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The peptidoglycan cell wall is a defining structural feature of the bacterial kingdom . Curiously , some bacteria have the ability to switch to a wall-free or ‘L-form’ state . Although known for decades , the general properties of L-forms are poorly understood , largely due to the lack of systematic analysis of L-forms...	Bacterial cells are surrounded by a cell wall made of a molecule called peptidoglycan . This wall is important for many aspects of cell survival including the maintenance of cell shape and protection from mechanical damage . However , many bacteria are able to switch to a state in which they don't have a cell wall . Al...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	General principles for the formation and proliferation of a wall-free (L-form) state in bacteria
The rostrocaudal ( head-to-tail ) axis is supplied by populations of progenitors at the caudal end of the embryo . Despite recent advances characterising one of these populations , the neuromesodermal progenitors , their nature and relationship to other populations remains unclear . Here we show that neuromesodermal pr...	Our bodies , like those of all animals with a backbone , form during embryo development in a head-to-tail sequence . This process is fuelled by populations of proliferating cells called progenitor cells , which are found in an early embryonic structure called the primitive streak , and later at the tail-end of the embr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Position-dependent plasticity of distinct progenitor types in the primitive streak
Retinal circuits detect salient features of the visual world and report them to the brain through spike trains of retinal ganglion cells . The most abundant ganglion cell type in mice , the so-called W3 ganglion cell , selectively responds to movements of small objects . Where and how object motion sensitivity arises i...	Animals can use their eyes to detect moving objects , which helps them to avoid predators and other threats , and to spot potential prey or allies . Visual information from the eyes is sent to the brain , which processes the information to form a coherent picture of how the objects are moving . This processing has to b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	An excitatory amacrine cell detects object motion and provides feature-selective input to ganglion cells in the mouse retina
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) is a continued threat to human health in both community and healthcare settings . In hospitals , control efforts would benefit from accurate estimation of asymptomatic colonization and infection importation rates from the community . However , developing such estimat...	Antibiotic-resistant bacteria like the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) can live in people for many years without making them sick . During this time , the bacteria can spread to others who come in contact with the MRSA-infected person . The number of people with stealth MRSA infections living in th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Inference and control of the nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Hepatic platelet accumulation contributes to acetaminophen ( APAP ) -induced liver injury ( AILI ) . However , little is known about the molecular pathways involved in platelet recruitment to the liver and whether targeting such pathways could attenuate AILI . Mice were fasted overnight before intraperitoneally ( i . p...	Acetaminophen , also called paracetamol outside the United States , is a commonly used painkiller , with over 50 million people in the United States taking the drug weekly . While paracetamol is safe at standard doses , overdose can cause acute liver failure , which leads to 30 , 000 patients being admitted to emergenc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2021	Chitinase 3-like-1 contributes to acetaminophen-induced liver injury by promoting hepatic platelet recruitment
Classically , p53 tumor suppressor acts in transcription , apoptosis , and cell cycle arrest . Yet , replication-mediated genomic instability is integral to oncogenesis , and p53 mutations promote tumor progression and drug-resistance . By delineating human and murine separation-of-function p53 alleles , we find that p...	When a cell divides to make more cells , it duplicates its DNA to pass on an identical set of genes to the new cell . Copying DNA – also known as DNA replication – is a complex process that involves several steps . First , the double helix gradually unwinds and unzips to separate the DNA strands . This creates a molecu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	p53 orchestrates DNA replication restart homeostasis by suppressing mutagenic RAD52 and POLθ pathways
Mutations in the polycystin proteins , PC-1 and PC-2 , result in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ( ADPKD ) and ultimately renal failure . PC-1 and PC-2 enrich on primary cilia , where they are thought to form a heteromeric ion channel complex . However , a functional understanding of the putative PC-1/PC-2...	On the surface of most animal and other eukaryotic cells are small rod-like protrusions known as primary cilia . Each cilium is encased by a specialized membrane which is enriched in protein complexes that help the cell sense its local environment . Some of these complexes help transport ions in out of the cell , while...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	The heteromeric PC-1/PC-2 polycystin complex is activated by the PC-1 N-terminus
Complexes of specifically interacting molecules , such as transcription factor proteins ( TFs ) and the DNA response elements ( REs ) they recognize , control most biological processes , but little is known concerning the functional and evolutionary effects of epistatic interactions across molecular interfaces . We exp...	Transcription factors are proteins that control which genes inside a cell are active by binding to specific short sequences of DNA called response elements . Small differences in a trancription factor's amino acid sequence or in a response element's DNA sequence can affect their ability to recognize each other . How th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	Intermolecular epistasis shaped the function and evolution of an ancient transcription factor and its DNA binding sites
Breathing in mammals is hypothesized to result from the interaction of two distinct oscillators: the preBötzinger Complex ( preBötC ) driving inspiration and the lateral parafacial region ( pFL ) driving active expiration . To understand the interactions between these oscillators , we independently altered their excita...	Mammals breathe air into and out of their lungs to absorb oxygen into the body and to remove carbon dioxide . The rhythm of breathing is most likely controlled by two groups of neurons in a part of the brain called the brain stem . One group called the preBötzinger Complex drives breathing in ( inspiration ) , and norm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Interactions between respiratory oscillators in adult rats
Decision making often involves a tradeoff between speed and accuracy . Previous studies indicate that neural activity in the lateral intraparietal area ( LIP ) represents the gradual accumulation of evidence toward a threshold level , or evidence bound , which terminates the decision process . The level of this bound i...	Many actions involve a trade-off between speed and accuracy , with typing being a good example: the faster you try to type a sentence , the more mistakes you are likely to make . Mathematical models have successfully reproduced the speed-accuracy trade-off , but it is not clear how the brain represents and weighs up th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	A neural mechanism of speed-accuracy tradeoff in macaque area LIP
The RAS pathway is central to epidermal homeostasis , and its activation in tumors or in Rasopathies correlates with hyperproliferation . Downstream of RAS , RAF kinases are actionable targets regulating keratinocyte turnover; however , chemical RAF inhibitors paradoxically activate the pathway , promoting epidermal pr...	The skin is the largest organ of the body and shields it from damage . It is also home to cells of the immune system , which protect the body from infections . To maintain its role as a barrier , the skin regenerates throughout life , constantly producing new cells to replace the old ones . If this process goes wrong a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Epidermal RAF prevents allergic skin disease
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , RNA polymerase II ( Pol II ) selects transcription start sites ( TSSs ) by a unidirectional scanning process . During scanning , a preinitiation complex ( PIC ) assembled at an upstream core promoter initiates at select positions within a window ~40–120 bp downstream . Several lines of evi...	In eukaryotic organisms such as yeast , the process of converting genes into proteins begins with the transcription of DNA sequences into mRNA molecules . An enzyme called RNA Polymerase II ( Pol II ) is responsible for creating new strands of mRNA , but a variety of other so called transcription factors is also needed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Ssl2/TFIIH function in transcription start site scanning by RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Many motile microorganisms react to environmental light cues with a variety of motility responses guiding cells towards better conditions for survival and growth . The use of spatial light modulators could help to elucidate the mechanisms of photo-movements while , at the same time , providing an efficient strategy to ...	Many bacteria can move in response to environmental signals . This helps guide them towards better conditions for growth and survival . Escherichia coli is a bacterium that can swim quickly through liquid , using tiny propeller-like structures that rotate many times per second . These ‘propellers’ are powered by a cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2018	Dynamic density shaping of photokinetic E. coli
The absence of ‘shovel-ready’ anti-coronavirus drugs during vaccine development has exceedingly worsened the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic . Furthermore , new vaccine-resistant variants and coronavirus outbreaks may occur in the near future , and we must be ready to face this possibility . However , efficient antiviral drugs are...	To multiply and spread from cell to cell , the virus responsible for COVID-19 ( also known as SARS-CoV-2 ) must first replicate its genetic information . This process involves a ‘polymerase’ protein complex making a faithful copy by assembling a precise sequence of building blocks , or nucleotides . The only drug appro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase by nucleotide analogs from a single-molecule perspective
Recent studies have implicated the subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) in decisions that involve inhibiting movements . Many of the decisions that we make in our daily lives , however , do not involve any motor actions . We studied non-motor decision making by recording intraoperative STN and prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) electrop...	Should I run to catch the bus , or wait for the next one ? Deciding whether or not to move may be a common part of our life , but many decisions we make every day do not involve any physical activity , such as deciding whether something is important or not . But does the brain distinguish between decisions involving mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Human subthalamic nucleus activity during non-motor decision making
We have reconstituted a eukaryotic leading/lagging strand replisome comprising 31 distinct polypeptides . This study identifies a process unprecedented in bacterial replisomes . While bacteria and phage simply recruit polymerases to the fork , we find that suppression mechanisms are used to position the distinct eukary...	Cells must replicate their DNA before they divide so that the newly formed cells can each receive a copy of the same genetic material . DNA replication requires complex molecular machinery called a replisome , which comprises multiple proteins , enzymes , and other molecules . First , an enzyme called a helicase starts...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Reconstitution of a eukaryotic replisome reveals suppression mechanisms that define leading/lagging strand operation
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms infecting hundreds of millions of people . These parasites alternate between asexual reproduction in molluscan hosts and sexual reproduction in mammalian hosts; short-lived , water-borne stages infect each host . Thriving in such disparate environments requires remarkable developmen...	Parasitic flatworms called schistosomes infect around 250 million people , causing the disease schistosomiasis . Schistosomes live complex lives , spending part of their life cycle inside snails and part of it inside mammals; short-lived , water-borne stages infect each of these hosts . To thrive in such different envi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Stem cell heterogeneity drives the parasitic life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni
Histone acetyl transferases ( HATs ) play distinct roles in many cellular processes and are frequently misregulated in cancers . Here , we study the regulatory potential of MYST1- ( MOF ) -containing MSL and NSL complexes in mouse embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) and neuronal progenitors . We find that both complexes infl...	Gene expression is controlled by a complicated network of mechanisms involving a wide range of enzymes and protein complexes . Many of these mechanisms are identical in males and females , but some are not . Female mammals , for example , carry two X chromosomes , whereas males have one X and one Y chromosome . Since t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	MOF-associated complexes ensure stem cell identity and Xist repression
Brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) activation via cold exposure is increasingly scrutinized as a potential approach to ameliorate cardio-metabolic risk . Transition to cold temperatures requires changes in the partitioning of energy substrates , re-routing fatty acids to BAT to fuel non-shivering thermogenesis . However , th...	The body stores energy in the form of fat molecules . Most of these molecules are stored in white fat cells . Other fat cells , the so-called brown fat cells , consume fats and produce heat to maintain body temperature in cold conditions . The capacity of brown fat cells to consume fats has led researchers to investiga...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	ANGPTL4 mediates shuttling of lipid fuel to brown adipose tissue during sustained cold exposure
Translational readthrough gives rise to low abundance proteins with C-terminal extensions beyond the stop codon . To identify functional translational readthrough , we estimated the readthrough propensity ( RTP ) of all stop codon contexts of the human genome by a new regression model in silico , identified a nucleotid...	Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins , and the order of the amino acids in a protein is determined by the order in which ‘codons’ appear in a messenger RNA molecule . Most codons represent a specific amino acid , but there are also three stop codons that are used to mark the end of a protein . When the cellu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Peroxisomal lactate dehydrogenase is generated by translational readthrough in mammals
Human positive transcription elongation factor b ( P-TEFb ) phosphorylates RNA polymerase II and regulatory proteins to trigger elongation of many gene transcripts . The HIV-1 Tat protein selectively recruits P-TEFb as part of a super elongation complex ( SEC ) organized on a flexible AFF1 or AFF4 scaffold . To underst...	The rates at which many genes are expressed as proteins are limited by the efficiency of a process called transcriptional elongation . This process takes place as the stretch of DNA that defines the gene is transcribed into an RNA molecule and it is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase II . However , this enzym...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	The AFF4 scaffold binds human P-TEFb adjacent to HIV Tat
Cyanobacteria were responsible for the oxygenation of the ancient atmosphere; however , the evolution of this phylum is enigmatic , as relatives have not been characterized . Here we use whole genome reconstruction of human fecal and subsurface aquifer metagenomic samples to obtain complete genomes for members of a new...	Microbes are ubiquitous in the world and exist in complex communities called microbiomes that have colonized many environments , including the human gut . Until modern techniques for sequencing nucleic acids became available , many of the organisms found in these microbiomes could not be studied because they could not ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	The human gut and groundwater harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging to a new candidate phylum sibling to Cyanobacteria
Synaptic vesicle ( SV ) release probability ( Pr ) is a key presynaptic determinant of synaptic strength established by cell-intrinsic properties and further refined by plasticity . To characterize mechanisms that generate Pr heterogeneity between distinct neuronal populations , we examined glutamatergic tonic ( Ib ) a...	Nerve cells transmit messages in the form of electrical and chemical signals . Electrical impulses travel along a neuron to the junction between two neighbouring cells , the synapse . There , chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released from one cell and detected by the next , which can either excite or in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	The decoy SNARE Tomosyn sets tonic versus phasic release properties and is required for homeostatic synaptic plasticity
Follicle rupture , the final step in ovulation , utilizes conserved molecular mechanisms including matrix metalloproteinases ( Mmps ) , steroid signaling , and adrenergic signaling . It is still unknown how follicles become competent for follicle rupture/ovulation . Here , we identify a zinc-finger transcription factor...	The release of an egg from the ovary of a female animal is a process known as ovulation . Animals as different as humans and fruit flies ovulate in largely similar ways . Yet the systems involved in controlling ovulation are still not well understood . An egg cell develops within a collection of cells that help the egg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	The zinc-finger transcription factor Hindsight regulates ovulation competency of Drosophila follicles
Damaged mitochondria can be selectively eliminated by mitophagy . Although two gene products mutated in Parkinson’s disease , PINK1 , and Parkin have been found to play a central role in triggering mitophagy in mammals , how the pre-autophagosomal isolation membrane selectively and accurately engulfs damaged mitochondr...	Parkinson disease is a common degenerative brain disorder that causes tremors , muscle stiffening , and slowing down of movement . Scientists believe that these symptoms are caused by a progressive loss of brain cells called dopaminergic neurons , which help regulate movement . Most cases have no obvious genetic cause ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Mitochondrial Rab GAPs govern autophagosome biogenesis during mitophagy
The climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells acts as a teaching signal by triggering a massive influx of dendritic calcium that marks the occurrence of instructive stimuli during cerebellar learning . Here , we challenge the view that these calcium spikes are all-or-none and only signal whether the instructive stimulus h...	A region of the brain known as the cerebellum plays a key role in learning how to anticipate an event . For example , if you know that a puff of air is going to be directed at your eye , it's a good idea to close it in advance . However , how much you need to close it depends on how strong that puff of air is . A very ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Coding of stimulus strength via analog calcium signals in Purkinje cell dendrites of awake mice
The unfolded protein response ( UPR ) is a cellular homeostatic circuit regulating protein synthesis and processing in the ER by three ER-to-nucleus signaling pathways . One pathway is triggered by the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 ( IRE1 ) , which splices the X-box binding protein 1 ( Xbp1 ) mRNA , thereby enabling expr...	Cells survive by making many different proteins that each carry out specific tasks . To work correctly , each protein must be made and then folded into the right shape . Cells carefully monitor protein folding because unfolded proteins can compromise their viability . A protein called XBP1 is important in controlling h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Repression of viral gene expression and replication by the unfolded protein response effector XBP1u
Primary microcephaly ( MCPH ) associated proteins CDK5RAP2 , CEP152 , WDR62 and CEP63 colocalize at the centrosome . We found that they interact to promote centriole duplication and form a hierarchy in which each is required to localize another to the centrosome , with CDK5RAP2 at the apex , and CEP152 , WDR62 and CEP6...	When a cell divides , the chromosomes that contain the genetic blueprint for the cell must be replicated and shared between the two new cells . A structure called the centrosome organizes the cellular machinery that separates the chromosome copies during cell division . At the center of each centrosome are two cylindri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Centriolar satellites assemble centrosomal microcephaly proteins to recruit CDK2 and promote centriole duplication
In many excitatory synapses , mobile zinc is found within glutamatergic vesicles and is coreleased with glutamate . Ex vivo studies established that synaptically released ( synaptic ) zinc inhibits excitatory neurotransmission at lower frequencies of synaptic activity but enhances steady state synaptic responses during...	Many people find it easy to follow a conversation while on a busy city street , but this seemingly simple task requires sophisticated processing of sounds . The brain must accurately distinguish speech sounds from background noise , even though the volumes and pitches of those sounds overlap . To make this possible , n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Cell-specific gain modulation by synaptically released zinc in cortical circuits of audition
Only a subset of cancer patients respond to T-cell checkpoint inhibitors , highlighting the need for alternative immunotherapeutics . We performed CRISPR-Cas9 screens in a leukemia cell line to identify perturbations that enhance natural killer effector functions . Our screens defined critical components of the tumor-i...	The human immune system can recognize and kill cancer cells growing in the body . Certain immune cells recognize mutated proteins on the surface of cancer cells known as antigens , and this ability can be enhanced by drugs . These so-called immunotherapies can be effective to treat several cancer types , but only some ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Systematic identification of cancer cell vulnerabilities to natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance
The rapid expansion of human activities threatens ocean-wide biodiversity . Numerous marine animal populations have declined , yet it remains unclear whether these trends are symptomatic of a chronic accumulation of global marine extinction risk . We present the first systematic analysis of threat for a globally distri...	Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from overfishing , climate change , habitat destruction and pollution . These pressures have led to documented declines of some fishes in some places , such as those living in coral reefs and on the high seas . However , it is not clear whether these population declines are isolated ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2014	Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays
The spliceosome is a complex machine composed of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) and accessory proteins that excises introns from pre-mRNAs . After assembly the spliceosome is activated for catalysis by rearrangement of subunits to form an active site . How this rearrangement is coordinated is not well-unde...	The genes in an organism’s DNA may be expressed to form a protein via an intermediate molecule called RNA . In many organisms including humans , gene expression often begins by making a precursor molecule called a pre-mRNA . The pre-mRNA contains regions called exons that code for the protein product and regions called...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Single molecule analysis reveals reversible and irreversible steps during spliceosome activation
Quantifying the relative impact of environmental conditions and host community structure on disease is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century , as both climate and biodiversity are changing at unprecedented rates . Both increasing temperature and shifting host communities toward more fast-paced life-history...	Climate change is causing shifts in the ecology and biodiversity of different world regions at unprecedented rates . Global warming is also linked with changes in the risk for certain infectious diseases in humans , but also in animals and plants . There are several possible mechanisms for this . For one thing , changi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2021	The effect of host community functional traits on plant disease risk varies along an elevational gradient
Homo naledi is a previously-unknown species of extinct hominin discovered within the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star cave system , Cradle of Humankind , South Africa . This species is characterized by body mass and stature similar to small-bodied human populations but a small endocranial volume similar to australop...	Modern humans , or Homo sapiens , are now the only living species in their genus . But as recently as 100 , 000 years ago , there were several other species that belonged to the genus Homo . Together with modern humans , these extinct human species , our immediate ancestors and their close relatives , are collectively ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Differential", "diagnosis", "Description", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
Insulin and IGF signaling are critical to numerous developmental and physiological processes , with perturbations being pathognomonic of various diseases , including diabetes . Although the functional roles of the respective signaling pathways have been extensively studied , the control of insulin production and releas...	The hormone insulin and similar molecules called insulin-like peptides act as signals to control many processes in the body , including growth , stress responses and aging . Disrupting these signaling pathways can cause many diseases , with diabetes being the most common of these . Although the roles of the signaling p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Drosophila neprilysins control insulin signaling and food intake via cleavage of regulatory peptides
Animal groups have emergent properties that result from simple interactions among individuals . However , we know little about why animals adopt different interaction rules because of sparse sampling among species . Here , we identify an interaction rule that holds across single and mixed-species flocks of four migrato...	Birds often fly in flocks ranging from very structured V-formations to unstructured clusters . Many studies have tried to prove what causes birds to flock and how it benefits them . Flocks , for example , may help birds to avoid predators and to navigate . Flying in a V-shaped formation likely also gives aerodynamic be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Compound-V formations in shorebird flocks
ISWI family chromatin remodeling motors use sophisticated autoinhibition mechanisms to control nucleosome sliding . Yet how the different autoinhibitory domains are regulated is not well understood . Here we show that an acidic patch formed by histones H2A and H2B of the nucleosome relieves the autoinhibition imposed b...	Every human cell contains nearly two meters of DNA , which is carefully packaged to form a dense structure known as chromatin . The building block of chromatin is the nucleosome , a unit composed of a short section of DNA tightly wound up around a spool-like core of proteins called histones . The tight structure of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	The nucleosomal acidic patch relieves auto-inhibition by the ISWI remodeler SNF2h
tRNAs are unique among various RNAs in that they shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm , and their localization is regulated by nutrient conditions . Although nuclear export of tRNAs has been well documented , the import machinery is poorly understood . Here , we identified Ssa2p , a major cytoplasmic Hsp70 in ...	Plants , animals , and fungi all store their DNA inside their cells within a structure called the nucleus , which is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the cell . This DNA contains the instructions to build proteins , but proteins are actually built elsewhere in the cell , outside of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for tRNA import into the nucleus
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) cause recurring bacterial infection in CF patients' lungs . However , the severity of CF lung disease correlates poorly with genotype . Antibiotic treatment helps dramatically prolong patients' life . The lung disease generally determines pro...	Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that mainly affects the lungs and the intestine . It is caused by defective copies of a protein called CFTR , which normally allows chloride ions to flow in and out of cells through the cell membrane . The activity of the CFTR protein is important for transferring fluid in and ou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Counteracting suppression of CFTR and voltage-gated K+ channels by a bacterial pathogenic factor with the natural product tannic acid
The motor system prepares for movements well in advance of their execution . In the gaze control system , the dynamics of preparatory neural activity have been well described by stochastic accumulation-to-threshold models . However , it is unclear whether this activity has features indicative of a hidden movement comma...	Most of us are familiar with the experience of revving up the engine in anticipation of a red traffic light turning green . The revving , which enables us to move forward as soon as the brakes are released , reflects our ability to plan actions in advance . The brain shows broadly analogous behavior when preparing to m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Removal of inhibition uncovers latent movement potential during preparation
The sensation of breathlessness is the most threatening symptom of respiratory disease . The different subdivisions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) are intricately ( and differentially ) involved in integrating behavioural responses to threat in animals , while the PAG has previously only been considered as...	Many people find feeling breathless one of the most upsetting symptoms of respiratory diseases , and breathlessness often causes anxiety that makes the condition seem more threatening than it is . Studies in animals suggest that a small cluster of neurons called the periaqueductal gray is important for responding to th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Conditioned respiratory threat in the subdivisions of the human periaqueductal gray
Site-specific histone ubiquitylation plays a central role in orchestrating the response to DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) . DSBs elicit a cascade of events controlled by the ubiquitin ligase RNF168 , which promotes the accumulation of repair factors such as 53BP1 and BRCA1 on the chromatin flanking the break site . ...	Inside cells , genetic information is encoded by molecules of DNA . It is important for a cell to quickly identify and repair any damage to DNA to prevent harmful changes in the genetic information . In humans and other animals failures in DNA repair can lead to cancer and other diseases . A molecule of DNA is made of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	The RNF168 paralog RNF169 defines a new class of ubiquitylated histone reader involved in the response to DNA damage
Following fertilization , the genomes of the germ cells are reprogrammed to form the totipotent embryo . Pioneer transcription factors are essential for remodeling the chromatin and driving the initial wave of zygotic gene expression . In Drosophila melanogaster , the pioneer factor Zelda is essential for development t...	Most cells in an organism share the exact same genetic information , yet they still adopt distinct identities . This diversity emerges because only a selection of genes is switched on at any given time in a cell . Proteins that latch onto DNA control this specificity by activating certain genes at the right time . Howe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2021	GAF is essential for zygotic genome activation and chromatin accessibility in the early Drosophila embryo
Visual processing depends on specific computations implemented by complex neural circuits . Here , we present a circuit-inspired model of retinal ganglion cell computation , targeted to explain their temporal dynamics and adaptation to contrast . To localize the sources of such processing , we used recordings at the le...	Visual processing begins in the retina , a layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye . The retina itself is made up of three layers of excitatory neurons . The first comprises cells called photoreceptors , which absorb light and convert it into electrical signals . The photoreceptors transmit these signals...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Divisive suppression explains high-precision firing and contrast adaptation in retinal ganglion cells
The perception of visceral pain is a complex process involving the spinal cord and higher order brain structures . Increasing evidence implicates the gut microbiota as a key regulator of brain and behavior , yet it remains to be determined if gut bacteria play a role in visceral sensitivity . We used germ-free mice ( G...	The human gut is home to over 100 trillion microbes collectively known as the gut microbiota . These microbes help us to digest food and absorb the nutrients effectively . A diverse and stable community of gut microbes is believed to be important for good health . Recently , it has also become clear that the microbiota...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Microbiota regulates visceral pain in the mouse
The dynein-2 microtubule motor is the retrograde motor for intraflagellar transport . Mutations in dynein-2 components cause skeletal ciliopathies , notably Jeune syndrome . Dynein-2 contains a heterodimer of two non-identical intermediate chains , WDR34 and WDR60 . Here , we use knockout cell lines to demonstrate that...	Almost all cells in the human body are covered in tiny hair-like structures known as primary cilia . These structures act as antennae to receive signals from outside the cell that regulate how the body grows and develops . The cell has to deliver new proteins and other molecules to precise locations within its cilia to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Dynein-2 intermediate chains play crucial but distinct roles in primary cilia formation and function
It is unclear that how subcellular organelles respond to external mechanical stimuli . Here , we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which mechanical force regulates Ca2+ signaling at endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) in human mesenchymal stem cells . Without extracellular Ca2+ , ER Ca2+ release is the source of intrac...	Cells receive many signals from their environment , for example , when they are compressed or pulled about by neighboring cells . Information about these ‘mechanical stimuli’ can be transmitted within the cell to trigger changes in gene expression and cell behavior . When a cell receives a mechanical stimulus , it can ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2015	Distinct mechanisms regulating mechanical force-induced Ca2+ signals at the plasma membrane and the ER in human MSCs
This study focuses on computational and theoretical investigations of neuronal activity arising in the pre-Bötzinger complex ( pre-BötC ) , a medullary region generating the inspiratory phase of breathing in mammals . A progressive increase of neuronal excitability in medullary slices containing the pre-BötC produces m...	Each breath we take removes carbon dioxide from the body and exchanges it for oxygen . A structure called the brainstem , which connects the brain with the spinal cord , generates the breathing rhythm and controls its rate . While this process normally occurs automatically , we can also control our breathing voluntaril...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Mixed-mode oscillations and population bursting in the pre-Bötzinger complex
TMEM16A forms calcium-activated chloride channels ( CaCCs ) that regulate physiological processes such as the secretions of airway epithelia and exocrine glands , the contraction of smooth muscles , and the excitability of neurons . Notwithstanding intense interest in the mechanism behind TMEM16A-CaCC calcium-dependent...	Every cell in the body is surrounded by a barrier called the cell membrane . There are , however , a number of ways that molecules can pass through this membrane to either enter or leave the cell . Calcium-activated channels are a group of proteins that are embedded within the cell membrane and that allow different ion...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	A comprehensive search for calcium binding sites critical for TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel activity
Interaction between disease-microbiome associations and ageing has not been explored in detail . Here , using age/region-matched sub-sets , we analysed the gut microbiome differences across five major diseases in a multi-cohort dataset constituting more than 2500 individuals from 20 to 89 years old . We show that disea...	The human body is an ecosystem made up of both human cells and trillions of microbes , and the largest microbial community is in the gut . This community of gut microbes helps harvest nutrients from our food , modulates our immune system , and even affects our mood . Infectious and chronic diseases appear to cause chan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Adjusting for age improves identification of gut microbiome alterations in multiple diseases
During gastrulation , neural crest cells are specified at the neural plate border , as characterized by Pax7 expression . Using single-cell RNA sequencing coupled with high-resolution in situ hybridization to identify novel transcriptional regulators , we show that chromatin remodeler Hmga1 is highly expressed prior to...	The neural plate is a structure that serves as the basis for the brain and central nervous system during the development of animals with a backbone . In particular , the tissues at the border of the neural plate become the neural crest , a group of highly mobile cells that can specialize to form nerves and parts of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Bimodal function of chromatin remodeler Hmga1 in neural crest induction and Wnt-dependent emigration
A new mutant mouse ( lamb1t ) exhibits intermittent dystonic hindlimb movements and postures when awake , and hyperextension when asleep . Experiments showed co-contraction of opposing muscle groups , and indicated that symptoms depended on the interaction of brain and spinal cord . SNP mapping and exome sequencing ide...	Dystonia is the third most common disorder affecting movement in humans . People with dystonia periodically experience movements that they can’t control . Sometimes the movements are repetitive , for example , abnormal or spasmodic blinking . At other times , two sets of muscles that work against each other become acti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A dystonia-like movement disorder with brain and spinal neuronal defects is caused by mutation of the mouse laminin β1 subunit, Lamb1
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates tissue growth in Drosophila through the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie ( Yki ) . How Yki activates target gene transcription is poorly understood . Here , we identify Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 ( Ncoa6 ) , a subunit of the Trithorax-related ( Trr ) histone H3 lysine 4 ( H3K...	Cells need to work together for a multi-celled organism , such as a plant or an animal , to thrive . Many complicated signaling pathways therefore exist that allow cells to communicate with one another and to control their own activity in response to the signals that they receive . One such pathway , called the Hippo s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	The Hippo effector Yorkie activates transcription by interacting with a histone methyltransferase complex through Ncoa6
SpoIIIE is a homo-hexameric dsDNA translocase responsible for completing chromosome segregation in Bacillus subtilis . Here , we use a single-molecule approach to monitor SpoIIIE translocation when challenged with neutral-backbone DNA and non-hydrolyzable ATP analogs . We show that SpoIIIE makes multiple essential cont...	Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that lives in the soil . When food is in short supply , B . subtilis stops reproducing and individual bacterial cells transform into spores that lay dormant until conditions improve . While , B subtilis is generally harmless , it forms spores in a similar way to other bacteria that caus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Two-subunit DNA escort mechanism and inactive subunit bypass in an ultra-fast ring ATPase
A large number of drugs can induce prolongation of cardiac repolarization and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias . The prediction of this side effect is however challenging as it usually develops in some genetically predisposed individuals with normal cardiac repolarization at baseline . Here , we describe a platform...	Common medications can disturb the electrical signals that cause the heart to beat , potentially resulting in sudden death . Many of the drugs that have these “cardiotoxic” effects were not designed to affect the heart , and include anti-allergenics and anti-vomiting drugs . In general , only a small proportion of indi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "medicine" ]	2017	Modeling susceptibility to drug-induced long QT with a panel of subject-specific induced pluripotent stem cells
Evolution is at the core of the impending antibiotic crisis . Sustainable therapy must thus account for the adaptive potential of pathogens . One option is to exploit evolutionary trade-offs , like collateral sensitivity , where evolved resistance to one antibiotic causes hypersensitivity to another one . To date , the...	Over time bacteria can undergo a number of genetic mutations that allow them to evolve in response to changes in their surrounding environment . This process of ‘bacterial evolution’ is one of the major causes of antibiotics resistance , whereby disease-causing microorganisms become resistant to multiple drugs and can ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Evolutionary stability of collateral sensitivity to antibiotics in the model pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
RNA-binding proteins contribute to the formation of ribonucleoprotein ( RNP ) granules by phase transition , but regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood . Conserved fission yeast NDR ( Nuclear Dbf2-Related ) kinase Orb6 governs cell morphogenesis in part by spatially controlling Cdc42 GTPase . Here we describe a...	Living cells can grow to adopt a range of different shapes . For example , fission yeast cells maintain their rod-like shape by growing from their ends and then splitting in the middle to produce two new cells of an equal size . Like many other cells , fission yeast often responds to shortages of nutrients or other env...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Spatial control of translation repression and polarized growth by conserved NDR kinase Orb6 and RNA-binding protein Sts5
Cell-penetrating peptides ( CPPs ) allow intracellular delivery of bioactive cargo molecules . The mechanisms allowing CPPs to enter cells are ill-defined . Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based screening , we discovered that KCNQ5 , KCNN4 , and KCNK5 potassium channels positively modulate cationic CPP direct translocation into ce...	Before a drug can have its desired effect , it must reach its target tissue or organ , and enter its cells . This is not easy because cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane , a fat-based barrier that separates the cell from its external environment . The plasma membrane contains proteins that act as channels , shu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Genetic, cellular, and structural characterization of the membrane potential-dependent cell-penetrating peptide translocation pore
70-kDa Heat shock proteins are ATP-driven molecular chaperones that perform a myriad of essential cellular tasks . Although structural and biochemical studies have shed some light on their functional mechanism , the fundamental issue of the role of energy consumption , due to ATP-hydrolysis , has remained unaddressed ....	Proteins perform numerous essential tasks in cells . Most of these tasks require the protein to have a very specific structure , which is maintained by a balance of chemical and physical interactions . However , this delicate balance is vulnerable to excessive heat , changes in the pH of the cell , and certain chemical...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2014	Hsp70 chaperones are non-equilibrium machines that achieve ultra-affinity by energy consumption
Regulation of rod gene expression has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat retinal degenerative diseases like retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) . We previously reported on a small molecule modulator of the rod transcription factor Nr2e3 , Photoregulin1 ( PR1 ) , that regulates the expression of photoreceptor-...	There are several diseases that cause people to lose their eyesight and become blind . One of these diseases , called retinitis pigmentosa , kills cells at the back of the eye known as rod cells . At first , it affects vision in low light and peripheral vision , but later it affects vision during the daytime as well . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Small molecule Photoregulin3 prevents retinal degeneration in the RhoP23H mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa
Wapl induces cohesin dissociation from DNA throughout the mitotic cell cycle , modulating sister chromatid cohesion and higher-order chromatin structure . Cohesin complexes containing meiosis-specific kleisin subunits govern most aspects of meiotic chromosome function , but whether Wapl regulates these complexes remain...	Most of the genetic material of plant and animal cells is stored in structures called chromosomes . Nearly all the cells in the body contain two copies of each chromosome , one inherited from the mother and the other from the father , but sex cells – such as egg and sperm – contain just one copy of each . If eggs or sp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Cohesin-interacting protein WAPL-1 regulates meiotic chromosome structure and cohesion by antagonizing specific cohesin complexes
Gene-environment interactions impact the development of neuropsychiatric disorders , but the relative contributions are unclear . Here , we identify gut microbiota as sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors in genetically distinct mouse strains . Daily gavage of vehicle ( dH2O ) in nonobese diabetic ( NOD ) mice...	A combination of genes and environmental factors underlie an individual’s risk of developing a mental illness . Among the environmental factors , it is becoming clear that communication between the gut and the brain is involved , but we do not understand how these two organs communicate . Our gut contains a variety of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Microbiota-driven transcriptional changes in prefrontal cortex override genetic differences in social behavior
Anatomical and physiological studies have led to the assumption that the dorsal striatum receives exclusively excitatory afferents from the cortex . Here we test the hypothesis that the dorsal striatum receives also GABAergic projections from the cortex . We addressed this fundamental question by taking advantage of op...	The striatum is located beneath the cerebral cortex , where it contributes to processes including learning and movement . The Spanish anatomist Ramon y Cajal , working in the early 20th century , was the first to observe individual neurons extending from the cortex to the striatum . Cajal published drawings of these ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	An inhibitory corticostriatal pathway
Small changes of Na/K pump activity regulate internal Ca release in cardiac myocytes via Na/Ca exchange . We now show conversely that transient elevations of cytoplasmic Ca strongly regulate cardiac Na/K pumps . When cytoplasmic Na is submaximal , Na/K pump currents decay rapidly during extracellular K application and ...	All animal cells have pumps in their outer membrane that continuously pump out sodium ions and bring in potassium ions . As a result , the concentration of sodium ions inside cells is low in comparison to the concentration outside , and vice versa for potassium ions . These differences between inside and outside concen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Profound regulation of Na/K pump activity by transient elevations of cytoplasmic calcium in murine cardiac myocytes
Seeing a speaker’s face enhances speech intelligibility in adverse environments . We investigated the underlying network mechanisms by quantifying local speech representations and directed connectivity in MEG data obtained while human participants listened to speech of varying acoustic SNR and visual context . During h...	When listening to someone in a noisy environment , such as a cocktail party , we can understand the speaker more easily if we can also see his or her face . Movements of the lips and tongue convey additional information that helps the listener’s brain separate out syllables , words and sentences . However , exactly whe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Contributions of local speech encoding and functional connectivity to audio-visual speech perception
Lab organisms are valuable in part because of large-scale experiments like screens , but performing such experiments over long time periods by hand is arduous and error-prone . Organism-handling robots could revolutionize large-scale experiments in the way that liquid-handling robots accelerated molecular biology . We ...	Biological research can , at times , be mind-numbingly tedious: scientists often have to do the same experiment over and over on many different samples . When working with animals such as fruit flies , this means researchers have to physically handle large numbers of specimens , selecting certain individuals or moving ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2018	MAPLE (modular automated platform for large-scale experiments), a robot for integrated organism-handling and phenotyping
The roles of long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) in regulating cancer and stem cells are being increasingly appreciated . Its diverse mechanisms provide the regulatory network with a bigger repertoire to increase complexity . Here we report a novel LncRNA , Lnc34a , that is enriched in colon cancer stem cells ( CCSCs ) an...	Tumors are made of millions of cells that are not all the same . A type of cancer cell known as cancer stem cells ( or CSCs for short ) are often better at dividing to produce new cells and moving to new sites in the body than other types of cancer cell . Very small molecules called micro ribonucleic acids ( or microRN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	A long non-coding RNA targets microRNA miR-34a to regulate colon cancer stem cell asymmetric division
Feedback inhibitory motifs are thought to be important for pattern separation across species . How feedback circuits may implement pattern separation of biologically plausible , temporally structured input in mammals is , however , poorly understood . We have quantitatively determined key properties of netfeedback inhi...	You can probably recall where you left your car this morning without too much trouble . But assuming you use the same busy parking lot every day , can you remember which space you parked in yesterday ? Or the day before that ? Most people find this difficult not because they cannot remember what happened two or three d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Quantitative properties of a feedback circuit predict frequency-dependent pattern separation
The large GTPase dynamin catalyzes membrane fission in eukaryotic cells , but despite three decades of experimental work , competing and partially conflicting models persist regarding some of its most basic actions . Here we investigate the mechanical and functional consequences of dynamin scaffold shape changes and di...	When cells take up material from their surroundings , they must first transport this cargo across their outer membrane , a flexible sheet of tightly organized fat molecules that act as a barrier to the environment . Cells can achieve this by letting their membrane surround the object , pulling it inwards until it is co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	The role of scaffold reshaping and disassembly in dynamin driven membrane fission
The observation of animal orofacial and behavioral reactions has played a fundamental role in research on reward but is seldom assessed in humans . Healthy volunteers ( N = 131 ) received 400 mg of the dopaminergic antagonist amisulpride , 50 mg of the opioidergic antagonist naltrexone , or placebo . Subjective ratings...	Studies in rats and other species have shown that two chemical messengers in the brain regulate how much an animal desires a reward , and how pleasant receiving the reward is . In this context , chemicals called opioids control both wanting and enjoying a reward , whereas a chemical called dopamine only regulates how m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Dopaminergic and opioidergic regulation during anticipation and consumption of social and nonsocial rewards
Charcot–Marie-Tooth disease type 2A ( CMT2A ) is an untreatable childhood peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations of the mitochondrial fusion protein , mitofusin ( MFN ) 2 . Here , pharmacological activation of endogenous normal mitofusins overcame dominant inhibitory effects of CMT2A mutants in reprogrammed human pa...	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A is a rare genetic childhood disease where dying back of nerve cells leads to muscle loss in the arms and legs , causing permanent disability . There is no known treatment . In this form of CMT , mutations in a protein called mitofusin 2 damage structures inside cells known as mitocho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Burst mitofusin activation reverses neuromuscular dysfunction in murine CMT2A
The Ras family of GTPases are important in cell signaling and frequently mutated in human tumors . Understanding their regulation is thus important for studying biology and human diseases . Here , we report that a novel posttranslational mechanism , reversible lysine fatty acylation , regulates R-Ras2 , a member of the...	Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide . Proteins that cause and promote cancer are called oncoproteins . Other proteins , called tumor suppressors , counteract the oncoproteins but are frequently inactive or not present in cancer cells . SIRT6 is a tumor suppressor protein that has been studied in many...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	SIRT6 regulates Ras-related protein R-Ras2 by lysine defatty-acylation
Purkinje cells ( PC ) , the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex , encode sensorimotor information , but how they do it remains a matter of debate . Here we show that PCs use a multiplexed spike code . Synchrony/spike time and firing rate encode different information in behaving monkeys during saccadic eye moti...	The cerebellum is a part of the brain that uses information from the senses to coordinate movement . Cells called Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum produce the final ‘output’ of its cortex . Therefore , Purkinje neurons have to communicate precise information about different aspects of the movement , such as its speed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Multiplexed coding by cerebellar Purkinje neurons
The specification of cartilage requires Sox9 , a transcription factor with broad roles for organogenesis outside the skeletal system . How Sox9 and other factors gain access to cartilage-specific cis-regulatory regions during skeletal development was unknown . By analyzing chromatin accessibility during the differentia...	Animals with backbones ( or vertebrates ) have body shape determined , in part , by their skeletons . These emerge in the embryo in the form of cartilage structures that will then get replaced by bone during development . The neural crest is a group of embryonic cells that can become different tissues . In the head , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2021	Foxc1 establishes enhancer accessibility for craniofacial cartilage differentiation
Aging , for virtually all life , is inescapable . However , within populations , biological aging rates vary . Understanding sources of variation in this process is central to understanding the biodemography of natural populations . We constructed a DNA methylation-based age predictor for an intensively studied wild ba...	For most animals , age is one of the strongest predictors of health and survival , but not all individuals age at the same rate . In fact , animals of the same species can have different 'biological ages' even when they have lived the same number of years . In humans and other mammals this variation in aging shows up i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	High social status males experience accelerated epigenetic aging in wild baboons
A quantitative understanding of how sensory signals are transformed into motor outputs places useful constraints on brain function and helps to reveal the brain’s underlying computations . We investigate how the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans responds to time-varying mechanosensory signals using a high-throughput opto...	A worm called Caenorhabditis elegans has a nervous system made up of only 302 neurons , far fewer than the billions of cells that comprise our own brains . And yet these few hundred neurons are enough for these worms to detect and respond to their surroundings . C . elegans is thus a popular choice for studying how ner...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Temporal processing and context dependency in Caenorhabditis elegans response to mechanosensation
Septin proteins evolved from ancestral GTPases and co-assemble into hetero-oligomers and cytoskeletal filaments . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , five septins comprise two species of hetero-octamers , Cdc11/Shs1–Cdc12–Cdc3–Cdc10–Cdc10–Cdc3–Cdc12–Cdc11/Shs1 . Slow GTPase activity by Cdc12 directs the choice of incorporati...	For a cell to work and perform its role , it relies on molecules called proteins that are made up of chains of amino acids . Individual proteins can join together like pieces in a puzzle to form larger , more complex structures . How the protein subunits fit together depends on their individual shapes and sizes . Many ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Guanidine hydrochloride reactivates an ancient septin hetero-oligomer assembly pathway in budding yeast
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ) frequently exhibit cognitive and motor impairments and characteristics of autism . The cerebellum plays a critical role in motor control , cognition , and social interaction , suggesting that cerebellar defects likely contribute to NF1-associated neurodevelopmental diso...	Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a condition characterized by the growth of tumors along the nerves of the body . It is caused by mutations in a gene called NF1 , which codes for a protein that normally works to inhibit the activity of another protein called Ras . In healthy cells , Ras is needed to stimulate the cells to g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Transient inhibition of the ERK pathway prevents cerebellar developmental defects and improves long-term motor functions in murine models of neurofibromatosis type 1
Despite extensive research on the role of the rodent medial and lateral entorhinal cortex ( MEC/LEC ) in spatial navigation , memory and related disease , their human homologues remain elusive . Here , we combine high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T with novel data-driven and model-based analyses to ...	In the early 1950s , an American named Henry Molaison underwent an experimental type of brain surgery to treat his severe epilepsy . The surgeon removed a region of the brain known as the temporal lobe from both sides of his brain . After the surgery , Molaison's epilepsy was greatly improved , but he was also left wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Functional topography of the human entorhinal cortex
While the mammalian macrophage phenotypes have been intensively studied in vitro , the dynamic of their phenotypic polarization has never been investigated in live vertebrates . We used the zebrafish as a live model to identify and trail macrophage subtypes . We generated a transgenic line whose macrophages expressing ...	Inflammation plays an important role in helping the body to heal wounds and fight off certain diseases . Immune cells called macrophages—which are perhaps best known for their ability to engulf and digest microbes and cell debris—help to control inflammation . In mammals , different types of macrophage exist; the most ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Identification of polarized macrophage subsets in zebrafish
Listeners locate potential mates using species-specific vocal signals . As tetrapods transitioned from water to land , lungs replaced gills , allowing expiration to drive sound production . Some frogs then returned to water . Here we explore how air-driven sound production changed upon re-entry to preserve essential ac...	The voice is a unique characteristic that we use to identify one another – including someone's sex , age and mood . We speak by using air flow to vibrate our vocal folds , commonly known as vocal cords . The land-living ancestors of the African clawed frog Xenopus also used breath and vocal cords to communicate , but t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "research", "communication" ]	2019	The return to water in ancestral Xenopus was accompanied by a novel mechanism for producing and shaping vocal signals
Clustering of receptors associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs ( ITAMs ) initiates the macrophage antimicrobial response . ITAM receptors engage Src-family tyrosine kinases ( SFKs ) to initiate phagocytosis and macrophage activation . Macrophages also encounter nonpathogenic molecules that clus...	Macrophages are white blood cells that protect the body from infection by bacteria and other microbes . Proteins and sugars on the microbe bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the macrophage , which triggers the macrophage to engulf the cell and destroy it . Macrophages also release molecules that are toxic to t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	LynA regulates an inflammation-sensitive signaling checkpoint in macrophages
Mitochondrial division , essential for survival in mammals , is enhanced by an inter-organellar process involving ER tubules encircling and constricting mitochondria . The force for constriction is thought to involve actin polymerization by the ER-anchored isoform of the formin protein inverted formin 2 ( INF2 ) . Unkn...	Mitochondria are structures within cells that provide the energy to power many biological processes that are essential for complex life . These structures are also highly dynamic and go through cycles of fission ( in which a single mitochondrion splits in two ) and fusion ( in which two mitochondria merge into one ) . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	A mitochondria-anchored isoform of the actin-nucleating spire protein regulates mitochondrial division
The vertebrate gut microbiota have been implicated in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds , motivating studies of microbe-driven metabolism of clinically important drugs . Here , we studied interactions between the microbiota and indomethacin , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) that inhibits cyclooxyge...	The bacteria that inhabit the digestive tract do more than just help to break down food . Scientists are increasingly discovering that having a healthy and diverse community of gut bacteria is essential to overall health . Changes in these communities may increase the likelihood of harmful inflammation and diseases lik...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Bidirectional interactions between indomethacin and the murine intestinal microbiota
Astrocytes respond to and regulate neuronal activity , yet their role in mammalian behavior remains incompletely understood . Especially unclear is whether , and if so how , astrocyte activity regulates contextual fear memory , the dysregulation of which leads to pathological fear-related disorders . We generated GFAP-...	Memory is the record of what we learn over time and is essential to our survival . But not all memories are helpful . Repeatedly recalling a traumatic event – such as an assault – can be harmful . About 1 in 3 people who experience severe trauma go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , in which they r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Activation of astrocytes in hippocampus decreases fear memory through adenosine A1 receptors
The Atlantic herring is one of the most abundant vertebrates on earth but its nucleotide diversity is moderate ( π = 0 . 3% ) , only three-fold higher than in human . Here , we present a pedigree-based estimation of the mutation rate in this species . Based on whole-genome sequencing of four parents and 12 offspring , ...	Evolution by natural selection favours the survival of individuals that are well suited to their environment . This process depends on genetic differences between individuals that make some more able to survive than others . These genetic differences are the result of mutations in DNA of germ-line cells , that is , the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Moderate nucleotide diversity in the Atlantic herring is associated with a low mutation rate
Corrective responses to limb disturbances are surprisingly complex , but the neural basis of these goal-directed responses is poorly understood . Here we show that somatosensory feedback is transmitted to many sensory and motor cortical regions within 25 ms of a mechanical disturbance applied to the monkey’s arm . When...	Humans and other animals can change a movement they are making in a split second , such as when a basketball player has to move around an unexpected opponent to shoot a ball through the hoop . These on-the-fly corrections rely on information about the movement that comes in from the senses . However , it was unclear ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Distributed task-specific processing of somatosensory feedback for voluntary motor control
Recent findings indicate a high level of specialization at the level of microcircuits and cell populations within brain structures with regards to the control of fear and anxiety . The hippocampus , however , has been treated as a unitary structure in anxiety and fear research despite mounting evidence that different h...	Fear and anxiety can be thought of as different but related emotional states . Fear is triggered by specific harmful situations , such as the immediate presence of a predator . Anxiety instead results from the possibility of an obscure threat , such as being in an exposed environment , which increases the chance of bei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Modulation of anxiety and fear via distinct intrahippocampal circuits
Human flap endonuclease 1 ( FEN1 ) and related structure-specific 5’nucleases precisely identify and incise aberrant DNA structures during replication , repair and recombination to avoid genomic instability . Yet , it is unclear how the 5’nuclease mechanisms of DNA distortion and protein ordering robustly mediate effic...	When a cell divides it must copy its genetic information , which is found in the form of strands of DNA . Damage to the DNA may lead to cancer or a number of genetic diseases . However , every time a cell divides more than 10 million toxic “flaps” of excess DNA are generated . A protein called flap endonuclease 1 ( FEN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Single-molecule FRET unveils induced-fit mechanism for substrate selectivity in flap endonuclease 1
Trial by trial covariations between neural activity and perceptual decisions ( quantified by choice Probability , CP ) have been used to probe the contribution of sensory neurons to perceptual decisions . CPs are thought to be determined by both selective decoding of neural activity and by the structure of correlated n...	Even the simplest tasks require the brain to process vast amounts of information . To take a step forward , for example , the brain must process information about the orientation of the animal's body and what the animal is seeing , hearing and feeling in order to determine whether any obstacles stand in the way . The b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Contribution of correlated noise and selective decoding to choice probability measurements in extrastriate visual cortex
The kinase Bub1 functions in the spindle assembly checkpoint ( SAC ) and in chromosome congression , but the role of its catalytic activity remains controversial . Here , we use two novel Bub1 inhibitors , BAY-320 and BAY-524 , to demonstrate potent Bub1 kinase inhibition both in vitro and in intact cells . Then , we c...	The DNA in our cells is packaged into structures called chromosomes . When a cell divides , these chromosomes need to be copied and then correctly separated so that both daughter cells have a full set of genetic information . Errors in separating chromosomes can lead to the death of cells , birth defects or contribute ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Probing the catalytic functions of Bub1 kinase using the small molecule inhibitors BAY-320 and BAY-524
Millions of naïve T cells with different TCRs may interact with a peptide-MHC ligand , but very few will activate . Remarkably , this fine control is orchestrated using a limited set of intracellular machinery . It remains unclear whether changes in stimulation strength alter the programme of signalling events leading ...	Amongst the different types of cells the body uses to protect itself , killer T cells have an unique role: they can detect and neutralize cells that have been become dangerous for the organism – for example , cells which are cancerous or hijacked by viruses . In a healthy organism , T cells circulate through the body i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Stimulation strength controls the rate of initiation but not the molecular organisation of TCR-induced signalling
The PIWI-interacting RNA ( piRNA ) pathway is a small RNA-based immune system that controls the expression of transposons and maintains genome integrity in animal gonads . In Drosophila , piRNA-guided silencing is achieved , in part , via co-transcriptional repression of transposons by Piwi . This depends on Panoramix ...	For an organism to form and grow correctly , it must rely on the genetic information it has received from its parents . DNA , however , is full of elements called transposons that can disrupt this information by moving around the genome and inserting themselves into genes . Changes caused by these invading elements can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	piRNA-guided co-transcriptional silencing coopts nuclear export factors
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging , and underlies the development of many diseases . Cells maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through a number of pathways that remodel the mitochondrial proteome or alter mitochondrial content during times of stress or metabolic adaptation . Here , using yeast as a model ...	Our cells contain compartments called mitochondria , which provide energy and serve as a home for many metabolic pathways that are critical for life . Changes in mitochondrial activity can contribute to aging and to the development of several age-associated diseases . However , our cells contain systems that detect cha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Selective sorting and destruction of mitochondrial membrane proteins in aged yeast
The gating ring-forming RCK domain regulates channel gating in response to various cellular chemical stimuli in eukaryotic Slo channel families and the majority of ligand-gated prokaryotic K+ channels and transporters . Here we present structural and functional studies of a dual RCK-containing , multi-ligand gated K+ c...	Most cells are surrounded by a semipermeable membrane , and although this membrane allows very few molecules to pass through it , cells can use transmembrane proteins to overcome this barrier . Some of these proteins import glucose , amino acids and other nutrients into the cell , while others transport ions into or ou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2012	Distinct gating mechanisms revealed by the structures of a multi-ligand gated K+ channel
Perceptual decisions are classically thought to depend mainly on the stimulus characteristics , probability and associated reward . However , in many cases , the motor response is considered to be a neutral output channel that only reflects the upstream decision . Contrary to this view , we show that perceptual decisio...	Imagine you are in an orchard , trying to decide which of the many apples to pick . On what do you base your decision ? Most research into this type of decision-making has focused on how the brain uses visual information – about features such as colour , size and shape – to make a choice . But what about the effort req...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Perceptual decisions are biased by the cost to act
Dendritic cells residing in the skin represent a large family of antigen-presenting cells , ranging from long-lived Langerhans cells ( LC ) in the epidermis to various distinct classical dendritic cell subsets in the dermis . Through genetic fate mapping analysis and single-cell RNA-sequencing , we have identified a no...	Our immune cells are constantly on guard to defend and protect us against invading pathogens , such as bacteria and viruses . Specialized immune cells , known as antigen-presenting cells , or APCs , have a key role in this process . They engulf invaders , chew them up , and travel to the closest local lymph node to sti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Fate mapping analysis reveals a novel murine dermal migratory Langerhans-like cell population
Eukaryotic mismatch repair ( MMR ) utilizes single-strand breaks as signals to target the strand to be repaired . DNA-bound PCNA is also presumed to direct MMR . The MMR capability must be limited to a post-replicative temporal window during which the signals are available . However , both identity of the signal ( s ) ...	To pass on genetic information from one generation to the next , the DNA in a cell must be precisely copied . DNA is made of two strands and genetic information is encoded by sequences of molecules called bases in the strands . The bases from one strand form pairs with complementary bases on the other strand . However ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	MutSα maintains the mismatch repair capability by inhibiting PCNA unloading
Working memory ( WM ) , the ability to actively hold information in memory over a delay period of seconds , is a fundamental constituent of cognition . Delay-period activity in sensory cortices has been observed in WM tasks , but whether and when the activity plays a functional role for memory maintenance remains uncle...	Working memory is the ability to hold information in your head for a few seconds while making decisions , planning or applying logical reasoning to problem solving . It is a fundamental component of cognition , and yet it remains unclear where working memory is stored in the brain . The prefrontal cortex – the front lo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	The causal role of auditory cortex in auditory working memory
Epithelial fusion underlies many vital organogenic processes during embryogenesis . Disruptions to these cause a significant number of human birth defects , including ocular coloboma . We provide robust spatial-temporal staging and unique anatomical detail of optic fissure closure ( OFC ) in the embryonic chick , inclu...	Our bodies are made of many different groups of cells , which are arranged into tissues that perform specific roles . As tissues form in the embryo they must adopt precise three-dimensional structures , depending on their position in the body . In many cases this involves two edges of tissue fusing together to prevent ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Detailed analysis of chick optic fissure closure reveals Netrin-1 as an essential mediator of epithelial fusion

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