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During translation elongation , the ribosome ratchets along its mRNA template , incorporating each new amino acid and translocating from one codon to the next . The elongation cycle requires dramatic structural rearrangements of the ribosome . We show here that deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments revea...	To make a protein from a gene , the gene is first transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then passes through a molecular machine called a ribosome . The ribosome reads the genetic code in the mRNA in groups of three letters at a time , and each triplet of letters ( or codon ) represents an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Distinct stages of the translation elongation cycle revealed by sequencing ribosome-protected mRNA fragments
It has long been thought that the life cycle of Streptomyces bacteria encompasses three developmental stages: vegetative hyphae , aerial hyphae and spores . Here , we show interactions between Streptomyces and fungi trigger a previously unobserved mode of Streptomyces development . We term these Streptomyces cells ‘exp...	Soil is home to many bacteria . In fact , soil gets it characteristic ‘earthy’ smell from a common type of soil bacteria known as Streptomyces . Remarkably , Streptomyces are also the original sources of most of the antibiotics that are prescribed by doctors to treat bacterial infections . Scientists have been studying...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Streptomyces exploration is triggered by fungal interactions and volatile signals
Cytoplasmic dynein , a microtubule-based motor protein , transports many intracellular cargos by means of its light intermediate chain ( LIC ) . In this study , we have determined the crystal structure of the conserved LIC domain , which binds the motor heavy chain , from a thermophilic fungus . We show that the LIC ha...	Living cells are constantly bustling with activity . They take in nutrients , carefully split their genetic information between new cells when they divide , and move their internal components into the right positions . To move these cargos around , the cell uses proteins—such as dynein—that essentially walks along the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	A Ras-like domain in the light intermediate chain bridges the dynein motor to a cargo-binding region
Theory predicts that sexual reproduction can either facilitate or restrain transposable element ( TE ) accumulation by providing TEs with a means of spreading to all individuals in a population , versus facilitating TE load reduction via purifying selection . By quantifying genomic TE loads over time in experimental se...	The genetic information of most living organisms contains parasitic invaders known as transposable elements . These genetic sequences multiply by copying and pasting themselves through the genome , but this process can disrupt the activity of important genes and put the organism at risk . How transposable elements prol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2019	Asexual reproduction reduces transposable element load in experimental yeast populations
Taste circuits are genetically determined to elicit an innate appetitive or aversive response , ensuring that animals consume nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxins . We have examined the response of Drosophila melanogaster to acetic acid , a tastant that can be a metabolic resource but can also be toxic to...	Our sense of taste is critical to our survival . Taste helps us to consume nutritious foods and avoid toxins . There are five basic taste categories: sweet , salty , bitter , sour , and umami or savory , a taste typical of protein-rich foods . Each taste category activates a distinct pathway in the brain , triggering s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses
How the brain controls the need and acquisition of recovery sleep after prolonged wakefulness is an important issue in sleep research . The monoamines serotonin and dopamine are key regulators of sleep in mammals and in Drosophila . We found that the enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 ( AANAT1 ) is expressed b...	Sleep is essential for our physical and mental health . A lack of sleep can affect our energy and concentration levels and is often linked to chronic illnesses and mood disorders . Sleep is controlled by an internal clock in our brain that operates on a 24-hour cycle , telling our bodies when we are tired and ready for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2020	AANAT1 functions in astrocytes to regulate sleep homeostasis
Mobilization of retrotransposons to new genomic locations is a significant driver of mammalian genome evolution , but these mutagenic events can also cause genetic disorders . In humans , retrotransposon mobilization is mediated primarily by proteins encoded by LINE-1 ( L1 ) retrotransposons , which mobilize in pluripo...	Around half of the DNA in a human cell is made of stretches of genetic code that were copied from one part of the human genome and pasted into new locations . Such moveable pieces of genetic code are known as retrotransposons , most which are no longer active . However , one type can still move around: the ‘long inters...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Mobilization of LINE-1 retrotransposons is restricted by Tex19.1 in mouse embryonic stem cells
High-throughput assays of three-dimensional interactions of chromosomes have shed considerable light on the structure of animal chromatin . Despite this progress , the precise physical nature of observed structures and the forces that govern their establishment remain poorly understood . Here we present high resolution...	The DNA inside a cell is packaged into threaded structures called chromosomes . Early studies of chromosomes using insect larvae revealed a pattern of dark- and light-colored bands on the chromosomes that was unique to every region . For decades , it remained unclear if the bands had a specific role . More advanced tec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Convergence of topological domain boundaries, insulators, and polytene interbands revealed by high-resolution mapping of chromatin contacts in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo
The Parkinson’s disease ( PD ) -associated gene leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) has been studied extensively in the brain . However , several studies have established that mutations in LRRK2 confer susceptibility to mycobacterial infection , suggesting LRRK2 also controls immunity . We demonstrate that loss of L...	Parkinson’s disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that causes tremors , slow movements , and stiff and inflexible muscles . The symptoms are caused by the loss of cells known as neurons in a specific part of the brain that helps to regulate how the body moves . Researchers have identified mutations in severa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	LRRK2 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and regulates innate immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Interactions between epithelial cells and neurons influence a range of sensory modalities including taste , touch , and smell . Vertebrate and invertebrate epidermal cells ensheath peripheral arbors of somatosensory neurons , including nociceptors , yet the developmental origins and functional roles of this ensheathmen...	Humans and other animals perceive and interact with the outside world through their sensory nervous system . Nerve cells , acting as the body’s ‘telegraph wires’ , convey signals from sensory organs – like the eyes – to the brain , which then processes this information and tells the body how to respond . There are diff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	A conserved morphogenetic mechanism for epidermal ensheathment of nociceptive sensory neurites
Female mosquitoes need a blood meal to reproduce , and in obtaining this essential nutrient they transmit deadly pathogens . Although crucial for the spread of mosquito-borne diseases , blood feeding remains poorly understood due to technological limitations . Indeed , studies often expose human subjects to assess biti...	Scientists often sacrifice their own skin to study how mosquitos drink blood . They allow mosquitos to bite them in laboratory settings so they can observe the insects’ feeding behavior . By observing blood feeding , scientists hope to find ways to prevent deadly diseases like malaria , which is transmitted by bites fr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2020	BiteOscope, an open platform to study mosquito biting behavior
Eukaryotes have two types of spliceosomes , comprised of either major ( U1 , U2 , U4 , U5 , U6 ) or minor ( U11 , U12 , U4atac , U6atac; <1% ) snRNPs . The high conservation of minor introns , typically one amidst many major introns in several hundred genes , despite their poor splicing , has been a long-standing enigm...	The central dogma of biology states that genetic material , DNA , is transcribed into RNA , which is then translated into proteins . However , the genes of many organisms have stretches of non-coding DNA that interrupt the sequences that code for protein . These non-coding sequences , which are called introns , must be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Minor introns are embedded molecular switches regulated by highly unstable U6atac snRNA
Eukaryotic cells modulate their metabolism by organizing metabolic components in response to varying nutrient availability and energy demands . In rat axons , mitochondria respond to glucose levels by halting active transport in high glucose regions . We employ quantitative modeling to explore physical limits on spatia...	Cells are equipped with power factories called mitochondria that turn nutrients into chemical energy to fuel processes in the cell . Hundreds of mitochondria move throughout the cell , shifting their positions in response to energy demands . This happens via molecular motors that pick the mitochondria up and carry them...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2018	Spatial control of neuronal metabolism through glucose-mediated mitochondrial transport regulation
Prostate is the most frequent cancer in men . Prostate cancer progression is driven by androgen steroid hormones , and delayed by androgen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) . Androgens control transcription by stimulating androgen receptor ( AR ) activity , yet also control pre-mRNA splicing through less clear mechanisms . H...	Cancers often begin as cells that grow in connected sheets or clumps known as epithelial cells . To spread , the cancer cells need to change into cells that can break away from the group and move through the tissues . In prostate cancer , this process can happen years after successful treatment , but researchers are no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	Androgen-regulated transcription of ESRP2 drives alternative splicing patterns in prostate cancer
Cell differentiation is controlled by individual transcription factors ( TFs ) that together activate a selection of enhancers in specific cell types . How these combinations of TFs identify and activate their target sequences remains poorly understood . Here , we identify the cis-regulatory transcriptional code that c...	All cells in the body essentially share the same DNA , despite looking very different and playing a range of roles . The reason that cell types are so different from one another is because of the way they interpret the DNA . Each different type of cell uses a specific subset of the genes within the genome . The part of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	A transcription factor collective defines the HSN serotonergic neuron regulatory landscape
The degradation and recycling of cellular components is essential for cell growth and survival . Here we show how selective and non-selective lysosomal protein degradation pathways cooperate to ensure cell survival upon nutrient limitation . A quantitative analysis of starvation-induced proteome remodeling in yeast rev...	Yeast and other organisms have evolved to survive extended periods of starvation by digesting their own proteins and other cell materials and thereby recycle them into new proteins and structures . One way in which these cell materials can be destroyed is by a process called autophagy . A membrane forms around the cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The coordinated action of the MVB pathway and autophagy ensures cell survival during starvation
Two ER membrane-resident transmembrane kinases , IRE1 and PERK , function as stress sensors in the unfolded protein response . IRE1 also has an endoribonuclease activity , which initiates a non-conventional mRNA splicing reaction , while PERK phosphorylates eIF2α . We engineered a potent small molecule , IPA , that bin...	Cells contain thousands of proteins that carry out the essential tasks needed for survival . Before they can work , proteins must first fold into specific three-dimensional shapes . The endoplasmic reticulum , a cellular compartment that specializes in properly folding newly made proteins into their native states , is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Endoplasmic reticulum stress-independent activation of unfolded protein response kinases by a small molecule ATP-mimic
V1 and V2b interneurons ( INs ) are essential for the production of an alternating flexor–extensor motor output . Using a tripartite genetic system to selectively ablate either V1 or V2b INs in the caudal spinal cord and assess their specific functions in awake behaving animals , we find that V1 and V2b INs function in...	Although there are many different movements an animal can make with its limbs—from reaching to walking—they all basically involve two sets of muscles that act as opposing levers around each joint . ‘Flexor’ muscles contract to bend the limb , and ‘extensor’ muscles contract to extend the limb . When an animal is walkin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A genetically defined asymmetry underlies the inhibitory control of flexor–extensor locomotor movements
The status signalling hypothesis aims to explain within-species variation in ornamentation by suggesting that some ornaments signal dominance status . Here , we use multilevel meta-analytic models to challenge the textbook example of this hypothesis , the black bib of male house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) . We cond...	Many bird species have colourful , intricately patterned plumage . This ornamentation is generally believed to exist to attract partners . In the 1970s , however , scientists proposed an alternative idea , called the ‘status signalling hypothesis’ . This suggests that some birds have plumage ornaments that indicate the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	Meta-analysis challenges a textbook example of status signalling and demonstrates publication bias
Genetic screens are powerful tools for the functional annotation of genomes . In the context of multicellular organisms , interrogation of gene function is greatly facilitated by methods that allow spatial and temporal control of gene abrogation . Here , we describe a large-scale transgenic short guide ( sg ) RNA libra...	Twenty years after the release of the sequence of the human genome , the role of many genes is still unknown . This is partly because some of these genes may only be active in specific types of cells or for short periods of time , which makes them difficult to study . A powerful way to gather information about human ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	A large-scale resource for tissue-specific CRISPR mutagenesis in Drosophila
Epigenome modulation potentially provides a mechanism for organisms to adapt , within and between generations . However , neither the extent to which this occurs , nor the mechanisms involved are known . Here we investigate DNA methylation variation in Swedish Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown at two different temp...	Organisms need to adapt quickly to changes in their environment . Mutations in the DNA sequence of genes can lead to new adaptations , but this can take many generations . Instead , altering how genes are switched on by changing how the DNA is packaged in cells can allow organisms to adapt within and between generation...	[ "Abstract", "Main" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	DNA methylation in Arabidopsis has a genetic basis and shows evidence of local adaptation
Regulation of macromolecular interactions by phosphorylation is crucial in signaling networks . In the spindle assembly checkpoint ( SAC ) , which enables errorless chromosome segregation , phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAC proteins to tensionless kinetochores . The SAC kinase Mps1 phosphorylates multiple Met...	The cell cycle is the process by which a cell divides to produce two near-identical daughter cells . Two crucial parts of the cell cycle are the duplication of the chromosomes in the original cell , and the segregation of these chromosomes between the two daughter cells . These and other parts of the cell cycle are str...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Bub3 reads phosphorylated MELT repeats to promote spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
Endothelial cells ( ECs ) in the central nervous system ( CNS ) acquire their specialized blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) properties in response to extrinsic signals , with Wnt/β-catenin signaling coordinating multiple aspects of this process . Our knowledge of CNS EC development has been advanced largely by animal models ...	The cells that line the inside of blood vessels are called endothelial cells . In the blood vessels of the brain , these cells form a structure called the ‘blood-brain barrier’ , which allows nutrients to pass from the blood into the brain , while at the same time preventing harmful substances like toxins from crossing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Wnt signaling mediates acquisition of blood–brain barrier properties in naïve endothelium derived from human pluripotent stem cells
Anticipating the future is a key motif of the brain , possibly supported by mental simulation of upcoming events . Rodent single-cell recordings suggest the ability of spatially tuned cells to represent subsequent locations . Grid-like representations have been observed in the human entorhinal cortex during virtual and...	Recordings of brain activity in moving rats have found neurons that fire when the rat is at specific locations . These neurons are known as grid cells because their activity produces a grid-like pattern . A separate group of neurons , called head direction cells , represents the rat’s facing direction . Functional magn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Grid-cell representations in mental simulation
Rough-skinned newts ( Taricha granulosa ) use tetrodotoxin ( TTX ) to block voltage-gated sodium ( Nav ) channels as a chemical defense against predation . Interestingly , newts exhibit extreme population-level variation in toxicity attributed to a coevolutionary arms race with TTX-resistant predatory snakes , but the ...	Rough-skinned newts produce tetrodotoxin or TTX , a deadly neurotoxin that is also present in some pufferfish , octopuses , crabs , starfish , flatworms , frogs , and toads . It remains a mystery why so many different creatures produce this toxin . One possibility is that TTX did not evolve in animals at all , but rath...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	The skin microbiome facilitates adaptive tetrodotoxin production in poisonous newts
Membrane attack complex/perforin/cholesterol-dependent cytolysin ( MACPF/CDC ) proteins constitute a major superfamily of pore-forming proteins that act as bacterial virulence factors and effectors in immune defence . Upon binding to the membrane , they convert from the soluble monomeric form to oligomeric , membrane-i...	Many disease-causing bacteria secrete toxic proteins that drill holes into our cells to kill them . Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins ( CDCs ) are a family of such toxins , and are produced by bacteria that cause pneumonia , meningitis , and septicaemia . The bacteria release CDC toxins as single protein molecules , whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Stepwise visualization of membrane pore formation by suilysin, a bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin
Tapeworms grow at rates rivaling the fastest-growing metazoan tissues . To propagate they shed large parts of their body; to replace these lost tissues they regenerate proglottids ( segments ) as part of normal homeostasis . Their remarkable growth and regeneration are fueled by adult somatic stem cells that have yet t...	Many worms have remarkable abilities to regrow and repair their bodies . The parasitic tapeworms , for example , can reach lengths of several meters and grow much more quickly than tissues in humans and other complex animals . This growth allows tapeworms to counteract the continual loss of the segments that make up th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Region-specific regulation of stem cell-driven regeneration in tapeworms
PIWI-interacting RNAs ( piRNAs ) protect the germ line by targeting transposable elements ( TEs ) through the base-pair complementarity . We do not know how piRNAs co-evolve with TEs in chickens . Here we reported that all active TEs in the chicken germ line are targeted by piRNAs , and as TEs lose their activity , the...	Viruses called retroviruses can infect animal cells and merge their genetic information with those of the animal causing damage to the animal’s genetic blueprints . Once retroviruses are integrated into a cell they can sometimes get passed down through the generations over the centuries . Almost half of the human genet...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Domestic chickens activate a piRNA defense against avian leukosis virus
Active zone proteins cluster synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals and coordinate their release . In forward genetic screens , we isolated a novel Caenorhabditis elegans active zone gene , clarinet ( cla-1 ) . cla-1 mutants exhibit defects in synaptic vesicle clustering , active zone structure and synapse number ....	Nerve cells , or neurons , communicate with one another by sending messages across junctions called synapses . When the neuron on one side of a synapse becomes active , calcium ions flood into the cell . This causes the neuron to release signals called neurotransmitters , which activate the cell on the other side of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Clarinet (CLA-1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic vesicle clustering and release
To maintain their speeds during navigation , insects rely on feedback from their visual and mechanosensory modalities . Although optic flow plays an essential role in speed determination , it is less reliable under conditions of low light or sparse landmarks . Under such conditions , insects rely on feedback from anten...	Insects combine information from different senses to help them navigate during flight . Flying insects see moving images , which the brain can use to measure their speeds . Insect antennae also help to judge speed , as they signal to the brain about the physical forces that result from the insect moving through the air...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Airflow and optic flow mediate antennal positioning in flying honeybees
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries and is increasing in prevalence . The pathomechanisms , however , are poorly understood . This study assessed the unexpected role of the Hedgehog pathway in adult liver lipid metabolism . Using transgenic mice with ...	The liver is one of the main organs responsible for processing everything that mammals eat and drink . Nutrients absorbed by the gut like sugars and lipids ( fats ) are processed by the liver and are stored or distributed to provide energy to other organs . Sometimes these metabolic processes become unbalanced . This c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Hedgehog signaling is a potent regulator of liver lipid metabolism and reveals a GLI-code associated with steatosis
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a long-standing model for the three-dimensional organization of eukaryotic genomes . However , even in this well-studied model , it is unclear how homolog pairing in diploids or environmental conditions influence overall genome organization . Here , we performed high-throug...	Most of the DNA in human , yeast and other eukaryotic cells is packaged into long thread-like structures called chromosomes within a compartment of the cell called the nucleus . The chromosomes are folded to fit inside the nucleus and this organization influences how the DNA is read , copied , and repaired . The foldin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	The dynamic three-dimensional organization of the diploid yeast genome
The straight-tusked elephants Palaeoloxodon spp . were widespread across Eurasia during the Pleistocene . Phylogenetic reconstructions using morphological traits have grouped them with Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) , and many paleontologists place Palaeoloxodon within Elephas . Here , we report the recovery of fu...	Understanding how extinct species are related to each other or to their living relatives is often a difficult task . Many extinct species have been identified only from incomplete fragments of some of their bones . However , even if complete skeletons have been found , determining the relationships between species can ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Palaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution
Caveolae-associated protein 3 ( cavin3 ) is inactivated in most cancers . We characterized how cavin3 affects the cellular proteome using genome-edited cells together with label-free quantitative proteomics . These studies revealed a prominent role for cavin3 in DNA repair , with BRCA1 and BRCA1 A-complex components be...	When cells become cancerous they often stop making certain proteins . This includes a protein known as cavin3 which resides in bulb-shaped pits of the membrane that surrounds the cell called caveolae . These structures work like stress detectors , picking up changes in the membrane and releasing proteins , such as cavi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Cavin3 released from caveolae interacts with BRCA1 to regulate the cellular stress response
Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden . Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors , Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled b...	Mosquitoes spread many disease-causing viruses and parasites between people and other animals , including viral infections such as dengue and chikungunya . Both infections cause high fevers often accompanied with excruciating joint pain or other flu-like symptoms . Dengue and chikungunya have become growing public heal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2015	The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus
HIV has been reported to be cytotoxic in vitro and in lymph node infection models . Using a computational approach , we found that partial inhibition of transmissions of multiple virions per cell could lead to increased numbers of live infected cells . If the number of viral DNA copies remains above one after inhibitio...	The HIVvirus infects cells of the immune system . Once inside , it hijacks the cellular molecular machineries to make more copies of itself , which are then transmitted to new host cells . HIV eventually kills most cells it infects , either in the steps leading to the infection of the cell , or after the cell is alread...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Incomplete inhibition of HIV infection results in more HIV infected lymph node cells by reducing cell death
Paying attention to one speaker in a noisy place can be extremely difficult , because to-be-attended and task-irrelevant speech compete for processing resources . We tested whether this competition is restricted to acoustic-phonetic interference or if it extends to competition for linguistic processing as well . Neural...	We are all familiar with the difficulty of trying to pay attention to a person speaking in a noisy environment , something often known as the ‘cocktail party problem’ . This can be especially challenging when the background noise we are trying to filter out is another conversation that we can understand . In order to a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Linguistic processing of task-irrelevant speech at a cocktail party
Cancer cells usually exhibit aberrant cell signaling and metabolic reprogramming . However , mechanisms of crosstalk between these processes remain elusive . Here , we show that in an in vivo tumor model expressing oncogenic Drosophila Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase ( Hipk ) , tumor cells display elevated aerob...	Cancer arises when cells in the body divide and grow excessively . These cells will often also take up more glucose than normal cells and break it down into another chemical known as lactate faster . This change to the chemical reactions happening within the cell , also called a metabolic change , is required to help p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	A positive feedback loop between Myc and aerobic glycolysis sustains tumor growth in a Drosophila tumor model
In placebo hypoalgesia research , the strength of treatment expectations and experiences are key components . However , the reliability or precision of expectations had been mostly ignored although being a likely source for interindividual differences . In the present study , we adopted a Bayesian framework , naturally...	On a battlefield in World War II , surgeon Henry Beecher ran out of morphine . To his surprise , he found that replacing the missing morphine with saltwater allowed him to continue operating on wounded soldiers . Although saltwater contains no active pain-relieving ingredients , it reduced the soldiers’ pain . This is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	The periaqueductal gray and Bayesian integration in placebo analgesia
Mammalian sirtuin 6 ( Sirt6 ) is a conserved NAD+-dependent deacylase and mono-ADP ribosylase that is known to be involved in DNA damage repair , metabolic homeostasis , inflammation , tumorigenesis , and aging . Loss of Sirt6 in mice results in accelerated aging and premature death within a month . Here , we show that...	Almost without exception , mammals age as they grow older . Older mammals are at greater risk of diseases like cancer , and have fewer stem cells that would otherwise help to keep their organs healthy . Some of the proteins that regulate and impact upon aging have been identified . One of these is an enzyme called SIRT...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Haploinsufficiency of Trp53 dramatically extends the lifespan of Sirt6-deficient mice
Centrosomes comprise a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material ( PCM ) . The PCM expands dramatically as cells enter mitosis , but it is unclear how this occurs . In this study , we show that the centriole protein Asl initiates the recruitment of DSpd-2 and Cnn to mother centrioles; both proteins then ...	Long protein filaments called microtubules perform a range of roles inside cells—for example , they give the cell its shape and help to divide its genetic material during cell division . In animal cells , microtubules emerge from structures called centrosomes . These contain two cylindrical structures called centrioles...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A molecular mechanism of mitotic centrosome assembly in Drosophila
In order to regenerate tissues successfully , stem cells must detect injuries and restore missing cell types through largely unknown mechanisms . Planarian flatworms have an extensive stem cell population responsible for regenerating any organ after amputation . Here , we compare planarian stem cell responses to differ...	Many animals can repair and regrow body parts through a process called regeneration . Tiny flatworms called planaria have some of the greatest regenerative abilities and can regrow their whole bodies from just a small part . They can do this because around a fifth of their body is made of stem cells , which are cells t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	Planarian stem cells sense the identity of the missing pharynx to launch its targeted regeneration
Glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) is the most aggressive human primary brain cancer . Using a Trp53-deficient mouse model of GBM , we show that genetic inactivation of the Atm cofactor Atmin , which is dispensable for embryonic and adult neural development , strongly suppresses GBM formation . Mechanistically , expressio...	Glioblastomas are the most common and aggressive brain cancers in adults , and currently lack efficient treatment options . Glioblastoma cells contain genetic mutations that enable them to grow and divide more quickly than they would under normal conditions . The occurrence of these mutations often leads to a functiona...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Inactivation of the ATMIN/ATM pathway protects against glioblastoma formation
Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy ( FIB-SEM ) can automatically generate 3D images with superior z-axis resolution , yielding data that needs minimal image registration and related post-processing . Obstacles blocking wider adoption of FIB-SEM include slow imaging speed and lack of long-term system stabilit...	Precise three-dimensional imaging can help make sense of microscopic details in biology . These images are usually built up from many two-dimensional images stacked on top of each other . One approach for examining particularly fine details , such as the connections between nerve cells in the brain , is called focused ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Technology", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Enhanced FIB-SEM systems for large-volume 3D imaging
Mineral malnutrition stemming from undiversified plant-based diets is a top global challenge . In C3 plants ( e . g . , rice , wheat ) , elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( eCO2 ) reduce protein and nitrogen concentrations , and can increase the total non-structural carbohydrates ( TNC; mainly starc...	Rice and wheat provide two out every five calories that humans consume . Like other plants , crop plants convert carbon dioxide ( or CO2 ) from the air into sugars and other carbohydrates . They also take up minerals and other nutrients from the soil . The increase in CO2 in the atmosphere that has happened since the I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2014	Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO2 depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition
Animals , including humans , consistently exhibit myopia in two different contexts: foraging , in which they harvest locally beyond what is predicted by optimal foraging theory , and intertemporal choice , in which they exhibit a preference for immediate vs . delayed rewards beyond what is predicted by rational ( expon...	Often decisions have to be made on whether to stick with a resource or leave it behind to search for a better alternative . Should you book that hotel room or continue looking at others ? Is it time to start searching for a new job , or even for a new partner ? Animals face similar 'stick or twist' decisions when forag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Rats exhibit similar biases in foraging and intertemporal choice tasks
Ecological processes underlying bacterial coexistence in the gut are not well understood . Here , we disentangled the effect of the host and the diet on the coexistence of four closely related Lactobacillus species colonizing the honey bee gut . We serially passaged the four species through gnotobiotic bees and in liqu...	Microbes colonize nearly every environment on Earth , from the ocean and soil to the inner and outer surfaces of animals , such as the gut or skin . They form communities that are usually made up of a diverse range of bacteria , often containing closely related species – a key factor for a successful community . But cl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Niche partitioning facilitates coexistence of closely related honey bee gut bacteria
A polymorphism in the autophagy gene Atg16l1 is associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) ; however , it remains unclear how autophagy contributes to intestinal immune homeostasis . Here , we demonstrate that autophagy is essential for maintenance of balanced CD4+ T cell responses in the inte...	The gut presents a puzzle to our immune system . Immune cells must rapidly respond to antigens produced by harmful bacteria , but food and the beneficial bacteria that inhabit the gut also produce antigens that our immune system must tolerate . Inappropriate immune responses in the gut can lead to inflammatory bowel di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	The autophagy gene Atg16l1 differentially regulates Treg and TH2 cells to control intestinal inflammation
The unfolded protein response ( UPR ) monitors and adjusts the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . In S . pombe , the ER membrane-resident kinase/endoribonuclease Ire1 utilizes a mechanism of selective degradation of ER-bound mRNAs ( RIDD ) to maintain homeostasis . We used a genetic screen t...	Most proteins need to fold into a specific shape in order to work properly . As such , cells have developed a number of ways to sense and respond to stressful conditions that cause their proteins to fold incorrectly . One place this happens is within a network of tubes inside the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum; ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay requires no-go mRNA degradation to maintain endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis in S. pombe
Skeletal muscle comprises a family of diverse tissues with highly specialized functions . Many acquired diseases , including HIV and COPD , affect specific muscles while sparing others . Even monogenic muscular dystrophies selectively affect certain muscle groups . These observations suggest that factors intrinsic to m...	About 40% of our weight is formed of skeletal muscles , the hundreds of muscles in our bodies that can be voluntarily controlled by our nervous system . At the moment , the research community largely sees all these muscles as a single group whose tissues are virtually interchangeable . Yet , skeletal muscles have highl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among skeletal muscle tissues
Bioimage analysis of fluorescent labels is widely used in the life sciences . Recent advances in deep learning ( DL ) allow automating time-consuming manual image analysis processes based on annotated training data . However , manual annotation of fluorescent features with a low signal-to-noise ratio is somewhat subjec...	Research in biology generates many image datasets , mostly from microscopy . These images have to be analyzed , and much of this analysis relies on a human expert looking at the images and manually annotating features . Image datasets are often large , and human annotation can be subjective , so automating image analys...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	On the objectivity, reliability, and validity of deep learning enabled bioimage analyses
Recent reports have suggested that self-propagating CRISPR-based gene drive systems are unlikely to efficiently invade wild populations due to drive-resistant alleles that prevent cutting . Here we develop mathematical models based on existing empirical data to explicitly test this assumption for population alteration ...	Gene drive is a genetic engineering technology that can spread a particular suite of genes throughout a population . Among the types of gene drive systems , those based on the CRISPR genome editing technology are predicted to be able to spread genes particularly rapidly . This is because components of the CRISPR system...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Current CRISPR gene drive systems are likely to be highly invasive in wild populations
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) senses intracellular amino acid levels through an intricate machinery , which includes the Rag GTPases , Ragulator and vacuolar ATPase ( V-ATPase ) . The membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF2 is released into the cytosol upon its phosphorylation by Akt . ...	During digestion , proteins are broken down into their constituent parts called amino acids . Amino acids are transported in the bloodstream and are used to build up new cells and repair old ones . Optimal regulation of the cellular rates of amino acid uptake and protein synthesis is critical to the overall health of o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF2 is a substrate of mTORC1 and regulates its activation by amino acids
RAB5 is a key regulator of endosomal functions in eukaryotic cells . Plants possess two different RAB5 groups , canonical and plant-unique types , which act via unknown counteracting mechanisms . Here , we identified an effector molecule of the plant-unique RAB5 in Arabidopsis thaliana , ARA6 , which we designated PLAN...	Living cells often contain compartments that pass proteins , fats and other biological molecules to one another via a process called membrane trafficking . Endosomes are one of the key platforms of membrane trafficking . These structures accumulate molecules from the outside of the cell , sort them , and then redirect ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Integration of two RAB5 groups during endosomal transport in plants
To investigate the mechanisms by which β-subunits influence Nav channel function , we solved the crystal structure of the β2 extracellular domain at 1 . 35Å . We combined these data with known bacterial Nav channel structural insights and novel functional studies to determine the interactions of specific residues in β2...	Our bodies run on electricity . The brain , heart and some other organs depend on small electrical signals that are generated by ions moving through specialized protein complexes that sit in the membrane surrounding a cell . One of these channels is a ‘sodium channel’ , through which positively charged sodium ions move...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Binary architecture of the Nav1.2-β2 signaling complex
The Drosophila protocadherin Fat ( Ft ) regulates growth , planar cell polarity ( PCP ) and proximodistal patterning . A key downstream component of Ft signaling is the atypical myosin Dachs ( D ) . Multiple regions of the intracellular domain of Ft have been implicated in regulating growth and PCP but how Ft regulates...	Multi-cellular organisms are made up of cells that are organized into tissues and organs that reach a predictable size and shape at the end of their development . To do this , cells must be able to sense their position and orientation within the body and know when to stop growing . Epithelial cells—which make up the ou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The Drosophila F-box protein Fbxl7 binds to the protocadherin Fat and regulates Dachs localization and Hippo signaling
Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome ( RTT ) . Previous studies have shown that altered MeCP2 levels result in aberrant neurite outgrowth and glutamatergic synapse formation . However , causal molecular mechanisms are not well understood since MeCP2 is known to regulate transc...	Rett syndrome is a progressive brain disorder . Individuals with the condition ( who are typically girls ) grow normally until they are 6-18 months old and then developmentally regress , with symptoms including anxiety , impaired coordination , seizures and breathing problems . Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Loss of MeCP2 disrupts cell autonomous and autocrine BDNF signaling in mouse glutamatergic neurons
Many RNAs , including pre-mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs , can be thousands of nucleotides long and undergo complex post-transcriptional processing . Multiple sites of alternative splicing within a single gene exponentially increase the number of possible spliced isoforms , with most human genes currently estimated to ...	A flow chart can show how an outcome can be achieved from a particular start point by breaking down an activity into a list of possible steps . Often , a flow chart contains several alternative steps , not all of which are taken every time the flow chart is used . The same can be said of genes , which are biological in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Assessing long-distance RNA sequence connectivity via RNA-templated DNA–DNA ligation
Rhythmic actions benefit from synchronization with external events . Auditory-paced finger tapping studies indicate the two cerebral hemispheres preferentially control different rhythms . It is unclear whether left-lateralized processing of faster rhythms and right-lateralized processing of slower rhythms bases upon he...	If you watch a skilled pianist , you will see that their right hand moves quickly up and down the high notes while their left hand plays the lower notes more slowly . Given that about 90% of people are right-handed , it might not seem too surprising that most people can perform faster and more precise movements with th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Differential contributions of the two human cerebral hemispheres to action timing
Many adult stem cell communities are maintained by population asymmetry , where stochastic behaviors of multiple individual cells collectively result in a balance between stem cell division and differentiation . We investigated how this is achieved for Drosophila Follicle Stem Cells ( FSCs ) by spatially-restricted nic...	Adult organisms contain a variety of cells that are routinely replaced using adult stem cells which can generate the cells of a specific tissue . These stem cells are often clustered into small groups , where combinations of chemical signals from nearby cells can encourage each stem cell to divide or ‘differentiate’ in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Opposing JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling gradients define a stem cell domain by regulating differentiation at two borders
Nitric oxide ( NO ) is released into the air by NO-producing organisms; however , it is unclear if animals utilize NO as a sensory cue . We show that C . elegans avoids Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( PA14 ) in part by detecting PA14-produced NO . PA14 mutants deficient for NO production fail to elicit avoidance and NO donors...	Nitric oxide is a colorless gas that contains one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom . Found at very low levels in the air , this gas is produced by the intense heat of lightning strikes and by combustion engines . Almost all living organisms also produce nitric oxide . In animals , for example , nitric oxide regulates ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Thioredoxin shapes the C. elegans sensory response to Pseudomonas produced nitric oxide
The first wave of transcriptional activation occurs after fertilisation in a species-specific pattern . Despite its importance to initial embryonic development , the characteristics of transcription following fertilisation are poorly understood in Aves . Here , we report detailed insights into the onset of genome activ...	The early stages of animal development involve a handover of genetic control . Initially , the egg cell is maintained by genetic information inherited from the mother , but soon after fertilization it starts to depend on its own genes instead . Activating genes inside the fertilized egg cell ( zygote ) so that they can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Zygotic gene activation in the chicken occurs in two waves, the first involving only maternally derived genes
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is endowed with multiple highly sophisticated immune evasion strategies . This includes the evasion from antibody mediated immune control by counteracting host Fc-gamma receptor ( FcγR ) mediated immune control mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity ( ADCC ) . We have...	Human cytomegalovirus is a type of herpes virus that rarely causes symptoms in healthy people but can cause serious complications in unborn babies and in people with compromised immune systems , such as transplant recipients . The virus has found ways to successfully evade the immune system , and once infected , the bo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Human cytomegalovirus antagonizes activation of Fcγ receptors by distinct and synergizing modes of IgG manipulation
mRNA transcription in dsRNA viruses is a highly regulated process but the mechanism of this regulation is not known . Here , by nucleoside triphosphatase ( NTPase ) assay and comparisons of six high-resolution ( 2 . 9–3 . 1 Å ) cryo-electron microscopy structures of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus with bound ligands , w...	Viruses can only replicate by invading the cells of other organisms , such as plants and animals . Each virus carries genetic material in the form of molecules of DNA or ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , which are packaged in a shell made of proteins . The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus has a genome made of a type of RNA call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	A putative ATPase mediates RNA transcription and capping in a dsRNA virus
Multicellular organisms maintain structure and function of tissues/organs through emergent , self-organizing behavior . In this report , we demonstrate a critical role for lung mesenchymal stromal cell ( L-MSC ) aging in determining the capacity to form three-dimensional organoids or ‘alveolospheres’ with type 2 alveol...	Many tissues in the body are capable of regenerating by replacing defective or worn-out cells with new ones . This process relies heavily on stem cells , which are precursor cells that lack a set role in the body and can develop into different types of cells under the right conditions . Tissues often have their own poo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "short", "report" ]	2021	Mesenchymal stromal cell aging impairs the self-organizing capacity of lung alveolar epithelial stem cells
Previous studies had shown that the integration of genome wide expression profiles , in metabolic tissues , with genetic and phenotypic variance , provided valuable insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms . We used RNA-Seq to characterize hypothalamic transcriptome in 99 inbred strains of mice from the Hybrid ...	Metabolism is a term that describes all the chemical reactions that are involved in keeping a living organism alive . Diseases related to metabolism – such as obesity , heart disease and diabetes – are a major health problem in the Western world . The causes of these diseases are complex and include both environmental ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Hypothalamic transcriptomes of 99 mouse strains reveal trans eQTL hotspots, splicing QTLs and novel non-coding genes
The ‘pitchers’ of carnivorous pitcher plants are exquisite examples of convergent evolution . An open question is whether the living communities housed in pitchers also converge in structure or function . Using samples from more than 330 field-collected pitchers of eight species of Southeast Asian Nepenthes and six spe...	The ecosystems found across the Earth , including in forests , lakes and prairies , consist of communities of plants , animals and microbes . How these organisms interact with each other determines which ones grow and thrive . We still do not understand how communities form: why different species exist where they do , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Convergence between the microcosms of Southeast Asian and North American pitcher plants
The cerebral cortex contains multiple areas with distinctive cytoarchitectonic patterns , but the cellular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this diversity remain unclear . Here , we have investigated the neuronal output of individual progenitor cells in the developing mouse neocortex using a combination of method...	Recognizable by its deep outer folds in humans , the cerebral cortex is a region of the mammalian brain which handles complex processes such as conscious perception or decision-making . It is organized in several layers that contain different types of ‘excitatory’ neurons which can activate other cells . The various ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	A stochastic framework of neurogenesis underlies the assembly of neocortical cytoarchitecture
Ryanodine receptor type I-related myopathies ( RYR1-RMs ) are a common group of childhood muscle diseases associated with severe disabilities and early mortality for which there are no available treatments . The goal of this study is to identify new therapeutic targets for RYR1-RMs . To accomplish this , we developed a...	Muscle cells have storage compartments stuffed full of calcium , which they release to trigger a contraction . This process depends on a channel-shaped protein called the ryanodine receptor , or RYR1 for short . When RYR1 is activated , it releases calcium from storage , which floods the muscle cell . Mutations in the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2020	Identification of drug modifiers for RYR1-related myopathy using a multi-species discovery pipeline
Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor ( PEDF ) is a secreted factor that has broad biological activities . It was first identified as a neurotrophic factor and later as the most potent natural antiangiogenic factor , a stem cell niche factor , and an inhibitor of cancer cell growth . Numerous animal models demonstrated its...	Many cells in our body release signals that trigger responses in other cells . A protein called PEDF is a signal released from a variety of cells that can prevent the formation of new blood vessels , protect cells in the retina and brain from damage and stop cancer cells from growing . Experiments using model animals h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Identification of PLXDC1 and PLXDC2 as the transmembrane receptors for the multifunctional factor PEDF
We asked how a new , complex trait evolves by selecting for diurnal oscillations in the budding yeast , Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We expressed yellow fluorescent protein ( YFP ) from a yeast promoter and selected for a regular alternation between low and high fluorescence over a 24-hr period . This selection produced ...	In living things , many important behaviors—including animal heartbeats and sleep patterns—happen in cycles . Machines called oscillators , which are found inside cells , control these behaviors . There are many different oscillators and they share some common features , despite involving different genes . Each oscilla...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Evolving a 24-hr oscillator in budding yeast
Social interactions have a major impact on well-being . While many individuals actively seek social situations , others avoid them , at great cost to their private and professional life . The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in social approach or avoidance tendencies are poorly understood . Here we e...	Your relationships with the people around you – friends , family , colleagues – have a strong influence on your overall life happiness . Even so , many people struggle to engage with the people around them . Social interactions can be stressful and many people choose to avoid them , even at a cost . Being able to measu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	A human subcortical network underlying social avoidance revealed by risky economic choices
Each of the olfactory sensory neurons ( OSNs ) chooses to express a single G protein-coupled olfactory receptor ( OR ) from a pool of hundreds . Here , we show the receptor transporting protein ( RTP ) family members play a dual role in both normal OR trafficking and determining OR gene choice probabilities . Rtp1 and ...	Olfaction , or the sense of smell , is perhaps the most complicated and least understood of the five basic senses . Olfactory neurons in the nose can detect and distinguish between tens of thousands of different odor producing substances . They do so by using hundreds of unique sensors called olfactory receptors , each...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Olfactory receptor accessory proteins play crucial roles in receptor function and gene choice
Planar cell polarity ( PCP ) and neural tube defects ( NTDs ) are linked , with a subset of NTD patients found to harbor mutations in PCP genes , but there is limited data on whether these mutations disrupt PCP signaling in vivo . The core PCP gene Van Gogh ( Vang ) , Vangl1/2 in mammals , is the most specific for PCP ...	As an embryo develops , its cells must work together to build mature tissues and organs . During the formation of the nervous system , for example , a sheet of cells destined to become the brain and spinal cord folds up into a tube spanning the length of the embryo . Normally , this tube – known as the ‘neural tube’ – ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Mutations associated with human neural tube defects display disrupted planar cell polarity in Drosophila
A widely accepted model for the evolution of cave animals posits colonization by surface ancestors followed by the acquisition of adaptations over many generations . However , the speed of cave adaptation in some species suggests mechanisms operating over shorter timescales . To address these mechanisms , we used Astya...	The Mexican tetra is a fish that has two forms: a surface-dwelling form , which has eyes and silvery grey appearance , and a cave-dwelling form , which is blind and has lost its pigmentation . Recent studies have shown that the cave-dwelling form evolved rapidly within the last 200 , 000 years from an ancestor that liv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism of cave colonization and adaptation
The de novo emergence of new genes has been well documented through genomic analyses . However , a functional analysis , especially of very young protein-coding genes , is still largely lacking . Here , we identify a set of house mouse-specific protein-coding genes and assess their translation by ribosome profiling and...	Different species have specific genes that set them apart from other species . Yet exactly how these species-specific genes originate is not fully known . The traditional view is that existing old genes are duplicated to make a ‘spare’ copy , which can change through mutations into a new gene with a new role gradually ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	A de novo evolved gene in the house mouse regulates female pregnancy cycles
Hedgehog ligands activate an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that provides instructional cues during tissue morphogenesis , and when corrupted , contributes to developmental disorders and cancer . The transmembrane protein Dispatched is an essential component of the machinery that deploys Hedgehog family lig...	As an embryo develops , its cells divide many times until they specialize to become distinct cell types that make up the tissues and organs . To do so , the cells need to communicate , and some send signals by making and releasing proteins that travel to more distant cells . One such signaling pathway is called Hedgeho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Cleavage activates Dispatched for Sonic Hedgehog ligand release
Lateral olivocochlear ( LOC ) efferent neurons modulate auditory nerve fiber ( ANF ) activity using a large repertoire of neurotransmitters , including dopamine ( DA ) and acetylcholine ( ACh ) . Little is known about how individual neurotransmitter systems are differentially utilized in response to the ever-changing a...	Every day , we hear sounds that might be alarming , distracting , intriguing or calming – or simply just too loud . Our hearing system responds to these acoustic changes by fine-tuning sounds before they enter the brain . For example , if a noise is too loud , the volume can be turned down by dampening the signals nerv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Sound exposure dynamically induces dopamine synthesis in cholinergic LOC efferents for feedback to auditory nerve fibers
While targeted therapy against HER2 is an effective first-line treatment in HER2+ breast cancer , acquired resistance remains a clinical challenge . The pseudokinase HER3 , heterodimerisation partner of HER2 , is widely implicated in the resistance to HER2-mediated therapy . Here , we show that lapatinib , an ATP-compe...	Around 20% of breast cancers are caused because cells have too many copies of a receptor protein called HER2 on their surface . HER2 is responsible for telling the cell to divide . Cells with too many of these receptors – and breast cancer cells can have up to 1000 times too many – divide uncontrollably . This causes t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Inhibitor-induced HER2-HER3 heterodimerisation promotes proliferation through a novel dimer interface
The super-resolution microscopy called RESOLFT relying on fluorophore switching between longlived states , stands out by its coordinate-targeted sequential sample interrogation using low light levels . While RESOLFT has been shown to discern nanostructures in living cells , the reversibly photoswitchable green fluoresc...	For decades it was assumed that the diffraction of light meant that optical microscopy could not resolve features that were smaller than about the half the wavelength of the light being used to create an image . However , various ‘super-resolution’ methods have allowed researchers to overcome this diffraction limit for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2012	rsEGFP2 enables fast RESOLFT nanoscopy of living cells
Cytochromes c are ubiquitous heme proteins in mitochondria and bacteria , all possessing a CXXCH ( CysXxxXxxCysHis ) motif with covalently attached heme . We describe the first in vitro reconstitution of cytochrome c biogenesis using purified mitochondrial ( HCCS ) and bacterial ( CcsBA ) cytochrome c synthases . We em...	From tiny bacteria to the tallest trees , most life on Earth carries a protein called cytochrome c , which helps to create the energy that powers up cells . Cytochrome c does so thanks to its heme , a molecule that enables the chemical reactions required for the energy-creating process . Despite both relying on cytochr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2021	In vitro reconstitution reveals major differences between human and bacterial cytochrome c synthases
Tightly regulated Ca2+ homeostasis is a prerequisite for proper cardiac function . To dissect the regulatory network of cardiac Ca2+ handling , we performed a chemical suppressor screen on zebrafish tremblor embryos , which suffer from Ca2+ extrusion defects . Efsevin was identified based on its potent activity to rest...	The heart is a large muscle that pumps blood around the body by maintaining a regular rhythm of contraction and relaxation . If the heart loses this regular rhythm it works less efficiently , which can lead to life-threatening conditions . Regular heart rhythms are maintained by changes in the concentration of calcium ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the voltage-dependent anion channel 2 regulates cardiac rhythmicity
The yeast Dsc E3 ligase complex has long been recognized as a Golgi-specific protein ubquitination system . It shares a striking sequence similarity to the Hrd1 complex that plays critical roles in the ER-associated degradation pathway . Using biochemical purification and mass spectrometry , we identified two novel Dsc...	Proteins perform many tasks and , to remain healthy , each cell must ensure that its proteins are in good condition and present at the right levels . Plants , animals and fungi all largely deal with damaged , or otherwise unneeded , proteins by tagging them with a small marker called ubiquitin . The tagged proteins are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Sorting of a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase complex in the endolysosome system
Epithelial tissues are primed to respond to insults by activating epithelial cell motility and rapid inflammation . Such responses are also elicited upon overexpression of the membrane-bound protease , Matriptase , or mutation of its inhibitor , Hai1 . Unrestricted Matriptase activity also predisposes to carcinoma . Ho...	Cancer occurs when normal processes in the cell become corrupted or unregulated . Many proteins can contribute , including one enzyme called Matriptase that cuts other proteins at specific sites . Matriptase activity is tightly controlled by a protein called Hai1 . In mice and zebrafish , when Hai1 cannot adequately co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Matriptase activation of Gq drives epithelial disruption and inflammation via RSK and DUOX
During organogenesis , inductive signals cause cell differentiation and morphogenesis . However , how these phenomena are coordinated to form functional organs is poorly understood . Here , we show that cell differentiation of the Drosophila trachea is sequentially determined in two steps and that the second step is sy...	Cells in developing organs have two important decisions to make: where to be and what cell type to become . If cells end up in the wrong places , they can stop an organ from working , so it is vital that one decision depends upon the other . The so-called progenitor cells responsible for forming the trachea , for examp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Two-step regulation of trachealess ensures tight coupling of cell fate with morphogenesis in the Drosophila trachea
Vemurafenib and dabrafenib selectively inhibit the v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 ( BRAF ) kinase , resulting in high response rates and increased survival in melanoma . Approximately 22% of individuals treated with vemurafenib develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( cSCC ) during therapy . The prev...	Over 50% of melanomas , a highly lethal form of skin cancer , carry mutations in a gene called BRAF . The BRAF gene encodes an enzyme that helps to regulate the proliferation of cells , but mutations in this gene lead to the excessive proliferation that is seen in cancer . Clinical trials have shown that a drug called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2013	BRAF inhibitors suppress apoptosis through off-target inhibition of JNK signaling
Cyanogenic glucosides are among the most widespread defense chemicals of plants . Upon plant tissue disruption , these glucosides are hydrolyzed to a reactive hydroxynitrile that releases toxic hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) . Yet many mite and lepidopteran species can thrive on plants defended by cyanogenic glucosides . The...	Hydrogen cyanide is a poison that is deadly for most forms of life . Also known as prussic acid , it has killed countless humans throughout history in accidents and during the Holocaust . Hydrogen cyanide is also used by plants to defend themselves against insects and other herbivorous animals . Many plants produce che...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	A gene horizontally transferred from bacteria protects arthropods from host plant cyanide poisoning
Sensory hair cells in the ear utilize specialized ribbon synapses . These synapses are defined by electron-dense presynaptic structures called ribbons , composed primarily of the structural protein Ribeye . Previous work has shown that voltage-gated influx of Ca2+ through CaV1 . 3 channels is critical for hair-cell syn...	Hearing depends upon specialized cells deep within the ear called hair cells . These cells take their name from the bundles of hair-like fibers found on their surface , which move when sound waves enter the ear . This movement activates the hair cells , which send signals to nearby neurons at contact points called syna...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Synaptic mitochondria regulate hair-cell synapse size and function
Outer membrane TonB-dependent transporters facilitate the uptake of trace nutrients and carbohydrates in Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for pathogenic bacteria and the health of the microbiome . Despite this , their mechanism of transport is still unknown . Here , pulse electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR )...	Bacteria must obtain nutrients from their surrounding environment in order to survive . In Gram-negative bacteria , proteins in the outer membrane surrounding the cell actively transport carbohydrates and trace nutrients like iron into the cell’s interior . Although the structures of many of these transport proteins ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Structural intermediates observed only in intact Escherichia coli indicate a mechanism for TonB-dependent transport
A prerequisite for the systems biology analysis of tissues is an accurate digital three-dimensional reconstruction of tissue structure based on images of markers covering multiple scales . Here , we designed a flexible pipeline for the multi-scale reconstruction and quantitative morphological analysis of tissue archite...	Understanding how individual cells interact to form tissues in animals and plants is a key problem in cell and developmental biology . To be able to answer this question researchers need to use microscopy to observe the cells in a tissue , extract structural information from the images , and then generate three-dimensi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	A versatile pipeline for the multi-scale digital reconstruction and quantitative analysis of 3D tissue architecture
Evolutionary studies are often limited by missing data that are critical to understanding the history of selection . Selection experiments , which reproduce rapid evolution under controlled conditions , are excellent tools to study how genomes evolve under selection . Here we present a genomic dissection of the Longsha...	Humans have been making use of artificial selection for thousands of years . Much of what we eat , for example , from beef to poultry to cereals , comes from a collection of organisms with genomes that have been completely reshaped by the actions of generations of farmers and breeders . Yet , despite decades of researc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	An integrative genomic analysis of the Longshanks selection experiment for longer limbs in mice
Neural representations of behaviorally relevant stimulus features displaying invariance with respect to different contexts are essential for perception . However , the mechanisms mediating their emergence and subsequent refinement remain poorly understood in general . Here , we demonstrate that correlated neural activi...	We can effortlessly recognize an object – a car , for example – in many different contexts such as when seen from behind , under different lighting levels or even from different viewpoints . This phenomenon is known as perceptual invariance: objects are correctly recognized , despite variations in exactly what is seen ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Neural correlations enable invariant coding and perception of natural stimuli in weakly electric fish
Quantifying pathogen transmission in multi-host systems is difficult , as exemplified in bovine tuberculosis ( bTB ) systems , but is crucial for control . The agent of bTB , Mycobacterium bovis , persists in cattle populations worldwide , often where potential wildlife reservoirs exist . However , the relative contrib...	Disease-causing microbes that infect more than one type of animal can be difficult to control . This is especially true when they infect wildlife . For example , Mycobacterium bovis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis in tens of thousands of cattle in Britain every year and also infects badgers and other wildlife ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Combining genomics and epidemiology to analyse bi-directional transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in a multi-host system
The Aedes aegypti mosquito shows extreme sexual dimorphism in feeding . Only females are attracted to and obtain a blood-meal from humans , which they use to stimulate egg production . The fruitless gene is sex-specifically spliced and encodes a BTB zinc-finger transcription factor proposed to be a master regulator of ...	Sexual dimorphism is a phenomenon among animals , insects and plants where the two sexes of a species show differences in body size , physical features or colors . The bushy mane of a male lion , for example , is nowhere to be seen on a female lioness , and only male peacocks have extravagant tails . Most examples of s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Fruitless mutant male mosquitoes gain attraction to human odor
Phototrophic microorganisms adjust photosystem synthesis in response to changes in light intensity and wavelength . A variety of different photoreceptors regulate this process . Purple photosynthetic bacteria synthesize a novel photoreceptor AerR that uses cobalamin ( B12 ) as a blue-light absorbing chromophore to cont...	Some bacteria are able to use a process called photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into another form of energy they can use to grow . Within the bacteria , structures known as photosystems are responsible for absorbing light and transferring the energy to other molecules . The levels of light surrounding the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Differing isoforms of the cobalamin binding photoreceptor AerR oppositely regulate photosystem expression
Red blood cells ( RBCs ) experience significant mechanical forces while recirculating , but the consequences of these forces are not fully understood . Recent work has shown that gain-of-function mutations in mechanically activated Piezo1 cation channels are associated with the dehydrating RBC disease xerocytosis , imp...	Within our bodies , cells and tissues are constantly being pushed and pulled by their surrounding environment . These mechanical forces are then transformed into electrical or chemical signals by cells . This process is crucial for many biological structures , such as blood vessels , to develop correctly , and is also ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Piezo1 links mechanical forces to red blood cell volume
Sustainable biofuel production from renewable biomass will require the efficient and complete use of all abundant sugars in the plant cell wall . Using the cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa as a model , we identified a xylodextrin transport and consumption pathway required for its growth on hemicellulose . Reconsti...	Plants can be used to make ‘biofuels’ , which are more sustainable alternatives to traditional fuels made from petroleum . Unfortunately , most biofuels are currently made from simple sugars or starch extracted from parts of plants that we also use for food , such as the grains of cereal crops . Making biofuels from th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Expanding xylose metabolism in yeast for plant cell wall conversion to biofuels
Animals respond to mitochondrial stress with the induction of mitochondrial unfolded protein response ( UPRmt ) . A cascade of events occur upon UPRmt activation , ultimately triggering a transcriptional response governed by two transcription factors: DVE-1 and ATFS-1 . Here we identify SUMO-specific peptidase ULP-4 as...	Most animal cells carry compartments called mitochondria . These tiny powerhouses produce the energy that fuels many life processes , but they also store important compounds and can even cause an infected or defective cell to kill itself . For a cell , keeping its mitochondria healthy is often a matter of life and deat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	SUMO peptidase ULP-4 regulates mitochondrial UPR-mediated innate immunity and lifespan extension
Most vertebrate and plant RNA and small DNA viruses suppress genomic CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies , apparently mimicking host mRNA composition . Artificially increasing CpG/UpA dinucleotides attenuates viruses through an entirely unknown mechanism . Using the echovirus 7 ( E7 ) model in several cell types , we ...	Living things store their genetic material as molecules of DNA or a related chemical called RNA . Both DNA and RNA contain building blocks known as bases . There are several different types of bases and the specific order they appear in a DNA or RNA molecule encodes the genetic information . In RNA these bases are know...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	CpG and UpA dinucleotides in both coding and non-coding regions of echovirus 7 inhibit replication initiation post-entry
Indian Hedgehog ( IHH ) signaling , a key regulator of skeletal development , is highly activated in cartilage and bone tumors . Yet deletion of Ptch1 , encoding an inhibitor of IHH receptor Smoothened ( SMO ) , in chondrocyte or osteoblasts does not cause tumorigenesis . Here , we show that Ptch1 deletion in mice Prrx...	Bone and cartilage tumors are among the most common tumors in the skeleton , often affecting the limbs . Bone tumors , also called osteosarcomas , usually occur in growing children and teenagers , and they are often resistant to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies . Surgery is the only treatment option , but this c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Activation of hedgehog signaling in mesenchymal stem cells induces cartilage and bone tumor formation via Wnt/β-Catenin

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