Split (3)

train · 4.35k rows

article stringlengths 1.98k 169k	summary stringlengths 1.01k 4.15k	section_headings listlengths 2 38	keywords listlengths 0 12	year stringclasses 11 values	title stringlengths 30 189
Microsatellite expansions are the leading cause of numerous neurodegenerative disorders . Here we demonstrate that GGGGCC and CAG microsatellite repeat RNAs associated with C9orf72 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia and with polyglutamine diseases , respectively , localize to neuritic granules tha...	Genes contain instructions to build proteins , but these instructions are often interrupted by stretches of DNA that do not code for protein . Typically the entire length of a gene is copied to produce an intermediate molecule of RNA , which is processed to remove the non-coding regions before being translated to make ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	GGGGCC microsatellite RNA is neuritically localized, induces branching defects, and perturbs transport granule function
LAMP1 and LAMP2 proteins are highly abundant , ubiquitous , mammalian proteins that line the lysosome limiting membrane , and protect it from lysosomal hydrolase action . LAMP2 deficiency causes Danon’s disease , an X-linked hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . LAMP2 is needed for chaperone-mediated autophagy , and its expres...	Living cells contain many membrane-bound compartments surrounded by a gel-like substance called the cytoplasm . Lysosomes are compartments found in most animal cells , which contain enzymes that can break down virtually all kinds of biological molecules . Cell biologists around the world use two proteins called LAMP1 a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2016	Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins bind cholesterol and contribute to lysosomal cholesterol export
Ribosomes can stall during translation due to defects in the mRNA template or translation machinery , leading to the production of incomplete proteins . The Ribosome-associated Quality control Complex ( RQC ) engages stalled ribosomes and targets nascent polypeptides for proteasomal degradation . However , how each RQC...	Cells make proteins by reading instructions encoded in molecules called messenger RNAs . Structures called ribosomes move along the messenger RNAs and translate the coded instructions to build new proteins from building blocks known as amino acids . Normally , a ribosome will encounter a stop signal on the messenger RN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	In vitro analysis of RQC activities provides insights into the mechanism and function of CAT tailing
Immunotherapy , represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors ( ICI ) , is transforming the treatment of cancer . However , only a small percentage of patients show response to ICI , and there is an unmet need for biomarkers that will identify patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy . The fundamental bas...	In the last decade a new kind of cancer therapy , called immunotherapy , has changed how doctors treat cancer patients . These therapies mean that previously incurable cancers , including some skin and lung cancers , can now sometimes be cured . Immunotherapy does this by activating the patient’s own immune system so t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Antigen presentation and tumor immunogenicity in cancer immunotherapy response prediction
Regulation of cytoplasmic dynein's motor activity is essential for diverse eukaryotic functions , including cell division , intracellular transport , and brain development . The dynein regulator Lis1 is known to keep dynein bound to microtubules; however , how this is accomplished mechanistically remains unknown . We h...	Cells use motor proteins to move ‘cargo’ from one location to another inside the cell . This cargo can range in size from a single macromolecule to something as large as the nucleus of the cell . A motor protein called dynein is the largest and least understood of the motor proteins found in cells . Dynein molecules wo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Lis1 regulates dynein by sterically blocking its mechanochemical cycle
To avoid mutations in the genome , DNA replication is generally followed by DNA mismatch repair ( MMR ) . MMR starts when a MutS homolog recognizes a mismatch and undergoes an ATP-dependent transformation to an elusive sliding clamp state . How this transient state promotes MutL homolog recruitment and activation of re...	The genetic code of DNA is written using four letters: “A” , “C” , “T” , and “G” . Molecules of DNA form a double helix in which the letters in the two opposing strands pair up in a specific manner—“A” pairs with “T” , and “C” pairs with “G” . A cell must replicate its DNA before it divides , and sometimes the wrong DN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	MutS/MutL crystal structure reveals that the MutS sliding clamp loads MutL onto DNA
The in vivo roles for even the most intensely studied microRNAs remain poorly defined . Here , analysis of mouse models revealed that let-7 , a large and ancient microRNA family , performs tumor suppressive roles at the expense of regeneration . Too little or too much let-7 resulted in compromised protection against ca...	The development of animals is guided by the expression of certain genes at critical moments . Many different mechanisms control development; in one of them , the expression of genes can be decreased by molecules called microRNAs . In particular , the group of microRNAs called let-7 has been intensively studied in round...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Precise let-7 expression levels balance organ regeneration against tumor suppression
Kinesin-1 is a dimeric motor that transports cargo along microtubules , taking 8 . 2-nm steps in a hand-over-hand fashion . The ATP hydrolysis cycles of its two heads are maintained out of phase by a series of gating mechanisms , which lead to processive runs averaging ∼1 μm . A key structural element for inter-head co...	In cells , molecules are moved from one location to another by motor proteins . Kinesins are a large family of such motors that transport their cargos along long filaments known as microtubules . Most kinesin molecules are formed from two identical protein chains . Each chain has a motor region at one end ( called the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Examining kinesin processivity within a general gating framework
Poor study methodology leads to biased measurement of treatment effects in preclinical research . We used available sunitinib preclinical studies to evaluate relationships between study design and experimental tumor volume effect sizes . We identified published animal efficacy experiments where sunitinib monotherapy wa...	Developing a new drug can take years , partly because preclinical research on non-human animals is required before any clinical trials with humans can take place . Nevertheless , only a fraction of cancer drugs that are put into clinical trials after showing promising results in preclinical animal studies end up provin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2015	A meta-analysis of threats to valid clinical inference in preclinical research of sunitinib
Mammalian spermatozoa gain competence to fertilize an oocyte as they travel through the female reproductive tract . This process is accompanied by an elevation of sperm intracellular calcium and a membrane hyperpolarization . The latter is evoked by K+ efflux; however , the molecular identity of the potassium channel o...	The sperm cells that are released into the female reproductive tract when a mammal ejaculates , are not capable of fertilizing an egg right away , so they must go through a process called maturation . The early stages of this process involve interactions with the seminal fluid that increase the motility of the sperm ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Slo1 is the principal potassium channel of human spermatozoa
All organisms live within a given thermal range , but little is known about the mechanisms setting the limits of this range . We uncovered cellular features exhibiting signature changes at thermal limits in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos . These included changes in embryo size and shape , which were also observed in Ca...	An organism can thrive within a certain range of temperatures , beyond which it is less able to grow and reproduce . Different species are adapted to live in environments of different temperatures and this influences where on the planet they can be found . Researchers have suggested that the optimum temperature range f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Cellular hallmarks reveal restricted aerobic metabolism at thermal limits
Ornithischian dinosaurs were ecologically prominent herbivores of the Mesozoic Era that achieved a global distribution by the onset of the Cretaceous . The ornithischian body plan is aberrant relative to other ornithodiran clades , and crucial details of their early evolution remain obscure . We present a new , fully a...	The fossilised skeletons of long extinct dinosaurs are more than just stones . By comparing these remains to their living relatives such as birds and crocodiles , palaeontologists can reveal how dinosaurs grew , moved , ate and socialised . Previous research indicates that dinosaurs were likely warm-blooded and also mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	A new Heterodontosaurus specimen elucidates the unique ventilatory macroevolution of ornithischian dinosaurs
Adenylate cyclases convert intra- and extracellular stimuli into a second messenger cAMP signal . Many bacterial and most eukaryotic ACs possess membrane anchors with six transmembrane spans . We replaced the anchor of the AC Rv1625c by the quorum-sensing receptor from Vibrio harveyi which has an identical 6TM design a...	Cells are surrounded by a membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the external environment . To communicate information across the cell membrane , cells often employ a relay system . In this system , receptor proteins on the surface of the cells sense information about the environment and trigger the produc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Regulation by the quorum sensor from Vibrio indicates a receptor function for the membrane anchors of adenylate cyclases
The Late Jurassic ‘Solnhofen Limestones’ are famous for their exceptionally preserved fossils , including the urvogel Archaeopteryx , which has played a pivotal role in the discussion of bird origins . Here we describe a new , non-archaeopterygid avialan from the Lower Tithonian Mörnsheim Formation of the Solnhofen Arc...	The origin of birds and their flight has been heavily debated in the field of evolutionary biology since the late nineteenth century . Birds are the only living descendants of dinosaurs and , for paleontologists , the famous Archaeopteryx has played a pivotal role in this discussion . Living during the Jurassic period ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	A non-archaeopterygid avialan theropod from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany
Photorhabdus is a highly effective insect pathogen and symbiont of insecticidal nematodes . To exert its potent insecticidal effects , it elaborates a myriad of toxins and small molecule effectors . Among these , the Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes ( PVCs ) represent an elegant self-contained delivery mechanism for di...	Photorhabdus are the only known group of non-marine bacteria that can produce their own light . These organisms prey on insects , which then glow in the dark once infected . The group also has an unusual weapon system formed of miniscule needle-like structures that can be sent out in the environment . These ‘Photorhabd...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	The Photorhabdus asymbiotica virulence cassettes deliver protein effectors directly into target eukaryotic cells
Enduring memories of sensory cues associated with drug intake drive addiction . It is well known that stressful experiences increase addiction vulnerability . However , it is not clear how repeated stress promotes learning of cue-drug associations , as repeated stress generally impairs learning and memory processes unr...	Daily stress increases the likelihood that people who take drugs will become addicted . A very early step in the development of addiction is learning that certain people , places , or paraphernalia are associated with obtaining drugs . These ‘cues’ – drug dealers , bars , cigarette advertisements , etc . – become power...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Repeated social defeat stress enhances glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the VTA and cocaine place conditioning
DNA re-identification is used for a broad suite of applications , ranging from cell line authentication to forensics . However , current re-identification schemes suffer from high latency and limited access . Here , we describe a rapid , inexpensive , and portable strategy to robustly re-identify human DNA called 'MinI...	The human genome represents the complete set of genetic information needed to make a person . DNA sequencing technologies used to study genomes have become much faster , cheaper and more accessible over recent years . This has enabled them to be used more regularly in various fields like precision medicine , in researc...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Rapid re-identification of human samples using portable DNA sequencing
Receptor-ligand pairs are ordinarily thought to interact through a lock and key mechanism , where a unique molecular conformation is formed upon binding . Contrary to this paradigm , cellulosomal cohesin-dockerin ( Coh-Doc ) pairs are believed to interact through redundant dual binding modes consisting of two distinct ...	Some bacteria use cellulose , the main component of plant cell walls , as a food source . The enzymes that break down cellulose are anchored onto a protein scaffold in a structure called the cellulosome on the bacteria’s surface . This anchoring occurs through an interaction between receptor proteins known as ‘cohesin’...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Resolving dual binding conformations of cellulosome cohesin-dockerin complexes using single-molecule force spectroscopy
We report the discovery of a simple environmental sensing mechanism for biofilm formation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis that operates without the involvement of a dedicated RNA or protein . Certain serine codons , the four TCN codons , in the gene for the biofilm repressor SinR caused a lowering of SinR levels und...	Bacteria use several different mechanisms to recognize and respond to changes in their environment . Protein sensors , for example , relay signals from the cell surface to target molecules within the cell . Additionally , RNA sensors can respond to internal levels of chemicals by regulating the expression of genes . No...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	A serine sensor for multicellularity in a bacterium
Mammalian oocytes are arrested in the dictyate stage of meiotic prophase I for long periods of time , during which the high concentration of the p53 family member TAp63α sensitizes them to DNA damage-induced apoptosis . TAp63α is kept in an inactive and exclusively dimeric state but undergoes rapid phosphorylation-indu...	The irradiation and chemotherapy drugs that are used to destroy cancer cells also damage healthy cells . Germ cells – from which egg cells and sperm cells develop – are particularly vulnerable as they contain sensitive quality control mechanisms that kill any cell that contain damaged DNA . Consequently , after survivi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Quality control in oocytes by p63 is based on a spring-loaded activation mechanism on the molecular and cellular level
Both pathogen- and tissue damage-associated molecular patterns induce inflammation through toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) , while sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin superfamily lectin receptors ( Siglecs ) provide negative regulation . Here we report extensive and direct interactions between these pattern recognition rec...	Many living things have an immune system that is able to detect invading bacteria , viruses and other pathogens and trigger a response targeted against the threat before it causes lasting damage . Cells employ a number of different receptors that can detect these pathogens or the molecules that they produce . In animal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Broad and direct interaction between TLR and Siglec families of pattern recognition receptors and its regulation by Neu1
One reported mechanism for morphine activation of dopamine ( DA ) neurons of the ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) is the disinhibition model of VTA-DA neurons . Morphine inhibits GABA inhibitory neurons , which shifts the balance between inhibitory and excitatory input to VTA-DA neurons in favor of excitation and then le...	Morphine is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of severe pain . It is derived from opium , which is extracted from poppies , and binds to the same receptors in the brain as the body's own naturally produced painkillers . As well as providing pain relief , morphine can act directly on the brain's rewa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Morphine disinhibits glutamatergic input to VTA dopamine neurons and promotes dopamine neuron excitation
Chronic critical illness is a global clinical issue affecting millions of sepsis survivors annually . Survivors report chronic skeletal muscle weakness and development of new functional limitations that persist for years . To delineate mechanisms of sepsis-induced chronic weakness , we first surpassed a critical barrie...	Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when a local infection spreads to the bloodstream and the body responds in such an exaggerated way that organs become damaged . Patients often require longs stays in intensive care units , and upon discharge experience chronic physical weakness and fatigue for several ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Chronic muscle weakness and mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of sustained atrophy in a preclinical sepsis model
Strong kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential for faithful segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis . The Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes are the main microtubule binding components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore . Cooperation between these two complexes enhances kinetochore-microtubule coupling...	The genetic material inside yeast , human and other eukaryotic cells is stored within structures called chromosomes . Every time a cell divides to make two “daughter” cells , all the chromosomes in the cell must be copied and then separated into two equal sets , with each set delivered to a different daughter cell . If...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	The Ndc80 complex bridges two Dam1 complex rings
The σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) confers on the enzyme the ability to initiate promoter-specific transcription . Although σ factors are generally classified as initiation factors , σ can also remain associated with , and modulate the behavior of , RNAP during elongation . Here we establish that the pr...	Proteins are made following instructions that are encoded by sections of DNA called genes . In the first step of protein production , an enzyme called RNA polymerase uses the gene as a template to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) . This process—known as transcription—starts when RNA polymerase bind...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	The primary σ factor in Escherichia coli can access the transcription elongation complex from solution in vivo
Neurons in the hippocampus and adjacent brain areas show a large diversity in their tuning to location and head direction , and the underlying circuit mechanisms are not yet resolved . In particular , it is unclear why certain cell types are selective to one spatial variable , but invariant to another . For example , p...	Knowing where you are never hurts , be it during a holiday in New York or on a hiking trip in the Alps . Our sense of location seems to depend on a structure deep within the brain called the hippocampus , and its neighbor , the entorhinal cortex . Studies in rodents have shown that these areas act a little like an in-b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances with excitatory and inhibitory plasticity
Despite numerous studies , there is little agreement about what brain changes accompany motor sequence learning , partly because of a general publication bias that favors novel results . We therefore decided to systematically reinvestigate proposed functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of motor learning in a...	It has famously been claimed that it takes 10 , 000 hours to become an expert at something . But while most of us will never become concert pianists , we can all learn new motor skills and improve existing ones – from touch-typing to tennis – by practicing . What happens in the brain to produce these improvements in pe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	A critical re-evaluation of fMRI signatures of motor sequence learning
A core prediction of the vesicular transport model is that COPI vesicles are responsible for trafficking anterograde cargoes forward . In this study , we test this prediction by examining the properties and requirements of inter-Golgi transport within fused cells , which requires mobile carriers in order for exchange o...	All eukaryotic cells contain an organelle called the Golgi apparatus , which consists of a series of four to six flattened structures called cisternae . Proteins that are intended for secretion from the cell , or proteins that go on to become part of the cell membrane , must pass through the Golgi , where they undergo ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Inter-Golgi transport mediated by COPI-containing vesicles carrying small cargoes
Identification of the host genetic factors that contribute to variation in vaccine responsiveness may uncover important mechanisms affecting vaccine efficacy . We carried out an integrative , longitudinal study combining genetic , transcriptional , and immunologic data in humans given seasonal influenza vaccine . We id...	Vaccines increase resistance to disease by priming the immune system to respond to specific viruses or microorganisms . By presenting a weakened ( or dead ) form of a pathogen , or its toxins or surface proteins , to the immune system , vaccines trigger the production of antibodies against the virus or microorganism . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Integrative genomic analysis of the human immune response to influenza vaccination
Susceptibility to cancer is heritable , but much of this heritability remains unexplained . Some ‘missing’ heritability may be mediated by epigenetic changes in the parental germ line that do not involve transmission of genetic variants from parent to offspring . We report that deletion of the chromatin regulator Kdm6a...	Many diseases , such as certain cancers , run in families . Often , this is because several related individuals inherit a version of a gene that is faulty and causes the condition . But in a number of families with high rates of cancer , scientists are unable to pinpoint such disease-causing gene versions . Instead , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	Intergenerational epigenetic inheritance of cancer susceptibility in mammals
Protein–protein interactions are fundamental to many biological processes . Experimental screens have identified tens of thousands of interactions , and structural biology has provided detailed functional insight for select 3D protein complexes . An alternative rich source of information about protein interactions is t...	DNA is often referred to as the ‘blueprint of life’ , as this molecule contains the instructions that are required to build a living organism from a single cell . But these instructions largely play out through the proteins that DNA encodes; and most proteins do not work alone . Instead they come together in different ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Sequence co-evolution gives 3D contacts and structures of protein complexes
Animals can learn causal relationships between pairs of stimuli separated in time and this ability depends on the hippocampus . Such learning is believed to emerge from alterations in network connectivity , but large-scale connectivity is difficult to measure directly , especially during learning . Here , we show that ...	Ivan Pavlov famously discovered that dogs would salivate upon hearing a bell that had previously been used to signal food , even when there was no food present . This ability to connect events that occur close together in time is known as associative learning . But how is it supported within the brain ? In the late 194...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	CA1 cell activity sequences emerge after reorganization of network correlation structure during associative learning
The protective immunity afforded by CD8+ T cells against blood-stage malaria remains controversial because no MHC class I molecules are displayed on parasite-infected human erythrocytes . We recently reported that rodent malaria parasites infect erythroblasts that express major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) class ...	The immune system consists of several different types of cell that work together to prevent infection and disease . For example , immune cells called cytotoxic CD8+ T cells kill tumor cells or other cells that are infected . To do so , the CD8+ T cells must recognize certain molecules on the surface of the tumor or inf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Cytotoxic activities of CD8+ T cells collaborate with macrophages to protect against blood-stage murine malaria
An ‘interactome’ screen of all Drosophila cell-surface and secreted proteins containing immunoglobulin superfamily ( IgSF ) domains discovered a network formed by paralogs of Beaten Path ( Beat ) and Sidestep ( Side ) , a ligand-receptor pair that is central to motor axon guidance . Here we describe a new method for in...	Within every organ of the body , cells must be able to recognise and communicate with one another in order to work together to perform a particular role . Each cell has a specific protein on its surface that acts like a molecular identity card , and which can form weak bonds with a complementary protein on another cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Deconstruction of the beaten Path-Sidestep interaction network provides insights into neuromuscular system development
Many species perform rapid limb movements as part of their elaborate courtship displays . However , because muscle performance is constrained by trade-offs between contraction speed and force , it is unclear how animals evolve the ability to produce both unusually fast appendage movement and limb force needed for locom...	Many animals court mates and fight with rivals by performing physically elaborate and showy displays . From male fiddler crabs waving their claws to attract females , to the leaping dances of whooping cranes , these displays often involve remarkably fast limb movements . However , in many cases it is puzzling how anima...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Select forelimb muscles have evolved superfast contractile speed to support acrobatic social displays
Microbial community structure and function rely on complex interactions whose underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood . To investigate these interactions in a simple microbiome , we introduced E . coli into an experimental community based on a cheese rind and identified the differences in E . coli’s genet...	Microorganisms live almost everywhere on Earth . Whether it is rainforest soil or human skin , each environment hosts a unique community of microbes , referred to as its microbiome . There can be upwards of hundreds of species in a single microbiome , and these species can interact in a variety of ways; some cooperate ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Changes in the genetic requirements for microbial interactions with increasing community complexity
Dense connectomic mapping of neuronal circuits is limited by the time and effort required to analyze 3D electron microscopy ( EM ) datasets . Algorithms designed to automate image segmentation suffer from substantial error rates and require significant manual error correction . Any improvement in segmentation error rat...	The brain consists of billions of neurons that are connected into many different circuits . Mapping the connections between these neurons could help researchers to understand how the nervous system works . A method commonly used to do so is to preserve samples of brain tissue in chemical fixatives , and then image thin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Extracellular space preservation aids the connectomic analysis of neural circuits
Maintenance of a quiescent and organotypically-differentiated layer of blood vessel-lining endothelial cells ( EC ) is vital for human health . Yet , the molecular mechanisms of vascular quiescence remain largely elusive . Here we identify the genome-wide transcriptomic program controlling the acquisition of quiescence...	The vascular system is made up of vessels including arteries , capillaries and veins that carry blood throughout the body . The inner surfaces of these blood vessels are lined with a thin layer of cells , called endothelial cells , which form a barrier and a communicating interface between the circulation and the surro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	The transcriptomic and epigenetic map of vascular quiescence in the continuous lung endothelium
Centrioles organise centrosomes and template cilia and flagella . Several centriole and centrosome proteins have been linked to microcephaly ( MCPH ) , a neuro-developmental disease associated with small brain size . CPAP ( MCPH6 ) and STIL ( MCPH7 ) are required for centriole assembly , but it is unclear how mutations...	Organisms—and individual tissues—grow and develop by dividing their cells . However , the process of cell division does not have to be symmetric , and the fates of the cells can be very different if cellular contents , including RNAs or proteins , are exclusively retained in the ‘mother’ or passed to her ‘daughter’ . O...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Crystal structures of the CPAP/STIL complex reveal its role in centriole assembly and human microcephaly
Cancer cells demand excessive nutrients to support their proliferation but how cancer cells sense and promote growth in the nutrient favorable conditions remain incompletely understood . Epidemiological studies have indicated that obesity is a risk factor for various types of cancers . Feeding Drosophila a high dietary...	Around the world , obesity has become a much more common condition . It is a serious health concern , which can increase a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes , heart disease and certain types of cancer . People who develop type 2 diabetes become insensitive to a hormone called insulin . This hormone normally h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Salt-inducible kinases mediate nutrient-sensing to link dietary sugar and tumorigenesis in Drosophila
A loss of the checkpoint kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM ) leads to impairments in the DNA damage response , and in humans causes cerebellar neurodegeneration , and an increased risk of cancer . A loss of ATM is also associated with increased protein aggregation . The relevance and characteristics of this ag...	Cells are constantly perceiving and responding to changes in their surroundings , and challenging conditions such as extreme heat or toxic chemicals can put cells under stress . When this happens , protein production can be affected . Proteins are long chains of chemical building blocks called amino acids , and they ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2022	Targeting DNA topoisomerases or checkpoint kinases results in an overload of chaperone systems, triggering aggregation of a metastable subproteome
Stress is known to exert its detrimental effects not only by enhancing fear , but also by impairing its extinction . However , in earlier studies stress exposure preceded both processes . Thus , compared to unstressed animals , stressed animals had to extinguish fear memories that were strengthened by prior exposure to...	Patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders experience debilitating emotional symptoms , including excessive fear that they are unable to control . Decades of research have shown that such disorders have opposite effects on two key structures in the brain . Normally , a region called the amygdala helps to form f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Extinction recall of fear memories formed before stress is not affected despite higher theta activity in the amygdala
Insects find food and mates by navigating odorant plumes that can be highly intermittent , with intensities and durations that vary rapidly over orders of magnitude . Much is known about olfactory responses to pulses and steps , but it remains unclear how olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs ) detect the intensity and tim...	Insects follow odor trails carried by the wind to find mates and sources of food . The turbulent motion of the air means that these odors tend to arrive in whiffs with varying intensities and durations , which makes it difficult to distinguish them . Insects use sensory cells called olfactory receptor neurons on their ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Olfactory receptor neurons use gain control and complementary kinetics to encode intermittent odorant stimuli
Neurons face unique challenges of transporting nascent autophagic vacuoles ( AVs ) from distal axons toward the soma , where mature lysosomes are mainly located . Autophagy defects have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) . However , the mechanisms underlying altered autophagy remain unknown . Here , we demonstra...	Alzheimer’s disease is the result of protein fragments called amyloid-β peptides accumulating in the brain and forming clumps . These protein “aggregates” disrupt cellular activities and cause serious problems . To combat this process , healthy cells use a process called autophagy to destroy aggregated proteins . The a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Impaired retrograde transport of axonal autophagosomes contributes to autophagic stress in Alzheimer’s disease neurons
Microdosing is the practice of regularly using low doses of psychedelic drugs . Anecdotal reports suggest that microdosing enhances well-being and cognition; however , such accounts are potentially biased by the placebo effect . This study used a ‘self-blinding’ citizen science initiative , where participants were give...	Psychedelic psychotherapy , therapy enhanced with psychedelic drugs such as LSD or psilocybin ( the active ingredient of ‘magic mushrooms’ ) , has been suggested to improve psychological well-being . For this reason , trials on psychedelic therapy for the treatment of depression , addiction and other conditions are ong...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
Viral infection is usually studied at the population level by averaging over millions of cells . However , infection at the single-cell level is highly heterogeneous , with most infected cells giving rise to no or few viral progeny while some cells produce thousands . Analysis of Herpes Simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) infect...	Herpes simplex virus 1 , or HSV-1 , is a virus that infects most of the human population . In many people , the virus stays dormant in nerve cells , but in some individuals , it can ‘wake up’ regularly and cause painful facial lesions known as cold sores . In very few cases , the virus can enter the brain and become li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	HSV-1 single-cell analysis reveals the activation of anti-viral and developmental programs in distinct sub-populations
Antigenic variation in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum involves sequential and mutually exclusive expression of members of the var multi-gene family and appears to follow a non-random pattern . In this study , using a detailed in vitro gene transcription analysis of the culture-adapted HB3 strain of P ...	Our ability to acquire immunity to a disease depends on our immune system learning to recognise foreign molecules—called antigens—that are specific to the disease-causing virus , bacterium or parasite . However , some pathogens , such as the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum , get around this defence throu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	The antigenic switching network of Plasmodium falciparum and its implications for the immuno-epidemiology of malaria
Competition among sperm to fertilize oocytes is a ubiquitous feature of sexual reproduction as well as a profoundly important aspect of sexual selection . However , little is known about the cellular mechanisms sperm use to gain competitive advantage or how these mechanisms are regulated genetically . In this study , w...	The ornate feathers of a peacock and the antlers of a stag are both traits that have evolved because they help a male to outcompete his rivals and mate with more females . Similarly , in species where each female mates with multiple males , a male can improve his reproductive success if his sperm outcompetes the other ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	COMP-1 promotes competitive advantage of nematode sperm
Animals move by adaptively coordinating the sequential activation of muscles . The circuit mechanisms underlying coordinated locomotion are poorly understood . Here , we report on a novel circuit for the propagation of waves of muscle contraction , using the peristaltic locomotion of Drosophila larvae as a model system...	Rhythmic movements such as walking and swimming require the coordinated contraction of many different muscles . Throughout the animal kingdom , from insects to mammals , animals possess specialized circuits of neurons that are responsible for producing these patterns of muscle contraction . These circuits are known as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A circuit mechanism for the propagation of waves of muscle contraction in Drosophila
Release factors RF1 and RF2 promote hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA during translation termination . The GTPase RF3 promotes recycling of RF1 and RF2 . Using single molecule FRET and biochemical assays , we show that ribosome termination complexes that carry two factors , RF1–RF3 or RF2–RF3 , are dynamic and fluctuate betw...	Inside cells , molecular machines called ribosomes make proteins using messenger RNA as a template . However , the template contains more than just the information needed to create the protein . A ‘stop codon’ in the mRNA marks where the ribosome should stop . When this is reached a group of proteins called release fac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Dynamics of ribosomes and release factors during translation termination in E. coli
Pseudogenes are thought to be inactive gene sequences , but recent evidence of extensive pseudogene transcription raised the question of potential function . Here we discover and characterize the sets of mouse lncRNAs induced by inflammatory signaling via TNFα . TNFα regulates hundreds of lncRNAs , including 54 pseudog...	The simplest account of gene expression is that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA , which is then translated into a protein . However , not all genes encode proteins; for some it is the RNA molecule itself that is the end product . Many of these ‘non-coding RNAs’ are thought to be involved in regulating the express...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	A mammalian pseudogene lncRNA at the interface of inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapeutics
Interprotein electron transfer underpins the essential processes of life and relies on the formation of specific , yet transient protein-protein interactions . In biological systems , the detoxification of sulfite is catalyzed by the sulfite-oxidizing enzymes ( SOEs ) , which interact with an electron acceptor for cata...	A key feature of many important chemical reactions in cells is the transfer of particles called electrons from one molecule to another . The sulfite oxidizing enzymes ( or SOEs ) are a group of enzymes that are found in many organisms . These enzymes convert sulfite , which is a very reactive compound that can damage c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural basis of interprotein electron transfer in bacterial sulfite oxidation
Previously , we reported that long-term memory ( LTM ) in Aplysia can be reinstated by truncated ( partial ) training following its disruption by reconsolidation blockade and inhibition of PKM ( Chen et al . , 2014 ) . Here , we report that LTM can be induced by partial training after disruption of original consolidati...	The formation of long-term memory depends on new proteins being made in the brain . These new proteins are used partly to build the new connections among neurons that essentially store the memory , and must be made within a critical period of time . Experiments on animals have found that new proteins must be made durin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Role of protein synthesis and DNA methylation in the consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory in Aplysia
Piezo1 ion channels mediate the conversion of mechanical forces into electrical signals and are critical for responsiveness to touch in metazoans . The apparent mechanical sensitivity of Piezo1 varies substantially across cellular environments , stimulating methods and protocols , raising the fundamental questions of w...	Piezo ion channels are proteins that are embedded in the cell membranes of many types of tissue , including the heart , lung , skin and kidney . These proteins are essential for many biological processes , including sensing gentle touches and ensuring that blood vessels develop properly . When stimulated by mechanical ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Mechanical sensitivity of Piezo1 ion channels can be tuned by cellular membrane tension
In a dynamic environment an organism has to constantly adjust ongoing behavior to adapt to a given context . This process requires continuous monitoring of ongoing behavior to provide its meaningful interpretation . The caudate nucleus is known to have a role in behavioral monitoring , but the nature of these signals d...	The ability to adapt behavior in a changing environment is a hallmark of intelligent systems . From adjusting our driving speed to match road conditions to responding to a last-minute change of plans , mental flexibility underpins much of our day-to-day functioning . To perform optimally , an animal must continuously m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Interpretive monitoring in the caudate nucleus
The pioneer factor hypothesis ( PFH ) states that pioneer factors ( PFs ) are a subclass of transcription factors ( TFs ) that bind to and open inaccessible sites and then recruit non-pioneer factors ( non-PFs ) that activate batteries of silent genes . The PFH predicts that ectopic gene activation requires the sequent...	Cells only use a fraction of their genetic information to make the proteins they need . The rest is carefully packaged away and tightly bundled in structures called nucleosomes . This physically shields the DNA from being accessed by transcription factors – the molecular actors that can read genes and kickstart the pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2022	A test of the pioneer factor hypothesis using ectopic liver gene activation
Many cell-intrinsic mechanisms have been shown to regulate neuronal subtype specification in the mammalian neocortex . However , how much cell environment is crucial for subtype determination still remained unclear . Here , we show that knockdown of Protocadherin20 ( Pcdh20 ) , which is expressed in post-migratory neur...	The outer surface of the brain ( the neocortex ) in mammals is formed out of neurons arranged into layers . These layers are laid down during embryonic development , and each layer has characteristic mix of distinct subtypes of neurons that have different forms and sizes . Previous evidence suggests that neurons that a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Identity of neocortical layer 4 neurons is specified through correct positioning into the cortex
RNA-catalyzed RNA replication is widely believed to have supported a primordial biology . However , RNA catalysis is dependent upon RNA folding , and this yields structures that can block replication of such RNAs . To address this apparent paradox , we have re-examined the building blocks used for RNA replication . We ...	Life as we know it relies on three types of molecules: DNA , which stores genetic information; proteins that carry out the chemical reactions necessary for life; and RNA , which relays information between the two . However , some scientists think that before life adopted DNA and proteins , it relied primarily on RNA . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Ribozyme-catalysed RNA synthesis using triplet building blocks
FcγRIIB binding to its ligand suppresses immune cell activation . A single-nucleotide polymorphic ( SNP ) change , I232T , in the transmembrane ( TM ) domain of FcγRIIB loses its suppressive function , which is clinically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) . Previously , we reported that I232T tilts F...	Left unchecked the immune system can cause devastating damage to healthy tissue . To prevent this from happening , immune cells have built-in off switches that dampen their activation . One such switch is a protein called FcγRIIB that sits on the outer surface of immune cells and binds to proteins known as antibodies ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	FcγRIIB-I232T polymorphic change allosterically suppresses ligand binding
Changes in glutamatergic synaptic strength in brain are dependent on AMPA-type glutamate receptor ( AMPAR ) recycling , which is assumed to occur through a single local pathway . In this study , we present evidence that AMPAR recycling occurs through different pathways regulated by synaptic activity . Without synaptic ...	Cells called neurons transmit information around the brain in the form of electrical signals . At a junction between two neurons—called a synapse—an electrical signal triggers the release of small molecules called neurotransmitters . These molecules travel across the gap between the two neurons and trigger a new electr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Synaptic activity regulates AMPA receptor trafficking through different recycling pathways
The mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells in the inner ear are selectively vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults . In mammals , hair cells lack regenerative capacity , and their death leads to permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction . Their paucity and inaccessibility has limited the search f...	Worldwide , hearing loss is the most common loss of sensation . Most cases of hearing loss are due to the death of specialized hair cells found deep inside the ear . These hair cells convert sounds into nerve impulses which can be understood by the brain . Hair cells naturally degrade as part of aging and can be damage...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Generation of inner ear hair cells by direct lineage conversion of primary somatic cells
Spatial attention changes the sampling of visual space . Behavioral studies suggest that feature-based attention modulates this resampling to optimize the attended feature's sampling . We investigate this hypothesis by estimating spatial sampling in visual cortex while independently varying both feature-based and spati...	Much like digital cameras record images using a grid of tiny pixels , our own visual experience results from the activity of many neurons , each with its own receptive field . A neuron’s receptive field is the area of visual space – the scene in front of our eyes – to which that neuron responds . But whereas digital pi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Spatial sampling in human visual cortex is modulated by both spatial and feature-based attention
The success of antimicrobial treatment is threatened by the evolution of drug resistance . Population genetic models are an important tool in mitigating that threat . However , most such models consider resistance emergence via a single mutational step . Here , we assembled experimental evidence that drug resistance ev...	The rise in antibiotic resistance is threatening our ability to treat bacterial infections . Bacteria often evolve resistance by acquiring new genetic mutations during the treatment period . Understanding how resistance emerges and spreads through a bacterial population is crucial to prevent antibiotic drugs from faili...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Multi-step vs. single-step resistance evolution under different drugs, pharmacokinetics, and treatment regimens
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon causing parent-of-origin specific differential expression of maternally and paternally inherited alleles . While many imprinted genes have been identified in plants , the functional roles of most of them are unknown . In this study , we systematically examine the functiona...	When plants and animals reproduce sexually , their offspring inherit two copies of every gene , one from each parent , which are arranged in two sets of structures called chromosomes . In some tissues , one gene copy may be switched off—through a process called ‘genomic imprinting’—while the other copy remains active ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2015	Paternally expressed imprinted genes establish postzygotic hybridization barriers in Arabidopsis thaliana
Activation of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) kinase in models of acute and chronic pain is strongly implicated in mediating enhanced translation and hyperalgesia . However , the molecular mechanisms by which mTOR regulates nociception remain unclear . Here we show that deletion of the eukaryotic...	Despite the unpleasant feeling it causes , pain is necessary for survival as it helps individuals to avoid objects , environments and situations that cause damage to their body . However , millions of people experience long-lasting “chronic” pain , or are hypersensitive to pain . There are few treatments available for ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Translational control of nociception via 4E-binding protein 1
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor ( IGF-IR ) preferentially regulates the long-term IGF activities including growth and metabolism . Kinetics of ligand-dependent IGF-IR endocytosis determines how IGF induces such downstream signaling outputs . Here , we find that the insulin receptor substrate ( IRS ) −1 modulates ...	Mammals , including humans , use signaling molecules called hormones to carry information from one cell to another . Insulin-like growth factor ( or IGF for short ) is a hormone that is essential throughout an animal’s lifetime . It is needed for growth and for many of the chemical processes that must occur to maintain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	IRS-1 acts as an endocytic regulator of IGF-I receptor to facilitate sustained IGF signaling
Detrimental microbes caused the evolution of a great diversity of antimicrobial defenses in plants and animals . Insects developing underground seem particularly threatened . Here we show that the eggs of a solitary digger wasp , the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum , emit large amounts of gaseous nitric oxide ( ...	Humans use heat , cooling , and freezing to protect their foods from mold and bacteria . Many animals , including a wasp called the European beewolf , have also developed ways to store and preserve food . Female beewolves hunt honeybees . After paralyzing a bee , the beewolf takes the body into an underground chamber a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Nitric oxide radicals are emitted by wasp eggs to kill mold fungi
Disturbance from whale-watching can cause significant behavioural changes with fitness consequences for targeted whale populations . However , the sensory stimuli triggering these responses are unknown , preventing effective mitigation . Here , we test the hypothesis that vessel noise level is a driver of disturbance ,...	Whale-watching is a multi-billion-dollar industry that is growing around the world . Typically , tour operators use boats to transport tourists into coastal waters to see groups of whales , dolphins or porpoises . There is , however , accumulating evidence that boat-based whale-watching negatively affects the way these...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2020	Vessel noise levels drive behavioural responses of humpback whales with implications for whale-watching
The circumventricular organs ( CVOs ) in the central nervous system ( CNS ) lack a vascular blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) , creating communication sites for sensory or secretory neurons , involved in body homeostasis . Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for BBB development and maintenance in endothelial cells ( ECs ) i...	Infections and diseases in the brain and spine can be very damaging and debilitating . Indeed , the central nervous system also needs a carefully controlled biochemical environment to survive . As such , all animals with a backbone have barriers and defenses to protect and preserve this key system . One of these is the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Low wnt/β-catenin signaling determines leaky vessels in the subfornical organ and affects water homeostasis in mice
When human fibroblasts take up plasma low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , its cholesterol is liberated in lysosomes and eventually reaches the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) where it inhibits cholesterol synthesis by blocking activation of SREBPs . This feedback protects against cholesterol overaccumulation in the plasma m...	Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that is made of lipid molecules and proteins . Almost half of the lipid molecules in the plasma membranes of animal cells ( including human cells ) are cholesterol molecules . Since cholesterol helps to keep the membrane stable , its level in the plasma membrane is tightly regula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Three pools of plasma membrane cholesterol and their relation to cholesterol homeostasis
Mitochondrial fusion and fission affect the distribution and quality control of mitochondria . We show that Marf ( Mitochondrial associated regulatory factor ) , is required for mitochondrial fusion and transport in long axons . Moreover , loss of Marf leads to a severe depletion of mitochondria in neuromuscular juncti...	Mitochondria are the main source of energy for cells . These vital and highly dynamic organelles continually change shape by fusing with each other and splitting apart to create new mitochondria , repairing and replacing those damaged by cell stress . For nerve impulses to be transmitted across the gaps ( called synaps...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Mitochondrial fusion but not fission regulates larval growth and synaptic development through steroid hormone production
The unfolded protein response ( UPR ) adjusts the cell’s protein folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) according to need . IRE1 is the most conserved UPR sensor in eukaryotic cells . It has remained controversial , however , whether mammalian and yeast IRE1 use a common mechanism for ER stress sensing . ...	Proteins are long string-like molecules that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes . Most proteins that a cell uses to communicate with its environment are folded within a part of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum . Dedicated sensor proteins in this cellular compartment track this process to make sure tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	An unfolded protein-induced conformational switch activates mammalian IRE1
The root cap has a fundamental role in sensing environmental cues as well as regulating root growth via altered meristem activity . Despite this well-established role in the control of developmental processes in roots , the root cap’s function in nutrition remains obscure . Here , we uncover its role in phosphate nutri...	All plants need phosphate to grow because it is a major component of DNA and many other biological molecules . Most of the Earth’s soil is poor in phosphate , and so farmland is routinely supplemented with fertilizers to provide crops with this essential nutrient . However , phosphate fertilizers are becoming scarce an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2016	A novel role for the root cap in phosphate uptake and homeostasis
Fumarase is distributed between two compartments of the eukaryotic cell . The enzyme catalyses the reversible conversion of fumaric to L-malic acid in mitochondria as part of the tricarboxylic acid ( TCA ) cycle , and in the cytosol/nucleus as part of the DNA damage response ( DDR ) . Here , we show that fumarase of th...	Living cells make an enzyme called fumarase . It converts a chemical called fumaric acid into L-malic acid . This is a crucial step in primary metabolism and aerobic respiration , the process of using oxygen to release energy for life . Yet it is not the only role that fumarase plays . In the cells of eukaryotes such a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Bacterial fumarase and L-malic acid are evolutionary ancient components of the DNA damage response
We previously discovered a new osteogenic growth factor that is required to maintain adult skeletal bone mass , Osteolectin/Clec11a . Osteolectin acts on Leptin Receptor+ ( LepR+ ) skeletal stem cells and other osteogenic progenitors in bone marrow to promote their differentiation into osteoblasts . Here we identify a ...	Throughout our lives , our bones undergo constant remodeling . Cells called osteoclasts break down old bone and cells called osteoblasts lay down new . Normally , the two cell types work in balance but if the rate of breakdown outpaces new bone formation the skeleton can become weak . This weakness leads to a condition...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2019	Integrin alpha11 is an Osteolectin receptor and is required for the maintenance of adult skeletal bone mass
The coordination of cell proliferation and migration in growing tissues is crucial in development and regeneration but remains poorly understood . Here , we find that , while expanding with an edge speed independent of initial conditions , millimeter-scale epithelial monolayers exhibit internal patterns of proliferatio...	Cells do not exist in isolation . Instead , they form tissues , where individual cells make contact with their neighbors and form microscopic ‘architectures’ . Epithelia are a type of tissue where cells are arranged in flat sheets , and are found in organs such as the lining of the kidney or the skin . Tissues need to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2020	Size-dependent patterns of cell proliferation and migration in freely-expanding epithelia
Disruption of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) activates the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) —a signaling network that ultimately determines cell fate . Initially , UPR signaling aims at cytoprotection and restoration of ER homeostasis; that failing , it drives apoptotic cell death . ER stress init...	Proteins are chains of building blocks called amino acids , folded into a flexible 3D shape that is critical for its biological activity . This shape depends on many factors , but one is the chemistry of the amino acids . Because the internal and external environments of cells are mostly water-filled , correctly folded...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Misfolded proteins bind and activate death receptor 5 to trigger apoptosis during unresolved endoplasmic reticulum stress
Spatial organization of the transcriptome has emerged as a powerful means for regulating the post-transcriptional fate of RNA in eukaryotes; however , whether prokaryotes use RNA spatial organization as a mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation remains unclear . Here we used super-resolution microscopy to image t...	Within a cell , molecules of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) encode the proteins that the cell needs to survive and thrive . The amount of mRNA within a cell therefore plays an important role in determining both the amount and types of proteins that a cell contains and , thus , the behavior of the cell . In eukaryotic organisms...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Spatial organization shapes the turnover of a bacterial transcriptome
Trafficking of myelin-reactive CD4+ T-cells across the brain endothelium , an essential step in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis ( MS ) , is suggested to be an antigen-specific process , yet which cells provide this signal is unknown . Here we provide direct evidence that under inflammatory conditions , brain end...	The blood vessels in the brain help to control the entry of nutrients , cells and waste products into and out of the brain . In doing so , they create a protective barrier between the blood and the brain known as the blood-brain barrier . However , this barrier loses its protective function in individuals with multiple...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Internalization and presentation of myelin antigens by the brain endothelium guides antigen-specific T cell migration
Nervous system maps are of critical importance for understanding how nervous systems develop and function . We systematically map here all cholinergic neuron types in the male and hermaphrodite C . elegans nervous system . We find that acetylcholine ( ACh ) is the most broadly used neurotransmitter and we analyze its u...	To better understand the nervous system—the most complex of all the body’s organs—scientists have begun to painstakingly map its many features . These maps can then be used as a basis for understanding how the nervous system develops and works . Researchers have mapped the connections – called synapses – between all th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	A cellular and regulatory map of the cholinergic nervous system of C. elegans
Human lung adenocarcinoma exhibits a propensity for de-differentiation , complicating diagnosis and treatment , and predicting poorer patient survival . In genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer , expression of the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase initiates the growth of benign tumors retaining characteristics ...	Cancers appear when changes in the genetic information of a cell , also called mutations , allow it to multiply uncontrollably . The disease we know as “lung cancer” kills more people than any other cancer , but this term actually refers to different types of tumors that appear because of various mutations that happen ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Mutationally-activated PI3’-kinase-α promotes de-differentiation of lung tumors initiated by the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase
Recent developments in human neuroimaging make it possible to non-invasively measure neural activity from different cortical layers . This can potentially reveal not only which brain areas are engaged by a task , but also how . Specifically , bottom-up and top-down responses are associated with distinct laminar profile...	Recent advances in brain imaging have made it possible to map brain activity in areas of tissue less than a millimeter in size . This resolution offers particular advantages for studying the brain’s outer surface , the cortex . The cortex is traditionally divided into several layers , each containing different types an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Dissociable laminar profiles of concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulation in the human visual cortex
Alternative splicing ( AS ) can critically affect gene function and disease , yet mapping splicing variations remains a challenge . Here , we propose a new approach to define and quantify mRNA splicing in units of local splicing variations ( LSVs ) . LSVs capture previously defined types of alternative splicing as well...	Genes contain coded instructions to build other molecules that are collectively referred to as gene products . Building these products requires the gene’s instructions to be copied into a molecule of RNA in a process called transcription . Over 90% of human genes undergo a process by which different segments of the tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	A new view of transcriptome complexity and regulation through the lens of local splicing variations
Specific cell shapes are fundamental to the organization and function of multicellular organisms . Fibroblast Growth Factor ( FGF ) signaling induces the elongation of lens fiber cells during vertebrate lens development . Nonetheless , exactly how this extracellular FGF signal is transmitted to the cytoskeletal network...	As an embryo develops , its cells divide multiple times to transform into the specialized cell types that form our tissues and organs . To carry out specific roles , cells need to be of a certain shape . For example , in mammals , the cells that make up the main portion of the eye lens , develop into a fiber-like shape...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Crk proteins transduce FGF signaling to promote lens fiber cell elongation
The mechanisms by which mammalian cells recognize and epigenetically restrict viral DNA are not well defined . We used herpes simplex virus with bioorthogonally labeled genomes to detect host factors recruited to viral DNA shortly after its nuclear entry and found that the cellular IFI16 , PML , and ATRX proteins coloc...	Cells carefully package their DNA , tightly wrapping the long , stringy molecule around spool-like groups of proteins called histones . However , the genes that are draped around histones are effectively silenced , because they are ‘hidden’ from the molecular actors that read the genetic information to create proteins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	ATRX promotes maintenance of herpes simplex virus heterochromatin during chromatin stress
Mutations in the synaptic gene SHANK3 lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome ( PMS ) . PMS is a relatively common monogenic and highly penetrant cause of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) and intellectual disability ( ID ) , and frequently presents with attention deficits . The underlyin...	Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a genetic disorder on the autism spectrum that affects how children develop in several ways , with additional symptoms including attention deficits , delays in learning to speak and motor problems . This syndrome is known to be caused by changes in a single gene known as SHANK3 that disrupt ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Oxytocin improves behavioral and electrophysiological deficits in a novel Shank3-deficient rat
Synaptojanin and endophilin represent a classic pair of endocytic proteins that exhibit coordinated action during rapid synaptic vesicle endocytosis . Current models suggest that synaptojanin activity is tightly associated with endophilin through high-affinity binding between the synaptojanin proline-rich domain ( PRD ...	Nerve cells called neurons can rapidly carry information around the body . Each neuron forms connections called synapses with several other cells to build networks for information exchange . At most synapses , electrical activity in one neuron results in the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters from storage co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Synaptojanin cooperates in vivo with endophilin through an unexpected mechanism
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps ( NETs ) which ensnare pathogens and have pathogenic functions in diverse diseases . We examined the NETosis pathways induced by five stimuli; PMA , the calcium ionophore A23187 , nigericin , Candida albicans and Group B Streptococcus . We studied NET production in neu...	The immune system protects the body against microorganisms that can cause infections and diseases . Neutrophils are a type of immune cell that patrol the blood in search of germs . Once they encounter potentially harmful microbes , neutrophils eradicate them in different ways . One way to catch the germs is by using ‘n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Diverse stimuli engage different neutrophil extracellular trap pathways
Trisomy , the presence of a third copy of one chromosome , is deleterious and results in inviable or defective progeny if passed through the germ line . Random segregation of an extra chromosome is predicted to result in a high frequency of trisomic offspring from a trisomic parent . Caenorhabditis elegans with trisomy...	Inside cells , DNA is found packaged into structures called chromosomes . Most human and animal cells contain two sets of chromosomes , one inherited from each parent . Chromosomes from one set pair up with the equivalent chromosome from the other set . However , egg and sperm cells only contain one copy of each chromo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The asymmetry of female meiosis reduces the frequency of inheritance of unpaired chromosomes
Pharmacological studies in mammals suggest that norepinephrine ( NE ) plays an important role in promoting arousal . However , the role of endogenous NE is unclear , with contradicting reports concerning the sleep phenotypes of mice lacking NE due to mutation of dopamine β-hydroxylase ( dbh ) . To investigate NE functi...	Although the neural circuits that regulate sleep and wakefulness have yet to be fully identified , the importance of at least two brain regions is well established . These are the hypothalamus , a structure deep within the brain that controls a number of basic activities including hunger , thirst and sleep; and the bra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Norepinephrine is required to promote wakefulness and for hypocretin-induced arousal in zebrafish
Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis can initiate at ribosomes for myriad reasons including misfolding of a nascent chain or stalling of the ribosome during translation of mRNA . Clearance of a stalled complex is required to recycle the ribosome for future use . Here we show that the ubiquitin ( Ub ) pathway segregase Cdc48...	Ribosomes are complex molecular machines that translate the sequence of bases in a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) transcript into a polypeptide that subsequently folds to form a protein . Each ribosome is composed of two major subunits: the small subunit reads the mRNA transcript , and the large subunit joins amino acids toget...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Cdc48/p97 promotes degradation of aberrant nascent polypeptides bound to the ribosome
Bergmann's rule is a widely-accepted biogeographic rule stating that individuals within a species are smaller in warmer environments . While there are many single-species studies and integrative reviews documenting this pattern , a data-intensive approach has not been used yet to determine the generality of this patter...	Scientists have found that individual animals of the same species tend to be smaller in hotter environments and larger in cooler ones . They named this pattern “Bergmann’s Rule” to describe how temperature can influence the size of an animal . However , most studies of Bergmann’s Rule have only looked at one or a few s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	No general relationship between mass and temperature in endothermic species
mTOR inhibition is beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models and its effects are often attributable to the modulation of autophagy and anti-apoptosis . Here , we report a neglected but important bioenergetic effect of mTOR inhibition in neurons . mTOR inhibition by rapamycin significantly preserves neuronal ATP le...	Living cells need to maintain an optimal balance between making new proteins and destroying older ones . Building proteins requires a supply of nutrients and appropriate levels of energy , and mammalian cells rely on a protein called mTOR to sense both nutrient availability and energy levels . Nutrients activate mTOR s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Alleviation of neuronal energy deficiency by mTOR inhibition as a treatment for mitochondria-related neurodegeneration
Epigenetic modifiers are an emerging class of anti-tumor drugs , potent in multiple cancer contexts . Their effect on spontaneously developing autoimmune diseases has been little explored . We report that a short treatment with I-BET151 , a small-molecule inhibitor of a family of bromodomain-containing transcriptional ...	The DNA inside a cell is often tightly wrapped around proteins to form a compact structure called chromatin . Chemical groups added to the chromatin can encourage nearby genes to either be switched on or off; and several enzymes and other proteins help to read , add , or remove these marks from the chromatin . If these...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Epigenetic modulation of type-1 diabetes via a dual effect on pancreatic macrophages and β cells
Homologous recombination ( HR ) -mediated repair of DNA double-strand break ( DSB ) s is restricted to the post-replicative phases of the cell cycle . Initiation of HR in the G1 phase blocks non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) impairing DSB repair . Completion of HR in G1 cells can lead to the loss-of-heterozygosity ( ...	The DNA in a cell is damaged thousands of times every day . One of the most serious types of damage involves something breaking both of the strands in the double helix . Such a double-strand break can delete genes or even kill the cell . In fact , conventional cancer therapy kills cancer cells by causing irreparable do...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	MicroRNAs down-regulate homologous recombination in the G1 phase of cycling cells to maintain genomic stability
ER O-glycosylation can be induced through relocalisation GalNAc-Transferases from the Golgi . This process markedly stimulates cell migration and is constitutively activated in more than 60% of breast carcinomas . How this activation is achieved remains unclear . Here , we screened 948 signalling genes using RNAi and i...	The likelihood of an individual being able to recover from cancer depends on: where the cancer is within the body , how quickly the disease is detected and how quickly treatment is started . Cancers that have spread from their original location to another part of the body are particular challenging to treat , and cause...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	ERK8 is a negative regulator of O-GalNAc glycosylation and cell migration
Many recent models study the downstream projection from grid cells to place cells , while recent data have pointed out the importance of the feedback projection . We thus asked how grid cells are affected by the nature of the input from the place cells . We propose a single-layer neural network with feedforward weights...	Long before the invention of GPS systems , ships used a technique called dead reckoning to navigate at sea . By tracking the ship’s speed and direction of movement away from a starting point , the crew could estimate their position at any given time . Many believe that some animals , including rats and humans , can use...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Extracting grid cell characteristics from place cell inputs using non-negative principal component analysis
A presynaptic adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor , latrophilin-1 , and a postsynaptic transmembrane protein , Lasso/teneurin-2 , are implicated in trans-synaptic interaction that contributes to synapse formation . Surprisingly , during neuronal development , a substantial proportion of Lasso is released into the inter...	The brain is a complex mesh of interconnected neurons , with each cell making tens , hundreds , or even thousands of connections . These links can stretch over long distances , and establishing them correctly during development is essential . Developing neurons send out long and thin structures , called axons , to reac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Proteolytically released Lasso/teneurin-2 induces axonal attraction by interacting with latrophilin-1 on axonal growth cones
Centrioles are characterized by a nine-fold arrangement of microtubule triplets held together by an inner protein scaffold . These structurally robust organelles experience strenuous cellular processes such as cell division or ciliary beating while performing their function . However , the molecular mechanisms underlyi...	Cells are made up of compartments called organelles that perform specific roles . A cylindrical organelle called the centriole is important for a number of cellular processes , ranging from cell division to movement and signaling . Each centriole contains nine blades made up of protein filaments called microtubules , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	WDR90 is a centriolar microtubule wall protein important for centriole architecture integrity
Although high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine ( 5hmC ) accumulate in mammalian neurons , our knowledge of its roles in terminal differentiation or as an intermediate in active DNA demethylation is incomplete . We report high-resolution mapping of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation , chromatin accessibility , and ...	At birth , the mammalian brain contains tens of billions of neurons . Although the number does not increase much as the animal grows , there are many dramatic changes to their size and structure . These changes allow the neurons to communicate with one another , develop into networks , and learn the tasks of the adult ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	5-Hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated active demethylation is required for mammalian neuronal differentiation and function

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.