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ApoE4 genotype is the most prevalent and also clinically most important risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) . Available evidence suggests that the root cause for this increased risk is a trafficking defect at the level of the early endosome . ApoE4 differs from the most common ApoE3 isoform by a singl...	Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative condition that destroys connections between brain cells leading to memory loss , confusion and difficulties in thinking . Apolipoprotein E is a protein that carries fatty substances called lipids and cholesterol around the brain , and plays an important role in repair mechanisms . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Reversal of ApoE4-induced recycling block as a novel prevention approach for Alzheimer’s disease
Repetitive proteins are thought to have arisen through the amplification of subdomain-sized peptides . Many of these originated in a non-repetitive context as cofactors of RNA-based replication and catalysis , and required the RNA to assume their active conformation . In search of the origins of one of the most widespr...	All life is built upon the chemical activity of proteins . For this activity , proteins need to fold into specific 3D structures . Protein folding is complicated and easily disrupted , and its evolutionary origin remains poorly understood . A possibility is that folded proteins arose through different genetic processes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Origin of a folded repeat protein from an intrinsically disordered ancestor
Sexual maturation must occur on a controlled developmental schedule . In mammals , Makorin3 ( MKRN3 ) and the miRNA regulators LIN28A/B are key regulators of this process , but how they act is unclear . In C . elegans , sexual maturation of the nervous system includes the functional remodeling of postmitotic neurons an...	Most animals develop from juveniles , which cannot reproduce , to sexually mature adults . The most obvious signs of this transition are changes in body shape and size . However , changes also take place in the brain that enable the animals to adapt their behavior to the demands of adulthood . For example , fully fed a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	The Makorin lep-2 and the lncRNA lep-5 regulate lin-28 to schedule sexual maturation of the C. elegans nervous system
The human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) US12 family consists of ten sequentially arranged genes ( US12-21 ) with poorly characterized function . We now identify novel natural killer ( NK ) cell evasion functions for four members: US12 , US14 , US18 and US20 . Using a systematic multiplexed proteomics approach to quantify ~1...	Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) is one of eight herpesviruses that can infect humans . Most people will at some point become infected with CMV , yet the virus tends only to cause serious disease in people whose immune system is not working properly . Individuals living with HIV/AIDS and organ transplant recipients ( who have t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Control of immune ligands by members of a cytomegalovirus gene expansion suppresses natural killer cell activation
A hallmark of Spemann organizer function is its expression of Wnt antagonists that regulate axial embryonic patterning . Here we identify the tumor suppressor Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type kappa ( PTPRK ) , as a Wnt inhibitor in human cancer cells and in the Spemann organizer of Xenopus embryos . We show t...	How human and other animals form distinct head- and tail-ends as embryos is a fundamental question in biology . The fertilized eggs of the African clawed frog ( also known as Xenopus ) become embryos and grow into tadpoles within two days . This rapid growth makes Xenopus particularly suitable as a model to study how a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	The tumor suppressor PTPRK promotes ZNRF3 internalization and is required for Wnt inhibition in the Spemann organizer
Adaptive decision-making uses information gained when exploring alternative options to decide whether to update the current choice strategy . Magnocellular mediodorsal thalamus ( MDmc ) supports adaptive decision-making , but its causal contribution is not well understood . Monkeys with excitotoxic MDmc damage were tes...	A small structure deep inside the brain , called the mediodorsal thalamus , is a critical part of a brain network that is important for learning new information and making decisions . However , the exact role of this brain area is still not understood , and there is little evidence showing that this area is actually ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Critical role for the mediodorsal thalamus in permitting rapid reward-guided updating in stochastic reward environments
Nutrient uptake by roots often involves substrate-dependent regulated nutrient transporters . For robust uptake , the system requires a regulatory circuit within cells and a collective , coordinated behaviour across the tissue . A paradigm for such systems is boron uptake , known for its directional transport and homeo...	Every multicellular organism , including all plants and animals , faces the challenge of taking up the nutrients it needs and distributing them throughout its body . Plants absorb many nutrients including nitrogen and boron from the soil into their roots , often using tightly controlled processes that require energy to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Rapid transporter regulation prevents substrate flow traffic jams in boron transport
The postembryonic brain exhibits experience-dependent development , in which sensory experience guides normal brain growth . This neuroplasticity is thought to occur primarily through structural and functional changes in pre-existing neurons . Whether neurogenesis also mediates the effects of experience on brain growth...	Sensory experiences early in life help the brain to grow and develop . For example , raising animals in complete darkness stops the visual areas of their brain from forming properly . Previous studies have shown that sensory input helps to strengthen the connections between already existing brain cells , but it is uncl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Movement maintains forebrain neurogenesis via peripheral neural feedback in larval zebrafish
Molecular recognition reagents are key tools for understanding biological processes and are used universally by scientists to study protein expression , localisation and interactions . Antibodies remain the most widely used of such reagents and many show excellent performance , although some are poorly characterised or...	Many of the molecules that are essential for life are too small to be visible inside cells . So , scientists use large complex proteins called antibodies that bind to these molecules to detect whether they are present and show where they are in a cell . As well as being useful tools in experiments , these antibodies ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	Affimer proteins are versatile and renewable affinity reagents
Motor contagions refer to implicit effects on one's actions induced by observed actions . Motor contagions are believed to be induced simply by action observation and cause an observer's action to become similar to the action observed . In contrast , here we report a new motor contagion that is induced only when the ob...	Watching sports sometimes causes people to unintentionally move in the same way as the athlete they are observing . This type of unconscious mimicry is called a motor contagion . Observing everyday actions can also trigger motor contagion , and plays an important role in social interactions . So far , studies have focu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Prediction error induced motor contagions in human behaviors
CD8+ T cell anergy is a critical mechanism of peripheral tolerance , poorly investigated in response to immunotherapy . Here , using a pancreatic islet allograft model and CD3 antibody therapy , we showed , by single cell gene profiling , that intragraft CD8+ lymphocytes coexpressing granzyme B and perforin were select...	The immune system is always on guard for signs of infection or cells that have become diseased . When these signs are identified , a subset of white blood cells called CD8+ T cells leap into action , multiply in number and then act to eliminate the potential threat . While this response is essential to fighting off inf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	TGFβ-dependent expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 controls CD8+ T cell anergy in transplant tolerance
Information flow through neural circuits is determined by the nature of the synapses linking the subtypes of neurons . How neurons acquire features distinct to each synapse remains unknown . We show that the transcription factor Mafb drives the formation of auditory ribbon synapses , which are specialized for rapid tra...	Different types of neurons in the nervous system communicate with each other through different types of synapses . In the auditory system , for example , it is essential for the timing of signals to be preserved as they are sent from the ear to the brain , and this places special demands on the synapses in this part of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	A Gata3–Mafb transcriptional network directs post-synaptic differentiation in synapses specialized for hearing
When people anticipate uncertain future outcomes , they often prefer to know their fate in advance . Inspired by an idea in behavioral economics that the anticipation of rewards is itself attractive , we hypothesized that this preference of advance information arises because reward prediction errors carried by such inf...	People , pigeons and monkeys often want to know in advance whether they will receive a reward in the future . This behaviour is irrational when individuals pay for costly information that makes no difference to an eventual outcome . One explanation is that individuals seek information because anticipating reward has he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	The modulation of savouring by prediction error and its effects on choice
Social cellular aggregation or multicellular organization pose increased risk of transmission of infections through the system upon infection of a single cell . The generality of the evolutionary responses to this outside of Metazoa remains unclear . We report the discovery of several thematically unified , remarkable ...	Bacteria are the most numerous lifeforms on the planet . Most bacteria live as single cells that grow and multiply independently within larger communities of microbes . However , some bacterial cells assemble to form more complex structures where individual cells might perform distinct roles . Such bacteria are referre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity
Nodal is considered the key inducer of mesendoderm in vertebrate embryos and embryonic stem cells . Other TGF-beta-related signals , such as Vg1/Dvr1/Gdf3 , have also been implicated in this process but their roles have been unclear or controversial . Here we report that zebrafish embryos without maternally provided vg...	All animals begin life as just one cell – a fertilized egg . In order to make a recognizable adult , each embryo needs to make the three types of tissue that will eventually form all of the organs: endoderm , which will form the internal organs; mesoderm , which will form the muscle and bones; and ectoderm , which will...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Vg1-Nodal heterodimers are the endogenous inducers of mesendoderm
Prairie vole breeder pairs form monogamous pair bonds , which are maintained through the expression of selective aggression toward novel conspecifics . Here , we utilize behavioral and anatomical techniques to extend the current understanding of neural mechanisms that mediate pair bond maintenance . For both sexes , we...	The bond between parents is one of the most important social relationships that humans have . Prairie voles are one of the few other mammals whose individuals also form long-term social bonds after having offspring together , so they have frequently been used to study the brain mechanisms that underlie such bonding . H...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Dopamine and opioid systems interact within the nucleus accumbens to maintain monogamous pair bonds
Highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) molecules are at the heart of adaptive immune responses , playing crucial roles in many kinds of disease and in vaccination . We report that breadth of peptide presentation and level of cell surface expression of class I molecules are inversely correlated in b...	Our immune system has the remarkable ability to recognize and destroy damaged cells or invading microbes while leaving the healthy cells in the body alone . Groups of proteins called ‘MHC class I molecules’ play important roles in defence against invading microbes . If a cell becomes infected with a virus or a bacteriu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Expression levels of MHC class I molecules are inversely correlated with promiscuity of peptide binding
The presumptive altered dynamics of transient molecular interactions in vivo contributing to neurodegenerative diseases have remained elusive . Here , using single-molecule localization microscopy , we show that disease-inducing Huntingtin ( mHtt ) protein fragments display three distinct dynamic states in living cells...	Huntington's disease belongs to a group of human genetic disorders in which faulty proteins cause nerve cells to progressively die . All proteins are made from building blocks called amino acids , and these diseases are collectively called PolyQ expansion diseases because the faulty proteins usually have an abnormally ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Real-time imaging of Huntingtin aggregates diverting target search and gene transcription
Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins is a key step in many signaling cascades . However , a complete mechanism for this process , which requires allosteric communication between binding sites that are ~30 Å apart , remains elusive . We construct an atomically detailed model of G protein activation by combining three...	Cells communicate with each other by exchanging chemical signals , which allow them to coordinate their activities and relay important information about their environment . Often , cells secrete specific signals into their surroundings , which are then picked up by a receiving cell that has the right receptors to recog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Simulation of spontaneous G protein activation reveals a new intermediate driving GDP unbinding
Animals rely on highly sensitive thermoreceptors to seek out optimal temperatures , but the molecular mechanisms of thermosensing are not well understood . The Dorsal Organ Cool Cells ( DOCCs ) of the Drosophila larva are a set of exceptionally thermosensitive neurons critical for larval cool avoidance . Here , we show...	Animals need to be able to sense temperatures for a number of reasons . For example , this ability allows animals to avoid conditions that are either too hot or too cold , and to maintain an optimal body temperature . Most animals detect temperature via nerve cells called thermoreceptors . These sensors are often extre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	The Ionotropic Receptors IR21a and IR25a mediate cool sensing in Drosophila
Sensory deprivation during the post-natal ‘critical period’ leads to structural reorganization of the developing visual cortex . In adulthood , the visual cortex retains some flexibility and adapts to sensory deprivation . Here we show that short-term ( 2 hr ) monocular deprivation in adult humans boosts the BOLD respo...	The world around us changes all the time , and the brain must adapt to these changes . This process , known as neuroplasticity , peaks during development . Abnormal sensory input early in life can therefore cause lasting changes to the structure of the brain . One example of this is amblyopia or ‘lazy eye’ . Infants wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Response to short-term deprivation of the human adult visual cortex measured with 7T BOLD
The parents' phenotype , or the environment they create for their young , can have long-lasting effects on their offspring , with profound evolutionary consequences . Yet , virtually no work has considered how such parental effects might change the adaptive value of behavioural traits expressed by offspring upon reachi...	The burying beetle is an unusual insect in that both the father and the mother take care of their young larvae . They do this by providing food in the form of a small dead animal , such as a mouse , from which they diligently remove any fur or feathers , and by defending both the food and the larvae from rivals . These...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2015	Parental effects alter the adaptive value of an adult behavioural trait
A major puzzle in biology is how mammalian sperm maintain the correct swimming direction during various phases of the sexual reproduction process . Whilst chemotaxis may dominate near the ovum , it is unclear which cues guide spermatozoa on their long journey towards the egg . Hypothesized mechanisms range from perista...	A sperm cell must complete a long and taxing journey to stand a chance of fertilising an egg cell . This quest covers a distance that is thousands of times longer than the length of a sperm cell . It also passes through the diverse environments of the cervix , the uterus and , finally , the oviduct , where there might ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2014	Rheotaxis facilitates upstream navigation of mammalian sperm cells
Antigen Ki-67 is a nuclear protein expressed in proliferating mammalian cells . It is widely used in cancer histopathology but its functions remain unclear . Here , we show that Ki-67 controls heterochromatin organisation . Altering Ki-67 expression levels did not significantly affect cell proliferation in vivo . Ki-67...	Living cells divide in two to produce new cells . In mammals , cell division is strictly controlled so that only certain groups of cells in the body are actively dividing at any time . However , some cells may escape these controls so that they divide rapidly and form tumors . A protein called Ki-67 is only produced in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The cell proliferation antigen Ki-67 organises heterochromatin
Severe falciparum malaria has substantially affected human evolution . Genetic association studies of patients with clinically defined severe malaria and matched population controls have helped characterise human genetic susceptibility to severe malaria , but phenotypic imprecision compromises discovered associations ....	In areas of sub-Saharan Africa where malaria is common , most people are frequently exposed to the bites of mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites , so they often have malaria parasites in their blood . Young children , who have not yet built up strong immunity against malaria , often fall ill with severe malaria , a li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Improving statistical power in severe malaria genetic association studies by augmenting phenotypic precision
The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology . Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds , offering striking examples of these innovations . To understand how this novelty is generated , we investigated the...	There are about 300 , 000 species of plant on Earth , which together produce over a million different small molecules called metabolites . Plants use many of these molecules to grow , to communicate with each other or to defend themselves against pests and disease . Humans have co-opted many of the same molecules as we...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway
The hippocampal–entorhinal system encodes a map of space that guides spatial navigation . Goal-directed behaviour outside of spatial navigation similarly requires a representation of abstract forms of relational knowledge . This information relies on the same neural system , but it is not known whether the organisation...	To help us navigate , the brain encodes information about the positions of landmarks in space in a series of maps . These maps are housed by two neighbouring brain regions called the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex . These regions also encode information about non-spatial relationships , for example , between two eve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal–entorhinal cortex
The visual responses of vertebrates are sensitive to the overall composition of retinal interneurons including amacrine cells , which tune the activity of the retinal circuitry . The expression of Paired-homeobox 6 ( PAX6 ) is regulated by multiple cis-DNA elements including the intronic α-enhancer , which is active in...	The retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inside of the eye . This tissue is highly organized and comprises a variety of different nerve cells , including amacrine cells . Together , these cells process incoming light and then trigger electrical signals that travel to the brain , where they are tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "neuroscience" ]	2017	The LIM protein complex establishes a retinal circuitry of visual adaptation by regulating Pax6 α-enhancer activity
Experience and training have been shown to facilitate our ability to extract and discriminate meaningful patterns from cluttered environments . Yet , the human brain mechanisms that mediate our ability to learn by suppressing noisy and irrelevant signals remain largely unknown . To test the role of suppression in perce...	When searching for a friend in the crowd or telling identical twins apart , your visual system must solve a complex puzzle . It must ignore all irrelevant information ( e . g . , unfamiliar faces in the crowd ) and focus on key features ( e . g . , your friend’s familiar face ) that will allow you to make a decision . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	GABA, not BOLD, reveals dissociable learning-dependent plasticity mechanisms in the human brain
The molecular underpinnings of antibiotic resistance are increasingly understood , but less is known about how these molecular events influence microbial dynamics on the population scale . Here , we show that the dynamics of E . faecalis communities exposed to antibiotics can be surprisingly rich , revealing scenarios ...	Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and animal health worldwide . Although we rely on antibiotics to treat diseases caused by bacteria , such as tuberculosis , some bacteria are already resistant to many of the drugs available . Understanding the basis of resistance is crucial for developing new antibiotics , an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Delayed antibiotic exposure induces population collapse in enterococcal communities with drug-resistant subpopulations
Information processing in the sensory periphery is shaped by natural stimulus statistics . In the periphery , a transmission bottleneck constrains performance; thus efficient coding implies that natural signal components with a predictably wider range should be compressed . In a different regime—when sampling limitatio...	Our senses are constantly bombarded by sights and sounds , but the capacity of the brain to process all these inputs is finite . The stimuli that contain the most useful information must therefore be prioritized for processing by the brain to ensure that we build up as complete a picture as possible of the world around...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Variance predicts salience in central sensory processing
Genetic redundancy and pleiotropism have limited the discovery of functions associated with miRNAs and other regulatory mechanisms . To overcome this , we performed an enhancer screen for developmental defects caused by compromising both global miRISC function and individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans . Among 126 ...	For an organism to develop from a single cell into a collection of many different , specialized cells , different genes must be switched on or off at particular times . However , some of these genes involved in development are ‘redundant’ and carry out the same or similar tasks . This acts like a backup system , so if ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	CED-3 caspase acts with miRNAs to regulate non-apoptotic gene expression dynamics for robust development in C. elegans
Efficient regulation of internal homeostasis and defending it against perturbations requires adaptive behavioral strategies . However , the computational principles mediating the interaction between homeostatic and associative learning processes remain undefined . Here we use a definition of primary rewards , as outcom...	Our survival depends on our ability to maintain internal states , such as body temperature and blood sugar levels , within narrowly defined ranges , despite being subject to constantly changing external forces . This process , which is known as homeostasis , requires humans and other animals to carry out specific behav...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Homeostatic reinforcement learning for integrating reward collection and physiological stability
Cytoplasmic dynein is a molecular motor responsible for minus-end-directed cargo transport along microtubules ( MTs ) . Dynein motility has previously been studied on surface-immobilized MTs in vitro , which constrains the motors to move in two dimensions . In this study , we explored dynein motility in three dimension...	Cells rely on ‘molecular motors’ travelling along tracks called microtubules to move proteins and other cargoes between different parts of a cell . Dynein is a molecular motor that moves along the microtubules by taking “steps” towards the slowly growing end of these tracks . The trajectories of dynein motors have been...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Bidirectional helical motility of cytoplasmic dynein around microtubules
The West Nile Virus ( WNV ) envelope protein , E , promotes membrane fusion during viral cell entry by undergoing a low-pH triggered conformational reorganization . We have examined the mechanism of WNV fusion and sought evidence for potential intermediates during the conformational transition by following hemifusion o...	Flaviviruses are a group of viruses that cause serious diseases in humans , including yellow fever , West Nile fever and dengue fever . Like all viruses , flaviviruses protect their genetic material with a protein shell and , like many other viruses , that shell also has a lipid membrane . Flaviruses use one of their s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Sequential conformational rearrangements in flavivirus membrane fusion
We have developed a generally adaptable , novel high-throughput Viral Chromosome Conformation Capture assay ( V3C-seq ) for use in trans that allows genome-wide identification of the direct interactions of a lytic virus genome with distinct regions of the cellular chromosome . Upon infection , we found that the parvovi...	Viruses are small infectious particles that can only reproduce with the help of a host . Once they are inside their victim , they hijack the cells’ genetic material and reprogram it to become a virus factory that produces more virus particles . Parvoviruses , for example , are among the simplest of viruses and need all...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Parvovirus minute virus of mice interacts with sites of cellular DNA damage to establish and amplify its lytic infection
Lrp4 , the muscle receptor for neuronal Agrin , is expressed in the hippocampus and areas involved in cognition . The function of Lrp4 in the brain , however , is unknown , as Lrp4−/− mice fail to form neuromuscular synapses and die at birth . Lrp4−/− mice , rescued for Lrp4 expression selectively in muscle , survive i...	LRP4 is a muscle protein that is found in the hippocampus , a region of the brain that controls cognitive processes such as learning and memory . However , we know very little about what exactly LRP4 does in the hippocampus , and how it affects learning and memory . A standard way to figure out what a protein does is t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Synaptic plasticity and cognitive function are disrupted in the absence of Lrp4
Extensive evidence suggests that people use base rate information inconsistently in decision making . A classic example is the inverse base rate effect ( IBRE ) , whereby participants classify ambiguous stimuli sharing features of both common and rare categories as members of the rare category . Computational models of...	Is a patient with muscle aches , headache and fever more likely to have influenza or Ebola ? Most people correctly choose ‘influenza’ because it is the more common of the two diseases . But what about someone with a cough and unexplained bleeding ? Coughing is a symptom of influenza but not of Ebola . Unexplained bleed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Model-based fMRI reveals dissimilarity processes underlying base rate neglect
The G9a/GLP complex mediates mono- and dimethylation of Lys9 of histone H3 at specific gene loci , which is associated with transcriptional repression . However , the molecular mechanism by which the G9a/GLP complex is targeted to the specific gene loci for H3K9 methylation is unclear . In this study , with unbiased pr...	Genes encode instructions for processes within cells , but only a small subset of the genes within a cell will be switched on ( or expressed ) at any given time . The other genes are kept switched off until their instructions are needed . For example , some genes are switched on when it is time for a cell to divide or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	The zinc finger proteins ZNF644 and WIZ regulate the G9a/GLP complex for gene repression
Survival of Trypanosoma brucei depends upon switches in its protective Variant Surface Glycoprotein ( VSG ) coat by antigenic variation . VSG switching occurs by frequent homologous recombination , which is thought to require locus-specific initiation . Here , we show that a RecQ helicase , RECQ2 , acts to repair DNA b...	The African trypanosome , Trypanosoma brucei , is a parasite that is transmitted between mammals by the tsetse fly , and causes a disease known as sleeping sickness in humans . Like many other parasites , trypanosomes have evolved ways to avoid being killed by their hosts . One such survival strategy involves the paras...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Mapping replication dynamics in Trypanosoma brucei reveals a link with telomere transcription and antigenic variation
To maintain cellular structure and integrity during division , Gram-negative bacteria must carefully coordinate constriction of a tripartite cell envelope of inner membrane , peptidoglycan ( PG ) , and outer membrane ( OM ) . It has remained enigmatic how this is accomplished . Here , we show that envelope machines fac...	All bacterial cells are surrounded by a membrane , which forms a protective barrier around the cell . Most bacteria also have a wall surrounding the membrane , which provides structural support . When a bacterial cell divides to produce two daughter cells , it produces a belt-like structure around the middle of the cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane constriction during Escherichia coli cell division
Phase-amplitude coupling between theta and multiple gamma sub-bands is a hallmark of hippocampal activity and believed to take part in information routing . More recently , theta and gamma oscillations were also reported to exhibit phase-phase coupling , or n:m phase-locking , suggesting an important mechanism of neuro...	Neuroscientists have long sought to understand how the brain works by analyzing its electrical activity . Placing electrodes on the scalp or lowering them into the brain itself reveals rhythmic waves of activity known as oscillations . These arise when large numbers of neurons fire in synchrony . Recordings reveal that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	On cross-frequency phase-phase coupling between theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus
PARP-7 ( TiPARP ) is a mono ( ADP-ribosyl ) transferase whose protein substrates and biological activities are poorly understood . We observed that PARP7 mRNA levels are lower in ovarian cancer patient samples compared to non-cancerous tissue , but PARP-7 protein nonetheless contributes to several cancer-related biolog...	Cancer is a complex illness where changes inside healthy cells causes them to grow and reproduce rapidly . Specialized proteins called enzymes – which regulate chemical reactions in the cell – often help cancer develop and spread through the body . One such enzyme called PARP-7 labels other proteins by attaching a chem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Identification of PARP-7 substrates reveals a role for MARylation in microtubule control in ovarian cancer cells
Genetic drift is expected to remove polymorphism from populations over long periods of time , with the rate of polymorphism loss being accelerated when species experience strong reductions in population size . Adaptive forces that maintain genetic variation in populations , or balancing selection , might counteract thi...	Capsella rubella is a small plant that is found in southern and western Europe . This plant is young in evolutionary terms: it is thought to have emerged less than 200 , 000 years ago from a small group of plants belonging to an older species known as Capsella grandiflora . Individuals of the same species may carry alt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella
During nervous system development , commissural axons cross the midline despite the presence of repellant ligands . In Drosophila , commissural axons avoid premature responsiveness to the midline repellant Slit by expressing the endosomal sorting receptor Commissureless , which reduces surface expression of the Slit re...	When an animal embryo is developing , nerve pathways grow to connect the left and right halves of the nervous system . These pathways allow coordination between the two sides of the body—which is important for tasks such as walking and swimming . However , in order for these pathways to be properly established , the ac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Robo2 acts in trans to inhibit Slit-Robo1 repulsion in pre-crossing commissural axons
Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex ligands is essential for the survival of naive CD4 T cells . We have previously shown that the resulting tonic TCR signaling also influences their fate upon activation by increasing their ability to differentiate into induced/peripheral regulatory T cells . ...	To help protect the body from disease , small immune cells called T lymphocytes move rapidly , searching for signs of infection . These signs are antigens – processed pieces of proteins from invading microbes – that are displayed on the surface of so-called antigen-presenting cells . Before it encounters its specific a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Calcium-mediated shaping of naive CD4 T-cell phenotype and function
Non-segmented , ( - ) RNA viruses cause serious human diseases . Human metapneumovirus ( HMPV ) , an emerging pathogen of this order of viruses ( Mononegavirales ) is one of the main causes of respiratory tract illness in children . To help elucidate the assembly mechanism of the nucleocapsid ( the viral RNA genome pac...	Human metapneumovirus ( HMPV for short ) is a major cause of infections of the airways and lungs , particularly in children , elderly individuals and people with weakened immune systems . As for all viruses , HMPV cannot survive on its own . Instead , it must invade and hijack cells in order to replicate its own geneti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Nucleocapsid assembly in pneumoviruses is regulated by conformational switching of the N protein
Evolutionary adaptations of temporo-parietal cortex are considered to be a critical specialization of the human brain . Cortical adaptations , however , can affect different aspects of brain architecture , including local expansion of the cortical sheet or changes in connectivity between cortical areas . We distinguish...	How did language evolve ? Since the human lineage diverged from that of the other great apes millions of years ago , changes in the brain have given rise to behaviors that are unique to humans , such as language . Some of these changes involved alterations in the size and relative positions of brain areas , while other...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Cross-species cortical alignment identifies different types of anatomical reorganization in the primate temporal lobe
In cancer cells , loss of G1/S control is often accompanied by p53 pathway inactivation , the latter usually rationalized as a necessity for suppressing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis . However , we found an unanticipated effect of p53 loss in mouse and human G1-checkpoint-deficient cells: reduction of DNA damage . We...	Healthy cells go through a strictly regulated process called the cell cycle in order to divide . During this cycle the cell’s DNA is duplicated and the two copies are equally distributed between the two newly formed cells . Duplicating DNA is a complex procedure that can go wrong and damage the DNA . This damage , in t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Loss of p53 suppresses replication-stress-induced DNA breakage in G1/S checkpoint deficient cells
Serine recombinases are often tightly controlled by elaborate , topologically-defined , nucleoprotein complexes . Hin is a member of the DNA invertase subclass of serine recombinases that are regulated by a remote recombinational enhancer element containing two binding sites for the protein Fis . Two Hin dimers bound t...	Many processes in biology rely on enzymes that break both the strands in a DNA molecule , then rearrange the strands , and finally join them back together in a new configuration . These recombination reactions can , for example , change the positions of genetic elements such as enhancers and promoters within the DNA mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2013	Multiple interfaces between a serine recombinase and an enhancer control site-specific DNA inversion
Intravital microscopy can provide unique insights into the function of biological processes in a native context . However , physiological motion caused by peristalsis , respiration and the heartbeat can present a significant challenge , particularly for functional readouts such as fluorescence lifetime imaging ( FLIM )...	Understanding how molecules and cells behave in living animals can give researchers key insights into what goes wrong in diseases such as cancer , and how well potential treatments for these diseases work . A number of tools help us to see these processes . For example , fluorescent ‘biosensors’ change colour to tell u...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	Removing physiological motion from intravital and clinical functional imaging data
Antibodies are critical components of the human adaptive immune system , providing versatile scaffolds to display diverse antigen-binding surfaces . Nevertheless , most antibodies have similar architectures , with the variable immunoglobulin domains of the heavy and light chain each providing three hypervariable loops ...	When bacteria , viruses or parasites invade the human body , the immune system responds by producing proteins called antibodies . Antibodies recognize and bind to molecules ( known as antigens ) on the surface of the invaders . This binding can either neutralize the invader directly or trigger signals that cause other ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	The structure of a LAIR1-containing human antibody reveals a novel mechanism of antigen recognition
The bacterial flagellum is a self-assembling nanomachine . The external flagellar filament , several times longer than a bacterial cell body , is made of a few tens of thousands subunits of a single protein: flagellin . A fundamental problem concerns the molecular mechanism of how the flagellum grows outside the cell ,...	Most bacteria are able to move in a directed manner towards nutrients or other locations of interest . Many move by rotating long tail-like filaments called flagella that stick out from the cell . The flagellum is a remarkably complex nanomachine . It is several times longer than the main body of the bacterial cell bod...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Bacterial flagella grow through an injection-diffusion mechanism
Value-based decisions could rely either on the selection of desired economic goods or on the selection of the actions that will obtain the goods . We investigated this question by recording from the supplementary eye field ( SEF ) of monkeys during a gambling task that allowed us to distinguish chosen good from chosen ...	Much of our decision making seems to involve selecting the best option from among those currently available , and then working out how to attain that particular outcome . However , while this might sound straightforward in principle , exactly how this process is organized within the brain is not entirely clear . One po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Sequential selection of economic good and action in medial frontal cortex of macaques during value-based decisions
The heat shock response is a universal homeostatic cell autonomous reaction of organisms to cope with adverse environmental conditions . In mammalian cells , this response is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 , which is monomeric in unstressed cells and upon activation trimerizes , and binds to promo...	Cells cope with excessive heat , toxic compounds and other adverse environmental conditions by triggering an internal repair process called the heat shock response . In mammalian cells , a protein called Hsf1 is activated by stress and regulates the activity of a large set of target genes . These genes code for protein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Molecular mechanism of thermosensory function of human heat shock transcription factor Hsf1
Acyl-CoA binding domain-containing 7 ( Acbd7 ) is a paralog gene of the diazepam-binding inhibitor/Acyl-CoA binding protein in which single nucleotide polymorphism has recently been associated with obesity in humans . In this report , we provide converging evidence indicating that a splice variant isoform of the Acbd7 ...	Obesity is an increasingly common problem worldwide . To treat it effectively , we must understand how the body controls how much food a person consumes and how much energy they expend . The hypothalamus is one region of the brain that plays a critical role in regulating this energy balance . Some of the neurons in the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Involvement of the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice
To elucidate new functions of sphingosine ( Sph ) , we demonstrate that the spontaneous elevation of intracellular Sph levels via caged Sph leads to a significant and transient calcium release from acidic stores that is independent of sphingosine 1-phosphate , extracellular and ER calcium levels . This photo-induced Sp...	Sphingosine is a small fat molecule that has been suggested to act as a signal inside cells . Individuals with a rare neurodegenerative disease called Niemann-Pick disease type C accumulate sphingosine and other fat molecules in cell compartments called lysosomes . Intriguingly , this fat accumulation is accompanied by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Intracellular sphingosine releases calcium from lysosomes
Neoblasts are an abundant , heterogeneous population of adult stem cells ( ASCs ) that facilitate the maintenance of planarian tissues and organs , providing a powerful system to study ASC self-renewal and differentiation dynamics . It is unknown how the collective output of neoblasts transit through differentiation pa...	Tissues in adult animals contain cells called adult stem cells , which can divide to generate more adult stem cells ( in a process called self-renewal ) or specialize into other cell types ( via a process called differentiation ) . This means that adult stem cells can replace the specialized cells that are continually ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Egr-5 is a post-mitotic regulator of planarian epidermal differentiation
Seizures are a disruption of normal brain activity present across a vast range of species and conditions . We introduce an organizing principle that leads to the first objective Taxonomy of Seizure Dynamics ( TSD ) based on bifurcation theory . The ‘dynamotype’ of a seizure is the dynamic composition that defines its o...	Epileptic seizures have been recognized for centuries . But it was only in the 1930s that it was realized that seizures are the result of out-of-control electrical activity in the brain . By placing electrodes on the scalp , doctors can identify when and where in the brain a seizure begins . But they cannot tell much a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2020	A taxonomy of seizure dynamotypes
We demonstrate that human motor memories can be artificially tagged and later retrieved by noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) . Participants learned to adapt reaching movements to two conflicting dynamical environments that were each associated with a different tDCS polarity ( anodal or cathod...	Memory is strongly affected by the context in which a particular memory is formed and remembered . For example , visiting a familiar place can often trigger memories associated or “tagged” with that place . Such tagging also exists for memories related to movement: for instance , distinct motor memories for a limb move...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Tagging motor memories with transcranial direct current stimulation allows later artificially-controlled retrieval
Blood vessels are lined by endothelial cells engaged in distinct organ-specific functions but little is known about their characteristic gene expression profiles . RNA-Sequencing of the brain , lung , and heart endothelial translatome identified specific pathways , transporters and cell-surface markers expressed in the...	Blood vessels supply nutrients , oxygen and other key molecules to all of the organs in the body . Cells lining the blood vessels , called endothelial cells , regulate which molecules pass from the blood to the organs they supply . For example , brain endothelial cells prevent toxic molecules from getting into the brai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Endothelial heterogeneity across distinct vascular beds during homeostasis and inflammation
Nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKi-67 ( NIFK ) is a Ki-67-interacting protein . However , its precise function in cancer remains largely uninvestigated . Here we show the clinical significance and metastatic mechanism of NIFK in lung cancer . NIFK expression is clinically associated with poor prog...	Cancer cells can rapidly divide to form a tumor . Small groups of cells can leave the tumor to migrate to other sites in the body , and it is these “secondary” tumors that are often responsible for the death of cancer patients . Many proteins influence how and when cells divide and migrate . One such protein called Ki6...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The nucleolar protein NIFK promotes cancer progression via CK1α/β-catenin in metastasis and Ki-67-dependent cell proliferation
Protein interaction is critical molecular regulatory activity underlining cellular functions and precise cell fate choices . Using TWIST1 BioID-proximity-labeling and network propagation analyses , we discovered and characterized a TWIST-chromatin regulatory module ( TWIST1-CRM ) in the neural crest cells ( NCC ) . Com...	Shaping the head and face during development relies on a complex ballet of molecular signals that orchestrates the movement and specialization of various groups of cells . In animals with a backbone for example , neural crest cells ( NCCs for short ) can march long distances from the developing spine to become some of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	TWIST1 and chromatin regulatory proteins interact to guide neural crest cell differentiation
Semen is the main vector for HIV transmission and contains amyloid fibrils that enhance viral infection . Available microbicides that target viral components have proven largely ineffective in preventing sexual virus transmission . In this study , we establish that CLR01 , a ‘molecular tweezer’ specific for lysine and ...	Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) is a sexually transmitted virus that can cause a serious disease that weakens the immune system . The virus is most commonly transmitted between individuals in semen , the male reproductive fluid . Semen contains deposits of protein fragments called amyloid fibrils , which can incre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	A molecular tweezer antagonizes seminal amyloids and HIV infection
MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) direct post-transcriptional regulation of human genes by guiding Argonaute proteins to complementary sites in messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) targeted for repression . An enigmatic feature of many conserved mammalian miRNA target sites is that an adenosine ( A ) nucleotide opposite miRNA nucleotide-1 conf...	Stretches of DNA known as genes provide the instructions to make the proteins and RNA molecules a cell needs to work . To make a protein , the gene is used as a template to make a type of RNA molecule called messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which is subsequently ‘translated’ into a protein . Most genes do not need to produce p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Water-mediated recognition of t1-adenosine anchors Argonaute2 to microRNA targets
MicroRNA targets are often recognized through pairing between the miRNA seed region and complementary sites within target mRNAs , but not all of these canonical sites are equally effective , and both computational and in vivo UV-crosslinking approaches suggest that many mRNAs are targeted through non-canonical interact...	Proteins are built by using the information contained in molecules of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . Cells have several ways of controlling the amounts of different proteins they make . For example , a so-called ‘microRNA’ molecule can bind to an mRNA molecule to cause it to be more rapidly degraded and less efficiently used...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs
Ferritins are ubiquitous proteins that oxidise and store iron within a protein shell to protect cells from oxidative damage . We have characterized the structure and function of a new member of the ferritin superfamily that is sequestered within an encapsulin capsid . We show that this encapsulated ferritin ( EncFtn ) ...	Iron is essential for life as it is a key component of many different enzymes that participate in processes such as energy production and metabolism . However , iron can also be highly toxic to cells because it readily reacts with oxygen . This reaction can damage DNA , proteins and the membranes that surround cells . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Structural characterization of encapsulated ferritin provides insight into iron storage in bacterial nanocompartments
The time it takes a sound to travel from source to ear differs between the ears and creates an interaural delay . It varies systematically with spatial direction and is generally modeled as a pure time delay , independent of frequency . In acoustical recordings , we found that interaural delay varies with frequency at ...	When you hear a sound , such as someone calling your name , it is often possible to make a good estimate of where that sound came from . If the sound came from the left , it would reach your left ear before your right ear , and vice versa if the sound originated from your right . The time that passes between the sound ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Neural tuning matches frequency-dependent time differences between the ears
Behavioral strategies employed for chemotaxis have been described across phyla , but the sensorimotor basis of this phenomenon has seldom been studied in naturalistic contexts . Here , we examine how signals experienced during free olfactory behaviors are processed by first-order olfactory sensory neurons ( OSNs ) of t...	Fruit flies are attracted to the smell of rotting fruit , and use it to guide them to nearby food sources . However , this task is made more challenging by the fact that the distribution of scent or odor molecules in the air is constantly changing . Fruit flies therefore need to cope with , and exploit , this variation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Dynamical feature extraction at the sensory periphery guides chemotaxis
The maternal-to-zygotic transition ( MZT ) is a conserved step in animal development , where control is passed from the maternal to the zygotic genome . Although the MZT is typically considered from its impact on the transcriptome , we previously found that three maternally deposited Drosophila RNA-binding proteins ( M...	Bestselling author and organizing consultant Marie Kondo has helped people around the world declutter their homes by getting rid of physical items that do not bring them joy . Keeping the crowded environment inside a living cell organized also requires work and involves removing molecules that are no longer needed . A ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	The E2 Marie Kondo and the CTLH E3 ligase clear deposited RNA binding proteins during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
The gene encoding the Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2/IMP2 is amplified and overexpressed in many human cancers , accompanied by a poorer prognosis . Mice lacking IMP2 exhibit a longer lifespan and a reduced tumor burden at old age . Herein we show in a diverse array of human cancer cells that IMP2 ...	Some types of cancers develop when genes known as oncogenes or tumor promoters become faulty , and are present at abnormally high levels or inappropriately turned on . For example , cancer cells often have extra copies of the gene IMP2 and therefore produce too much the IMP2 protein . Previous research has shown that m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	IGF2 mRNA binding protein-2 is a tumor promoter that drives cancer proliferation through its client mRNAs IGF2 and HMGA1
Coordination of diverse individuals often requires sophisticated communications and high-order computational abilities . Microbial populations can exhibit diverse individualistic behaviors , and yet can engage in collective migratory patterns with a spatially sorted arrangement of phenotypes . However , it is unclear h...	Organisms living in large groups often have to move together in order to navigate , forage for food , and increase their roaming range . Such groups are often made up of distinct individuals that must integrate their different behaviors in order to migrate in the same direction at a similar pace . For instance , for th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Spatial modulation of individual behaviors enables an ordered structure of diverse phenotypes during bacterial group migration
Mutations in the human BEST1 gene lead to retinal degenerative diseases displaying progressive vision loss and even blindness . BESTROPHIN1 , encoded by BEST1 , is predominantly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , but its physiological role has been a mystery for the last two decades . Using a patient-spe...	Mutations to the gene that encodes a protein called BESTROPHIN1 cause a number of human diseases that lead to a progressive loss of sight and even blindness . Over two hundred of these disease-causing mutations exist , but it is not understood how they affect BESTROPHIN1 . Furthermore , there are currently no treatment...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Patient-specific mutations impair BESTROPHIN1’s essential role in mediating Ca2+-dependent Cl- currents in human RPE
Using a combination of genetic , biochemical , and structural approaches , we show that the cyclic-peptide antibiotic GE23077 ( GE ) binds directly to the bacterial RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) active-center ‘i’ and ‘i+1’ nucleotide binding sites , preventing the binding of initiating nucleotides , and thereby preventing tr...	As increasing numbers of bacteria become resistant to antibiotics , new drugs are needed to fight bacterial infections . To develop new antibacterial drugs , researchers need to understand how existing antibiotics work . There are many ways to kill bacteria , but one of the most effective is to target an enzyme called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	GE23077 binds to the RNA polymerase ‘i’ and ‘i+1’ sites and prevents the binding of initiating nucleotides
Insulin resistance in muscle , adipocytes and liver is a gateway to a number of metabolic diseases . Here , we show a selective deficiency in mitochondrial coenzyme Q ( CoQ ) in insulin-resistant adipose and muscle tissue . This defect was observed in a range of in vitro insulin resistance models and adipose tissue fro...	After we eat , our blood sugar levels increase . To counteract this , the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin . Part of insulin’s effect is to promote the uptake of sugar from the blood into muscle and fat tissue for storage . Under certain conditions , such as obesity , this process can become defective , leadi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Mitochondrial CoQ deficiency is a common driver of mitochondrial oxidants and insulin resistance
G protein gated inward rectifier potassium ( GIRK ) channels are gated by direct binding of G protein beta-gamma subunits ( Gβγ ) , signaling lipids , and intracellular Na+ . In cardiac pacemaker cells , hetero-tetramer GIRK1/4 channels and homo-tetramer GIRK4 channels play a central role in parasympathetic slowing of ...	Signals from outside of a cell can alter the activity inside the cell . This process often involves members of a large family of proteins called G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) that are found on the surface of many cells in the body . When these receptors are activated they release a G protein on the inside of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The GIRK1 subunit potentiates G protein activation of cardiac GIRK1/4 hetero-tetramers
Complete and robust human genome duplication requires loading minichromosome maintenance ( MCM ) helicase complexes at many DNA replication origins , an essential process termed origin licensing . Licensing is restricted to G1 phase of the cell cycle , but G1 length varies widely among cell types . Using quantitative s...	From red blood cells to nerve cells , animals’ bodies contain many different types of specialized cells . These all begin as stem cells , which have the potential to divide and make more stem cells or to specialize . All dividing cells must first unwind their DNA so that it can be copied . To achieve this , cells load ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2017	Rapid DNA replication origin licensing protects stem cell pluripotency
We demonstrate that it is feasible to determine high-resolution protein structures by electron crystallography of three-dimensional crystals in an electron cryo-microscope ( CryoEM ) . Lysozyme microcrystals were frozen on an electron microscopy grid , and electron diffraction data collected to 1 . 7 Å resolution . We ...	X-ray crystallography has been used to work out the atomic structure of a large number of proteins . In a typical X-ray crystallography experiment , a beam of X-rays is directed at a protein crystal , which scatters some of the X-ray photons to produce a diffraction pattern . The crystal is then rotated through a small...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Three-dimensional electron crystallography of protein microcrystals
Macrophages are myeloid-derived phagocytic cells and one of the first immune cell types to respond to microbial infections . However , a number of bacterial pathogens are resistant to the antimicrobial activities of macrophages and can grow within these cells . Macrophages have other immune surveillance roles including...	Many of the bacteria that are able to cause disease in humans and other animals are able to grow inside their host’s cells . In doing so , these bacteria can avoid being recognized and killed by the host’s immune system . However , the ability of the bacteria to grow within the cell is constrained by the limited space ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens
Although it is clear that trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome , the molecular events acting downstream of the trisomy remain ill defined . Using complementary genomics analyses , we identified the interferon pathway as the major signaling cascade consistently activated by trisomy 21 in human cells . Transcriptome analysis ...	Our genetic information is contained within structures called chromosomes . Down syndrome is caused by the genetic condition known as trisomy 21 , in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21 . This extra chromosome affects human development in many ways , including causing neurological problems and st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report" ]	2016	Trisomy 21 consistently activates the interferon response
During meiosis , crossover recombination is essential to link homologous chromosomes and drive faithful chromosome segregation . Crossover recombination is non-random across the genome , and centromere-proximal crossovers are associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy , including Trisomy 21 in humans . Here , we i...	The cells of animals , plants and many other organisms store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus , packaged into structures called chromosomes . Most cells contain two copies of each chromosome – one inherited from each parent . However , sex cells ( such as egg cells and sperm cells ) contain just one copy of ev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	The kinetochore prevents centromere-proximal crossover recombination during meiosis
Transcription at individual genes in single cells is often pulsatile and stochastic . A key question emerges regarding how this behaviour contributes to tissue phenotype , but it has been a challenge to quantitatively analyse this in living cells over time , as opposed to studying snap-shots of gene expression state . ...	Although humans have thousands of genes , only a fraction of these are expressed in any given cell . Each cell type expresses only the genes that are relevant to its particular job or that are necessary for general cell maintenance . Even these genes are not expressed all the time: most cells express genes in bursts , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Spatially coordinated dynamic gene transcription in living pituitary tissue
Gram-negative bacteria import essential nutrients such as iron and vitamin B12 through outer membrane receptors . This process utilizes proton motive force harvested by the Ton system made up of three inner membrane proteins , ExbB , ExbD and TonB . ExbB and ExbD form the proton channel that energizes uptake through To...	Many biological processes that are essential for life are powered by the flow of ions across the membranes of cells . Similar to how energy is stored in the water behind a dam , energy is also stored when the concentration of ions on one side of a biological membrane is higher than it is on the other . When these ions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Hexameric and pentameric complexes of the ExbBD energizer in the Ton system
Long lasting pyrethroid treated bednets are the most important tool for preventing malaria . Pyrethroid resistant Anopheline mosquitoes are now ubiquitous in Africa , though the public health impact remains unclear , impeding the deployment of more expensive nets . Meta-analyses of bioassay studies and experimental hut...	In recent years , widespread use of insecticide-treated bednets has prevented hundreds of thousands cases of malaria in Africa . Insecticide-treated bednets protect people in two ways: they provide a physical barrier that prevents the insects from biting and the insecticide kills mosquitos that come into contact with t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2016	The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy and effectiveness of bednets for malaria control in Africa
Hippocampal oscillations are dynamic , with unique oscillatory frequencies present during different behavioral states . To examine the extent to which these oscillations reflect neuron engagement in distinct local circuit processes that are important for memory , we recorded single cell and local field potential activi...	Electrodes placed on the surface of the scalp can reveal rhythmic patterns of electrical activity within the brain . These rhythms reflect the coordinated firing of large numbers of neurons that are connected together within a network in order to process information . A single network can show rhythms with various diff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Rhythmic coordination of hippocampal neurons during associative memory processing
Molecular and cellular processes in neurons are critical for sensing and responding to energy deficit states , such as during weight-loss . Agouti related protein ( AGRP ) -expressing neurons are a key hypothalamic population that is activated during energy deficit and increases appetite and weight-gain . Cell type-spe...	Humans and other animals must get adequate nutrition in order to survive . As a result , the body has several systems that work side by side to maintain a healthy body weight and ensure that enough food gets eaten to provide the energy that the body needs . Problems with these systems can contribute towards obesity and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Cell type-specific transcriptomics of hypothalamic energy-sensing neuron responses to weight-loss
The inner ear is a fluid-filled closed-epithelial structure whose function requires maintenance of an internal hydrostatic pressure and fluid composition . The endolymphatic sac ( ES ) is a dead-end epithelial tube connected to the inner ear whose function is unclear . ES defects can cause distended ear tissue , a path...	The most internal part of the human ear , the inner ear , is essential for us to hear and have a sense of balance . It is formed by a complex series of connected cavities filled by a liquid . When sound waves and changes in the position of the body make this liquid move , specialized ‘hair’ cells can detect these subtl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Lamellar projections in the endolymphatic sac act as a relief valve to regulate inner ear pressure
Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) plays a major role in the spread of antibiotic resistance . Of particular concern are Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria , which recently emerged as global pathogens , with nosocomial mortality rates reaching 19–54% ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2013; Joly Guillou , 2005;...	Every year , antibiotics save millions of lives , but this may not last forever . The bacteria that cause infections are getting smarter and continuously evolve genes to become resistant to antibiotics , which makes it harder to kill them . In many cases , using stronger drugs can bypass this problem , but some 'super-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Inter-species population dynamics enhance microbial horizontal gene transfer and spread of antibiotic resistance
Dystrophin forms an essential link between sarcolemma and cytoskeleton , perturbation of which causes muscular dystrophy . We analysed Dystrophin binding dynamics in vivo for the first time . Within maturing fibres of host zebrafish embryos , our analysis reveals a pool of diffusible Dystrophin and complexes bound at t...	A protein called Dystrophin plays a key role in maintaining the structural integrity of muscle cells as they contract and relax . Mutations in the gene that encodes Dystrophin can cause several different types of muscular dystrophy , a group of diseases in which muscle progressively weakens . Some mutations in Dystroph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	In vivo dynamics of skeletal muscle Dystrophin in zebrafish embryos revealed by improved FRAP analysis
In meiosis , DNA double-strand break ( DSB ) formation by Spo11 initiates recombination and enables chromosome segregation . Numerous factors are required for Spo11 activity , and couple the DSB machinery to the development of a meiosis-specific ‘axis-tethered loop’ chromosome organisation . Through in vitro reconstitu...	Organisms are said to be diploid when they carry two copies of each chromosome in their cells , one from each of their biological parents . But in order for each parent to only pass on one copy of their own chromosomes , they need to make haploid cells , which only carry one copy of each chromosome . These cells form b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2021	Novel mechanistic insights into the role of Mer2 as the keystone of meiotic DNA break formation
Beige/brite adipocytes are induced within white adipose tissues ( WAT ) and , when activated , consume glucose and fatty acids to produce heat . Classically , two stimuli have been used to trigger a beiging response: cold temperatures and β3-adrenergic receptor ( Adrb3 ) agonists . These two beiging triggers have been ...	Excess accumulation of a type of fat called white fat is associated with obesity and metabolic problems . White fat cells store energy . White fat tissue also contains some beige fat cells , which burn fats and sugars to produce heat . Cold temperatures trigger the production and activity of beige fat cells , which all...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms for β3 adrenergic receptor-induced beige adipocyte formation
Osteocalcin ( OCN ) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions . Like many peptide hormones , OCN is subjected to post-translational modifications ( PTMs ) which control its activity . Here , we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (...	Bones provide support and protection for organs in the body . However , over the last 15 years researchers have discovered that bones also release chemicals known as hormones , which can travel to other parts of the body and cause an effect . The cells responsible for making bone , known as osteoblasts , produce a horm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "medicine" ]	2020	The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is regulated through O-glycosylation in mice, but not in humans
Rotavirus genome replication and assembly take place in cytoplasmic electron dense inclusions termed viroplasms ( VPs ) . Previous conventional optical microscopy studies observing the intracellular distribution of rotavirus proteins and their organization in VPs have lacked molecular-scale spatial resolution , due to ...	Rotaviruses are small viruses that can infect cells in the intestine . They are responsible for most cases of severe infectious diarrhea , the most common cause of death among young children in developing countries . Controlling the spread of rotavirus infections is difficult , even with high levels of hygiene , so eff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Nanoscale organization of rotavirus replication machineries
Giant lipid vesicles are closed compartments consisting of semi-permeable shells , which isolate femto- to pico-liter quantities of aqueous core from the bulk . Although water permeates readily across vesicular walls , passive permeation of solutes is hindered . In this study , we show that , when subject to a hypotoni...	All living cells are surrounded by a membrane that water can pass through . However , water often contains other molecules called solutes , and many of these cannot pass through the cell membrane . If the concentration of solutes outside the cell is , say , suddenly decreased , then water molecules will tend to move in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Oscillatory phase separation in giant lipid vesicles induced by transmembrane osmotic differentials
Activating mutations in FLT3 confer poor prognosis for individuals with acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) . Clinically active investigational FLT3 inhibitors can achieve complete remissions but their utility has been hampered by acquired resistance and myelosuppression attributed to a ‘synthetic lethal toxicity’ arising f...	Major advances in cancer therapy have improved the treatment options for many patients . However , many cancer treatments are toxic or have severe side effects , making them difficult for patients to tolerate . One cause of these side effects is that many cancer therapies kill both normal cells and cancer cells . Devel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	Overcoming myelosuppression due to synthetic lethal toxicity for FLT3-targeted acute myeloid leukemia therapy
Drosophila melanogaster males perform a series of courtship behaviors that , when successful , result in copulation with a female . For over a century , mutations in the yellow gene , named for its effects on pigmentation , have been known to reduce male mating success . Prior work has suggested that yellow influences ...	More than 100 years ago , Nobel-prize winning geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues discovered that some fruit flies inherited genetic mutations that caused their body color to change . The yellow flies had a mutation in one specific gene and these mutants did not only look different from normal flies , they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	The yellow gene influences Drosophila male mating success through sex comb melanization
The DUX4 transcription factor is encoded by a retrogene embedded in each unit of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat . DUX4 is normally expressed in the cleavage-stage embryo , whereas chromatin repression prevents DUX4 expression in most somatic tissues . Failure of this repression causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystr...	The DNA sequences of humans and other mammals contain many repetitive regions . This repetition makes these regions difficult to study with conventional approaches , and so the exact role of repetitive DNA is not fully understood . A particular sequence of repetitive DNA that plays an important role in human health con...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	NuRD and CAF-1-mediated silencing of the D4Z4 array is modulated by DUX4-induced MBD3L proteins
Many types of adult stem cells exist in a state of cell-cycle quiescence , yet it has remained unclear whether quiescence plays a role in maintaining the stem cell fate . Here we establish the adult germline of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for facultative stem cell quiescence . We find that mitotically dividing ge...	Adult stem cells can divide to produce cells that can develop into one of many different specialist cell types in a tissue , and so are vitally important for tissue repair and maintenance . Some types of adult stem cells exist primarily in a non-dividing state known as quiescence , which for a long time was thought to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Cell-cycle quiescence maintains Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells independent of GLP-1/Notch
Dysfunction of the basal ganglia produces severe deficits in the timing , initiation , and vigor of movement . These diverse impairments suggest a control system gone awry . In engineered systems , feedback is critical for control . By contrast , models of the basal ganglia highlight feedforward circuitry and ignore in...	The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei located deep within the brain that are involved in the control of movement . The death of neurons in one particular nucleus—known as the substantia nigra—gives rise to a range of symptoms that are characteristic of Parkinson’s disease , including slowness of movement and tremors ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	The inhibitory microcircuit of the substantia nigra provides feedback gain control of the basal ganglia output
To understand brain circuits it is necessary both to record and manipulate their activity . Transcranial ultrasound stimulation ( TUS ) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique . To date , investigations report short-lived neuromodulatory effects , but to deliver on its full potential for research and th...	Ultrasound is well known for making visible what is hidden , for example , when giving parents a glimpse of their child before birth . But researchers are now using these high-frequency sound waves – beyond the range of human hearing – for a wholly different purpose: to manipulate the activity of the brain . Convention...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates

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