathways produce cholesterol: the Bloch and Kandutsch-Russell pathways . Here we used stable isotope labeling and isotopomer analysis to trace sterol flux through the two pathways in mice . Surprisingly , no tissue used the canonical K–R pathway . Rather , a hybrid pathway was identified that we call the m...	Cholesterol is important for animals , both as an essential component of the membrane that surrounds cells and as a building block to make hormones and other biologically important molecules . However , cells limit how much cholesterol they make because an excess of this fatty molecule can cause serious health problems...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Flux analysis of cholesterol biosynthesis in vivo reveals multiple tissue and cell-type specific pathways
Bacterial chemotaxis systems are as diverse as the environments that bacteria inhabit , but how much environmental variation can cells tolerate with a single system ? Diversification of a single chemotaxis system could serve as an alternative , or even evolutionary stepping-stone , to switching between multiple systems...	Bacterial colonies are generally made up of genetically identical cells . Despite this , a closer look at the members of a bacterial colony shows that these cells can have very different behaviors . For example , some cells may grow more quickly than others , or be more resistant to antibiotics . The mechanisms driving...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Adaptability of non-genetic diversity in bacterial chemotaxis
Cell polarization underlies many cellular and organismal functions . The GTPase Cdc42 orchestrates polarization in many contexts . In budding yeast , polarization is associated with a focus of Cdc42•GTP which is thought to self sustain by recruiting a complex containing Cla4 , a Cdc42-binding effector , Bem1 , a scaffo...	Living cells are not always symmetrical . Instead they are often polarized , with a distinct front and back or top and bottom . Cell polarization influences many processes , including how a cell moves and grows , and where it will divide . Breaking symmetry – in other words , making one part of a cell different from th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Cell cycle entry triggers a switch between two modes of Cdc42 activation during yeast polarization
In FoF1-ATP synthase , proton translocation through Fo drives rotation of the c-subunit oligomeric ring relative to the a-subunit . Recent studies suggest that in each step of the rotation , key glutamic acid residues in different c-subunits contribute to proton release to and proton uptake from the a-subunit . However...	Cells need to be able to store and transfer energy to fuel their various activities . To do this , they produce a small molecule called ATP to carry the energy , which is then released when the ATP is broken down . An enzyme found in plants , animals and bacteria , called FoF1 ATP synthase , can both create and use ATP...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2022	Cooperation among c-subunits of FoF1-ATP synthase in rotation-coupled proton translocation
Dangerous damage to mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) can be ameliorated during mammalian development through a highly debated mechanism called the mtDNA bottleneck . Uncertainty surrounding this process limits our ability to address inherited mtDNA diseases . We produce a new , physically motivated , generalisable theoretic...	Mitochondria are structures that provide vital sources of energy in our cells . DNA contained within mitochondria encodes important mitochondrial machinery , and most human cells contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondrial DNA molecules in addition to the DNA that is stored in the nucleus . Mitochondrial DNA is inhe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Stochastic modelling, Bayesian inference, and new in vivo measurements elucidate the debated mtDNA bottleneck mechanism
How do we choose when confronted with many alternatives ? There is surprisingly little decision modelling work with large choice sets , despite their prevalence in everyday life . Even further , there is an apparent disconnect between research in small choice sets , supporting a process of gaze-driven evidence accumula...	In our everyday lives , we often have to choose between many different options . When deciding what to order off a menu , for example , or what type of soda to buy in the supermarket , we have a range of possibilities to consider . So how do we decide what to go for ? Researchers believe we make such choices by assigni...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Uncovering the computational mechanisms underlying many-alternative choice
Defining specific protein interactions and spatially or temporally restricted local proteomes improves our understanding of all cellular processes , but obtaining such data is challenging , especially for rare proteins , cell types , or events . Proximity labeling enables discovery of protein neighborhoods defining fun...	Cells contain thousands of different proteins that work together to control processes essential for life . To fully understand how these processes work it is important to know which proteins interact with each other , and which proteins are present at specific times or in certain cellular locations . Investigating this...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Proximity labeling of protein complexes and cell-type-specific organellar proteomes in Arabidopsis enabled by TurboID
R-loops are features of chromatin consisting of a strand of DNA hybridized to RNA , as well as the expelled complementary DNA strand . R-loops are enriched at promoters where they have recently been shown to have important roles in modifying gene expression . However , the location of promoter-associated R-loops and th...	Genes contain coded instructions for making proteins . When the cell needs to use a gene , molecular machinery assembles near the start of the gene in regions called promoters . Part of this machinery then reads along the gene , making a copy of the code in the form of a DNA-like molecule called RNA . These RNAs typica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Defining the location of promoter-associated R-loops at near-nucleotide resolution using bisDRIP-seq
In historical attempts to treat morning sickness , use of the drug thalidomide led to the birth of thousands of children with severe birth defects . Despite their teratogenicity , thalidomide and related IMiD drugs are now a mainstay of cancer treatment; however , the molecular basis underlying the pleiotropic biology ...	Thalidomide was sold in the 1950s and 1960s as a sedative and anti-nausea medication for pregnant women suffering from morning sickness . Studies in mice and other animals had suggested thalidomide was safe and led some countries to allow the drug to be used in humans . By 1961 , it became clear that thalidomide use by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Thalidomide promotes degradation of SALL4, a transcription factor implicated in Duane Radial Ray syndrome
Behavioral correlations stretching over time are an essential but often neglected aspect of interactions among animals . These correlations pose a challenge to current behavioral-analysis methods that lack effective means to analyze complex series of interactions . Here we show that non-invasive information-theoretic t...	Social animals continuously influence each other’s behavior . Most of these interactions simply consist in an individual immediately responding to the behavior of another in a predictable way . Still , when the same individuals interact over long periods , complex social interactions can arise . These can be difficult ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2020	Revealing the structure of information flows discriminates similar animal social behaviors

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