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Many important cellular membrane fission reactions are driven by ESCRT pathways , which culminate in disassembly of ESCRT-III polymers by the AAA ATPase Vps4 . We report a 4 . 3 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the active Vps4 hexamer with its cofactor Vta1 , ADP·BeFx , and an ESCRT-III substrate peptide . Four Vps4 s...	Membranes surround multiple compartments within cells as well as the cell itself . In living cells , these membranes are remodeled continuously . This allows cells to divide , move molecules between different compartments and perform other essential activities . One important remodeling event is known as fission , whic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Structural basis of protein translocation by the Vps4-Vta1 AAA ATPase
The Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS ( CMG ) helicase separates DNA strands during replication in eukaryotes . How the CMG is assembled and engages DNA substrates remains unclear . Using electron microscopy , we have determined the structure of the CMG in the presence of ATPγS and a DNA duplex bearing a 3′ single-stranded tail . The ...	Before a cell divides , it must duplicate its DNA so that each new cell inherits its own copy of the genome . To do this , the DNA double helix must be unwound so that the two individual strands of DNA can serve as templates for making new DNA molecules . Unwinding begins when two helicase complexes , termed the Mcm2-7...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	DNA binding polarity, dimerization, and ATPase ring remodeling in the CMG helicase of the eukaryotic replisome
Here , we document a collection of ∼7434 MiMIC ( Minos Mediated Integration Cassette ) insertions of which 2854 are inserted in coding introns . They allowed us to create a library of 400 GFP-tagged genes . We show that 72% of internally tagged proteins are functional , and that more than 90% can be imaged in unfixed t...	In the last few decades , technical advances in altering the genes of organisms have led to many discoveries about how genes work . For example , it is now possible to add a specific DNA sequence to a gene so that the protein it makes will carry a ‘tag’ that enables us to track it in cells . One such tag is called gree...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	A library of MiMICs allows tagging of genes and reversible, spatial and temporal knockdown of proteins in Drosophila
The aminopeptidase DPP9 removes dipeptides from N-termini of substrates having a proline or alanine in second position . Although linked to several pathways including cell survival and metabolism , the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood . We identified a novel interaction of DPP9 with ...	Proteins are made up of building blocks called amino acids bonded together to form chain-like molecules . Around twenty different amino acids are used to make proteins , and enzymes called proteases can recognize specific pairs of amino acids in proteins and cut the bonds between them . Dipeptidylpeptidase 9 ( or DPP9 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	DPP9 is a novel component of the N-end rule pathway targeting the tyrosine kinase Syk
Responses of midbrain dopamine ( DA ) neurons reflecting expected reward from sensory cues are critical for reward-based associative learning . However , critical pathways by which reward-related visual information is relayed to DA neurons remain unclear . To address this question , we investigated Pavlovian conditioni...	To survive and thrive , animals must learn to approach cues in their environment that are likely to lead to a desirable outcome and avoid those that might lead them to harm . A group of brain regions known as the midbrain dopamine system helps many animals to achieve this . Dopamine is the brain’s reward signal . Cues ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Emergence of visually-evoked reward expectation signals in dopamine neurons via the superior colliculus in V1 lesioned monkeys
Anti-malarial pre-erythrocytic vaccines ( PEV ) target transmission by inhibiting human infection but are currently partially protective . It has been posited , but never demonstrated , that co-administering transmission-blocking vaccines ( TBV ) would enhance malaria control . We hypothesized a mechanism that TBV coul...	In 2016 , malaria caused an estimated 216 million illnesses and 445 , 000 confirmed deaths globally . The disease is caused by a parasite , and mosquitos infected with the parasite transmit them to humans when they bite . In humans , the parasites enter the body and head to the liver before spending part of their life ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Synergy in anti-malarial pre-erythrocytic and transmission-blocking antibodies is achieved by reducing parasite density
ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling proteins represent a diverse family of proteins that share ATPase domains that are adapted to regulate protein–DNA interactions . Here , we present structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chd1 protein engaged with nucleosomes in the presence of the transition state mimic ADP-beryl...	The DNA inside cells contains all the information needed to build an organism . Human DNA measures about 2 metres . To condense it , DNA is wrapped around eight histone proteins to form disc-like structures , called nucleosomes . Nucleosomes are further compressed into chromatin fibres that make up our chromosomes . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Structure of the chromatin remodelling enzyme Chd1 bound to a ubiquitinylated nucleosome
Malaria transmission is spatially heterogeneous . This reduces the efficacy of control strategies , but focusing control strategies on clusters or ‘hotspots’ of transmission may be highly effective . Among 1500 homesteads in coastal Kenya we calculated ( a ) the fraction of febrile children with positive malaria smears...	Malaria remains a formidable threat to public health in tropical regions . The parasite that causes the disease is transmitted to humans by bites from infected mosquitoes , and the complicated lifecycle of the parasite makes developing vaccines difficult . However , preventive strategies are effective at reducing the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in Coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots
More than 90% of lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoke and air pollution , with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) as key carcinogens . In Xuanwei City of Yunnan Province , the lung cancer incidence is among the highest in China , attributed to smoky coal combustion-generated PAH pollution . Here , we scree...	Lung cancer causes the most cancer deaths worldwide . For decades , people have known that lung cancer is associated with environmental factors , and both cigarette smoke and air pollution are known to cause cancers in humans . Smoke and air pollution both contain chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	The chemokine CXCL13 in lung cancers associated with environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution
Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the primary sensory cortex for the detection , discrimination , and awareness of visual stimuli , but it is unknown how neuronal populations in this area process detected and undetected stimuli differently . Critical differences may reside in the mean strength of res...	Seeing is not the same as perceiving , where an object is recognized and information about it is interpreted by the brain . Things might be in your field of view , but not actively perceived; for example , when daydreaming with your eyes open . Many researchers have investigated how the brain responds differently to a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Mouse V1 population correlates of visual detection rely on heterogeneity within neuronal response patterns
A key step in the de novo formation of the embryonic vasculature is the migration of endothelial precursors , the angioblasts , to the position of the future vessels . To form the first axial vessels , angioblasts migrate towards the midline and coalesce underneath the notochord . Vascular endothelial growth factor has...	The circulatory system enables blood to move around the body and deliver substances including nutrients and oxygen to the cells that need them . In the embryos of animals with a backbone , blood flows from the heart through the aorta into branching smaller vessels to the cells . The blood then gets collected by progres...	[ "Abstract", "Main", "text", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2015	The hormonal peptide Elabela guides angioblasts to the midline during vasculogenesis
Actin , spectrin , and associated molecules form a periodic sub-membrane lattice structure in axons . How this membrane skeleton is developed and why it preferentially forms in axons are unknown . Here , we studied the developmental mechanism of this lattice structure . We found that this structure emerged early during...	The brain contains hundred types of neurons , but they are all variations on the same basic structure . Each neuron consists of a cell body that is covered in short protrusions called dendrites and a long thin structure called the axon . The dendrites receive incoming signals from neighboring neurons and they transmit ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Developmental mechanism of the periodic membrane skeleton in axons
Circadian clocks serve as internal pacemakers that influence many basic homeostatic processes; consequently , the expression and function of their components are tightly regulated by intricate networks of feedback loops that fine-tune circadian processes . Our knowledge of these components and pathways is far from exha...	If rodents , or indeed humans , are kept in constant darkness for a number of days , they continue to show patterns of sleep and wakefulness that repeat roughly every 24 hr . This internal ‘circadian rhythm’ controls many aspects of animal physiology , including body temperature , blood pressure , and hormone levels . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Nuclear envelope protein MAN1 regulates clock through BMAL1
Sugars that contain glucose , such as sucrose , are generally preferred to artificial sweeteners owing to their post-ingestive rewarding effect , which elevates striatal dopamine ( DA ) release . While the post-ingestive rewarding effect , which artificial sweeteners do not have , signals the nutrient value of sugar an...	Sales of full-sugar fizzy drinks are almost triple those of diet versions , providing real-world confirmation of the laboratory finding that humans , as well as animals , prefer sugar to artificial sweeteners . However , it is not simply that sugary things taste better . Mice with a mutation that prevents them from per...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Hypothalamic melanin concentrating hormone neurons communicate the nutrient value of sugar
Apicomplexan actin is important during the parasite's life cycle . Its polymerization kinetics are unusual , permitting only short , unstable F-actin filaments . It has not been possible to study actin in vivo and so its physiological roles have remained obscure , leading to models distinct from conventional actin beha...	Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that commonly infects most warm-blooded animals and is thought to affect over two billion people worldwide . In most cases , the infection does not cause any symptoms , although it can lead to serious complications in pregnant women or people with a weakened immune system . T . gondii ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Toxoplasma gondii F-actin forms an extensive filamentous network required for material exchange and parasite maturation
All motor behaviors require precise temporal coordination of different muscle groups . Breathing , for example , involves the sequential activation of numerous muscles hypothesized to be driven by a primary respiratory oscillator , the preBötzinger Complex , and at least one other as-yet unidentified rhythmogenic popul...	A healthy adult at rest will breathe in and out around 20 times per minute . Each breath requires a complex series of coordinated muscle activity . Inhalation begins with the opening of the airway followed by the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between the ribs , causing the chest cavity to exp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Atoh1-dependent rhombic lip neurons are required for temporal delay between independent respiratory oscillators in embryonic mice
For coordinated circulation , vertebrate and invertebrate hearts require stereotyped arrangements of diverse cell populations . This study explores the process of cardiac cell diversification in the Drosophila heart , focusing on the two major cardioblast subpopulations: generic working myocardial cells and inflow valv...	Organs contain many different kinds of cells , each specialised to perform a particular role . The fruit fly heart , for example , has two types of muscle cells: generic heart muscle cells and ostial heart muscle cells . The generic cells contract to force blood around the body , whilst the ostial cells form openings t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Diversification of heart progenitor cells by EGF signaling and differential modulation of ETS protein activity
As microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells , centrosomes guide the formation of the bipolar spindle that segregates chromosomes during mitosis . At mitosis onset , centrosomes maximize microtubule-organizing activity by rapidly expanding the pericentriolar material ( PCM ) . This process is in part driven by the...	Before a cell divides , it creates a copy of its genetic material ( DNA ) and evenly distributes it between the new ‘daughter’ cells with the help of a complex called the mitotic spindle . This complex is made of long cable-like protein chains called microtubules . To ensure that each daughter cell receives an equal am...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Co-translational protein targeting facilitates centrosomal recruitment of PCNT during centrosome maturation in vertebrates
Life-long lack of growth hormone ( GH ) action can produce remarkable extension of longevity in mice . Here we report that GH treatment limited to a few weeks during development influences the lifespan of long-lived Ames dwarf and normal littermate control mice in a genotype and sex-specific manner . Studies in a separ...	For decades , research has shown that early-life events that happen when animals , including humans , are developing as embryos can later influence how those animals look and behave as adults . However , little is known about if the hormones that drive an animal’s growth shortly after its birth have long-lasting effect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Longevity is impacted by growth hormone action during early postnatal period
The Lon AAA+ protease ( LonA ) is a ubiquitous ATP-dependent proteolytic machine , which selectively degrades damaged proteins or native proteins carrying exposed motifs ( degrons ) . Here we characterize the structural basis for substrate recognition and discrimination by the N-terminal domain ( NTD ) of LonA . The re...	There are many different types of protein which each have different roles in biology . Most proteins are surrounded by water and are folded so that their water-attracting regions are on the outside and more fat-like regions , which repel water , are on the inside . When a protein becomes damaged or is assembled incorre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Molecular insights into substrate recognition and discrimination by the N-terminal domain of Lon AAA+ protease
Horizontal gene transfer is a major force in bacterial evolution . Mobile genetic elements are responsible for much of horizontal gene transfer and also carry beneficial cargo genes . Uncovering strategies used by mobile genetic elements to benefit host cells is crucial for understanding their stability and spread in p...	Many bacteria can ‘have sex’ – that is , they can share their genetic information and trade off segments of DNA . While these mobile genetic elements can be parasites that use the resources of their host to make more of themselves , some carry useful genes which , for example , help bacteria to fight off antibiotics . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	A mobile genetic element increases bacterial host fitness by manipulating development
Craniofacial characteristics are highly informative for clinical geneticists when diagnosing genetic diseases . As a first step towards the high-throughput diagnosis of ultra-rare developmental diseases we introduce an automatic approach that implements recent developments in computer vision . This algorithm extracts p...	Rare genetic disorders affect around 8% of people , many of whom live with symptoms that greatly reduce their quality of life . Genetic diagnoses can provide doctors with information that cannot be obtained by assessing clinical symptoms , and this allows them to select more suitable treatments for patients . However ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2014	Diagnostically relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos
Analysis of the spatial distribution of endomembrane trafficking is fundamental to understand the mechanisms controlling cellular dynamics , cell homeostasy , and cell interaction with its external environment in normal and pathological situations . We present a semi-parametric framework to quantitatively analyze and v...	Proteins are the workhorses of the body , performing a range of roles that are essential for life . Often , this requires these molecules to move from one location to another inside a cell . Scientists are interested in following an individual protein in a living cell ‘in real time’ , as this helps understand what this...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	A quantitative approach for analyzing the spatio-temporal distribution of 3D intracellular events in fluorescence microscopy
Behavioral plasticity is widespread in swarming animals , but little is known about its underlying neural and molecular mechanisms . Here , we report that a neuropeptide F ( NPF ) /nitric oxide ( NO ) pathway plays a critical role in the locomotor plasticity of swarming migratory locusts . The transcripts encoding two ...	Migratory locusts are widespread throughout the Eastern Hemisphere , especially in Asia , Australia and Africa . Although usually solitary insects , locusts can also form swarms made up of millions of individuals , which can devastate crops . Swarming can be studied on a smaller scale in the laboratory by forcing locus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	The neuropeptide F/nitric oxide pathway is essential for shaping locomotor plasticity underlying locust phase transition
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene regulates a multitude of growth and developmental processes . How the numerous growth control pathways are coordinated by the ethylene transcriptional response remains elusive . We characterized the dynamic ethylene transcriptional response by identifying targets of the master regulat...	All multicellular organisms , including plants , produce hormones—chemical messengers that are released in one part of an organism but act in another . The binding of hormones to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells activates signal transduction cascades , leading ultimately to changes in the transcription ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2013	Temporal transcriptional response to ethylene gas drives growth hormone cross-regulation in Arabidopsis
To identify genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , we examined liver steatosis and related clinical and molecular traits in more than 100 unique inbred mouse strains , which were fed a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates . A >30-fold variation in hepatic...	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major health problem worldwide and is caused by an abnormal build-up of fat molecules in liver cells that disrupts how the cells work . Although many people with the disease show only mild or no symptoms , if the disease progresses the consequences—such as organ damage and an incr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	The genetic architecture of NAFLD among inbred strains of mice
Interdisciplinary syntheses are needed to scale up discovery of the environmental drivers and molecular basis of adaptation in nature . Here we integrated novel approaches using whole genome sequences , satellite remote sensing , and transgenic experiments to study natural loss-of-function alleles associated with droug...	Water shortages caused by droughts lead to crop losses that affect billions of people around the world each year . By discovering how wild plants adapt to drought , it may be possible to identify traits and genes that help to improve the growth of crop plants when water is scarce . It has been suggested that plants hav...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Drought adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana by extensive genetic loss-of-function
Neural networks are typically defined by their synaptic connectivity , yet synaptic wiring diagrams often provide limited insight into network function . This is due partly to the importance of non-synaptic communication by neuromodulators , which can dynamically reconfigure circuit activity to alter its output . Here ...	Why do animals behave the way they do ? Behavior occurs in response to signals from the environment , such as those indicating food or danger , or signals from the body , such as those indicating hunger or thirst . The nervous system detects these signals and triggers an appropriate response , such as seeking food or f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Neuromodulatory connectivity defines the structure of a behavioral neural network
Hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) are maintained by a perivascular niche in bone marrow but it is unclear whether the niche is reciprocally regulated by HSCs . Here , we systematically assessed the expression and function of Angiopoietin-1 ( Angpt1 ) in bone marrow . Angpt1 was not expressed by osteoblasts . Angpt1 was...	In adults , blood cells develop from a set of stem cells that are found in bone marrow . There are also specialized blood vessels and cells called ‘stromal cells’ within the bone marrow that provide these stem cells with oxygen , nutrients , and other molecules . This local environment , or ‘niche’ , plays an important...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells regulate the regeneration of their niche by secreting Angiopoietin-1
How tissue shape emerges from the collective mechanical properties and behavior of individual cells is not understood . We combine experiment and theory to study this problem in the developing wing epithelium of Drosophila . At pupal stages , the wing-hinge contraction contributes to anisotropic tissue flows that resha...	The individual cells in a developing animal embryo organize themselves into tissues with specific and reproducible shapes , which requires the cells to communicate with one another . Cells in tissues exert forces on their neighbors , and respond to being pushed and pulled by the cells around them . In the fruit fly Dro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2015	Interplay of cell dynamics and epithelial tension during morphogenesis of the Drosophila pupal wing
The cholinergic interneurons ( CINs ) of the striatum are crucial for normal motor and behavioral functions of the basal ganglia . Striatal CINs exhibit tonic firing punctuated by distinct pauses . Pauses occur in response to motivationally significant events , but their function is unknown . Here we investigated the e...	Nerve cells or neurons communicate with one another using electrical impulses and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters . Additional molecules known as neuromodulators regulate the communication process . In contrast to neurotransmitters , neuromodulators do not send messages directly from one neuron to the next...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Pauses in cholinergic interneuron firing exert an inhibitory control on striatal output in vivo
Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential ( TRP ) ion channels are members of the large tetrameric cation channels superfamily but are considered to be uniquely sensitive to heat , which has been presumed to be due to the existence of an unidentified temperature-sensing domain . Here we report that the homolog...	If you touch something too hot , it can cause you pain and damage your skin . Sensing the heat given off by an object or the temperature of the environment is possible , at least in part , because of proteins called temperature-sensitive TRP ion channels . These proteins are found in the cell membranes of nerve endings...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	High temperature sensitivity is intrinsic to voltage-gated potassium channels
Uropathogenic E . coli ( UPEC ) , which cause urinary tract infections ( UTI ) , utilize type 1 pili , a chaperone usher pathway ( CUP ) pilus , to cause UTI and colonize the gut . The pilus rod , comprised of repeating FimA subunits , provides a structural scaffold for displaying the tip adhesin , FimH . We solved the...	Escherichia coli , or E . coli for short , is a type of bacteria commonly found in the guts of people and animals . Certain types of E . coli can cause urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) : they travel from the digestive tract up to the bladder ( and sometimes to the kidneys ) where they provoke painful symptoms . To cau...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Functional role of the type 1 pilus rod structure in mediating host-pathogen interactions
FK506 ( Tacrolimus ) is a potent inhibitor of calcineurin that blocks IL2 production and is widely used to prevent transplant rejection and treat autoimmunity . FK506 treatment of dendritic cells ( FKDC ) limits their capacity to stimulate T cell responses . FK506 does not prevent DC survival , maturation , or costimul...	Although our health depends on our immune system's ability to recognize and attack foreign material , this same response can cause the body to reject an organ transplant or even to spontaneously attack itself ( this is called autoimmune disease ) . To help prevent rejection , patients who receive donated organs are giv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2013	Dendritic cells loaded with FK506 kill T cells in an antigen-specific manner and prevent autoimmunity in vivo
Here , using mouse squamous cell carcinoma cells , we report a completely new function for the autophagy protein Ambra1 as the first described ‘spatial rheostat’ controlling the Src/FAK pathway . Ambra1 regulates the targeting of active phospho-Src away from focal adhesions into autophagic structures that cancer cells ...	In animal bodies , a mesh of proteins – known the extracellular matrix – holds cells together to give the body shape and make it more stable . Cells bind to the matrix using structures called focal adhesions . However , cells do not always stay in one place: in young animals , certain cells need to move around the body...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Ambra1 spatially regulates Src activity and Src/FAK-mediated cancer cell invasion via trafficking networks
The mechanisms regulating synapse numbers during development and ageing are essential for normal brain function and closely linked to brain disorders including dementias . Using Drosophila , we demonstrate roles of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in regulating synapse numbers , thus unravelling an important cell...	Nerve cells form cable-like projections called axons that connect to other nerve cells to form the nervous system . Axons carry nerve impulses in the form of electrical messages , and they pass on these messages to other cells at junctions known as synapses . Specific patterns of connections between axons allow us to c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Tau and spectraplakins promote synapse formation and maintenance through Jun kinase and neuronal trafficking
Ran binding protein 1 ( RanBP1 ) is a cytoplasmic-enriched and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein , playing important roles in nuclear transport . Much of what we know about RanBP1 is learned from fungi . Intrigued by the long-standing paradox of harboring an extra NES in animal RanBP1 , we discovered utterly unexpe...	Plant , animal and fungal cells all store their DNA inside the cell’s nucleus . Small molecules can freely cross the membrane that surrounds the nucleus , but pores in the membrane control when larger molecules enter or leave . This transport process is an essential part of healthy cell behavior . To leave the nucleus ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Distinct RanBP1 nuclear export and cargo dissociation mechanisms between fungi and animals
Combining clonal analysis with a computational agent based model , we investigate how tissue-specific stem cells for neural retina ( NR ) and retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) of the teleost medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) coordinate their growth rates . NR cell division timing is less variable , consistent with an upstr...	By the time babies reach adulthood , they have grown many times larger than they were at birth . This development is driven by an increase in the number and size of cells in the body . In particular , special types of cells , called stem cells , act as a reservoir for tissues: they divide to create new cells that will ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2019	Retinal stem cells modulate proliferative parameters to coordinate post-embryonic morphogenesis in the eye of fish
Molecular mimicry is an evolutionary strategy adopted by viruses to exploit the host cellular machinery . We report that SARS-CoV-2 has evolved a unique S1/S2 cleavage site , absent in any previous coronavirus sequenced , resulting in the striking mimicry of an identical FURIN-cleavable peptide on the human epithelial ...	Viruses hijack the cellular machinery of humans to infect their cells and multiply . The virus causing the global COVID-19 pandemic , SARS-CoV-2 , is no exception . Identifying which proteins in human cells the virus co-opts is crucial for developing new ways to diagnose , prevent and treat COVID-19 infections . SARS-C...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	SARS-CoV-2 strategically mimics proteolytic activation of human ENaC
Oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) has emerged as a potentially significant source of cellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) . Recent studies suggest that levels of ROS generated as a byproduct of oxidative folding rival those produced by mitochondrial respiration . Mechanisms that protect ...	The endoplasmic reticulum is the cellular compartment where approximately one third of the cell's proteins are made . Inside , chaperone molecules bind to newly made protein chains and help them to fold into the three-dimensional structure required for the protein to work correctly . A chaperone called Ero1 helps to fa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Redox signaling via the molecular chaperone BiP protects cells against endoplasmic reticulum-derived oxidative stress
Aberrant signaling through the Raf/MEK/ERK ( ERK/MAPK ) pathway causes pathology in a family of neurodevelopmental disorders known as 'RASopathies' and is implicated in autism pathogenesis . Here , we have determined the functions of ERK/MAPK signaling in developing neocortical excitatory neurons . Our data reveal a cr...	In the nervous system , cells called neurons form networks that relay information in the form of electrical signals around the brain and the rest of the body . Typically , an electrical signal travels from branch-like structures at one end of the cell , through the cell body and then along a long fiber called an axon t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Layer specific and general requirements for ERK/MAPK signaling in the developing neocortex
In the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) , stress in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) activates a large transcriptional program to increase ER folding capacity . During the budding yeast UPR , Ire1 excises an intron from the HAC1 mRNA and the exon products of cleavage are ligated , and the translated protein induces hu...	Like any economical factory , cells tune the size of their protein assembly line to suit demand . Proteins consist of strings of amino acids , built from template molecules called mRNAs , that must be folded into specific 3D structures for them to work correctly . If these protein strings are produced faster than they ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	Multiple decay events target HAC1 mRNA during splicing to regulate the unfolded protein response
Color , an important visual cue for survival , is encoded by comparing signals from photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities . The mouse retina expresses a short wavelength-sensitive and a middle/long wavelength-sensitive opsin ( S- and M-opsin ) , forming opposing , overlapping gradients along the dorsal-v...	Many primates , including humans , can see color better than most other mammals . This difference is due to the variety of light-detecting proteins – called opsins – that are produced in the eye by cells known as cones . While humans have three , mice only have two different opsins , known as S and M , which detect blu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2020	True S-cones are concentrated in the ventral mouse retina and wired for color detection in the upper visual field
SynGAP is a Ras/Rap GTPase-activating protein ( GAP ) that is a major constituent of postsynaptic densities ( PSDs ) from mammalian forebrain . Its α1 isoform binds to all three PDZ ( PSD-95 , Discs-large , ZO-1 ) domains of PSD-95 , the principal PSD scaffold , and can occupy as many as 15% of these PDZ domains . We p...	The formation of memories is believed to depend on the strengthening of connections , called synapses , between neurons in the brain . When neurons are activated together , their synaptic connections become permanently strengthened to record the memory . This strengthening is called activity-dependent long-term potenti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A model for regulation by SynGAP-α1 of binding of synaptic proteins to PDZ-domain 'Slots' in the postsynaptic density
In eukaryotes , intra-chromosomal recombination generates DNA circles , but little is known about how cells react to them . In yeast , partitioning of such circles to the mother cell at mitosis ensures their loss from the population but promotes replicative ageing . Nevertheless , the mechanisms of partitioning are deb...	Budding yeast is a microorganism that has been widely studied to understand how it and many other organisms , including animals , age over time . This yeast is so named because it proliferates by ‘budding’ daughter cells out of the surface of a mother cell . For each daughter cell that buds , the mother cell loses some...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Role of SAGA in the asymmetric segregation of DNA circles during yeast ageing
Conceptual metaphors are linguistic constructions . Such a metaphor is humans’ mental representation of social rank as a pyramidal-like structure . High-ranked individuals are represented in higher positions than low-ranked individuals . We show that conceptual metaphorical mapping between social rank and the represent...	It is thought that the ability to connect an abstract concept to something physical helps us to understand abstract ideas more easily . Examples include the use of conceptual metaphors that draw parallels between something abstract , such as social status , and physical position , even though there is no connection bet...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Conceptual metaphorical mapping in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Though horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) is widespread , genes and taxa experience biased rates of transferability . Curiously , independent transmission of homologous DNA to archaea , bacteria , eukaryotes , and viruses is extremely rare and often defies ecological and functional explanations . Here , we demonstrate th...	Living things inherit most of their genetic material from their parents , so genes tend to be passed on from one generation to the next—from ancestors to descendants . Sometimes , however , DNA is transferred from one organism to another by other means . These events , collectively called horizontal gene transfer , are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Antibacterial gene transfer across the tree of life
ISWI family chromatin remodelers typically organize nucleosome arrays , while SWI/SNF family remodelers ( RSC ) typically disorganize and eject nucleosomes , implying an antagonism that is largely unexplored in vivo . Here , we describe two independent genetic screens for rsc suppressors that yielded mutations in the p...	The genome of an organism can contain hundreds to thousands of genes . However , these genes are not all active at the same time . Instead , mechanisms exist that control when genes are switched off or on . One such mechanism alters how tightly DNA is packaged into a structure called chromatin . To form chromatin , DNA...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	The chromatin remodelers RSC and ISW1 display functional and chromatin-based promoter antagonism
A plethora of non-protein coding RNAs are produced throughout eukaryotic genomes , many of which are transcribed antisense to protein-coding genes and could potentially instigate RNA interference ( RNAi ) responses . Here we have used a synthetic RNAi system to show that gene copy number is a key factor controlling RNA...	Genes contain the codes that are needed to make the proteins used by cells . This code is transcribed to make a messenger RNA molecule that is then translated to make a protein . However , other types of RNA called non-coding RNA molecules can disrupt this process by binding to messenger RNA molecules , with matching s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Endogenous RNA interference is driven by copy number
Variants in IFIH1 , a gene coding the cytoplasmatic RNA sensor MDA5 , regulate the response to viral infections . We hypothesized that IFIH1 rs199076 variants would modulate host response and outcome after severe COVID-19 . Patients admitted to an intensive care unit ( ICU ) with confirmed COVID-19 were prospectively s...	Patients with severe COVID-19 often need mechanical ventilation to help them breathe and other types of intensive care . The outcome for many of these patients depends on how their immune system reacts to the infection . If the inflammatory response triggered by the immune system is too strong , this can cause further ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2022	Effects of IFIH1 rs1990760 variants on systemic inflammation and outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients in an observational translational study
We study the morphogenesis and evolutionary origin of the spectacular erectile ruff of the frilled dragon ( Chlamydosaurus kingii ) . Our comparative developmental analyses of multiple species suggest that the ancestor of Episquamata reptiles developed a neck fold from the hyoid branchial arch by preventing it to fully...	In Jurassic Park , while the computer programmer Dennis Nedry attempts to smuggle dinosaur embryos off the island , he gets attacked and killed by a mid-sized dinosaur that erects a frightening neck frill . This fictional dinosaur is clearly inspired from a real animal known as the ‘frilled dragon’ , that lives today i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2019	Elastic instability during branchial ectoderm development causes folding of the Chlamydosaurus erectile frill
Organelles are distributed to daughter cells , via inheritance pathways . However , it is unclear whether there are mechanisms beyond inheritance , which ensure that organelles are present in all cells . Here we present the unexpected finding that the yeast vacuole plays a positive essential role in initiation of the c...	Animals , fungi and other eukaryotes have cells that are divided into sub-compartments that are called organelles . Each type of organelle serves a specific purpose that is essential for the life of the cell . Yeast cells have a large organelle called a vacuole; the inside of the vacuole is acidic and contains enzymes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The vacuole/lysosome is required for cell-cycle progression
Neurons show diverse timescales , so that different parts of a network respond with disparate temporal dynamics . Such diversity is observed both when comparing timescales across brain areas and among cells within local populations; the underlying circuit mechanism remains unknown . We examine conditions under which sp...	Many biological systems can be thought of as networks in which a large number of elements , called ‘nodes’ , are connected to each other . The brain , for example , is a network of interconnected neurons , and the changing activity patterns of this network underlie our experience of the world around us . Within the bra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	A diversity of localized timescales in network activity
The controversy surrounding 'gain-of-function' experiments on high-consequence avian influenza viruses has highlighted the role of ferret transmission experiments in studying the transmission potential of novel influenza strains . However , the mapping between influenza transmission in ferrets and in humans is unsubsta...	Every year , thousands of people develop influenza ( flu ) . After being infected by the influenza virus , the immune systems of most people adapt to fight off the virus if it is encountered again . However , there are many different strains of influenza , and new strains constantly evolve . Therefore , although someon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Mapping influenza transmission in the ferret model to transmission in humans
In the neocortex , critical periods ( CPs ) of plasticity are closed following the accumulation of perineuronal nets ( PNNs ) around parvalbumin ( PV ) -positive inhibitory interneurons . However , how PNNs tune cortical function and plasticity is unknown . We found that PNNs modulated the gain of visual responses and ...	Our brains continue to develop after we are born . As sights , sounds and smells flood our senses , networks of neurons go through periods of rapid rewiring . Known as ‘postnatal critical periods’ , the brain uses these periods to adapt to the signals supplied by our senses . For example , a postnatal critical period e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Perineuronal nets control visual input via thalamic recruitment of cortical PV interneurons
Common garden experiments that inoculate a standardised growth medium with synthetic microbial communities ( i . e . constructed from individual isolates or using dilution cultures ) suggest that the ability of the community to resist invasions by additional microbial taxa can be predicted by the overall community prod...	Much like animals and plants , microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi naturally live in communities , where different species exist together and share the same resources . These communities can be quite stable over time and resist the invasion of new species – for example , by collectively and rapidly consuming all ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Relationships between community composition, productivity and invasion resistance in semi-natural bacterial microcosms
Methadone maintenance treatment ( MMT ) can alleviate opioid dependence . However , MMT possibly increases the risk of motor vehicle collisions . The current study investigated preliminary estimation of motor vehicle collision incidence rates . Furthermore , in this population-based retrospective cohort study with freq...	In 2019 , 58 million people were estimated to use opioids – a group of substances that include drugs like heroin and morphine . Dependence on opioids can be managed using a prescribed dose of an opioid called methadone , which is administered through a controlled treatment plan . This so-called methadone maintenance tr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2021	Risk of motor vehicle collisions after methadone use
We determined whether the mutations found in ovarian cancers could be identified in the patients' ovarian cyst fluids . Tumor-specific mutations were detectable in the cyst fluids of 19 of 23 ( 83% ) borderline tumors , 10 of 13 ( 77% ) type I cancers , and 18 of 18 ( 100% ) type II cancers . In contrast , no mutations...	More than a third of women develop ovarian cysts during their lifetimes . The vast majority of these cysts are harmless , but a small number are caused by ovarian cancers . These cancers often produce no symptoms until the disease has spread throughout the abdomen or to other organs , so many women go undiagnosed until...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Diagnostic potential of tumor DNA from ovarian cyst fluid
Pioneering work with nonhuman primates and recent human studies established intracortical microstimulation ( ICMS ) in primary somatosensory cortex ( S1 ) as a method of inducing discriminable artificial sensation . However , these artificial sensations do not yet provide the breadth of cutaneous and proprioceptive per...	Nerves throughout the body send information about touch , temperature , body position and pain through the spinal cord to the brain . A part of the brain called the somatosensory cortex processes this information . Spinal cord injuries disrupt these messages . Even though the somatosensory cortex has not been damaged ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations in humans elicited by intracortical microstimulation
The mechanism of transport through the Golgi complex is not completely understood , insofar as no single transport mechanism appears to account for all of the observations . Here , we compare the transport of soluble secretory proteins ( albumin and α1-antitrypsin ) with that of supramolecular cargoes ( e . g . , proco...	The Golgi is a structure within cells where proteins and other large molecules are modified and prepared for delivery to locations inside or outside of the cell . Each Golgi is made from a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae that are filled with fluid and enclosed by a membrane . Proteins and other molecules are t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Transport of soluble proteins through the Golgi occurs by diffusion via continuities across cisternae
Models of cell function that assign a variable to each gene frequently lead to systems of equations with many parameters whose behavior is obscure . Geometric models reduce dynamics to intuitive pictorial elements that provide compact representations for sparse in vivo data and transparent descriptions of developmental...	At first , embryos are made up of identical cells . Then , as the embryo develops , these cells specialize into different types , such as heart and brain cells . Chemical signals sent and received by the cells are key to forming the right type of cell at the right time and place . The cellular machinery that produces a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2017	Gene-free methodology for cell fate dynamics during development
The signal recognition particle ( SRP ) directs translating ribosome-nascent chain complexes ( RNCs ) that display a signal sequence to protein translocation channels in target membranes . All previous work on the initial step of the targeting reaction , when SRP binds to RNCs , used stalled and non-translating RNCs . ...	Genes contain the instructions needed to make proteins from smaller building blocks called amino acids . These instructions are first transcribed to produce molecules of messenger RNA , which are then translated by a ribosome . This ‘molecular machine’ translates the instructions in the messenger RNA into the sequence ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Real-time observation of signal recognition particle binding to actively translating ribosomes
Copy number alterations ( CNAs ) play an important role in molding the genomes of breast cancers and have been shown to be clinically useful for prognostic and therapeutic purposes . However , our knowledge of intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity of this important class of somatic alterations is limited . Here , using s...	Cells in the body remain healthy by tightly preventing and repairing random changes , or mutations , in their genetic material . In cancer cells , however , these mechanisms can break down . When these cells grow and multiply , they can then go on to accumulate many mutations . As a result , cancer cells in the same tu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Novel insights into breast cancer copy number genetic heterogeneity revealed by single-cell genome sequencing
Mitotic spindle orientation is crucial for symmetric vs asymmetric cell division and depends on astral microtubules . Here , we show that distinct subpopulations of astral microtubules exist , which have differential functions in regulating spindle orientation and division symmetry . Specifically , in polarized stem ce...	A stem cell can divide in two ways . Either it can split symmetrically into two identical daughter stem cells , or it can split asymmetrically into a stem cell and a specialist cell . The structure that forms inside the dividing cell to separate pairs of chromosomes—called the mitotic spindle—also partitions the molecu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Specific polar subpopulations of astral microtubules control spindle orientation and symmetric neural stem cell division
Transcription activator-like effectors ( TALEs ) are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins found in a range of plant pathogenic bacteria , where they play important roles in host-pathogen interactions . However , it has been unclear how TALEs , after they have been injected into the host cells , activate transcription...	Around the world , bacterial infections reduce the yields of many important crops like rice , tomatoes , peppers and citrus fruits . Xanthomonas is a particularly widespread genus of bacteria; it consists of almost 30 species that cause diseases in more than 400 plant hosts , including bacterial blight and bacterial st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2016	A host basal transcription factor is a key component for infection of rice by TALE-carrying bacteria
Understanding how gene expression programs are controlled requires identifying regulatory relationships between transcription factors and target genes . Gene regulatory networks are typically constructed from gene expression data acquired following genetic perturbation or environmental stimulus . Single-cell RNA sequen...	Organisms switch their genes on and off to adapt to changing environments . This takes place thanks to complex networks of regulators that control which genes are actively ‘read’ by the cell to create the RNA molecules that are needed at the time . Piecing together these networks is key to fully understand the inner wo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Gene regulatory network reconstruction using single-cell RNA sequencing of barcoded genotypes in diverse environments
The ability to generalize previously learned information to novel situations is fundamental for adaptive behavior . However , too wide or too narrow generalization is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders . Previous research suggests that interactions between the dopaminergic system and the hippocampus may play a role i...	In the 1920s , two psychologists taught a young child known as ‘Little Albert’ to fear a white rat . They did so by striking a metal bar with a hammer whenever the rat was present . After experiencing the rat and noise together on multiple occasions , Little Albert eventually began to cry whenever the rat appeared . Ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Dopamine regulates stimulus generalization in the human hippocampus
Transcriptional memory allows certain genes to respond to previously experienced signals more robustly . However , whether and how the key proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α mediates transcriptional memory are poorly understood . Using HEK293F cells as a model system , we report that sustained TNF-α stimulation induces tra...	Genes are the instruction manuals of life and contain the information needed to build the building blocks that keep cells alive . To read these instructions , cells use specific signals that activate genes . The process , known as gene expression , is tightly controlled and for the most part , fairly stable . But gene ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2020	Sustained TNF-α stimulation leads to transcriptional memory that greatly enhances signal sensitivity and robustness
Tool use has allowed humans to become one of the most successful species . However , tool-assisted foraging has also pushed many of our prey species to extinction or endangerment , a technology-driven process thought to be uniquely human . Here , we demonstrate that tool-assisted foraging on shellfish by long-tailed ma...	Tools have helped us to become one of the most successful species on Earth . However , our use of tools for hunting and foraging has also caused many prey species to become endangered , or even extinct . In some cases , it has also led to evolutionary changes in prey species . For example , over-harvesting of shellfish...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2017	Resource depletion through primate stone technology
Ultradian ( ∼4 hr ) rhythms in locomotor activity that do not depend on the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus have been observed across mammalian species , however , the underlying mechanisms driving these rhythms are unknown . We show that disruption of the dopamine transporter gene lengthens t...	The sleep-wake cycle of mammals is controlled by a ‘circadian clock’ within the brain , which is synchronized to the day–night cycle . However , other aspects of mammalian physiology including alertness and activity levels , as well as appetite and body temperature—fluctuate in cycles that repeat every few hours . Thes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	A highly tunable dopaminergic oscillator generates ultradian rhythms of behavioral arousal
The widely accepted model of G1 cell cycle progression proposes that cyclin D:Cdk4/6 inactivates the Rb tumor suppressor during early G1 phase by progressive multi-phosphorylation , termed hypo-phosphorylation , to release E2F transcription factors . However , this model remains unproven biochemically and the biologica...	Cells go through a tightly controlled , multi-step procedure before they divide . This cell division program—the cell cycle—is necessary for preventing unrestrained cellular growth , which may lead to cancer . Proteins called cyclins control the progression through each of the phases of the cell cycle , with different ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Cyclin D activates the Rb tumor suppressor by mono-phosphorylation
Supramolecular signaling assemblies are of interest for their unique signaling properties . A µm scale signaling assembly , the central supramolecular signaling cluster ( cSMAC ) , forms at the center of the interface of T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells . We have determined that it is composed of multiple ...	Cells receive dozens of signals at different times and in different places . Integrating incoming information and deciding how to respond is no easy task . Signaling molecules on the cell surface pass messages inwards using chemical messengers that interact in complicated networks within the cell . One way to unravel t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Transient protein accumulation at the center of the T cell antigen-presenting cell interface drives efficient IL-2 secretion
Opioids are perhaps the most effective analgesics in medicine . However , between 1999 and 2018 , over 400 , 000 people in the United States died from opioid overdose . Excessive opioids make breathing lethally slow and shallow , a side-effect called opioid-induced respiratory depression . This doubled-edged sword has ...	Opioid drugs are commonly prescribed due to their powerful painkilling properties . However , when misused , these compounds can cause breathing to become dangerously slow and shallow: between 1999 and 2018 , over 400 , 000 people died from opioid drug overdoses in the United States alone . Exactly how the drugs affect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2021	ß-arrestin 2 germline knockout does not attenuate opioid respiratory depression
In order to represent complex stimuli , principle neurons of associative learning regions receive combinatorial sensory inputs . Density of combinatorial innervation is theorized to determine the number of distinct stimuli that can be represented and distinguished from one another , with sparse innervation thought to o...	Despite having a limited number of senses , animals can perceive a huge range of sensations . One possible explanation is that the brain combines several stimuli to make each specific sensation . The olfactory learning system in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is in a part of the brain called the mushroom body . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Presynaptic developmental plasticity allows robust sparse wiring of the Drosophila mushroom body
The intergenic IRES of Cricket Paralysis Virus ( CrPV-IRES ) forms a tight complex with 80S ribosomes capable of initiating the cell-free synthesis of complete proteins in the absence of initiation factors . Such synthesis raises the question of what effect the necessary IRES dissociation from the tRNA binding sites , ...	Inside cells , machines called ribosomes make proteins using instructions carried by molecules of messenger RNA ( or mRNA ) . The ribosomes bind to the mRNA and then move along it to assemble the proteins in a process called translation . The first step of translation – when the ribosome binds to the mRNA – is known as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Kinetics of initiating polypeptide elongation in an IRES-dependent system
Constrained , cyclic peptides encoded by plant genes represent a new generation of drug leads . Evolution has repeatedly recruited the Cys-protease asparaginyl endopeptidase ( AEP ) to perform their head-to-tail ligation . These macrocyclization reactions use the substrates amino terminus instead of water to deacylate ...	Most proteins are long , chain-like molecules that have two ends respectively called the N-terminus and C-terminus . However , certain proteins can close on themselves to become circular . This requires a chemical reaction between the N- and C-termini , which creates a strong bond between the two extremities . To go th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Structural basis of ribosomal peptide macrocyclization in plants
Mollicutes , a widespread class of bacteria associated with animals and plants , were recently identified as abundant abdominal endosymbionts in healthy workers of attine fungus-farming leaf-cutting ants . We obtained draft genomes of the two most common strains harbored by Panamanian fungus-growing ants . Reconstructi...	Bacteria live inside the gut of most creatures . Some are harmful , some beneficial , and some have no clear effects . Studying the genetic material ( the genome ) of gut bacteria has revealed how they can improve the health , efficiency , and reproductive success of their hosts . For example , studies show that insect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Reconstructing the functions of endosymbiotic Mollicutes in fungus-growing ants
Cell surface Fc receptors activate inflammation and are tightly controlled to prevent autoimmunity . Antibodies also simulate potent immune signalling from inside the cell via the cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21 , but how this is regulated is unknown . Here we show that TRIM21 signalling is constitutively repressed ...	Antibodies are molecules made by the immune system that protect us from infections . They were discovered over 100 years ago , and for most of that time scientists thought they only worked in the bloodstream . Yet recent research showed that when a virus infects our cells it also carries antibodies in with it . Once in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Intracellular antibody signalling is regulated by phosphorylation of the Fc receptor TRIM21
Robust sleep/wake rhythms are important for health and cognitive function . Unfortunately , many people are living in an environment where their circadian system is challenged by inappropriate meal- or work-times . Here we scheduled food access to the sleep time and examined the impact on learning and memory in mice . ...	Many processes within the body follow an approximately 24-hour cycle . In addition to patterns of sleep and wakefulness , such circadian rhythms help to regulate body temperature , blood pressure and hormone levels . They also affect when we feel hungry , when our muscles work most efficiently , and when we are mentall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Misaligned feeding impairs memories
Chromosome instability ( CIN ) is deleterious to normal cells because of the burden of aneuploidy . However , most human solid tumors have an abnormal karyotype implying that gain and loss of chromosomes by cancer cells confers a selective advantage . CIN can be induced in the mouse by inactivating the spindle assembly...	An estimated 350 billion of the cells in the human body are dividing at any given moment . Every cell division requires the 46 chromosomes in the cell , which store the genetic information that the cell needs to survive , to be copied and distributed evenly between the two new cells . Sometimes mistakes in cell divisio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Deletion of the MAD2L1 spindle assembly checkpoint gene is tolerated in mouse models of acute T-cell lymphoma and hepatocellular carcinoma
Determining the structures , kinetics , thermodynamics and mechanisms that underlie conformational exchange processes in proteins remains extremely difficult . Only in favourable cases is it possible to provide atomic-level descriptions of sparsely populated and transiently formed alternative conformations . Here we be...	Proteins are the workhorses of cells , where they perform a wide range of roles . To do so , they adopt specific three-dimensional structures that enable them to interact with other molecules as necessary . Often a protein needs to be able to shift between different states with distinct structures as it goes about its ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Mapping transiently formed and sparsely populated conformations on a complex energy landscape
Increases in ocean temperature are associated with changes in the distribution of fish stocks , and the foraging regimes and maternal attendance patterns of marine mammals . However , it is not well understood how these changes affect offspring health and survival . The maternal attendance patterns and immunity of Sout...	Every year off the coasts of Chile , Guafo Island becomes a nursery for South American fur seals pups . Mother fur seals leave their young on the beaches , going out at sea to hunt for fish before returning to the shore to nurse . These first few months are dangerous for young seals , with many dying because of hookwor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Immune-mediated hookworm clearance and survival of a marine mammal decrease with warmer ocean temperatures
Cdc48 is a AAA+ ATPase that plays an essential role for many cellular processes in eukaryotic cells . An archaeal homologue of this highly conserved enzyme was shown to directly interact with the 20S proteasome . Here , we analyze the occurrence and phylogeny of a Cdc48 homologue in Actinobacteria and assess its cellul...	Cells use proteins to carry out the biological processes necessary for life . If a protein becomes damaged or is no longer needed , cells must dispose of it , just as we might take out the trash . The cell’s main ‘garbage disposal unit’ is the proteasome , a barrel-shaped molecular machine that breaks down unwanted pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) is a novel proteasome interactor in mycobacteria and related organisms
Metagenomics has revealed hundreds of species in almost all microbiota . In a few well-studied cases , microbial communities have been observed to coordinate their metabolic fluxes . In principle , microbes can divide tasks to reap the benefits of specialization , as in human economies . However , the benefits and stab...	Microbes are found in virtually every environment on Earth . Like other organisms , microbes grow by using enzymes to convert nutrients into proteins , DNA and other molecules that make up their cells . Together , these chemical transformations define the “metabolism” of a microbe . In any given environment , there is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2017	Microbial consortia at steady supply
Mechanotransducer channels at the tips of sensory stereocilia of inner ear hair cells are gated by the tension of 'tip links' interconnecting stereocilia . To ensure maximal sensitivity , tip links are tensioned at rest , resulting in a continuous influx of Ca2+ into the cell . Here , we show that this constitutive Ca2...	Our sense of hearing depends on cells known as hair cells that line the inner ear . Each hair cell has tiny projections called stereocilia , which are arranged in a bundle with rows of increasing height like a staircase and are connected to each other by tiny filaments called tip-links . When sound waves hit the stereo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Mechanotransduction current is essential for stability of the transducing stereocilia in mammalian auditory hair cells
Schnyder corneal dystrophy ( SCD ) is an autosomal dominant disorder in humans characterized by abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the cornea . SCD-associated mutations have been identified in the gene encoding UBIAD1 , a prenyltransferase that synthesizes vitamin K2 . Here , we show that sterols stimulate binding...	People with a rare genetic disorder called ‘Schnyder corneal dystrophy’ gradually lose their vision , because their corneas become increasingly cloudy . This cloudiness is caused by a build-up of excessive amounts of cholesterol , and the disorder itself is caused by mutations in a gene that encodes a protein called UB...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The prenyltransferase UBIAD1 is the target of geranylgeraniol in degradation of HMG CoA reductase
The production of offspring is energetically costly and relies on incompletely understood mechanisms that generate a positive energy balance . In mothers of many species , changes in key energy-associated internal organs are common yet poorly characterised functionally and mechanistically . In this study , we show that...	Producing offspring places extra energy demands on individuals . Female animals—which generally invest more time and resources than the males—need to ensure that sufficient nutrients reach their offspring during pregnancy and lactation . The small intestines of many female animals increase in size during this period , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Endocrine remodelling of the adult intestine sustains reproduction in Drosophila
Massive zygotic transcription begins in many organisms during the midblastula transition when the cell cycle of the dividing egg slows down . A few genes are transcribed before this stage but how this differential activation is accomplished is still an open question . We have performed ChIP-seq experiments on tightly s...	Fertilized eggs—zygotes—develop into embryos via several distinct stages . In many animals , the zygote initially undergoes rapid rounds of genome replication; however , this hectic activity is not controlled by the zygote itself . Instead , the mother deposits RNA molecules in the egg as it forms inside her , and afte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	A global change in RNA polymerase II pausing during the Drosophila midblastula transition
Poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase 1 ( PARP1 ) is both a first responder to DNA damage and a chromatin architectural protein . How PARP1 rapidly finds DNA damage sites in the context of a nucleus filled with undamaged DNA , to which it also binds , is an unresolved question . Here , we show that PARP1 association with DNA ...	Our cells constantly withstand damage that can lead to breaks in the strands of our DNA . These cuts need to be fixed for the cell to stay healthy . When a break happens , one of the first responders to the scene is a protein known as PARP1 . It binds to the ruptured strand ( or strands ) and then it recruits other rep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 searches DNA via a ‘monkey bar’ mechanism
Tumors defective for DNA polymerase ( Pol ) ε proofreading have the highest tumor mutation burden identified . A major unanswered question is whether loss of Pol ε proofreading by itself is sufficient to drive this mutagenesis , or whether additional factors are necessary . To address this , we used a combination of ne...	New cells are made when an existing cell divides in two . Each time a cell divides , it duplicates its DNA so that each new cell inherits a complete copy . Molecular machines called DNA polymerases make these DNA copies . The main DNA polymerases , known as delta and epsilon , can “proofread” the new DNA , which ensure...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Explosive mutation accumulation triggered by heterozygous human Pol ε proofreading-deficiency is driven by suppression of mismatch repair
Pain is a prevalent symptom of Parkinson’s disease , and is effectively treated by deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) . However , the link between pain and the STN remains unclear . In the present work , using in vivo electrophysiology in rats , we report that STN neurons exhibit complex tonic an...	Parkinson’s disease is a condition affecting the human brain that becomes worse over time . The most common symptoms are tremors , muscle spasms and movements that are much slower than normal; all of which decrease an individual’s quality of life . Although there is currently no cure , the brain structures involved in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Revealing a novel nociceptive network that links the subthalamic nucleus to pain processing
Flexible neural networks , such as the interconnected spinal neurons that control distinct motor actions , can switch their activity to produce different behaviors . Both excitatory ( E ) and inhibitory ( I ) spinal neurons are necessary for motor behavior , but the influence of recruiting different ratios of E-to-I ce...	The nerve cells or neurons within an animal’s nervous system connect with one another like the wires in a complex circuit . Each neuron can send and receive signals and a major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how these circuits of neurons behave . To do this , researchers often use genetic tools and computer...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Speed and segmentation control mechanisms characterized in rhythmically-active circuits created from spinal neurons produced from genetically-tagged embryonic stem cells
Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis and short survival . NAD+ has been shown to impact multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer; however , anti-cancer therapies targeting NAD+ synthesis have had limited success due to insufficient mechanistic understanding . Here , we adapted a Droso...	One of the most common types of brain cancer , glioma , emerges when harmful mutations take place in the ‘glial’ cells tasked with supporting neurons . When these genetically damaged cells are not fixed or eliminated , they can go on to multiply uncontrollability . A protein known as p53 can help to repress emerging tu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	NMNAT promotes glioma growth through regulating post-translational modifications of P53 to inhibit apoptosis
The receptor tyrosine kinase Her2 , an intensely pursued drug target , differs from other members of the EGFR family in that it does not bind EGF-like ligands , relying instead on heterodimerization with other ( ligand-bound ) EGFR-family receptors for activation . The structural basis for Her2 heterodimerization , how...	ErbB proteins are found in most multi-cellular organisms , and are involved in the regulation of a number of important cellular processes , including proliferation , migration , and differentiation . Humans have four ErbB proteins , which span the plasma membrane of cells . These proteins respond to interactions with m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Her2 activation mechanism reflects evolutionary preservation of asymmetric ectodomain dimers in the human EGFR family
High resolution crystal structures of DNA polymerase intermediates are needed to study the mechanism of DNA synthesis in cells . Here we report five crystal structures of DNA polymerase I that capture new conformations for the polymerase translocation and nucleotide pre-insertion steps in the DNA synthesis pathway . We...	DNA molecules consist of two separate strands that spiral around each other to form a structure called the double helix . Each strand contains repeating units , with every unit consisting of a phosphate group and a sugar molecule bound to one of four bases . The two strands are held together by bonds between the bases ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Crystal structures of DNA polymerase I capture novel intermediates in the DNA synthesis pathway
A broadly known method to stimulate the growth potential of axons is to elevate intracellular levels of cAMP , however the cellular pathway ( s ) that mediate this are not known . Here we identify the Dual Leucine-zipper Kinase ( DLK , Wnd in Drosophila ) as a critical target and effector of cAMP in injured axons . DLK...	Adult mammals typically cannot repair damage to the nerve fibers in their brain or spinal cord . This is because these nerve cells cannot generally grow new nerve fibers . However this inability to regenerate nerve fibers is not set in stone . Instead , it can be unlocked by a second injury in nerves elsewhere in the b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for cAMP elicited axonal regeneration involves direct activation of the dual leucine zipper kinase DLK
Dyslexia is a prevalent reading disability whose underlying mechanisms are still disputed . We studied the neural mechanisms underlying dyslexia using a simple frequency-discrimination task . Though participants were asked to compare the two tones in each trial , implicit memory of previous trials affected their respon...	The term “dyslexia” comes from the Greek for “difficulty with words” . People with dyslexia struggle with reading and spelling: they may mix up letters within words and tend to read and write more slowly than others . However , not every symptom of dyslexia is related to literacy . Affected individuals also differ from...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Dyslexics’ faster decay of implicit memory for sounds and words is manifested in their shorter neural adaptation
Mitochondria move throughout neuronal dendrites and localize to sites of energy demand . The prevailing view of dendritic mitochondria as highly motile organelles whose distribution is continually adjusted by neuronal activity via Ca2+-dependent arrests is based on observations in cultured neurons exposed to artificial...	Inside the cells of animals and plants , compartments called mitochondria play several important roles including supplying chemical energy for cellular processes . The mitochondria inside nerve cells are produced in the main body of each cell , and must travel down a long nerve fiber called the axon and the branch-like...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Dendritic mitochondria reach stable positions during circuit development
Bacteria , bacteriophages that prey upon them , and mobile genetic elements ( MGEs ) compete in dynamic environments , evolving strategies to sense the milieu . The first discovered environmental sensing by phages , lysis inhibition , has only been characterized and studied in the limited context of T-even coliphages ....	Bacteriophages , or phages for short , are viruses that infect bacteria , take over the molecular machinery inside the bacterial cells and use it to make more copies of themselves . The bacteriophages then break open , or “lyse” , the bacterial cell , releasing the viral copies into the environment , ready to infect mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite
Construction of motile cilia/flagella requires cytoplasmic preassembly of axonemal dyneins before transport into cilia . Axonemal dyneins have various subtypes , but the roles of each dynein subtype and their assembly processes remain elusive in vertebrates . The PIH protein family , consisting of four members , has be...	Many cells have long , thin structures called cilia on their surface , some types of which can beat back and forth . This beating motion has many roles; for example , cilia on the cells that line the lungs help to sweep out debris , and the tails of sperm beat to move them forward . A structure called the axonemal dyne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Systematic studies of all PIH proteins in zebrafish reveal their distinct roles in axonemal dynein assembly

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