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The neuron specific RNA-binding proteins NOVA1 and NOVA2 are highly homologous alternative splicing regulators . NOVA proteins regulate at least 700 alternative splicing events in vivo , yet relatively little is known about the biologic consequences of NOVA action and in particular about functional differences between ...	The first step of producing a protein involves the DNA of a gene being copied to form a molecule of RNA . This RNA molecule can often be processed to create several different “messenger” RNAs ( mRNAs ) , each of which are used to produce a different protein by a process known as alternative splicing . A class of protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	NOVA2-mediated RNA regulation is required for axonal pathfinding during development
Numerous genetic variants associated with MEF2C are linked to autism , intellectual disability ( ID ) and schizophrenia ( SCZ ) – a heterogeneous collection of neurodevelopmental disorders with unclear pathophysiology . MEF2C is highly expressed in developing cortical excitatory neurons , but its role in their developm...	Abnormal development of the brain contributes to intellectual disability , as well as to a number of psychiatric disorders , including schizophrenia and autism . As the brain develops , neurons establish connections with one another called synapses , which are either excitatory or inhibitory . At excitatory synapses , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	MEF2C regulates cortical inhibitory and excitatory synapses and behaviors relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders
Bre1 , a conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , together with its interacting partner Lge1 , are responsible for histone H2B monoubiquitination , which regulates transcription , DNA replication , and DNA damage response and repair , ensuring the structural integrity of the genome . Deletion of BRE1...	Most of the DNA in a cell is stored in structures called chromosomes . During every cell cycle , each cell needs to replicate its chromosomes , hold the two chromosome copies ( also known as “sister chromatids” ) together before cell division , and distribute them equally to the two new cells . Each step must be execut...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	E3 ubiquitin ligase Bre1 couples sister chromatid cohesion establishment to DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway regulates tissue growth in Drosophila by restricting the activity of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie ( Yki ) , which normally complexes with the TEF/TEAD family DNA-binding transcription factor Scalloped ( Sd ) to drive the expression of growth-promoting genes . Given its pivot...	Animals uses a range of mechanisms to stop their organs from growing once they have reached the right shape and size . One of these processes , a set of chemical messages called the Hippo pathway , controls the balance of cell death and cell division . In fruit flies , Hippo works by repressing a complex formed of two ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Nerfin-1 represses transcriptional output of Hippo signaling in cell competition
Little is known about enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings . We measured serological IgG responses to eight enteropathogens ( Giardia intestinalis , Cryptosporidium parvum , Entamoeba histolytica , Salmonella enterica , enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Vibrio cholerae , Campylobacte...	Diarrhea , which is caused by bacteria such as Salmonella or by viruses like norovirus , is the fourth leading cause of death among children worldwide , with children in low-resource settings being at highest risk . The pathogens that cause diarrhea spread when stool from infected people comes into contact with new hos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2019	Enteropathogen antibody dynamics and force of infection among children in low-resource settings
Manipulation of the gut microbiota holds great promise for the treatment of diseases . However , a major challenge is the identification of therapeutically potent microbial consortia that colonize the host effectively while maximizing immunologic outcome . Here , we propose a novel workflow to select optimal immune-ind...	The role of the immune system is to protect the body from infection . It does this by using a powerful toolkit that isolates pathogens and removes damaged tissue . When directed against bacteria and viruses , the system helps to keep the body safe , but an imbalance of the components of the immune system can lead to in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Computer-guided design of optimal microbial consortia for immune system modulation
Cytoplasmic dynein plays critical roles within the developing and mature nervous systems , including effecting nuclear migration , and retrograde transport of various cargos . Unsurprisingly , mutations in dynein are causative of various developmental neuropathies and motor neuron diseases . These ‘dyneinopathies’ defi...	Motor proteins maintain order by transporting biomolecules and various structures within living cells . Dynein is one such motor that moves many types of cargoes along tracks called microtubules , which are spread across the cell’s interior . This motor is particularly important in nerve cells , which can be very long ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Molecular basis for dyneinopathies reveals insight into dynein regulation and dysfunction
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay ( NMD ) pathway degrades mRNAs containing long 3'UTRs to perform dual roles in mRNA quality control and gene expression regulation . However , expansion of vertebrate 3'UTR functions has required a physical expansion of 3'UTR lengths , complicating the process of detecting nonsense muta...	Genes are used as templates to create molecules of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that contain all the information needed to make a protein . This information begins with a 'start site' and ends with a 'stop site . ' The regions of the mRNA outside of the start and stop sites are called untranslated regions . Not all mRNAs are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 protects mRNAs from recognition by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway
Free heme is cytotoxic as exemplified by hemolytic diseases and genetic deficiencies in heme recycling and detoxifying pathways . Thus , intracellular accumulation of heme has not been observed in mammalian cells to date . Here we show that mice deficient for the heme transporter SLC48A1 ( also known as HRG1 ) accumula...	Specialized cells , known as red blood cells , are responsible for transporting oxygen to various organs in the body . Each red blood cell contains over a billion molecules of heme which make up the iron containing portion of the hemoglobin protein that binds and transports oxygen . When red blood cells reach the end o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Hemozoin produced by mammals confers heme tolerance
Sleep is an essential behavioral state . It is induced by conserved sleep-active neurons that express GABA . However , little is known about how sleep neuron function is determined and how sleep neurons change physiology and behavior systemically . Here , we investigated sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans , which is induc...	Sleep keeps us healthy and happy , and is essential for all animals . Specialized neurons in the brain become highly active to generate this restful state . There are relatively few of these “sleep-active” neurons in the brain , but they are able to control sleep in the entire animal . Like most other neurons , sleep-a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Sleep-active neuron specification and sleep induction require FLP-11 neuropeptides to systemically induce sleep
Skeletal muscle is highly sensitive to mutations in genes that participate in membrane stability and cellular attachment , which often leads to muscular dystrophy . Here we show that Thrombospondin-4 ( Thbs4 ) regulates skeletal muscle integrity and its susceptibility to muscular dystrophy through organization of membr...	Muscle cells , also known as myofibers , need to be robust in order to withstand the physical stresses of contracting and relaxing . As a result , the cell surface membrane that surrounds myofibers is more strongly anchored to its surroundings than that of other cells . Muscular dystrophies are a group of muscle-wastin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Thrombospondin expression in myofibers stabilizes muscle membranes
Allostery is an inherent feature of proteins , but it remains challenging to reveal the mechanisms by which allosteric signals propagate . A clearer understanding of this intrinsic circuitry would afford new opportunities to modulate protein function . Here , we have identified allosteric sites in protein tyrosine phos...	Proteins perform many important jobs in each of the cells in our bodies , such as transporting other molecules and helping chemical reactions to occur . The part of the protein directly involved in these tasks is called the active site . Other areas of the protein can communicate with the active site to switch the prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	An expanded allosteric network in PTP1B by multitemperature crystallography, fragment screening, and covalent tethering
In most well-studied rod-shaped bacteria , peptidoglycan is primarily crosslinked by penicillin-binding proteins ( PBPs ) . However , in mycobacteria , crosslinks formed by L , D-transpeptidases ( LDTs ) are highly abundant . To elucidate the role of these unusual crosslinks , we characterized Mycobacterium smegmatis c...	Most bacteria have a cell wall that protects them and maintains their shape . Many of these organisms make their cell walls from fibers of proteins and sugars , called peptidoglycan . As bacteria grow , peptidoglycan is constantly broken down and reassembled , and in many species , new units of peptidoglycan are added ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Maturing Mycobacterium smegmatis peptidoglycan requires non-canonical crosslinks to maintain shape
Understanding genome to phenotype linkages has been greatly enabled by genomic sequencing . However , most genome analysis is typically confined to the nuclear genome . We conducted a metabolomic QTL analysis on a reciprocal RIL population structured to examine how variation in the organelle genomes affects phenotypic ...	The vast majority of genes in plant and animal cells are located on chromosomes within the nucleus . However , cells also contain a small number of genes outside the nucleus in cellular organelles such as the mitochondria , which generate energy , and the chloroplasts , which carry out photosynthesis . All these non-nu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Cytoplasmic genetic variation and extensive cytonuclear interactions influence natural variation in the metabolome
Neuronal circuit mapping using electron microscopy demands laborious proofreading or reconciliation of multiple independent reconstructions . Here , we describe new methods to apply quantitative arbor and network context to iteratively proofread and reconstruct circuits and create anatomically enriched wiring diagrams ...	The nervous system contains cells called neurons , which connect to each other to form circuits that send and process information . Each neuron receives and transmits signals to other neurons via very small junctions called synapses . Neurons are shaped a bit like trees , and most input synapses are located in the tini...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Quantitative neuroanatomy for connectomics in Drosophila
Aberrant alternative pre-mRNA splicing ( AS ) events have been associated with several disorders . However , it is unclear whether deregulated AS directly contributes to disease . Here , we reveal a critical role of the AS regulator epithelial splicing regulator protein 1 ( ESRP1 ) for intestinal homeostasis and pathog...	The lining of the intestine is just one cell thick , and yet it can act as an effective barrier between the inside of the body and the contents of the digestive system . This lining is often disturbed during bowel cancer , inflammatory bowel disease and other intestinal diseases , causing the barrier to fail and the gu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	The ESRP1-GPR137 axis contributes to intestinal pathogenesis
The orbitofrontal cortex ( OFC ) has been described as signaling outcome expectancies or value . Evidence for the latter comes from the studies showing that neural signals in the OFC correlate with value across features . Yet features can co-vary with value , and individual units may participate in multiple ensembles c...	Imagine you are at a restaurant and the waiter offers you a choice of cheesecake or fruit salad for dessert . When making your choice it is likely that you will consider the features of these desserts , such as their taste , their sweetness or how healthy they are . However , when you decide which dessert to have , you...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Orbitofrontal neurons acquire responses to ‘valueless’ Pavlovian cues during unblocking
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C ( VEGF-C ) acts primarily on endothelial cells , but also on non-vascular targets , for example in the CNS and immune system . Here we describe a novel , unique VEGF-C form in the human reproductive system produced via cleavage by kallikrein-related peptidase 3 ( KLK3 ) , aka prosta...	The lymphatic system is composed of networks of vessels that drain fluids from the body’s tissues and filter it back into the blood . Growing these vessels depends on a factor known as VEGF-C , which is released in an inactive form and must be cut by enzymes before it can work . One enzyme that is known to activate the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	KLK3/PSA and cathepsin D activate VEGF-C and VEGF-D
While more than 70 genes have been linked to deafness , most of which are expressed in mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear , a challenge has been to link these genes into molecular pathways . One example is Myo7a ( myosin VIIA ) , in which deafness mutations affect the development and function of the mechanicall...	Inside the inner ear , sensory cells called hair cells detect and respond to sounds and head movements . These cells have a mechanically sensitive structure called the hair bundle , which is made of many thin projections called stereocilia . The stereocilia are linked so that when they bend in response to a sound or he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	PDZD7-MYO7A complex identified in enriched stereocilia membranes
How thermal , mechanical and chemical stimuli applied to the skin are transduced into signals transmitted by peripheral neurons to the CNS is an area of intense study . Several studies indicate that transduction mechanisms are intrinsic to cutaneous neurons and that epidermal keratinocytes only modulate this transducti...	When a person touches a hot saucepan , nerve cells in the skin send a message to the brain that causes the person to pull away quickly . Similar messages alert the brain when the skin comes in contact with an object that is cold or causes pain . These nerve cells also help to transmit information about other sensations...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Keratinocytes can modulate and directly initiate nociceptive responses
The human gut microbiota impacts host metabolism and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic syndromes . However , defining the roles of specific microbial activities and metabolites on host phenotypes has proven challenging due to the complexity of the microbiome-host ecosystem . Here , we ...	The microbiome , the collection of bacteria that live in and on human bodies , has a strong influence on how well the body works . However , the diversity of the microbiome makes it difficult to untangle exactly how it has these effects . For example , it is poorly understood how the hundreds of species of bacteria tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	A selective gut bacterial bile salt hydrolase alters host metabolism
Recently , a prototype dengue early warning system was developed to produce probabilistic forecasts of dengue risk three months ahead of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . Here , we evaluate the categorical dengue forecasts across all microregions in Brazil , using dengue cases reported in June 2014 to validate the model ....	Dengue is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes and is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions . Dengue epidemics in Brazil often occur without warning , and can overwhelm the public health services . Forecasts of seasonal climates combined with early data from a dengue surveillance system could help public he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Evaluating probabilistic dengue risk forecasts from a prototype early warning system for Brazil
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface adhesion and signaling receptors that are essential for metazoan existence . Some integrins contain an I-domain that is a major ligand binding site . The ligands preferentially engage the active forms of the integrins and trigger signaling cascades that alter numerous cell funct...	The outer surfaces of animal cells are coated with proteins , including many that are able to sense signals from the environment . The integrins are one such group of proteins . Particular ions or small molecules – collectively known as ligands – can bind to these proteins and activate cascades of signaling events insi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin is a unique ligand of the integrin complement receptor 3
This study sought to evaluate the performance of metabolic gestational age estimation models developed in Ontario , Canada in infants born in Bangladesh . Cord and heel prick blood spots were collected in Bangladesh and analyzed at a newborn screening facility in Ottawa , Canada . Algorithm-derived estimates of gestati...	Complications from preterm birth are the leading cause of death among children under five . Ultrasounds are routinely used in wealthy countries to track babies' development . In countries with limited resources , however , ultrasounds are rare , making it harder to estimate how many children are born prematurely . Bloo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2019	External validation of postnatal gestational age estimation using newborn metabolic profiles in Matlab, Bangladesh
Brains regulate behavioral responses with distinct timings . Here we investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the timing of decision-making during olfactory navigation in Caenorhabditis elegans . We find that , based on subtle changes in odor concentrations , the animals appear to choose the appropr...	Animals use information from their environment to make decisions , like where to go , what to eat , and with whom to mate . This information may be changing or confusing , and decisions may be quick when the sensory information is clear , or slower when the sensory clues are muddled . Scientists often study this kind o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Calcium dynamics regulating the timing of decision-making in C. elegans
The link between the combined action of neuromodulators in the brain and global brain states remains a mystery . In this study , using biophysically realistic models of the thalamocortical network , we identified the critical intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms , associated with the putative action of acetylcholine ( ACh...	There are several stages of sleep that cycle repeatedly through the night with each producing distinctive patterns of electrical activity in the brain . It is thought that these patterns may help us to remember things that have happened throughout the day . Cells in parts of the brain called the hypothalamus and the br...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Cellular and neurochemical basis of sleep stages in the thalamocortical network
Most bacteria use an indirect pathway to generate aminoacylated glutamine and/or asparagine tRNAs . Clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with increased rates of error in gene translation ( mistranslation ) involving the indirect tRNA-aminoacylation pathway have increased tolerance to the first-line antibioti...	A bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for nearly 98% of cases of tuberculosis , which kills more people worldwide than any other infectious disease . This is due , in part , to the time it takes to cure individuals of the disease: patients have to take antibiotics continuously for at least six mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Kasugamycin potentiates rifampicin and limits emergence of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by specifically decreasing mycobacterial mistranslation
Treatment of EGFR-mutant lung cancer with erlotinib results in dramatic tumor regression but it is invariably followed by drug resistance . In characterizing early transcriptional changes following drug treatment of mutant EGFR-addicted cells , we identified the stem cell transcriptional regulator SOX2 as being rapidly...	Tumors can form when cells gain mutations in genes that enable them to grow and divide rapidly . In some human lung cancers , genetic mutations are found in a gene that makes a protein called EGFR . This protein encourages cells to divide and the mutations can lead to the cancer cells producing more EGFR , or producing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	Inhibition of mutant EGFR in lung cancer cells triggers SOX2-FOXO6-dependent survival pathways
The Na+/K+-pump maintains the physiological K+ and Na+ electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane . It operates via an 'alternating-access' mechanism , making iterative transitions between inward-facing ( E1 ) and outward-facing ( E2 ) conformations . Although the general features of the transport cycle are kno...	A protein called the sodium-potassium pump resides in the membrane that surrounds living cells . The role of this protein is to 'pump' sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to help restore their concentration inside and outside of the cell . About 25% of the body's energy is used to keep the pump going , rising...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	The selectivity of the Na+/K+-pump is controlled by binding site protonation and self-correcting occlusion
Catechol dehydroxylation is a central chemical transformation in the gut microbial metabolism of plant- and host-derived small molecules . However , the molecular basis for this transformation and its distribution among gut microorganisms are poorly understood . Here , we characterize a molybdenum-dependent enzyme from...	Inside the human gut there are trillions of bacteria . These microbes are critical for breaking down and modifying molecules that the body consumes ( such as nutrients and drugs ) and produces ( such as hormones ) . Although metabolizing these molecules is known to impact health and disease , little is known about the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	A widely distributed metalloenzyme class enables gut microbial metabolism of host- and diet-derived catechols
Improving in one aspect of a task can undermine performance in another , but how such opposing demands play out in single cells and impact on fitness is mostly unknown . Here we study budding yeast in dynamic environments of hyperosmotic stress and show how the corresponding signalling network increases cellular surviv...	The faster we do tasks the harder it is to do them well . For example , when we wish to judge if , say , a cup , is too hot , we first quickly withdraw our hand after touching it: we know that the cup is hot but not how much . Next we hold a finger against the cup to accurately judge its temperature . Such speed-accura...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "materials" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Distributing tasks via multiple input pathways increases cellular survival in stress
Understanding how cellular identity naturally interconverts with high efficiency and temporospatial precision is crucial for regenerative medicine . Here , we revealed a natural midgut-to-renal lineage conversion event during Drosophila metamorphosis and identified the evolutionarily-conserved homeodomain protein Cut a...	As an embryo develops , an organism transforms from a single cell into an organized collection of different cells , tissues and organs . Regulated by genes and messenger molecules , non-specialized cells known as precursor cells , move , divide and adapt to produce the different cells in the adult body . However , some...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Temporospatial induction of homeodomain gene cut dictates natural lineage reprogramming
The apical inflammatory cytokine TNF regulates numerous important biological processes including inflammation and cell death , and drives inflammatory diseases . TNF secretion requires TACE ( also called ADAM17 ) , which cleaves TNF from its transmembrane tether . The trafficking of TACE to the cell surface , and stimu...	Inflammation forms part of the body's defense system against pathogens , but if the system becomes faulty , it can cause problems linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases . Immune cells coordinate their activity using specific signaling molecules called cytokines . For example , the cytokine TNF is an important t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	iTAP, a novel iRhom interactor, controls TNF secretion by policing the stability of iRhom/TACE
BRCA1 plays a critical role in homology-directed repair ( HDR ) of DNA double strand breaks , and the repair defect of BRCA1-mutant cancer cells is being targeted with platinum drugs and poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) inhibitors . We have employed relatively simple and sensitive assays to determine the functio...	Genes are the instruction manuals of life and contain the information needed to build the proteins that keep cells alive . Over time , genes can accumulate errors or mutations and eventually become faulty , which can lead to diseases like cancer . Sometimes mutations can be passed on through generations and increase th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Functional and mutational landscapes of BRCA1 for homology-directed repair and therapy resistance
Immersive virtual reality ( VR ) enables naturalistic neuroscientific studies while maintaining experimental control , but dynamic and interactive stimuli pose methodological challenges . We here probed the link between emotional arousal , a fundamental property of affective experience , and parieto-occipital alpha pow...	Human emotions are complex and difficult to study . It is particularly difficult to study emotional arousal , this is , how engaging , motivating , or intense an emotional experience is . To learn how the human brain processes emotions , researchers usually show emotional images to participants in the laboratory while ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Decoding subjective emotional arousal from EEG during an immersive virtual reality experience
The timing and accuracy of perceptual decision-making is exquisitely sensitive to fluctuations in arousal . Although extensive research has highlighted the role of various neural processing stages in forming decisions , our understanding of how arousal impacts these processes remains limited . Here we isolated electrop...	Driving along a busy street requires you to constantly monitor the behavior of other road users . You need to be able to spot and avoid the car that suddenly changes lane , or the pedestrian who steps out in front of you . How fast you can react to such events depends in part on your brain's level of alertness , or 'ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Behavioural and neural signatures of perceptual decision-making are modulated by pupil-linked arousal
In malaria , rosetting is described as a phenomenon where an infected erythrocyte ( IRBC ) is attached to uninfected erythrocytes ( URBC ) . In some studies , rosetting has been associated with malaria pathogenesis . Here , we have identified a new type of rosetting . Using a step-by-step approach , we identified IGFBP...	Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted by mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium parasites . Part of the parasite life cycle happens inside human red blood cells . The surface of an infected red blood cell is coated with parasite proteins , which attract the attention of white blood cells called monocytes . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes induce secretion of IGFBP7 to form type II rosettes and escape phagocytosis
Retinal axon projections form a map of the visual environment in the tectum . A zebrafish larva typically detects a prey object in its peripheral visual field . As it turns and swims towards the prey , the stimulus enters the central , binocular area , and seemingly expands in size . By volumetric calcium imaging , we ...	The retina is the thin layer of tissue in the eye that can receive light stimuli and convert them into electric signals to be transmitted to the brain . The cells that sense fine detail cluster at the center of the retina while the motion-sensing cells that keep track of movement lie at the periphery . When zebrafish l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Retinotectal circuitry of larval zebrafish is adapted to detection and pursuit of prey
Respiration , an essential metabolic process , provides cells with chemical energy . In eukaryotes , respiration occurs via the mitochondrial electron transport chain ( mETC ) composed of several large membrane-protein complexes . Complex I ( CI ) is the main entry point for electrons into the mETC . For plants , limit...	Respiration is the process used by all forms of life to turn organic matter from food into energy that cells can use to live and grow . The final stage of this process relies on an intricate chain of protein complexes which produce the molecule that cells use for energy . Complexes in the chain are made up of specific ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Atomic structure of a mitochondrial complex I intermediate from vascular plants
Sas-6 and Ana2/STIL proteins are required for centriole duplication and the homo-oligomerisation properties of Sas-6 help establish the ninefold symmetry of the central cartwheel that initiates centriole assembly . Ana2/STIL proteins are poorly conserved , but they all contain a predicted Central Coiled-Coil Domain ( C...	Most animal cells contain structures known as centrioles . Typically , a cell that is not dividing contains a pair of centrioles . But when a cell prepares to divide , the centrioles are duplicated . The two pairs of centrioles then organize the scaffolding that shares the genetic material equally between the newly for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	The homo-oligomerisation of both Sas-6 and Ana2 is required for efficient centriole assembly in flies
Plastids are supported by a wide range of proteins encoded within the nucleus and imported from the cytoplasm . These plastid-targeted proteins may originate from the endosymbiont , the host , or other sources entirely . Here , we identify and characterise 770 plastid-targeted proteins that are conserved across the och...	The cells of most plants and algae contain compartments called chloroplasts that enable them to capture energy from sunlight in a process known as photosynthesis . Chloroplasts are the remnants of photosynthetic bacteria that used to live freely in the environment until they were consumed by a larger cell . “Complex” c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Chimeric origins of ochrophytes and haptophytes revealed through an ancient plastid proteome
Calcium ( Ca2+ ) plays an important role in the function and health of neurons . In vertebrate cone photoreceptors , Ca2+ controls photoresponse sensitivity , kinetics , and light adaptation . Despite the critical role of Ca2+ in supporting the function and survival of cones , the mechanism for its extrusion from cone ...	Cells known as photoreceptors sense light in the eye . Light activates signaling pathways inside the photoreceptors that relay visual information to nerve cells , which carry the information to the brain . Photoreceptors called cone cells allow us to distinguish different colors of light and therefore play an important...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger NCKX4 is required for efficient cone-mediated vision
To follow the dynamics of meiosis in the model plant Arabidopsis , we have established a live cell imaging setup to observe male meiocytes . Our method is based on the concomitant visualization of microtubules ( MTs ) and a meiotic cohesin subunit that allows following five cellular parameters: cell shape , MT array , ...	In plant cells , as in other cells , genetic information is stored within structures known as chromosomes . Most of the cells in a plant contain a duplicated set of chromosomes that the plant needs to survive . However , plants also produce some cells known as sex cells that only have a single set of chromosomes . This...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Live cell imaging of meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana
The integration of most membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria occurs co-translationally . The universally conserved YidC protein mediates this process either individually as a membrane protein insertase , or in concert with the SecY complex . Here , we present a structural model of YidC based on e...	Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane that acts like a barrier to help to keep the cell intact . Proteins are embedded in this plasma membrane; and some of these membrane proteins act as channels that allow molecules to enter and leave the cell , while others allow the cell to communicate with its surroundings . Li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	A structural model of the active ribosome-bound membrane protein insertase YidC
Catecholamines modulate the impact of motivational cues on action . Such motivational biases have been proposed to reflect cue-based , ‘Pavlovian’ effects . Here , we assess whether motivational biases may also arise from asymmetrical instrumental learning of active and passive responses following reward and punishment...	When we see a threat , we tend to hold back . When we see a reward , we have a strong urge to approach . Most of the time , these hardwired tendencies – or biases – are the right thing to do . However , our behaviour is not all hardwired; we can also learn from our previous experiences . But might this learning be bias...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Catecholaminergic challenge uncovers distinct Pavlovian and instrumental mechanisms of motivated (in)action
The membrane-bound transcription factor ATF6α plays a cytoprotective role in the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) , required for cells to survive ER stress . Activation of ATF6α promotes cell survival in cancer models . We used cell-based screens to discover and develop Ceapins , a class of pyrazole amides , that bloc...	Newly made proteins must be folded into specific three-dimensional shapes before they can perform their roles in cells . Many proteins are folded in a cell compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum . The cell closely monitors the quality of the work done by this compartment . If the endoplasmic reticulum has more pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Ceapins are a new class of unfolded protein response inhibitors, selectively targeting the ATF6α branch
Mutations in the human telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) promoter are the most frequent non-coding mutations in cancer , but their molecular mechanism in tumorigenesis has not been established . We used genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells with physiological telomerase expression to elucidate the mech...	The bulk of the DNA in the human genome is divided between 23 pairs of chromosomes . The ends of these chromosomes contain a repetitive stretch of DNA known as a telomere . Every time a cell divides , a portion of the telomere is lost and can be restored by an enzyme called telomerase . If the telomeres shorten below a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Cancer-associated TERT promoter mutations abrogate telomerase silencing
An opioid epidemic is spreading in North America with millions of opioid overdoses annually . Opioid drugs , like fentanyl , target the mu opioid receptor system and induce potentially lethal respiratory depression . The challenge in opioid research is to find a safe pain therapy with analgesic properties but no respir...	When it comes to treating severe pain , a doctor’s arsenal is somewhat limited: synthetic or natural opioids such as morphine , fentanyl or oxycodone are often one of the only options available to relieve patients . Yet these compounds can make breathing slower and shallower , quickly depriving the body of oxygen and c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Respiratory depression and analgesia by opioid drugs in freely behaving larval zebrafish
Distinctions between cell types underpin organizational principles for nervous system function . Functional variation also exists between neurons of the same type . This is exemplified by correspondence between grid cell spatial scales and the synaptic integrative properties of stellate cells ( SCs ) in the medial ento...	The brain consists of many types of cells that are specialised to perform different tasks . This is similar to how different groups of people will have different responsibilities in a large company . But within each group with the same role , individual employees will also do their jobs in different ways . Does the sam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Inter- and intra-animal variation in the integrative properties of stellate cells in the medial entorhinal cortex
In all animals , sleep pressure is under continuous tight regulation . It is universally accepted that this regulation arises from a two-process model , integrating both a circadian and a homeostatic controller . Here we explore the role of environmental social signals as a third , parallel controller of sleep homeosta...	Humans spend one-third of their lifetime sleeping , but why we ( and other animals ) need to sleep remains an unresolved mystery of biology . Our desire to sleep changes depending on how much sleep we’ve already had . If we’ve had a long nap during the day , we may find it harder to fall asleep at night; conversely , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Regulation of sleep homeostasis by sexual arousal
In diverse bacterial species , the global regulator Hfq contributes to post-transcriptional networks that control expression of numerous genes . Hfq of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits translation of target transcripts by forming a regulatory complex with the catabolite repression protein Crc ...	Living things can adapt rapidly to changes in their surroundings by switching whole groups of genes on and off . These responses must be controlled carefully , and they are often coordinated by regulatory proteins working together . Within a cell , the coded information in genes is copied to create molecules called mRN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Architectural principles for Hfq/Crc-mediated regulation of gene expression
Vertebrate photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells , exhibiting a high rate of ATP consumption . This is coupled with a high anabolic demand , necessitated by the diurnal turnover of a specialized membrane-rich organelle , the outer segment , which is the primary site of phototransduction . How pho...	Living cells need building materials and energy to grow and carry out their activities . Most cells in the body use sugars like glucose for these purposes . In a process known as glycolysis , cells break down glucose into molecules that are eventually converted to carbon dioxide and water to form the chemical ATP – the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Glycolytic reliance promotes anabolism in photoreceptors
Kinesin-12 motors are a little studied branch of the kinesin superfamily with the human protein ( Kif15 ) implicated in spindle mechanics and chromosome movement . In this study , we reconstitute full-length hKif15 and its microtubule-targeting factor hTpx2 in vitro to gain insight into the motors mode of operation . W...	Before a cell can divide , it produces an extra copy of all its chromosomes , and it must then ensure that each daughter cell ends up with one copy of each chromosome . During the division process , a structure called the spindle forms in the cell . This spindle is made of thread-like extensions called microtubules tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The Kinesin-12 Kif15 is a processive track-switching tetramer
Various TRP channels act as polymodal sensors of thermal and chemical stimuli , but the mechanisms whereby chemical ligands impact on TRP channel gating are poorly understood . Here we show that AITC ( allyl isothiocyanate; mustard oil ) and menthol represent two distinct types of ligands at the mammalian cold sensor T...	Sensory neurons in our skin detect cues from the environment – such as temperature and touch – and pass the information onto other cells in the nervous system . A protein called TRPM8 in sensory neurons is responsible for our ability to detect cool temperatures . TRPM8 sits in the membrane that surrounds the cell and f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Definition of two agonist types at the mammalian cold-activated channel TRPM8
The genome forms specific three-dimensional contacts in response to cellular or environmental conditions . However , it remains largely unknown which proteins specify and mediate such contacts . Here we describe an assay , MAP-C ( Mutation Analysis in Pools by Chromosome conformation capture ) , that simultaneously cha...	Inside cells , genetic information is stored within molecules of DNA that are folded into three-dimensional structures known as chromosomes . Each fold in a chromosome forms when two points on a single DNA molecule link together to make a loop . DNA in two different chromosomes can also form links with each other ( kno...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	A combination of transcription factors mediates inducible interchromosomal contacts
Olfactory associative learning in Drosophila is mediated by synaptic plasticity between the Kenyon cells of the mushroom body and their output neurons . Both Kenyon cells and their inputs from projection neurons are cholinergic , yet little is known about the physiological function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors...	We can learn a surprising amount about how the brain forms memories by studying the humble fruit fly . These insects can learn to associate odors with positive or negative experiences , allowing them to then seek out ‘rewarded’ odors and avoid ‘punished’ ones . This association takes place in a brain region called the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Inhibitory muscarinic acetylcholine receptors enhance aversive olfactory learning in adult Drosophila
MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents riboflavin- and folate-related metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T cells , but it is unknown whether MR1 can present alternative antigens to other T cell lineages . In healthy individuals we identified MR1-restricted T cells ( named MR1T cells ) displaying diverse TCR...	White blood cells called T cells recognize germs and infected cells , and get rid of other cells in the body that look different to healthy cells – for example , tumor cells . These activities all depend on a molecule called the T cell receptor ( or TCR for short ) , which is found on the surface of the T cells . Each ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Functionally diverse human T cells recognize non-microbial antigens presented by MR1
We present results from a longitudinal study conducted over 10 years in a sample of 126 8–33 year olds demonstrating that adolescent development of working memory is supported by decreased variability in the amplitude of expression of whole brain states of task-related activity . fMRI analyses reveal that putative gain...	Adolescence is a period of change: physically , socially and intellectually . During the teenage years , the brain undergoes changes in structure and connectivity that lead to improvements in areas such as self-control , social skills and cognition . Adolescence is also a time during which cognitive skills , such as pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The expression of established cognitive brain states stabilizes with working memory development
Uveitis describes a heterogeneous group of inflammatory eye diseases characterized by infiltration of leukocytes into the uveal tissues . Uveitis associated with the HLA haplotype B27 ( HLA-B27 ) is a common subtype of uveitis and a prototypical ocular immune-mediated disease . Local immune mechanisms driving human uve...	Uveitis is a form of inflammation in the eye . It can occur in response to infection , or when the immune system mistakenly attacks the eye , in what is known as autoimmune uveitis . In approximately 80 percent of cases , the front part of the eye is affected . During an inflammatory episode , the liquid inside the fro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Intraocular dendritic cells characterize HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis
The introduction of direct electron detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency and fast read-out marks the beginning of a new era in electron cryo-microscopy . Using the FEI Falcon II direct electron detector in video mode , we have reconstructed a map at 3 . 36 Å resolution of the 1 . 2 MDa F420-reducing hydro...	Many microbes rely on enzymes known as hydrogenases to catalyse the metabolic reactions that generate energy . These enzymes cleave hydrogen molecules to release electrons that go on to participate in further reactions . In order to fully understand how hydrogenases and other enzymes work it is necessary to work out th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Atomic model of the F420-reducing [NiFe] hydrogenase by electron cryo-microscopy using a direct electron detector
Comprehensively elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) latency is a priority to achieve a functional cure . As current 'shock' agents failed to efficiently reactivate the latent reservoir , it is important to discover new targets for developing more efficient latency-rever...	The human immunodeficiency virus-1 , or HIV-1 , infects certain human cells , including white blood cells . One reason the infection is incurable is because the virus can integrate its genetic information into its host , and essentially ‘sleep’ within the host cell , a process called latency . This helps to hide HIV-1 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	TRIM28 promotes HIV-1 latency by SUMOylating CDK9 and inhibiting P-TEFb
The only property of reinforcement insects are commonly thought to learn about is its value . We show that larval Drosophila not only remember the value of reinforcement ( How much ? ) , but also its quality ( What ? ) . This is demonstrated both within the appetitive domain by using sugar vs amino acid as different re...	Actions have consequences; positive consequences or rewards make it more likely that a behavior will be repeated , while negative consequences or punishments can stop a behavior occurring again . Neuroscientists commonly refer to such rewards and punishments as ‘reinforcement’ . Fruit flies that are given a reward of s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Learning the specific quality of taste reinforcement in larval Drosophila
Catching primal functional changes in early , ‘very far from disease onset’ ( VFDO ) stages of Huntington’s disease is likely to be the key to a successful therapy . Focusing on VFDO stages , we assessed neuronal microcircuits in premanifest Hdh150 knock-in mice . Employing in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging , we revealed...	Huntington’s disease is a devastating brain disorder that causes severe mood disorders , problems with moving , and dementia . Most people develop the condition between their thirties and fifties , and die a decade or two after the symptoms first appear . The disease emerges because of a mutation in the gene for the Hu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Metformin reverses early cortical network dysfunction and behavior changes in Huntington’s disease
To monitor nitrate and peptide transport activity in vivo , we converted the dual-affinity nitrate transceptor CHL1/NRT1 . 1/NPF6 . 3 and four related oligopeptide transporters PTR1 , 2 , 4 , and 5 into fluorescence activity sensors ( NiTrac1 , PepTrac ) . Substrate addition to yeast expressing transporter fusions with...	About 1% of global energy output is used to produce nitrogen-enriched fertiliser to improve crop yields , but much of this energy is wasted because plants absorb only a fraction of the nitrogen that is applied as fertiliser . Even worse , the excess nitrogen leaches into water sources , poisoning the environment and ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Fluorescent sensors for activity and regulation of the nitrate transceptor CHL1/NRT1.1 and oligopeptide transporters
The assembly and maintenance of all cilia and flagella require intraflagellar transport ( IFT ) along the axoneme . IFT has been implicated in sensory and motile ciliary functions , but the mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear . Here , we used Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility ( FSM ) as a model to tes...	Cilia and flagella protrude like bristles from the cell surface . They share the same basic ‘9+2’ axoneme structure , being made up of nine microtubule doublets that surround a central pair of singlet microtubules . Flagella are generally involved in cell propulsion , whereas motile cilia help to move fluids over cell ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Intraflagellar transport drives flagellar surface motility
We show that multiple , functionally specialized cohesin complexes mediate the establishment and two-step release of sister chromatid cohesion that underlies the production of haploid gametes . In C . elegans , the kleisin subunits REC-8 and COH-3/4 differ between meiotic cohesins and endow them with distinctive proper...	Most plant and animal cells have a pair of each chromosome: one copy is inherited from the father , the other from the mother . When a cell divides , each daughter cell must receive a copy of all of the original cell's genetic information . To this end , the chromosomes are replicated to form so-called ‘sister chromati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Divergent kleisin subunits of cohesin specify mechanisms to tether and release meiotic chromosomes
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus ( RVFV ) is a clinically and economically important pathogen increasingly likely to cause widespread epidemics . RVFV virulence depends on the interferon antagonist non-structural protein ( NSs ) , which remains poorly characterized . We identified a stable core domain of RVFV NSs ( residu...	Rift Valley fever phlebovirus ( RVFV ) is a virus of humans and livestock , transmitted by mosquitos and contact with infected animals . Infection can cause severe disease , including hemorrhagic fever , and may lead to death . Historically , the virus was only found in central Africa but it has spread for instance to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Rift Valley fever phlebovirus NSs protein core domain structure suggests molecular basis for nuclear filaments
Memory , on multiple timescales , is critical to our ability to discover the structure of our surroundings , and efficiently interact with the environment . We combined behavioural manipulation and modelling to investigate the dynamics of memory formation for rarely reoccurring acoustic patterns . In a series of experi...	Patterns of sound – such as the noise of footsteps approaching or a person speaking – often provide valuable information . To recognize these patterns , our memory must hold each part of the sound sequence long enough to perceive how they fit together . This ability is necessary in many situations: from discriminating ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Long-term implicit memory for sequential auditory patterns in humans
Haploinsufficiency of the melanocortin-4 receptor , the most common monogenetic obesity syndrome in humans , is associated with a reduction in autonomic tone , bradycardia , and incidence of obesity-associated hypertension . Thus , it has been assumed that melanocortin obesity syndrome may be protective with respect to...	Mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called the melanocortin-4 receptor are the most common genetic cause of early onset obesity in children . These mutations occur in about 1 in 1 , 500 people . The melanocortin-4 receptor is mostly found in the brain where it helps to balance how much a person eats with how m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2017	Loss of the melanocortin-4 receptor in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy
The ESCRT machinery along with the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 drive membrane scission for trafficking into multivesicular bodies in the endocytic pathway and for the topologically related processes of viral budding and cytokinesis , but how they accomplish this remains unclear . Using deep-etch electron microscopy , we find that...	Cells contain compartments called organelles that are enclosed within membranes similar to the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell itself . Cells police the proteins on their membranes and move old or damaged proteins into a type of organelle called an endosome . This involves the membrane folding in on itself to f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Structure of cellular ESCRT-III spirals and their relationship to HIV budding
The COP9-Signalosome ( CSN ) regulates cullin–RING ubiquitin ligase ( CRL ) activity and assembly by cleaving Nedd8 from cullins . Free CSN is autoinhibited , and it remains unclear how it becomes activated . We combine structural and kinetic analyses to identify mechanisms that contribute to CSN activation and Nedd8 d...	Just like you might clear out the old food in your refrigerator to make room for new groceries , cells constantly break down existing proteins to provide space for new ones . The enzymes that generally carry out the first step of this breakdown process are called ubiquitin ligases and human cells make hundreds of diffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Structural and kinetic analysis of the COP9-Signalosome activation and the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase deneddylation cycle
Some remarkable animal species require an opposite-sex partner for their sexual development but discard the partner’s genome before gamete formation , generating hemi-clonal progeny in a process called hybridogenesis . Here , we discovered a similar phenomenon , termed pseudosexual reproduction , in a basidiomycete hum...	Sexual reproduction enables organisms to recombine their genes to generate progeny that have higher levels of evolutionary fitness . This process requires reproductive cells – like the sperm and egg – to fuse together and mix their two genomes , resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Uniparental nuclear inheritance following bisexual mating in fungi
Neurons have complex electrophysiological properties , however , it is often difficult to determine which properties are the most relevant to neuronal function . By combining current-clamp measurements of electrophysiological properties with multi-variate analysis ( hierarchical clustering , principal component analysi...	The brain contains hundreds of types of neurons , which differ in size and shape , and also in the chemicals that they use to communicate with each other . However , one thing all neurons have in common is that they all carry electrical signals that depend on the flow of ions through specialized channels in the membran...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Non-linear developmental trajectory of electrical phenotype in rat substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons
The timely transition from neural progenitor to post-mitotic neuron requires down-regulation and loss of the neuronal transcriptional repressor , REST . Here , we have used mice containing a gene trap in the Rest gene , eliminating transcription from all coding exons , to remove REST prematurely from neural progenitors...	In the brain , cells called neurons connect to each other to form complex networks through which information is rapidly processed . These cells start to form in the developing brains of animal embryos when “neural” stem cells divide in a process called neurogenesis . For this process to proceed normally , particular ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	The REST remodeling complex protects genomic integrity during embryonic neurogenesis
The basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides ( also known as Rhodotorula toruloides ) accumulates high concentrations of lipids and carotenoids from diverse carbon sources . It has great potential as a model for the cellular biology of lipid droplets and for sustainable chemical production . We developed a method ...	The fungus Rhodosporidium toruloides can grow on substances extracted from plant matter that is inedible to humans such as corn stalks , wood pulp , and grasses . Under some growth conditions , the fungus can accumulate massive stores of hydrocarbon-rich fats and pigments . A community of scientists and engineers has b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides
Disentangling the effect on genomic diversity of natural selection from that of demography is notoriously difficult , but necessary to properly reconstruct the history of species . Here , we use high-quality human genomic data to show that purifying selection at linked sites ( i . e . background selection , BGS ) and G...	Human chromosomes are made up of DNA , which contains about 3 billion ‘letters’ that carry the instructions needed to build and maintain an individual . However , only about 10 percent of the human genome is made up of genes that code for proteins , or have a defined role in the body . The DNA sequence is largely the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Background selection and biased gene conversion affect more than 95% of the human genome and bias demographic inferences
The comprehensive understanding of cellular signaling pathways remains a challenge due to multiple layers of regulation that may become evident only when the pathway is probed at different levels or critical nodes are eliminated . To discover regulatory mechanisms in canonical WNT signaling , we conducted a systematic ...	When an embryo is developing , its cells must communicate with one another to coordinate the processes that shape the body’s tissues and organs . Cells often communicate by releasing signaling molecules that engage with proteins called receptors on the surface of other cells . This triggers a series of events that send...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Comparative genetic screens in human cells reveal new regulatory mechanisms in WNT signaling
Hypothalamic oxytocinergic magnocellular neurons have a fascinating ability to release peptide from both their axon terminals and from their dendrites . Existing data indicates that the relationship between somatic activity and dendritic release is not constant , but the mechanisms through which this relationship can b...	Oxytocin is often referred to as a ‘love hormone’ because it can be released during activities such as hugging , snuggling , or sex . Reality , of course , can be a bit more complicated . In the brain , oxytocin can have powerful and diverse effects on mood , stress , anxiety , and social interactions . In the body it ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Dendritic osmosensors modulate activity-induced calcium influx in oxytocinergic magnocellular neurons of the mouse PVN
The occipital cortex of early blind individuals ( EB ) activates during speech processing , challenging the notion of a hard-wired neurobiology of language . But , at what stage of speech processing do occipital regions participate in EB ? Here we demonstrate that parieto-occipital regions in EB enhance their synchroni...	Scientists once thought that certain parts of the brain were hard-wired to process information from specific senses or to perform specific tasks . For example , some had concluded that language processing is built into certain parts of the brain , because the way the brain responds to language is remarkably similar in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Neuronal populations in the occipital cortex of the blind synchronize to the temporal dynamics of speech
Increased mTORC1 signaling from TSC1/TSC2 inactivation is found in cancer and causes tuberous sclerosis complex ( TSC ) . The role of mesenchymal-derived cells in TSC tumorigenesis was investigated through disruption of Tsc2 in craniofacial and limb bud mesenchymal progenitors . Tsc2cKOPrrx1-cre mice had shortened life...	Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic condition that causes non-cancerous tumours with lots of blood vessels . It is caused by mutations that inactivate either of two genes known as TSC1 and TSC2 . A signalling molecule called mTOR also contributes to the disease , and drugs that block its activity provide some relie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Tsc2 disruption in mesenchymal progenitors results in tumors with vascular anomalies overexpressing Lgals3
The importance of mechanical activity in the regulation of muscle progenitors during chick development has not been investigated . We show that immobilization decreases NOTCH activity and mimics a NOTCH loss-of-function phenotype , a reduction in the number of muscle progenitors and increased differentiation . Ligand-i...	Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton and allows the body to move . Making a new muscle , or repairing an existing one , relies on stem cells that are present inside muscles . A major goal of skeletal muscle research is to understand the signals that regulate the abilities of muscle stem cells to divide and give ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Muscle contraction is required to maintain the pool of muscle progenitors via YAP and NOTCH during fetal myogenesis
Deep transcriptome sequencing has revealed the existence of many transcripts that lack long or conserved open reading frames ( ORFs ) and which have been termed long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) . The vast majority of lncRNAs are lineage-specific and do not yet have a known function . In this study , we test the hypothe...	Despite the terms being largely interchangeable in modern language , ‘DNA’ and ‘gene’ do not mean the same thing . A gene is made of DNA and contains the instructions to make a protein , and it is the protein that performs the function of the gene . However , cells in the body also contain DNA that does not form genes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Long non-coding RNAs as a source of new peptides
Plant cells divide using the phragmoplast , a microtubule-based structure that directs vesicles secretion to the nascent cell plate . The phragmoplast forms at the cell center and expands to reach a specified site at the cell periphery , tens or hundreds of microns distant . The mechanism responsible for guiding the ph...	Plant cells are surrounded by a membrane , which controls what enters and leaves the cell , and a cell wall , which provides rigidity . When a plant cell is ready to divide , it needs to produce two new cell membranes , with a new cell wall sandwiched between them , to split the cell contents into two daughter cells . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Myosin VIII associates with microtubule ends and together with actin plays a role in guiding plant cell division
We report that the Gm7068 ( CatSpere ) and Tex40 ( CatSperz ) genes encode novel subunits of a 9-subunit CatSper ion channel complex . Targeted disruption of CatSperz reduces CatSper current and sperm rheotactic efficiency in mice , resulting in severe male subfertility . Normally distributed in linear quadrilateral na...	Male mammals ejaculate millions of sperm cells each time they mate with a female . Only a few of these cells manage to travel up the female’s reproductive tract to reach the egg , and usually only one sperm fertilizes it . Freshly ejaculated sperm are incapable of fertilizing eggs and have to undergo several changes wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	CatSperζ regulates the structural continuity of sperm Ca2+ signaling domains and is required for normal fertility
In an effort to identify human endothelial cell ( EC ) -enriched lncRNAs , ~500 lncRNAs were shown to be highly restricted in primary human ECs . Among them , lncEGFL7OS , located in the opposite strand of the EGFL7/miR-126 gene , is regulated by ETS factors through a bidirectional promoter in ECs . It is enriched in h...	A well-networked supply of blood vessels is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the body . To do so , new blood vessels need to form throughout life , from embryonic development to adult life . This process , known as angiogenesis , also plays a critical role in exercise , menstruation , injury and disease...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	LncEGFL7OS regulates human angiogenesis by interacting with MAX at the EGFL7/miR-126 locus
The small molecule EMD 57033 has been shown to stimulate the actomyosin ATPase activity and contractility of myofilaments . Here , we show that EMD 57033 binds to an allosteric pocket in the myosin motor domain . EMD 57033-binding protects myosin against heat stress and thermal denaturation . In the presence of EMD 570...	Our muscles contain large numbers of ‘motor proteins’ called myosins . To contract a muscle , many myosin molecules expend energy to ‘walk’ along a filament made from another molecule , called actin , and generate a pulling force . Like other proteins , myosins must fold into the correct shape to work , but high temper...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Small molecule-mediated refolding and activation of myosin motor function
Multidrug ATP binding cassette ( ABC ) exporters are ubiquitous ABC transporters that extrude cytotoxic molecules across cell membranes . Despite recent progress in structure determination of these transporters , the conformational motion that transduces the energy of ATP hydrolysis to the work of substrate translocati...	Cells are surrounded by a membrane that acts like a barrier to many molecules . This membrane either stops molecules from entering or exiting the cell , or at least slows their movement . However , it is important that cells can remove some molecules , such as toxins , and that nutrients and certain other molecules can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Conformational dynamics of the nucleotide binding domains and the power stroke of a heterodimeric ABC transporter
The majority of mammalian promoters are CpG islands; regions of high CG density that require protection from DNA methylation to be functional . Importantly , how sequence architecture mediates this unmethylated state remains unclear . To address this question in a comprehensive manner , we developed a method to interro...	Regions of DNA called genes produce the proteins and other molecules that are essential for life . The act of making these molecules is known as gene expression , and being able to switch this process on and off allows cells to adapt to changing conditions . For example , some genes may be turned on in response to inju...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	High-throughput engineering of a mammalian genome reveals building principles of methylation states at CG rich regions
Ribosomal RNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I represents the rate-limiting step in ribosome biogenesis . In eukaryotic cells , nutrients and growth factors regulate ribosomal RNA transcription through various key factors coupled to cell growth . We show here in mature adipocytes , ribosomal transcription can...	Obesity can cause several other health conditions to develop . Type 2 diabetes is one such condition , which arises in part because fat cells become unable to store excess fats . This makes certain tissues in the body less sensitive to the hormone insulin , and so the individual is less able to adapt to changing nutrie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	PTRF/Cavin-1 promotes efficient ribosomal RNA transcription in response to metabolic challenges
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that function as the first line of defense in brain . Embryonic microglial precursors originate in peripheral mesoderm and migrate into the brain during development . However , the mechanism by which they colonize the brain is incompletely understood . The retina is one of the f...	The immune system is comprised of many different cells which protect our bodies from infection and other illnesses . The brain contains its own population of immune cells called microglia . Unlike neurons , these cells form outside the brain during development . They then travel to the brain and colonize specific regio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Mechanisms underlying microglial colonization of developing neural retina in zebrafish
How producers of public goods persist in microbial communities is a major question in evolutionary biology . Cooperation is evolutionarily unstable , since cheating strains can reproduce quicker and take over . Spatial structure has been shown to be a robust mechanism for the evolution of cooperation . Here we study ho...	According to the principle of the ‘survival of the fittest’ , selfish individuals should be better off compared to peers that cooperate with each other . Indeed , even though a population of organisms benefits from working together , selfish members can exploit the cooperative behavior of others without doing their par...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Shearing in flow environment promotes evolution of social behavior in microbial populations
Detachment of newborn neurons from the neuroepithelium is required for correct neuronal architecture and functional circuitry . This process , also known as delamination , involves adherens-junction disassembly and acto-myosin-mediated abscission , during which the centrosome is retained while apical/ciliary membranes ...	The brain and spinal cord begin as a tube that runs the length of the developing embryo . This tube made from cells called neural progenitors , which can divide to generate adult nerve cells . As nerve cells are born they detach from their neighbours , in a process called delamination before migrating away . Though the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Inter-dependent apical microtubule and actin dynamics orchestrate centrosome retention and neuronal delamination
Local regulation of synaptic efficacy is thought to be important for proper networking of neurons and memory formation . Dysregulation of global translation influences long-term memory in mice , but the relevance of the regulation specific for local translation by RNA granules remains elusive . Here , we demonstrate ro...	Messages pass from one nerve cell to the next across gaps called synapses . The first neuron releases chemical signals from the end of its long , thin nerve fiber . The second receives the message at receptors on branching structures known as dendrites . Each connection has a corresponding bump called a dendritic spine...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	RNG105/caprin1, an RNA granule protein for dendritic mRNA localization, is essential for long-term memory formation
Cellular adhesion is a key ingredient to sustain collective functions of microbial aggregates . Here , we investigate the evolutionary origins of adhesion and the emergence of groups of genealogically unrelated cells with a game-theoretical model . The considered adhesiveness trait is costly , continuous and affects bo...	Throughout the living world , organisms work together in groups and help each other to survive . Indeed , multicellular organisms such as plants and animals owe their existence to cooperation . Life on Earth was initially made up of single cells , some of which evolved the ability to stick to each other and work togeth...	[ "Abstract", "1", "Introduction", "2", "Adhesiveness", "as", "a", "quantitative", "trait", "affecting", "group", "formation", "and", "function", "3", "Adaptive", "dynamics", "of", "adhesiveness", "4", "The", "evolution", "of", "adhesiveness", "by", "attachment", "5...	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	The evolution of adhesiveness as a social adaptation
The phylogenetic placement of the morphologically simple placozoans is crucial to understanding the evolution of complex animal traits . Here , we examine the influence of adding new genomes from placozoans to a large dataset designed to study the deepest splits in the animal phylogeny . Using site-heterogeneous substi...	Filter-feeding sponges and tiny gliding , pancake-like animals called placozoans are the only two major groups of animals that lack muscles , nerves and an internal gut . Sponges have historically been seen as the first to have branched off in animal phylogeny – the family tree of living organisms that shows how specie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2018	Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias
The sense of smell in vertebrates is detected by specialized sensory neurons derived from the peripheral nervous system . Classically , it has been presumed that the olfactory placode forms all olfactory sensory neurons . In contrast , we show that the cranial neural crest is the primary source of microvillous sensory ...	Neurons have crucial roles in both the peripheral and central nervous systems . The role of the neurons in the sensory organs ( the eyes , ears , and nose ) is to sense stimuli—including light , sound , and odor—and transmit this sensory information to the neurons of the central nervous system for processing . The firs...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Sox10-dependent neural crest origin of olfactory microvillous neurons in zebrafish
Transcription factor IIH ( TFIIH ) is a heterodecameric protein complex critical for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II and nucleotide excision DNA repair . The TFIIH core complex is sufficient for its repair functions and harbors the XPB and XPD DNA-dependent ATPase/helicase subunits , which are affected by...	The DNA inside a cell carries the instructions it needs to survive . Living cells use many different proteins to read and maintain this store of information . For example , a group of ten proteins collectively called TFIIH is often involved in both reading and repairing the DNA . Proteins in the TFIIH complex include p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	The complete structure of the human TFIIH core complex
Neither the disease mechanism nor treatments for COVID-19 are currently known . Here , we present a novel molecular mechanism for COVID-19 that provides therapeutic intervention points that can be addressed with existing FDA-approved pharmaceuticals . The entry point for the virus is ACE2 , which is a component of the ...	In late 2019 , a new virus named SARS-CoV-2 , which causes a disease in humans called COVID-19 , emerged in China and quickly spread around the world . Many individuals infected with the virus develop only mild , symptoms including a cough , high temperature and loss of sense of smell; while others may develop no sympt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm
The cytomatrix at the active zone ( CAZ ) is a macromolecular complex that facilitates the supply of release-ready synaptic vesicles to support neurotransmitter release at synapses . To reveal the dynamics of this supply process in living synapses , we used super-resolution imaging to track single vesicles at voltage-c...	Neurons communicate with one another through junctions known as synapses . When a neuron is activated , it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters at the synapse , which bind to and activate neighbouring neurons . Neurons involved in vision , sound and balance contain “ribbon” synapses , which are ab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Nanoscale dynamics of synaptic vesicle trafficking and fusion at the presynaptic active zone
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria ( HGPS ) is a premature ageing syndrome caused by a mutation in LMNA , resulting in a truncated form of lamin A called progerin . Progerin triggers loss of the heterochromatic marker H3K27me3 , and premature senescence , which is prevented by telomerase . However , the mechanism how progerin...	Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome ( HGPS ) is a rare genetic disease in which individuals age prematurely . Newborns appear normal at birth , but start ageing rapidly when they are around a year old . Symptoms of the disease include stunted growth and joint stiffness , and individuals often die of heart failure duri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Progerin reduces LAP2α-telomere association in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria

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