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In this study , we investigated how microtubule motors organize microtubules in Drosophila neurons . We showed that , during the initial stages of axon outgrowth , microtubules display mixed polarity and minus-end-out microtubules push the tip of the axon , consistent with kinesin-1 driving outgrowth by sliding antipar...	Motor proteins can move along filaments called microtubules to transport proteins and other materials to different parts of the cell . Microtubules are “polar” filaments , meaning that they have two distinct ends that have different chemical properties . Motor proteins can only move along these filaments in one directi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Interplay between kinesin-1 and cortical dynein during axonal outgrowth and microtubule organization in Drosophila neurons
PTEN controls three-dimensional ( 3D ) glandular morphogenesis by coupling juxtamembrane signaling to mitotic spindle machinery . While molecular mechanisms remain unclear , PTEN interacts through its C2 membrane-binding domain with the scaffold protein β-Arrestin1 . Because β-Arrestin1 binds and suppresses the Cdc42 G...	The protein PTEN helps to organize cells in the body to form complex structures . In particular , it collects signals from a cells’ surroundings and changes where cells divide so new cells are produced in the right places . The control of cell division by PTEN is also thought to help limit the progression and spread of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	PTEN controls glandular morphogenesis through a juxtamembrane β-Arrestin1/ARHGAP21 scaffolding complex
SpoIIIE is a membrane-anchored DNA translocase that localizes to the septal midpoint to mediate chromosome translocation and membrane fission during Bacillus subtilis sporulation . Here we use cell-specific protein degradation and quantitative photoactivated localization microscopy in strains with a thick sporulation s...	Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that lives in the soil and is related to the bacteria that cause the diseases anthrax and botulism in humans . When nutrients are scarce , these bacteria can change into a dormant form called spores , which can withstand harsh environmental conditions . The spores can remain dormant for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Visualization and functional dissection of coaxial paired SpoIIIE channels across the sporulation septum
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination , it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life . In most dicot plants , this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl , the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems . Anisotr...	Unlike animal cells , plant cells are surrounded by a stiff shell called the cell wall . Cell walls are composed of two main types of material: cellulose , the strong fibers that make up paper , and a pectin gel , which holds everything together . In order for plants to grow , the cell wall has to yield to the pressure...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry
Research in the field of human immunology is restricted by the lack of a system that reconstitutes the in-situactivation dynamics of quiescent human antigen-specific T-cells interacting with dendritic cells . Here we report a tissue-like system that recapitulates the dynamics of engineered primary human immune cell . O...	The human immune system protects the body from infection or cancer by detecting foreign and abnormal elements , known as antigens , and initiating a response to clear them . It relies on a type of white blood cell called a T-cell to distinguish which substances are the body’s own , and which are infectious . Each T-cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	A tissue-like platform for studying engineered quiescent human T-cells’ interactions with dendritic cells
Although pain is a common symptom of various diseases and disorders , its contribution to disease pathogenesis is not well understood . Here we show using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ) , a model for multiple sclerosis ( MS ) , that pain induces EAE relapse . Mechanistic analysis showed that p...	Multiple sclerosis ( or MS for short ) is a disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord become inflamed and damaged . Depending on which nerves are affected , this disease can cause a wide range of symptoms , ranging from numbness and muscle spasms to visual disturbances and chron...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	A pain-mediated neural signal induces relapse in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a multiple sclerosis model
Bacterial biofilms can generate micro-heterogeneity in terms of surface structures . However , little is known about the associated changes in the physics of cell–cell interaction and its impact on the architecture of biofilms . In this study , we used the type IV pilus of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to test whether variatio...	Communities of bacterial cells can live together embedded within a slime-like molecular matrix as a biofilm . This allows the bacteria to hide from external stresses . A single bacterium can replicate itself and develop into a biofilm , and over time the bacterial cells in specific regions of the biofilm will start to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Differential interaction forces govern bacterial sorting in early biofilms
Affinity and dose of T cell receptor ( TCR ) interaction with antigens govern the magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses , but questions remain regarding the quantitative translation of TCR engagement into downstream signals . We find that while the response of mouse CD4+ T cells to antigenic stimulation is bimodal , activ...	T helper cells recognize and respond to bacteria , viruses and other invading microbes and thus play a central role in the adaptive immune system . These cells have a receptor on their surface that binds to fragments of proteins – known as oligopeptides – from the microbes that have been digested and presented on the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Affinity and dose of TCR engagement yield proportional enhancer and gene activity in CD4+ T cells
The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus and its endosymbiont Burkholderia rhizoxinica form an unusual , highly specific alliance to produce the highly potent antimitotic phytotoxin rhizoxin . Yet , it has remained a riddle how bacteria invade the fungal cells . Genome mining for potential symbiosis factors...	Many organisms live in what are known as symbiotic relationships , whereby two or more different species share a close and often long lasting association . Examples of symbiosis abound in nature , with well-studied examples including the sea anemone and the clownfish , corals and their photosynthetic algae , and nitrog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Active invasion of bacteria into living fungal cells
The Chromosome Region of Maintenance 1 ( CRM1 ) protein mediates nuclear export of hundreds of proteins through recognition of their nuclear export signals ( NESs ) , which are highly variable in sequence and structure . The plasticity of the CRM1-NES interaction is not well understood , as there are many NES sequences...	Many organisms keep their DNA within a structure inside their cells called the nucleus . Two layers of membrane surround the nucleus and keep the DNA separate from the rest of the cell's contents . Yet , proteins and other molecules can move in and out of the nucleus by passing through small pores in this nuclear membr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural determinants of nuclear export signal orientation in binding to exportin CRM1
Medullary thymic epithelial cells ( mTECs ) play a critical role in central immune tolerance by mediating negative selection of autoreactive T cells through the collective expression of the peripheral self-antigen compartment , including tissue-specific antigens ( TSAs ) . Recent work has shown that gene-expression pat...	Specialized cells in the immune system known as T cells protect the body from infection by destroying disease-causing microbes , such as bacteria or viruses . T cells use proteins on their surface called receptors to stick to infectious microbes and remove them from the body . Some newly developed T-cells , however , c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Combined transient ablation and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells
Organogenesis depends on orchestrated interactions between individual cells and morphogenetically relevant cues at the tissue level . This is true for the heart , whose function critically relies on well-ordered communication between neighboring cells , which is established and fine-tuned during embryonic development ....	The heart has a built-in pacemaker that sets the rhythm of the heartbeat . Pacemaker cells produce electrical signals that spread across the heart in a coordinated wave . As each cell receives its signal , ion channels open in its membrane . Calcium ions rush in from the spaces around the cells , triggering the release...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	Cell-accurate optical mapping across the entire developing heart
Cortical dynein generates pulling forces via microtubule ( MT ) end capture-shrinkage and lateral MT sliding mechanisms . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the dynein attachment molecule Num1 interacts with endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) and mitochondria to facilitate spindle positioning across the mother-bud neck , but dire...	Cells must divide so that organisms can grow , repair damaged tissues or reproduce . Before dividing , a cell creates two identical copies of its genetic information – one for each daughter . A molecular machine known as the mitotic spindle then moves each set of genetic material to where it will be needed when the dau...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Cortical dynein pulling mechanism is regulated by differentially targeted attachment molecule Num1
Fabry disease ( FD ) is a life-threatening X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by α-galactosidase A ( α-GAL ) deficiency . Small fiber pathology and pain are major FD symptoms of unknown pathophysiology . α-GAL deficient mice ( GLA KO ) age-dependently accumulate globotriaosylceramide ( Gb3 ) in dorsal root gang...	Fabry disease is a life-threatening disorder that runs in families and affects many parts of the body . Symptoms begin in early childhood , often with episodes of burning pain in the hands and feet . As patients with Fabry disease grow older , sensory nerve fibers in their skin start to break down . As a result , affec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Characterization of small fiber pathology in a mouse model of Fabry disease
Meiotic chromosomes are highly compacted yet remain transcriptionally active . To understand how chromosome folding accommodates transcription , we investigated the assembly of the axial element , the proteinaceous structure that compacts meiotic chromosomes and promotes recombination and fertility . We found that the ...	Chromosomes are long molecules of DNA that represent the genetic material of an organism . In most animal cells , chromosomes are found in pairs; with one inherited from the mother and the other from the father . Sex cells—egg cells and sperm—contain half the normal number of chromosomes , so that when they fuse , the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Transcription dynamically patterns the meiotic chromosome-axis interface
Various pathologic conditions result in jaundice , a yellowing of the skin due to a buildup of bilirubin . Patients with jaundice commonly report experiencing an intense non-histaminergic itch . Despite this association , the pruritogenic capacity of bilirubin itself has not been described , and no bilirubin receptor h...	Jaundice causes the skin to yellow as a result of a build-up of a pigment called bilirubin . Normally , bilirubin is made in the liver and removed from the body in digestive fluid called bile , but people with liver or gallbladder problems may end up with too much bilirubin that accumulates in their blood and skin . On...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Identification of a bilirubin receptor that may mediate a component of cholestatic itch
Exercise has a wide range of systemic effects . In animal models , repeated exertion reduces malignant tumor progression , and clinically , exercise can improve outcome for cancer patients . The etiology of the effects of exercise on tumor progression are unclear , as are the cellular actors involved . We show here tha...	Exercise affects almost all tissues in the body , and scientists have found that being physically active can reduce the risk of several types of cancer as well as improving outcomes for cancer patients . However , it is still unknown how exercise exerts its protective effects . One of the hallmarks of cancer is the abi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Cytotoxic T-cells mediate exercise-induced reductions in tumor growth
Humans and other animals base important decisions on estimates of number , and intraparietal cortex is thought to provide a crucial substrate of this ability . However , it remains debated whether an independent neuronal processing mechanism underlies this ‘number sense’ , or whether number is instead judged indirectly...	Numbers and the ability to count and calculate are an essential part of human culture . They are part of everyday life , featuring in calendars , computers or the weekly shop , but also in some of humanity’s biggest achievements: without them the pyramids or space travel would not exist . A precursor of sophisticated m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Attentional amplification of neural codes for number independent of other quantities along the dorsal visual stream
The Mullerian ducts are the anlagen of the female reproductive tract , which regress in the male fetus in response to MIS . This process is driven by subluminal mesenchymal cells expressing Misr2 , which trigger the regression of the adjacent Mullerian ductal epithelium . In females , these Misr2+ cells are retained , ...	In the womb , mammals possess all of the preliminary sexual structures necessary to become either male or female . This includes the Mullerian duct , which develops into the Fallopian tubes , uterus , cervix , and vagina in female fetuses . In male fetuses , the testis secretes a hormone called Mullerian inhibiting sub...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Single-cell sequencing of neonatal uterus reveals an Misr2+ endometrial progenitor indispensable for fertility
T-box riboswitches are cis-regulatory RNA elements that regulate the expression of proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport by binding to specific tRNAs and sensing their aminoacylation state . While the T-box modular structural elements that recognize different parts of a tRNA have been identified , ...	Living organisms depend upon a group of chemicals called amino acids to survive . Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins , and proteins have many important roles within and around cells . Bacteria regulate certain genes to ensure they have the right balance of different amino acids to survive . By controlling ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Specific structural elements of the T-box riboswitch drive the two-step binding of the tRNA ligand
Protein kinases are major drug targets , but the development of highly-selective inhibitors has been challenging due to the similarity of their active sites . The observation of distinct structural states of the fully-conserved Asp-Phe-Gly ( DFG ) loop has put the concept of conformational selection for the DFG-state a...	Protein kinases are a family of enzymes found in all living organisms . These enzymes help to control many biological processes , including cell division . When particular protein kinases do not work correctly , cells may start to divide uncontrollably , which can lead to cancer . One example is the kinase Aurora A , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Dynamics of human protein kinase Aurora A linked to drug selectivity
Formation of a division septum near a randomly chosen pole during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis creates unequal sized daughter cells with dissimilar programs of gene expression . An unanswered question is how polar septation activates a transcription factor ( σF ) selectively in the small cell . We present evidence ...	An important question in biology is how genetically identical cells activate different sets of genes . This is particularly perplexing for cells that rely on random events to specify the genes they switch on . Normally , cells of a bacterium called Bacillus subtilis divide symmetrically to produce two identical cells t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Asymmetric division triggers cell-specific gene expression through coupled capture and stabilization of a phosphatase
Elucidating signaling pathways that regulate cellular metabolism is essential for a better understanding of normal development and tumorigenesis . Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 ( MPC1 ) , a crucial player in pyruvate metabolism , is downregulated in colon adenocarcinomas . Utilizing ze...	Colon cancer remains an important problem in healthcare . Cancer researchers are looking for new ways to detect the disease earlier and treat it more effectively . This is challenging because many of the genetic and molecular causes of colon cancer are still poorly understood . Mutations in the gene that encodes a prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	A metabolic switch controls intestinal differentiation downstream of Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
Defecation allows the body to eliminate waste , an essential step in food processing for animal survival . In contrast to the extensive studies of feeding , its obligate counterpart , defecation , has received much less attention until recently . In this study , we report our characterizations of the defecation behavio...	In animals , the final stage in the digestion of food is the removal of waste from the body . Until recently , however , defecation has received less attention than other aspects of digestion such as feeding behavior and nutrition . Fruit flies , also known as Drosophila , are commonly used in research as a model of an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Identification of motor neurons and a mechanosensitive sensory neuron in the defecation circuitry of Drosophila larvae
The nucleus of the solitary tract ( NTS ) is a key gateway for meal-related signals entering the brain from the periphery . However , the chemical mediators crucial to this process have not been fully elucidated . We reveal that a subset of NTS neurons containing cholecystokinin ( CCKNTS ) is responsive to nutritional ...	Obesity primarily results from eating more food than the body requires , the energy from which is then stored as fat . In recent years obesity has become increasingly common , with the resulting health problems presenting one of the major healthcare challenges of the twenty-first century . New ways to tackle the obesit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Appetite controlled by a cholecystokinin nucleus of the solitary tract to hypothalamus neurocircuit
The computational principles by which the brain creates a painful experience from nociception are still unknown . Classic theories suggest that cortical regions either reflect stimulus intensity or additive effects of intensity and expectations , respectively . By contrast , predictive coding theories provide a unified...	All over the human body , there are receptors that help to alert the brain to potential harm . For example , intense heat on the skin elicits a signal that travels to the brain and activates many parts of the brain . Some of the same brain regions that are switched on by signals of potential bodily harm also help the b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Functional dissociation of stimulus intensity encoding and predictive coding of pain in the insula
Many cells contain non-centrosomal arrays of microtubules ( MTs ) , but the assembly , organisation and function of these arrays are poorly understood . We present the first theoretical model for the non-centrosomal MT cytoskeleton in Drosophila oocytes , in which bicoid and oskar mRNAs become localised to establish th...	Cells contain a network of filaments known as microtubules that serve as tracks along which proteins and other materials can be moved from one location to another . For example , molecules called messenger ribonucleic acids ( or mRNAs for short ) are made in the nucleus and are then moved to various locations around th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2015	Cortical microtubule nucleation can organise the cytoskeleton of Drosophila oocytes to define the anteroposterior axis
Despite continual renewal and damages , a multicellular organism is able to maintain its complex morphology . How is this stability compatible with the complexity and diversity of living forms ? Looking for answers at protein level may be limiting as diverging protein sequences can result in similar morphologies . Insp...	Cells have the power to organise themselves to form complex and stable structures , whether it is to create a fully shaped baby from a single egg , or to allow adult salamanders to grow a new limb after losing a leg . This ability has been scrutinised at many different levels . For example , researchers have looked at ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2018	Theoretical tool bridging cell polarities with development of robust morphologies
Regulated exocytosis establishes a narrow fusion pore as initial aqueous connection to the extracellular space , through which small transmitter molecules such as ATP can exit . Co-release of polypeptides and hormones like insulin requires further expansion of the pore . There is evidence that pore expansion is regulat...	Insulin is the hormone that signals to the body to take up sugar from the blood . Specialized cells in the pancreas – known as β-cells – release insulin after a meal . Before that , insulin molecules are stored in tiny granules inside the β-cells; these granules must fuse with the cells’ surface membranes to release th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Fusion pore regulation by cAMP/Epac2 controls cargo release during insulin exocytosis
Animals mimicking other organisms or using camouflage to deceive predators are vital survival strategies . Modern and fossil insects can simulate diverse objects . Lichens are an ancient symbiosis between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium that sometimes have a plant-like appearance and occasionally are mimicked ...	Many insects mimic other organisms or use camouflage to hide from predators . For example , some modern animals mimic the organism lichens , which are formed from algae and fungus , and grow almost everywhere on Earth , from the Arctic to the desert . The most iconic example of an insect mimicking a species of lichen i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Lichen mimesis in mid-Mesozoic lacewings
Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate the state and fate of stem and progenitor cells . Recent advances in metabolomics illustrate that various metabolic pathways are also important in regulating stem cell fate . However , our understanding of the metabolic control of the state and fate of progenitor cells is i...	Stem cells are special precursor cells , found in all animals from flies to humans , that can give rise to all the mature cell types in the body . Their job is to generate supplies of new cells wherever these are needed . This is important because it allows damaged or worn-out tissues to be repaired and replaced by fre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila
T-cell recognition of self and foreign peptide antigens presented in major histocompatibility complex molecules ( pMHC ) is essential for life-long immunity . How the ability of the CD4+ T-cell compartment to bind self- and foreign-pMHC changes over the lifespan remains a fundamental aspect of T-cell biology that is la...	The immune system's T cells help the body to recognize and destroy harmful pathogens , such as viruses and bacteria . T cells ‘remember’ immunity-inducing fragments , called antigens , from the pathogens they have encountered . This memory then allows the immune system to quickly fend off infections if those pathogens ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Self-recognition drives the preferential accumulation of promiscuous CD4+ T-cells in aged mice
Loss of function of the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 ( MeCP2 ) causes the progressive neurological disorder Rett syndrome ( RTT ) . Conversely , duplication or triplication of Xq28 causes an equally wide-ranging progressive neurological disorder , MECP2 duplication syndrome , whose features overl...	Rett syndrome is a disorder that affects the development of the brain after birth . Infants with this condition develop as normal until they are 6–18 months old , when the development of their language and motor skills stops , or even regresses . Most cases of Rett syndrome are caused by mutations in a gene called MECP...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Rett-causing mutations reveal two domains critical for MeCP2 function and for toxicity in MECP2 duplication syndrome mice
John Maynard Smith compared protein evolution to the game where one word is converted into another a single letter at a time , with the constraint that all intermediates are words: WORD→WORE→GORE→GONE→GENE . In this analogy , epistasis constrains evolution , with some mutations tolerated only after the occurrence of ot...	During evolution , the effect of one mutation on a protein can depend on whether another mutation is also present . This phenomenon is similar to the game in which one word is converted to another word , one letter at a time , subject to the rule that all the intermediate steps are also valid words: for example , the w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Stability-mediated epistasis constrains the evolution of an influenza protein
A newfound signaling pathway employs a GGDEF enzyme with unique activity compared to the majority of homologs associated with bacterial cyclic di-GMP signaling . This system provides a rare opportunity to study how signaling proteins natively gain distinct function . Using genetic knockouts , riboswitch reporters , and...	Microscopic organisms known as bacteria are found in virtually every environment on the planet . One reason bacteria are so successful is that they are able to form communities known as biofilms on surfaces in animals and other living things , as well as on rocks and other features in the environment . These biofilms p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Structure and mechanism of a Hypr GGDEF enzyme that activates cGAMP signaling to control extracellular metal respiration
Morphogens function in concentration-dependent manners to instruct cell fate during tissue patterning . The cytoneme morphogen transport model posits that specialized filopodia extend between morphogen-sending and responding cells to ensure that appropriate signaling thresholds are achieved . How morphogens are transpo...	During development , cells must work together and talk to each other to build the organs and tissues of the growing embryo . To communicate precisely with long-distance targets , cells can project a series of thin finger-like structures known as cytonemes . Cells use these miniature highways to exchange cargo and signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Cytoneme delivery of Sonic Hedgehog from ligand-producing cells requires Myosin 10 and a Dispatched-BOC/CDON co-receptor complex
During eukaryotic evolution , genome size has increased disproportionately to nuclear volume , necessitating greater degrees of chromatin compaction in higher eukaryotes , which have evolved several mechanisms for genome compaction . However , it is unknown whether histones themselves have evolved to regulate chromatin...	There are up to three meters of DNA in a human cell . To fit this length into the cell's nucleus in an organized manner , DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones and then tightly packaged to form a structure called chromatin . The interaction between the histones and the DNA is helped by certain amino acids on t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Evolution of histone 2A for chromatin compaction in eukaryotes
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport III ( ESCRT-III ) proteins are critical for cellular membrane scission processes with topologies inverted relative to clathrin-mediated endocytosis . Some viruses appropriate ESCRT-IIIs for their release . By imaging single assembling viral-like particles of HIV-1 ...	Viruses need to be able to enter and leave the cells of their hosts to multiply and spread infections . Once inside the cell , many viruses , including the HIV virus , hijack the cell’s genetic material to produce more HIV particles and release them back into the surroundings . As the new viruses leave the cell , they ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Timing of ESCRT-III protein recruitment and membrane scission during HIV-1 assembly
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ) are thought to arrive at target sites either via random search or following signals by other leukocytes . Here , we reveal independent emergent behaviour in CTL populations attacking tumour masses . Primary murine CTLs coordinate their migration in a process reminiscent of the swarming ...	Immune cells known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes , or CTLs for short , move around the body searching for infected or damaged cells that may cause harm . Once these specialised killer cells identify a target , they launch an attack , removing the harmful cell from the body . CTLs can also recognise and eliminate cancer ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Cytotoxic T cells swarm by homotypic chemokine signalling
Immunoglobulins ( Igs ) are a crown jewel of jawed vertebrate evolution . Through recombination and mutation of small numbers of genes , Igs can specifically recognize a vast variety of natural and man-made organic molecules . Jawless vertebrates evolved a parallel system of humoral immunity , which recognizes antigens...	Influenza viruses infect ten of millions of people each year . To conquer a flu infection , the human immune system develops antibodies that hasten recovery and prevent future flu infections . Unfortunately , flu is constantly changing in response to the human immune response , and antibodies induced by previous infect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Lamprey VLRB response to influenza virus supports universal rules of immunogenicity and antigenicity
Larval recruitment , the transition of pelagic larvae into reef-associated juveniles , is a critical step for the resilience of marine fish populations but its molecular control is unknown . Here , we investigate whether thyroid-hormones ( TH ) and their receptors ( TR ) coordinate the larval recruitment of the coral-r...	Many animals go through a larval phase before developing into an adult . This transformation is called metamorphosis , and it is regulated by hormones of the thyroid gland in vertebrates . For example , most fish found on coral reefs actually spend the first part of their life as free-swimming larvae out in the ocean ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Fish larval recruitment to reefs is a thyroid hormone-mediated metamorphosis sensitive to the pesticide chlorpyrifos
Sox genes encode a set of highly conserved transcription factors that regulate many developmental processes . In insects , the SoxB gene Dichaete is the only Sox gene known to be involved in segmentation . To determine if similar mechanisms are used in other arthropods , we investigated the role of Sox genes during seg...	Insects , spiders , centipedes and lobsters all belong to a group of animals known as arthropods . A common feature of these animals is that their bodies are made up of repeated segments . However different arthropods build their segmented bodies in different ways . For example , the fruit fly makes all of its segments...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	A SoxB gene acts as an anterior gap gene and regulates posterior segment addition in a spider
It remains challenging to relate EEG and MEG to underlying circuit processes and comparable experiments on both spatial scales are rare . To close this gap between invasive and non-invasive electrophysiology we developed and recorded human-comparable EEG in macaque monkeys during visual stimulation with colored dynamic...	Neurons carry information in the form of electrical signals , which we can listen to by applying sensors to the scalp: the resulting recordings are called an EEG . Electrical activity within the brain also generates a weak magnetic field above the scalp , which can be measured using a technique known as MEG . Both EEG ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Monkey EEG links neuronal color and motion information across species and scales
Although it is a central question in biology , how cell shape controls intracellular dynamics largely remains an open question . Here , we show that the shape of Arabidopsis pavement cells creates a stress pattern that controls microtubule orientation , which then guides cell wall reinforcement . Live-imaging , combine...	The surfaces of plants are covered in epithelial cells that come in many different shapes , suggesting that individual cells must have some control over their own shape . An unusually shaped epithelial cell is the pavement cell , which looks like a jigsaw puzzle piece and is found in the leaves of many flowering plants...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Subcellular and supracellular mechanical stress prescribes cytoskeleton behavior in Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cells
Perforin-2 ( MPEG1 ) is an effector of the innate immune system that limits the proliferation and spread of medically relevant Gram-negative , -positive , and acid fast bacteria . We show here that a cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase ( CRL ) complex containing cullin-1 and βTrCP monoubiquitylates Perforin-2 in response t...	A wide range of bacteria and other microbes can infect animals and cause disease . Throughout evolution , these microbes and their hosts have been fighting never ending arms races in which the microbes deploy ever more elaborate weapons , while the hosts adapt to defend themselves . An animal's first line of defense is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Enteric pathogens deploy cell cycle inhibiting factors to block the bactericidal activity of Perforin-2
Meiotic drivers are parasitic loci that force their own transmission into greater than half of the offspring of a heterozygote . Many drivers have been identified , but their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown . The wtf4 gene is a meiotic driver in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that uses a poison-antidote mechanism t...	Meiotic drivers are genes that break the normal rules of inheritance . Usually , a gene has a 50% chance of passing on to the next generation . Meiotic drivers force their way into the next generation by poisoning the gametes ( the sex cells that combine to form a zygote ) that do not carry them . Harnessing the power ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	The wtf4 meiotic driver utilizes controlled protein aggregation to generate selective cell death
Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism involved in the removal of misfolded proteins . Atg14L , the mammalian ortholog of Atg14 in yeast and a critical regulator of autophagy , mediates the production PtdIns3P to initiate the formation of autophagosomes . However , it is not clear how Atg14L is reg...	Proteins need to be folded into specific three-dimensional shapes for them to work properly . However , the folding process does not always work perfectly , and proteins are sometimes misfolded . If left to accumulate , these misfolded proteins can damage cells , and most long-term human neurodegenerative diseases , su...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	G-protein-coupled receptors regulate autophagy by ZBTB16-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Atg14L
Regulation of organ growth is a poorly understood process . In the long bones , the growth plates ( GPs ) drive elongation by generating a scaffold progressively replaced by bone . Although studies have focused on intrinsic GP regulation , classic and recent experiments suggest that local signals also modulate GP funct...	As bones grow , their size is carefully controlled and coordinated with the growth of the other organs in the body . The mechanisms that control organ size also help the body to recover from injury , and play a key role in controlling body size and proportions . Over the course of evolution , these mechanisms have like...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Acknowledgments" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Altered paracrine signaling from the injured knee joint impairs postnatal long bone growth
The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown . We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Improved methods include new procedures to prepare , image , align , segment , find synapses in , and proofread such...	Animal brains of all sizes , from the smallest to the largest , work in broadly similar ways . Studying the brain of any one animal in depth can thus reveal the general principles behind the workings of all brains . The fruit fly Drosophila is a popular choice for such research . With about 100 , 000 neurons – compared...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain
Mutations in the Trypanosoma brucei aquaporin AQP2 are associated with resistance to pentamidine and melarsoprol . We show that TbAQP2 but not TbAQP3 was positively selected for increased pore size from a common ancestor aquaporin . We demonstrate that TbAQP2’s unique architecture permits pentamidine permeation through...	African sleeping sickness is a potentially deadly illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei . The disease is treatable , but many of the current treatments are old and are becoming increasingly ineffective . For instance , resistance is growing against pentamidine , a drug used in the early stages in the diseas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Positively selected modifications in the pore of TbAQP2 allow pentamidine to enter Trypanosoma brucei
The NuRD complex is a multi-protein transcriptional corepressor that couples histone deacetylase and ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling activities . The complex regulates the higher-order structure of chromatin , and has important roles in the regulation of gene expression , DNA damage repair and cell differentiation ...	The correct regulation of our genes is essential for life . Genes are actively switched on or off through the action of assemblies of proteins that act together as molecular machines . Some of these machines alter the way that DNA is packaged inside cells . Packaged DNA – called chromatin – consists of DNA wrapped arou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The structure of the core NuRD repression complex provides insights into its interaction with chromatin
Adhesion and morphogenesis of many non-muscle cells are guided by contractile actomyosin bundles called ventral stress fibers . While it is well established that stress fibers are mechanosensitive structures , physical mechanisms by which they assemble , align , and mature have remained elusive . Here we show that arcs...	Muscle cells are the best-known example of a cell in the human body that can contract . These cells contain bundles of filaments made of proteins called actin and myosin , which can generate pulling forces . However , many other cells in the human body also rely on similar “contractile actomyosin bundles” to help them ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Generation of contractile actomyosin bundles depends on mechanosensitive actin filament assembly and disassembly
Unlike dogs and cats , people do not point their ears as they focus attention on novel , salient , or task-relevant stimuli . Our species may nevertheless have retained a vestigial pinna-orienting system that has persisted as a 'neural fossil’ within in the brain for about 25 million years . Consistent with this hypoth...	Dogs , cats , monkeys and other animals perk their ears in the direction of sounds they are interested in . Humans and their closest ape relatives , however , appear to have lost this ability . Some humans are able to wiggle their ears , suggesting that some of the brain circuits and muscles that allow automatic ear mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Vestigial auriculomotor activity indicates the direction of auditory attention in humans
Recognition and elimination of tumor cells by the immune system is crucial for limiting tumor growth . Natural killer ( NK ) cells become activated when the receptor NKG2D is engaged by ligands that are frequently upregulated in primary tumors and on cancer cell lines . However , the molecular mechanisms driving NKG2D ...	Cancer is caused by a series of mutations that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division . Yet , the body's immune system can often detect and destroy abnormal cells before they cause tumors and disease . Natural killer cells are part of the immune system and have receptors on their surface that allow them to tel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	A forward genetic screen reveals novel independent regulators of ULBP1, an activating ligand for natural killer cells
Myxobacteria are known for complex social behaviors including outer membrane exchange ( OME ) , in which cells exchange large amounts of outer membrane lipids and proteins upon contact . The TraA cell surface receptor selects OME partners based on a variable domain . However , traA polymorphism alone is not sufficient ...	Most people do not think of bacteria as having a social life . However , some groups , such as myxobacteria , are highly cooperative . Although these microbes exist as individual cells , they can also move and hunt in coordinated packs and when nutrients are low , about a million cells come together to build spore-fill...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Infectious polymorphic toxins delivered by outer membrane exchange discriminate kin in myxobacteria
Dinitrogen reduction in the biological nitrogen cycle is catalyzed by nitrogenase , a two-component metalloenzyme . Understanding of the transformation of the inert resting state of the active site FeMo-cofactor into an activated state capable of reducing dinitrogen remains elusive . Here we report the catalysis depend...	The element nitrogen is required for all forms of life , and is an essential component of important biological molecules such as DNA and proteins . The most abundant form of nitrogen is dinitrogen , which comprises 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere . However , dinitrogen is highly unreactive , and so the nitrogen must be c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Catalysis-dependent selenium incorporation and migration in the nitrogenase active site iron-molybdenum cofactor
Chitin is a fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern recognized in Arabidopsis by a lysin motif receptor kinase ( LYK ) , AtCERK1 . Previous research suggested that AtCERK1 is the major chitin receptor and mediates chitin-induced signaling through homodimerization and phosphorylation . However , the reported chitin ...	Invading fungi are responsible for many of the plant diseases that affect global crop production . Plants have to be able to identify these fungi , and activate the right defense strategies if they are to protect themselves . Chitin is a polymer that is found in the cell walls of all fungi , but not in plants , so if t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	The kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with related kinase CERK1
Multivalent presentation of viral glycoproteins can substantially increase the elicitation of antigen-specific antibodies . To enable a new generation of anti-viral vaccines , we designed self-assembling protein nanoparticles with geometries tailored to present the ectodomains of influenza , HIV , and RSV viral glycopr...	Vaccines train the immune system to recognize a specific virus or bacterium so that the body can be better prepared against these harmful agents . To do so , many vaccines contain viral molecules called glycoproteins , which are specific to each type of virus . Glycoproteins that sit at the surface of the virus can act...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Tailored design of protein nanoparticle scaffolds for multivalent presentation of viral glycoprotein antigens
Decisions are accompanied by a degree of confidence that a selected option is correct . A sequential sampling framework explains the speed and accuracy of decisions and extends naturally to the confidence that the decision rendered is likely to be correct . However , discrepancies between confidence and accuracy sugges...	To understand how the brain makes decisions is to understand how we think – how we deal with information , interpret it and agree with a particular interpretation of the information . Neuroscience has begun to uncover the mechanisms that underlie these processes by linking the activity of nerve cells in the brain to di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A common mechanism underlies changes of mind about decisions and confidence
Thousands of long noncoding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) have been discovered , yet the function of the vast majority remains unclear . Here , we show that a p53-regulated lncRNA which we named PINCR ( p53-induced noncoding RNA ) , is induced ~100-fold after DNA damage and exerts a prosurvival function in human colorectal cancer c...	Though DNA contains the information needed to build the proteins that keep cells alive , only 2% of the DNA in a human cell codes for proteins . The remaining 98% is referred to as non-coding DNA . The information in some of these non-coding regions can still be copied into molecules of RNA , including long molecules c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Prosurvival long noncoding RNA PINCR regulates a subset of p53 targets in human colorectal cancer cells by binding to Matrin 3
Biological homeostasis invokes modulatory responses aimed at stabilizing internal conditions . Using tunable photo- and mechano-stimulation , we identified two distinct categories of homeostatic responses during the sleep-like state of Caenorhabditis elegans ( lethargus ) . In the presence of weak or no stimuli , exten...	The regenerative properties of sleep are required by all animals , with even the simplest animal , the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , displaying a sleep-like state called lethargus . During development , nematodes must pass through four larval stages en route to adulthood , and the end of each stage is preceded by a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Homeostasis in C. elegans sleep is characterized by two behaviorally and genetically distinct mechanisms
Resistance mutations against one drug can elicit collateral sensitivity against other drugs . Multi-drug treatments exploiting such trade-offs can help slow down the evolution of resistance . However , if mutations with diverse collateral effects are available , a treated population may evolve either collateral sensiti...	Drugs known as antibiotics are the main treatment for most serious infections caused by bacteria . However , many bacteria are acquiring genetic mutations that make them resistant to the effects of one or more types of antibiotics , making them harder to eliminate . One way to tackle drug-resistant bacteria is to devel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	The population genetics of collateral resistance and sensitivity
Recurrent connections are thought to be a common feature of the neural circuits that encode memories , but how memories are laid down in such circuits is not fully understood . Here we present evidence that courtship memory in Drosophila relies on the recurrent circuit between mushroom body gamma ( MBγ ) , M6 output , ...	Memories help to shape behavior , and can last from a few seconds to an entire lifetime . Working memory , in which information is temporarily held available for use in an ongoing task , is the most fleeting form of memory . It relies on persistent activation of a network of nerve cells or neurons that represent the in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Persistent activity in a recurrent circuit underlies courtship memory in Drosophila
In competitive situations , winning depends on selecting actions that surprise the opponent . Such unpredictable action can be generated based on representations of the opponent’s strategy and choice history ( model-based counter-prediction ) or by choosing actions in a memory-free , stochastic manner . Across five dif...	The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior , so the saying goes . And studies show that in many situations , we do have a tendency to repeat whatever we did last time , particularly if it led to success . But while this is an efficient way to decide what to do , it is not always the best strategy . In many ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Balancing model-based and memory-free action selection under competitive pressure
Reading frame maintenance is critical for accurate translation . We show that the conserved eukaryotic/archaeal protein Mbf1 acts with ribosomal proteins Rps3/uS3 and eukaryotic Asc1/RACK1 to prevent frameshifting at inhibitory CGA-CGA codon pairs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mutations in RPS3 that allow fra...	Proteins perform all the chemical reactions needed to keep a cell alive; thus , it is essential to assemble them correctly . They are made by molecular machines called ribosomes , which follow a sequence of instructions written in genetic code in molecules known as mRNAs . Ribosomes essentially read the genetic code th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	Multi-protein bridging factor 1(Mbf1), Rps3 and Asc1 prevent stalled ribosomes from frameshifting
Animals integrate the different senses to facilitate event-detection for navigation in their environment . In vertebrates , the optic tectum ( superior colliculus ) commands gaze shifts by synaptic integration of different sensory modalities . Recent works suggest that tectum can elaborate gaze reorientation commands o...	Many events occur around us simultaneously , which we detect through our senses . A critical task is to decide which of these events is the most important to look at in a given moment of time . This problem is solved by an ancient area of the brain called the optic tectum ( known as the superior colliculus in mammals )...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Spatiotemporal interplay between multisensory excitation and recruited inhibition in the lamprey optic tectum
The bacterial plasma membrane is an important cellular compartment . In recent years it has become obvious that protein complexes and lipids are not uniformly distributed within membranes . Current hypotheses suggest that flotillin proteins are required for the formation of complexes of membrane proteins including cell...	Every living cell is enclosed by a flexible membrane made of molecules known as phospholipids , which protects the cell from harmful chemicals and other threats . In bacteria and some other organisms , a rigid structure known as the cell wall sits just outside of the membrane and determines the cell’s shape . There are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Flotillin-mediated membrane fluidity controls peptidoglycan synthesis and MreB movement
A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer . There is no correlation , however , between body size and cancer risk . This lack of correlation is often referred to as 'Peto's Paradox' . Here , we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copies of the tumo...	As time passes , healthy cells are more likely to become cancerous because more and more damaging mutations accumulate in the cell’s DNA . Assuming that all cells have a similar risk of acquiring mutations , larger and longer-lived animals – like elephants – should have a higher risk of cancer than smaller , shorter-li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	TP53 copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase ( JNK ) signaling pathway is implicated in the response to metabolic stress . Indeed , it is established that the ubiquitously expressed JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms regulate energy expenditure and insulin resistance . However , the role of the neuron-specific isoform JNK3 is unclear . Here we de...	Consuming the right amount of food is important for health . Eating too little for a long time causes damage to organs , and overeating can cause harm as well , in the form of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes . Several signaling molecules and brain regions are linked to controlling food consumption and en...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Excitatory transmission onto AgRP neurons is regulated by cJun NH2-terminal kinase 3 in response to metabolic stress
Cancer cells display aneuploid karyotypes and typically mis-segregate chromosomes at high rates , a phenotype referred to as chromosomal instability ( CIN ) . To test the effects of aneuploidy on chromosome segregation and other mitotic phenotypes we used the colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 ( 2n = 46 ) and two variant...	The DNA in a human cell is divided between forty-six structures called chromosomes . Before a cell divides , it copies every chromosome so that each daughter cell will have the same DNA as the parent cell . These chromosomes align in the center of the cell and then the matching chromosomes are separated and pulled to o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Chromosome mis-segregation and cytokinesis failure in trisomic human cells
Four stress-sensing kinases phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 ( eIF2α ) to activate the integrated stress response ( ISR ) . In animals , the ISR is antagonised by selective eIF2α phosphatases comprising a catalytic protein phosphatase 1 ( PP1 ) subunit in complex with a PPP1...	For a cell to build a protein , it must first copy the instructions contained within a gene . A complex molecular machine called a ribosome then reads these instructions and translates them into a protein . This translation process involves a number of steps . Proteins called eukaryotic translation initiation factors (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Actin dynamics tune the integrated stress response by regulating eukaryotic initiation factor 2α dephosphorylation
Mitochondrial DNA copy number ( mtDNA-CN ) is an accessible blood-based measurement believed to capture underlying mitochondrial ( MT ) function . The specific biological processes underpinning its regulation , and whether those processes are causative for disease , is an area of active investigation . We developed a n...	Our cells are powered by small internal compartments known as mitochondria , which host several copies of their own ‘mitochondrial’ genome . Defects in these semi-autonomous structures are associated with a range of severe , and sometimes fatal conditions: easily checking the health of mitochondria through cheap , quic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2022	GWAS and ExWAS of blood mitochondrial DNA copy number identifies 71 loci and highlights a potential causal role in dementia
Hair greying is a hallmark of aging generally believed to be irreversible and linked to psychological stress . Here , we develop an approach to profile hair pigmentation patterns ( HPPs ) along individual human hair shafts , producing quantifiable physical timescales of rapid greying transitions . Using this method , w...	Hair greying is a visible sign of aging that affects everyone . The loss of hair color is due to the loss of melanin , a pigment found in the skin , eyes and hair . Research in mice suggests stress may accelerate hair greying , but there is no definitive research on this in humans . This is because there are no researc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Quantitative mapping of human hair greying and reversal in relation to life stress
Clinical observations indicate that COVID-19 is a systemic disease . An investigation of the viral distribution within the human body and its correlation with tissue damage can aid in understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection . We present a detailed mapping of the viral RNA in 61 tissues and organs of 1...	Since the discovery of the new coronavirus that causes COVID-19 , scientists have been scrambling to understand the different features of the virus . While a lot more is now known about SARS-CoV-2 , several key questions have proved more difficult to answer . For example , it remained unclear where the virus travels to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Early postmortem mapping of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19 and the correlation with tissue damage
Insulin gene mutations are a leading cause of neonatal diabetes . They can lead to proinsulin misfolding and its retention in endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . This results in increased ER-stress suggested to trigger beta-cell apoptosis . In humans , the mechanisms underlying beta-cell failure remain unclear . Here we sho...	Insulin is a hormone that is crucial for maintaining normal blood sugar levels and is produced by so called beta cells in the pancreas . If the beta cells in the body stop making insulin , blood sugar levels start to rise , which can lead to diabetes . A form of diabetes known as neonatal diabetes , where the body stop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2018	Insulin mutations impair beta-cell development in a patient-derived iPSC model of neonatal diabetes
The nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle formed through liquid-liquid phase separation of its components from the surrounding nucleoplasm . Here , we show that nucleophosmin ( NPM1 ) integrates within the nucleolus via a multi-modal mechanism involving multivalent interactions with proteins containing arginine-rich l...	Inside cells , machines called ribosomes assemble proteins from building blocks known as amino acids . Cells can alter the numbers of ribosomes they produce to match the cell’s demand for new proteins . For instance , when cells grow they require a lot of new proteins and therefore more ribosomes are produced . However...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Nucleophosmin integrates within the nucleolus via multi-modal interactions with proteins displaying R-rich linear motifs and rRNA
Engineering of GPCR constructs with improved thermostability is a key for successful structural and biochemical studies of this transmembrane protein family , targeted by 40% of all therapeutic drugs . Here we introduce a comprehensive computational approach to effective prediction of stabilizing mutations in GPCRs , n...	The trillions of cells in the human body rely on receptors that sit in their cell membranes to communicate with each other . Hundreds of different receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily ( called GPCRs for short ) and play vital roles in the all organs and bodily systems . Indeed , GPCRs are the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Computational", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Computational design of thermostabilizing point mutations for G protein-coupled receptors
Imprinted X-inactivation silences genes exclusively on the paternally-inherited X-chromosome and is a paradigm of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in mammals . Here , we test the role of maternal vs . zygotic Polycomb repressive complex 2 ( PRC2 ) protein EED in orchestrating imprinted X-inactivation in mouse e...	Almost every one of our cells , with a few exceptions , contains the complete set of genes needed to build and maintain the human body . Yet , not all of these genes are active in every cell . Instead , some genes are tagged for activation , while others are silenced . These changes do not alter the genetic code , only...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	Conversion of random X-inactivation to imprinted X-inactivation by maternal PRC2
Within neuroscience , psychology , and neuroimaging , the most frequently used statistical approach is null hypothesis significance testing ( NHST ) of the population mean . An alternative approach is to perform NHST within individual participants and then infer , from the proportion of participants showing an effect ,...	Scientists use statistical tools to evaluate observations or measurements from carefully designed experiments . In psychology and neuroscience , these experiments involve studying a randomly selected group of people , looking for patterns in their behaviour or brain activity , to infer things about the population at la...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Bayesian inference of population prevalence
The brain is capable of large-scale reorganization in blindness or after massive injury . Such reorganization crosses the division into separate sensory cortices ( visual , somatosensory . . . ) . As its result , the visual cortex of the blind becomes active during tactile Braille reading . Although the possibility of ...	According to most textbooks , our brain is divided into separate areas that are dedicated to specific senses . We have a visual cortex for vision , a tactile cortex for touch , and so on . However , researchers suspect that this division might not be as fixed as the textbooks say . For example , blind people can switch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Massive cortical reorganization in sighted Braille readers
This paper describes a framework for modelling dopamine function in the mammalian brain . It proposes that both learning and action planning involve processes minimizing prediction errors encoded by dopaminergic neurons . In this framework , dopaminergic neurons projecting to different parts of the striatum encode erro...	In the brain , chemicals such as dopamine allow nerve cells to ‘talk’ to each other and to relay information from and to the environment . Dopamine , in particular , is released when pleasant surprises are experienced: this helps the organism to learn about the consequences of certain actions . If a new flavour of ice-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Dopamine role in learning and action inference
Dynamic remodeling of the intrahepatic biliary epithelial tissue plays key roles in liver regeneration , yet the cellular basis for this process remains unclear . We took an unbiased approach based on in vivo clonal labeling and tracking of biliary epithelial cells in the three-dimensional landscape , in combination wi...	Cell proliferation – the process by which cells multiply – plays an important role in many biological processes , including tissue growth , maintenance and remodeling . In these processes , the way cells proliferate is reportedly related to their roles in the tissue and the structures that they form . The biliary tree ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Heterogeneity and stochastic growth regulation of biliary epithelial cells dictate dynamic epithelial tissue remodeling
Loss of ESCRT function in Drosophila imaginal discs is known to cause neoplastic overgrowth fueled by mis-regulation of signaling pathways . Its impact on junctional integrity , however , remains obscure . To dissect the events leading to neoplasia , we used transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) on wing imaginal dis...	Proteins are large molecules responsible for a variety of activities that cells needs to perform to survive; from respiration to copying DNA before cells divide . To perform these roles proteins need to be transported to the correct cell compartment , or to the cell membrane . This protein trafficking depends on the en...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	The ESCRT machinery regulates retromer-dependent transcytosis of septate junction components in Drosophila
Non-centrosomal microtubule arrays assemble in differentiated tissues to perform mechanical and transport-based functions . In this study , we identify Caenorhabditis elegans NOCA-1 as a protein with homology to vertebrate ninein . NOCA-1 contributes to the assembly of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in multiple tis...	Microtubules are hollow , rigid filaments that are found in the cells of animals and other eukaryotes . These filaments are built from smaller building blocks called tubulin heterodimers; and in dividing animal cells , they mainly emerge from structures called centrosomes . When a cell is dividing , arrays of microtubu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	NOCA-1 functions with γ-tubulin and in parallel to Patronin to assemble non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in C. elegans
Stem cell homeostasis in plant shoot meristems requires tight coordination between stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation . In Arabidopsis , stem cells express the secreted dodecapeptide CLAVATA3 ( CLV3 ) , which signals through the leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) -receptor kinase CLAVATA1 ( CLV1 ) and related CL...	Plants are sessile lifeforms that have evolved many ways to overcome this challenge . For example , they can quickly adapt to their environment , and they can grow new organs , such as leaves and flowers , throughout their lifetime . Stem cells are important precursor cells in plants ( and animals ) that can divide and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	Control of Arabidopsis shoot stem cell homeostasis by two antagonistic CLE peptide signalling pathways
The poles of the mitotic spindle contain one old and one young centrosome . In asymmetric stem cell divisions , the age of centrosomes affects their behaviour and their probability to remain in the stem cell . In contrast , in symmetric divisions , old and young centrosomes are thought to behave equally . This hypothes...	Cells are able to copy their DNA and then divide to make two daughter cells that each have a complete set of genetic material . In animal cells , the DNA is arranged within structures called chromosomes and groups of proteins called centrosomes control the process that separates the chromosome copies as the cell divide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Centrosome age regulates kinetochore–microtubule stability and biases chromosome mis-segregation
The gene desert upstream of the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8q24 contains susceptibility loci for several major forms of human cancer . The region shows high conservation between human and mouse and contains multiple MYC enhancers that are activated in tumor cells . However , the role of this region in normal developmen...	Our cells each contain close to 20 , 000 genes , which provide the instructions needed to build our bodies and keep us alive . At any one time in the life of the cell , only some of these genes are active . The activity of each gene is constantly regulated to allow the cell to respond to changes in its environment . En...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Mice deficient of Myc super-enhancer region reveal differential control mechanism between normal and pathological growth
The mechanosensing ability of lymphocytes regulates their activation in response to antigen stimulation , but the underlying mechanism remains unexplored . Here , we report that B cell mechanosensing-governed activation requires BCR signaling molecules . PMA-induced activation of PKCβ can bypass the Btk and PLC-γ2 sign...	The human immune system protects the body from harmful bacteria , viruses and other microbes . Immune cells called B cells use proteins called B cell receptors on their surface to identify these invaders . When the B cell receptors detect molecules called antigens on the surface of the microbes , they produce signals t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Substrate stiffness governs the initiation of B cell activation by the concerted signaling of PKCβ and focal adhesion kinase
Proper development of the CNS axon-glia unit requires bi-directional communication between axons and oligodendrocytes ( OLs ) . We show that the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3 , 5-bisphosphate [PI ( 3 , 5 ) P2] is required in neurons and in OLs for normal CNS myelination . In mice , mutations of Fig4 , Pikfyve ...	Neurons communicate with each other through long cable-like extensions called axons . An insulating sheath called myelin ( or white matter ) surrounds each axon , and allows electrical impulses to travel more quickly . Cells in the brain called oligodendrocytes produce myelin . If the myelin sheath is not properly form...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms
Constraints on phenotypic variation limit the capacity of organisms to adapt to the multiple selection pressures encountered in natural environments . To better understand evolutionary dynamics in this context , we select Escherichia coli for faster migration through a porous environment , a process which depends on bo...	In nature organisms face many challenges , and species adapt to their environment by changing heritable traits over the course of many generations . How organisms adapt is often limited by trade-offs , in which improving one trait can only come at the expense of another . In the laboratory , scientists use well-control...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Environment determines evolutionary trajectory in a constrained phenotypic space
Innate lymphoid cells ( ILCs ) contribute to host defence and tissue repair but can induce immunopathology . Recent work has revealed tissue-specific roles for ILCs; however , the question of how a small population has large effects on immune homeostasis remains unclear . We identify two mechanisms that ILC3s utilise t...	Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are diseases in which the body’s own immune system causes inflammation of the large intestine . These autoimmune diseases can be severely debilitating and difficult to treat . However an improved understanding of the factors that contribute to the intestinal inflammation may lead ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	ILC3 GM-CSF production and mobilisation orchestrate acute intestinal inflammation
Bone cells sense and actively adapt to physical perturbations to prevent critical damage . ATP release is among the earliest cellular responses to mechanical stimulation . Mechanical stimulation of a single murine osteoblast led to the release of 70 ± 24 amole ATP , which stimulated calcium responses in neighboring cel...	Athletes' skeletons get stronger with training , while bones weaken in people who cannot move or in astronauts experiencing weightlessness . This is because bone cells thrive when exposed to forces . When a bone cell is exposed to a physical force , the first thing that happens is the release of the energy-rich molecul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2018	Mechanically stimulated ATP release from murine bone cells is regulated by a balance of injury and repair
CRISPR-Cas systems protect bacteria and archaea from phages and other mobile genetic elements , which use small anti-CRISPR ( Acr ) proteins to overcome CRISPR-Cas immunity . Because Acrs are challenging to identify , their natural diversity and impact on microbial ecosystems are underappreciated . To overcome this dis...	Viruses that attack bacteria are known as bacteriophages , or phages for short . Bacteria have developed an antiviral immune system called CRISPR-Cas that works by targeting particular genetic sequences , such as those of an invading phage , for destruction . To counteract this immune system , phages have evolved prote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Functional metagenomics-guided discovery of potent Cas9 inhibitors in the human microbiome
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has yet to be reported in species of the Platyhelminthes . We tested this approach by targeting omega-1 ( ω1 ) of Schistosoma mansoni as proof of principle . This secreted ribonuclease is crucial for Th2 polarization and granuloma formation . Schistosome eggs were exposed to Cas9 comple...	Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease that can cause serious health problems , including damage to the liver and kidneys , infertility and bladder cancer . Nearly a quarter billion people are currently infected , mostly in poor regions of sub-Saharan Africa , the Philippines and Brazil . A freshwater worm known as Schi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Programmed genome editing of the omega-1 ribonuclease of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni
Feeding behaviors require intricately coordinated activation among the muscles of the jaw , tongue , and face , but the neural anatomical substrates underlying such coordination remain unclear . In this study , we investigate whether the premotor circuitry of jaw and tongue motoneurons contain elements for coordination...	Chewing requires highly coordinated movements of the tongue and jaw . The tongue pushes food around the mouth , keeping it within reach of the teeth , while rhythmic movements of the jaw enable the teeth to grind up food without injuring the tongue itself . However , despite the importance of tongue–jaw coordination , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Monosynaptic premotor circuit tracing reveals neural substrates for oro-motor coordination
We examine the impact of targeted disruption of growth hormone-releasing hormone ( GHRH ) in mice on longevity and the putative mechanisms of delayed aging . GHRH knockout mice are remarkably long-lived , exhibiting major shifts in the expression of genes related to xenobiotic detoxification , stress resistance , and i...	There is increasing evidence that the hormonal systems involved in growth , the metabolism of glucose , and the processes that balance energy intake and expenditure might also be involved in the aging process . In rodents , mutations in genes involved in these hormone-signaling pathways can substantially increase lifes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice
Animals use the temporal information from previously experienced periodic events to instruct their future behaviors . The retina and cortex are involved in such behavior , but it remains largely unknown how the thalamus , transferring visual information from the retina to the cortex , processes the periodic temporal pa...	Being able to track the passage of time enables animals to predict when events will occur in the future . This in turn helps them optimize their behavior . Hummingbirds , for example , schedule their foraging visits so that they return to each flower after it has had time to replenish its supply of nectar . In the labo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Representation of time interval entrained by periodic stimuli in the visual thalamus of pigeons
Endoplasmic Reticulum ( ER ) -derived COPII coated vesicles constitutively transport secretory cargo to the Golgi . However , during starvation-induced stress , COPII vesicles have been implicated as a membrane source for autophagosomes , distinct organelles that engulf cellular components for degradation by macroautop...	When cells experience stressful conditions , such as a shortage of nutrients , they can digest their own material via a ‘self-eating’ process called autophagy and then recycle the products for further use . When autophagy is triggered , a new membrane structure called the autophagosome forms within the cell as it engul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Sec24 phosphorylation regulates autophagosome abundance during nutrient deprivation
Although thrombosis has been extensively studied using various animal models , our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains elusive . Here , using zebrafish model , we demonstrated that smarca5-deficient red blood cells ( RBCs ) formed blood clots in the caudal vein plexus . We further used the anti-thrombosis...	After an injury , cells in our blood ( called red blood cells ) often stick together to form clots to stop us from bleeding and prevent infection . These clots , however , can sometimes develop in veins and arteries , resulting in a condition known as thrombosis . If left untreated , these blockages can be life-threate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	The chromatin-remodeling enzyme Smarca5 regulates erythrocyte aggregation via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling
The actin cytoskeleton mediates mechanical coupling between cells and their tissue microenvironments . The architecture and composition of actin networks are modulated by force; however , it is unclear how interactions between actin filaments ( F-actin ) and associated proteins are mechanically regulated . Here we empl...	All of the cells in our bodies rely on cues from their surrounding environment to alter their behavior . As well sending each other chemical signals , such as hormones , cells can also detect pressure and physical forces applied by the cells around them . These physical interactions are coordinated by a network of prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Molecular mechanism for direct actin force-sensing by α-catenin

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