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A puzzling property of synaptic transmission , originally established at the neuromuscular junction , is that the time course of transmitter release is independent of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ( [Ca2+]o ) , whereas the rate of release is highly [Ca2+]o-dependent . Here , we examine the time course of release...	The nervous system sends information around the body in the form of electrical signals that travel through cells called neurons . However , these electrical signals cannot cross the synapses between neurons . Instead , the information is carried across the synapse by molecules called neurotransmitters . Calcium ions co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Nanodomain coupling explains Ca2+ independence of transmitter release time course at a fast central synapse
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress results in toxicity that contributes to multiple human disorders . We report a stress resolution pathway initiated by the nuclear receptor LRH-1 that is independent of known unfolded protein response ( UPR ) pathways . Like mice lacking primary UPR components , hepatic Lrh-1-...	A protein can only work properly if it has been folded into the correct shape . However , it is estimated that about one third of new proteins have the wrong shape . This is a major challenge for cells because misfolded proteins are often toxic , and cause many neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders . In eukaryotic ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 is required and targetable for liver endoplasmic reticulum stress resolution
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-molecular protein complex that converts inactive cytokine precursors into active forms of IL-1β and IL-18 . The NLRP3 inflammasome is frequently associated with the damaging inflammation of non-communicable disease states and is considered an attractive therapeutic target . However , t...	Inflammation is a critical part of a healthy immune system , which protects us against harmful pathogens ( such as bacteria or viruses ) and works to restore damaged tissues . In the immune cells of our body , the inflammatory process can be activated through a group of inflammatory proteins that together are known as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	LRRC8A is essential for hypotonicity-, but not for DAMP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation
As the closest unicellular relatives of animals , choanoflagellates serve as useful model organisms for understanding the evolution of animal multicellularity . An important factor in animal evolution was the increasing ocean oxygen levels in the Precambrian , which are thought to have influenced the emergence of compl...	Most animals are made up of millions of cells , yet all animals evolved from ancestors that spent their whole lives as single cells . Today the closest single-celled relatives of animals are a group of aquatic organisms called choanoflagellates . Certain species of choanoflagellates can also form swimming colonies . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2016	Aerotaxis in the closest relatives of animals
Copy number alterations ( CNAs ) in cancer patients show a large variability in their number , length and position , but the sources of this variability are not known . CNA number and length are linked to patient survival , suggesting clinical relevance . We have identified genes that tend to be mutated in samples that...	Cancer is a genetic disease that develops when a cell’s DNA becomes altered . There are several different types of DNA alterations and one that is frequently seen in cancer cells is known as a “copy number alteration” ( or CNA for short ) . These CNAs arise when breaks in the DNA are repaired incorrectly , leading to s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	A network of epigenetic modifiers and DNA repair genes controls tissue-specific copy number alteration preference
Ribosome assembly is a complex process involving the folding and processing of ribosomal RNAs ( rRNAs ) , concomitant binding of ribosomal proteins ( r-proteins ) , and participation of numerous accessory cofactors . Here , we use a quantitative mass spectrometry/electron microscopy hybrid approach to determine the r-p...	The proteins in cells are made by complex organelles called ribosomes . These organelles are made of two subunits: the small ribosomal subunit , which reads the messenger RNA that contains the genetic code for the protein , and the large ribosomal subunit , which links amino acids together to form a protein . But how a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	A combined quantitative mass spectrometry and electron microscopy analysis of ribosomal 30S subunit assembly in E. coli
Many ‘non-enveloped’ viruses , including hepatitis A virus ( HAV ) , are released non-lytically from infected cells as infectious , quasi-enveloped virions cloaked in host membranes . Quasi-enveloped HAV ( eHAV ) mediates stealthy cell-to-cell spread within the liver , whereas stable naked virions shed in feces are opt...	The Hepatitis A virus is a common cause of liver disease in humans . It is unable to multiply on its own so it needs to enter the cells of its host and hijack them to make new virus particles . Infected human cells produce two different types of Hepatitis A particles . The first , known as ‘naked’ virus particles , con...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Cellular entry and uncoating of naked and quasi-enveloped human hepatoviruses
Correlations in brain activity between two areas ( functional connectivity ) have been shown to relate to their underlying structural connections . We examine the possibility that functional connectivity also reflects short-term changes in synaptic efficacy . We demonstrate that paired transcranial magnetic stimulation...	When a person has their brain scanned , the resulting images show that regions with similar roles tend to be active at the same time . These coordinated patterns of activity are often altered in the brains of patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders . However , relatively little is known about how the patter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Causal manipulation of functional connectivity in a specific neural pathway during behaviour and at rest
Although alternative pre-mRNA splicing ( AS ) significantly diversifies the neuronal proteome , the extent of AS is still unknown due in part to the large number of diverse cell types in the brain . To address this complexity issue , we used an annotation-free computational method to analyze and compare the AS profiles...	The life of nearly all creatures on Earth follows the rhythm of day and night . For example , in fruit flies , darkness and light dictate when the insects feed , rest , move or mate . This is possible thanks to the circadian clock , an internal program which is synchronized with the environment to tell cells in the bod...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Striking circadian neuron diversity and cycling of Drosophila alternative splicing
The AAA+ family ATPase TRIP13 is a key regulator of meiotic recombination and the spindle assembly checkpoint , acting on signaling proteins of the conserved HORMA domain family . Here we present the structure of the Caenorhabditis elegans TRIP13 ortholog PCH-2 , revealing a new family of AAA+ ATPase protein remodelers...	The genetic material inside human and other animal cells is made of DNA and is packaged in structures called chromosomes . Before a cell divides , the entire set of chromosomes is copied so that each chromosome is now made of two identical sister ‘chromatids’ . Next , the chromosomes line up on a structure called the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	TRIP13 is a protein-remodeling AAA+ ATPase that catalyzes MAD2 conformation switching
Haem and iron homeostasis in most eukaryotic cells is based on a balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradation . Unlike most eukaryotes , ticks possess an incomplete haem biosynthetic pathway and , together with other ( non-haematophagous ) mites , lack a gene encoding haem oxygenase ....	Ticks are small blood-feeding parasites that transmit a range of diseases through their bites , including Lyme disease and encephalitis in humans . Like other blood-feeders , ticks acquire essential nutrients from their host in order to develop and reproduce . Iron and haem ( the iron-containing part of haemoglobin ) a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Acquisition of exogenous haem is essential for tick reproduction
Some anaerobic bacteria use insoluble minerals as terminal electron acceptors and discovering the ways in which electrons move through the membrane barrier to the exterior acceptor forms an active field of research with implications for both bacterial physiology and bioenergy . A previous study suggested that Shewanell...	In order to survive , we break down food through a series of chemical reactions that release energy to power our cells . In these metabolic reactions , small electrically charged particles called electrons are removed from the food molecule , and transferred , via a series of reactions , to a terminal electron acceptor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	An elusive electron shuttle from a facultative anaerobe
Evolutionary changes in the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system underlie the origins and diversification of pregnancy in Eutherian ( ‘placental’ ) mammals . This developmental and evolutionary history constrains normal physiological functions and biases the ways in which dysfunction contributes to ...	Pregnancy is a complicated process . It has three phases: the body recognizes the embryo , it maintains the pregnancy , and finally , it induces labor . These stages happen in all mammals , but the details are different in humans . Human pregnancy and labor last longer . We menstruate . Our placentas invade deeper into...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Evolutionary transcriptomics implicates new genes and pathways in human pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Spontaneous glutamate release-driven NMDA receptor activity exerts a strong influence on synaptic homeostasis . However , the properties of Ca2+ signals that mediate this effect remain unclear . Here , using hippocampal neurons labeled with the fluorescent Ca2+ probes Fluo-4 or GCAMP5 , we visualized action potential-i...	Learning and memory is thought to rely on changes in the strength of the connections between nerve cells . When an electrical impulse travelling through a nerve cell reaches one of these connections ( called a synapse ) , it causes the cell to release chemical transmitter molecules . These bind to receptors on the cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Spontaneous neurotransmission signals through store-driven Ca2+ transients to maintain synaptic homeostasis
Technological advances have enabled the analysis of cellular protein and RNA levels with unprecedented depth and sensitivity , allowing for an unbiased re-evaluation of gene regulation during fundamental biological processes . Here , we have chronicled the dynamics of protein and mRNA expression levels across a minimal...	Cells are complex environments: at any one time , thousands of different genes act as molecular templates to produce messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules , which themselves are templates used to produce proteins . However , not all genes are active at all times inside all cells: as cells grow and divide as part of the cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A proteomic chronology of gene expression through the cell cycle in human myeloid leukemia cells
Hair follicle ( HF ) development is orchestrated by coordinated signals from adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal cells . In humans this process only occurs during embryogenesis and viable strategies to induce new HFs in adult skin are lacking . Here , we reveal that activation of Hedgehog ( Hh ) signaling in adjacent e...	We are born with all the hair follicles that we will ever have in our life . These structures are maintained by different types of cells ( such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts ) that work together to create hair . Follicles form in the embryo thanks to complex molecular signals , which include a molecular cascade know...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Coordinated hedgehog signaling induces new hair follicles in adult skin
Organisms possessing genetic codes with unassigned codons raise the question of how cellular machinery resolves such codons and how this could impact horizontal gene transfer . Here , we use a genomically recoded Escherichia coli to examine how organisms address translation at unassigned UAG codons , which obstruct pro...	Usually , DNA passes from parent to offspring , vertically down the generations . But not always . In some cases , it can move directly from one organism to another by a process called horizontal gene transfer . In bacteria , this happens when DNA segments pass through a bacterium’s cell wall , which can then be picked...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Organisms with alternative genetic codes resolve unassigned codons via mistranslation and ribosomal rescue
Each taste modality is generally encoded by a single , molecularly defined , population of sensory cells . However , salt stimulates multiple taste pathways in mammals and insects , suggesting a more complex code for salt taste . Here , we examine salt coding in Drosophila . After creating a comprehensive molecular map...	Salt is essential for our survival , but too much can kill us . Our taste system has therefore evolved two different pathways to help us maintain balance . Low concentrations ( like the salt on our chips ) activate a pathway that makes us want to eat . But high concentrations ( like the salt in seawater ) activate path...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	A complex peripheral code for salt taste in Drosophila
Understanding the mechanisms regulating development requires a quantitative characterization of cell divisions , rearrangements , cell size and shape changes , and apoptoses . We developed a multiscale formalism that relates the characterizations of each cell process to tissue growth and morphogenesis . Having validate...	In animals , the final size and shape of each tissue is determined by the precise control of when , where and how much individual cells grow , divide , move and die . An important challenge in biology is to understand how the behaviors of each individual cell can act together to generate a large and reproducible change...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	Unified quantitative characterization of epithelial tissue development
Microglia , the resident CNS macrophages , have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Rett Syndrome ( RTT ) , an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder . However , the mechanism by which microglia contribute to the disorder is unclear and recent data suggest that microglia do not play a causative role . Here , we use th...	Rett Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms that typically begin in girls between 6 and 18 months old . Those affected developmentally stagnate and regress – during which they lose some of their previously acquired skills and develop an array of physical impairments . Mutations in a gene called Mecp2 o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Microglia contribute to circuit defects in Mecp2 null mice independent of microglia-specific loss of Mecp2 expression
Rapid repair of plasma membrane wounds is critical for cellular survival . Muscle fibers are particularly susceptible to injury , and defective sarcolemma resealing causes muscular dystrophy . Caveolae accumulate in dystrophic muscle fibers and caveolin and cavin mutations cause muscle pathology , but the underlying me...	Cells must be able to rapidly repair damage to their outer membranes . This is particularly important in the case of muscle cells , which are vulnerable to damage , and the failure of these cells to repair their outer membranes leads to the muscle wastage seen in muscular dystrophy . Researchers do not fully understand...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Caveolae internalization repairs wounded cells and muscle fibers
Despite their importance in sexual differentiation and reproduction , Y chromosome genes are rarely described because they reside in repeat-rich regions that are difficult to study . Here , we show that Guy1 , a unique Y chromosome gene of a major urban malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi , confers 100% female lethali...	Much like humans , Anopheles mosquitoes have a pair of sex chromosomes that determine whether they are male or female: females have two X chromosomes , while males have an X and a Y . Genetic evidence has indicated that there is a dominant male-determining factor on the Y chromosome that acts as a master switch to caus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	GUY1 confers complete female lethality and is a strong candidate for a male-determining factor in Anopheles stephensi
Osteoarthritis , a highly prevalent degenerative joint disorder , is characterized by joint pain and disability . Available treatments fail to modify osteoarthritis progression and decrease joint pain effectively . Here , we show that intermittent parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) attenuates osteoarthritis pain by inhibitin...	Over time the cartilage between our bones gets worn down , and this can lead to a painful joint disorder known as osteoarthritis . Nearly 40 million people with osteoarthritis in the United States experience chronic pain . Although there are a number of drugs available for these patients , none of them provide sustaine...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2021	Parathyroid hormone attenuates osteoarthritis pain by remodeling subchondral bone in mice
During infection , pathogens are starved of essential nutrients such as iron and tryptophan by host immune effectors . Without conserved global stress response regulators , how the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis arrives at a physiologically similar ‘persistent’ state in response to starvation of...	All forms of life must take up nutrients from their environment to survive . Chlamydia trachomatis , a bacterium that causes many sexually-transmitted infections , is no exception . These bacteria do not normally make one of the building blocks of proteins , the amino acid tryptophan , but instead scavenge it from thei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	A bipartite iron-dependent transcriptional regulation of the tryptophan salvage pathway in Chlamydia trachomatis
Hearing loss often triggers an inescapable buzz ( tinnitus ) and causes everyday sounds to become intolerably loud ( hyperacusis ) , but exactly where and how this occurs in the brain is unknown . To identify the neural substrate for these debilitating disorders , we induced both tinnitus and hyperacusis with an ototox...	One in three adults over the age of 65 will experience a significant loss of hearing . This is often worsened by related conditions , such as: tinnitus , an unexplained constant buzzing or ringing sound; and hyperacusis , whereby everyday sounds are perceived as too loud or painful . Most hearing loss is caused by dama...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Tinnitus and hyperacusis involve hyperactivity and enhanced connectivity in auditory-limbic-arousal-cerebellar network
CLC channels mediate passive Cl− conduction , while CLC transporters mediate active Cl− transport coupled to H+ transport in the opposite direction . The distinction between CLC-0/1/2 channels and CLC transporters seems undetectable by amino acid sequence . To understand why they are different functionally we determine...	Channels and transporters are two classes of proteins that transport molecules and ions – collectively referred to as “substrates” – across cell membranes . Channels form a pore in the membrane and the substrates diffuse through passively . Transporters , on the other hand , actively pump substrates across a membrane ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Structure of the CLC-1 chloride channel from Homo sapiens
Nanoparticles are used extensively as biomedical imaging probes and potential therapeutic agents . As new particles are developed and tested in vivo , it is critical to characterize their biodistribution profiles . We demonstrate a new method that uses adaptive algorithms for the analysis of hyperspectral dark-field im...	Metallic elements like gold and silver can be made into particles that are one thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair . Researchers can create these “nanoparticles” in different sizes and shapes that exhibit unique properties . For example , gold can be made into rod-shaped particles that interact with i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	A hyperspectral method to assay the microphysiological fates of nanomaterials in histological samples
Loss of polarity correlates with progression of epithelial cancers , but how plasma membrane misorganization drives oncogenic transcriptional events remains unclear . The polarity regulators of the Drosophila Scribble ( Scrib ) module are potent tumor suppressors and provide a model for mechanistic investigation . RNA ...	The cavities and organs within our body are lined with epithelial cells , which connect to each other to form continuous barriers . These cells have a highly polarized structure in which different components are found at the top and bottom of cells . In the fruit fly and most other animals , three genes known as the Sc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	The transcriptional response to tumorigenic polarity loss in Drosophila
We generated two new genetic tools to efficiently tag genes in Drosophila . The first , Double Header ( DH ) utilizes intronic MiMIC/CRIMIC insertions to generate artificial exons for GFP mediated protein trapping or T2A-GAL4 gene trapping in vivo based on Cre recombinase to avoid embryo injections . DH significantly i...	Organisms have tens of thousands of genes , but finding out exactly what they all do is one of the greatest challenges of modern genetics . To understand a gene’s job , it’s necessary to find out what gene is active in which tissue , where their proteins are located within the cell , and what happens when the sequence ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	An expanded toolkit for gene tagging based on MiMIC and scarless CRISPR tagging in Drosophila
Cerebellar granule cells ( GCs ) make up the majority of all neurons in the vertebrate brain , but heterogeneities among GCs and potential functional consequences are poorly understood . Here , we identified unexpected gradients in the biophysical properties of GCs in mice . GCs closer to the white matter ( inner-zone ...	The timing of movements such as posture , balance and speech are coordinated by a region of the brain called the cerebellum . Although this part of the brain is small , it contains a huge number of tiny nerve cells known as granule cells . These cells make up more than half the nerve cells in the human brain . But why ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Gradients in the mammalian cerebellar cortex enable Fourier-like transformation and improve storing capacity
Chromatin boundaries subdivide eukaryotic chromosomes into functionally autonomous domains of genetic activity . This subdivision insulates genes and/or regulatory elements within a domain from promiscuous interactions with nearby domains . While it was previously assumed that the chromosomal domain landscape is fixed ...	If all of the DNA in a human cell was stretched out , it would be about 2 m long . The nucleus of a human cell , on the other hand , has a diameter of just 6 μm , so the DNA molecules that carry all the genetic information in the cell need to be carefully folded to fit inside the nucleus . Cells meet this challenge by ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2012	Elba, a novel developmentally regulated chromatin boundary factor is a hetero-tripartite DNA binding complex
Axon guidance is proposed to act through a combination of long- and short-range attractive and repulsive cues . The ligand-receptor pair , Netrin ( Net ) and Frazzled ( Fra ) ( DCC , Deleted in Colorectal Cancer , in vertebrates ) , is recognized as the prototypical effector of chemoattraction , with roles in both long...	The brain of the fruit fly contains hundreds of thousands of neurons , while the human brain contains more than 80 billion . Each of these consists of a cell body that bears an array of branches called dendrites , plus a single cable-like axon . During development , the neurons organize themselves into complex networks...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Frazzled promotes growth cone attachment at the source of a Netrin gradient in the Drosophila visual system
Acoustic communication is fundamental to social interactions among animals , including humans . In fact , deficits in voice impair the quality of life for a large and diverse population of patients . Understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of development and function in the vocal apparatus is thus an important c...	Nearly all animals communicate using sound . In many cases these sounds are in the form of a voice , which in mammals is generated by a specialized organ in the throat called the larynx . Millions of people throughout the world have voice defects that make it difficult for them to communicate . Such defects are distinc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Cilia-mediated Hedgehog signaling controls form and function in the mammalian larynx
Targeting conserved and essential processes is a successful strategy to combat enemies . Remarkably , the clinically important Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands ( SaPIs ) use this tactic to spread in nature . SaPIs reside passively in the host chromosome , under the control of the SaPI-encoded master represso...	Many harmful microbes can produce different molecules that make them more effective in causing and spreading diseases . These molecules can also be obtained from ‘mobile genetic elements’ that can be transferred between bacteria within a population . Pathogenicity islands are one such type of mobile genetic element and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Pirating conserved phage mechanisms promotes promiscuous staphylococcal pathogenicity island transfer
Our ability to rationally optimize allosteric regulation is limited by incomplete knowledge of the mutations that tune allostery . Are these mutations few or abundant , structurally localized or distributed ? To examine this , we conducted saturation mutagenesis of a synthetic allosteric switch in which Dihydrofolate r...	Many proteins exhibit a property called ‘allostery’ . In allostery , an input signal at a specific site of a protein – such as a molecule binding , or the protein absorbing a photon of light – leads to a change in output at another site far away . For example , the protein might catalyze a chemical reaction faster or b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Structurally distributed surface sites tune allosteric regulation
In some mammals and many social insects , highly cooperative societies are characterized by reproductive division of labor , in which breeders and nonbreeders become behaviorally and morphologically distinct . While differences in behavior and growth between breeders and nonbreeders have been extensively described , li...	Some social animals are highly cooperative creatures that live in tight-knit colonies . Bees and ants are perhaps the most well-known examples of social insects , while Damaraland mole-rats and naked mole-rats , two rodent species found in southern and eastern Africa , are among the most cooperative mammal species . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Morphological and genomic shifts in mole-rat ‘queens’ increase fecundity but reduce skeletal integrity
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that in cells can grow , shrink or pause , but the factors that promote pausing are poorly understood . Here , we show that the mammalian kinesin-4 KIF21B is a processive motor that can accumulate at microtubule plus ends and induce pausing . A few KIF21B molecules are sufficient to in...	Microtubules are tiny tubes that cells use as rails to move various cell compartments and structures to different locations within the cell . They are made of building blocks called tubulin and form extensive networks across the cell . Depending on the cell’s needs , microtubule networks can be rapidly assembled and di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Kinesin-4 KIF21B is a potent microtubule pausing factor
The functions performed by the concentric shells of multilayered dsRNA viruses require specific protein interactions that can be directly explored through their mechanical properties . We studied the stiffness , breaking force , critical strain and mechanical fatigue of individual Triple , Double and Single layered rot...	Viruses are small agents that enter and hijack cells to create more of themselves . Most of them are made of a protein shell that encases the viral genome and certain molecular tools . During the life cycle of a virus , this shell fulfils many roles , from protecting the genetic information to recognising the appropria...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2018	Biophysical properties of single rotavirus particles account for the functions of protein shells in a multilayered virus
Most humans are exposed to Tropheryma whipplei ( Tw ) . Whipple’s disease ( WD ) strikes only a small minority of individuals infected with Tw ( <0 . 01% ) , whereas asymptomatic chronic carriage is more common ( <25% ) . We studied a multiplex kindred , containing four WD patients and five healthy Tw chronic carriers ...	In 1907 , George Hoyt Whipple – an American pathologist working at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore – described a new inflammatory disease that affects the intestine . Patients with this condition , now known as Whipple’s disease , experience diarrhea , weight loss , and abdominal and joint pain . The disease is r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	IRF4 haploinsufficiency in a family with Whipple’s disease
During gamete formation , crossover recombination must occur on replicated DNA to ensure proper chromosome segregation in the first meiotic division . We identified a Mec1/ATR- and Dbf4-dependent replication checkpoint in budding yeast that prevents the earliest stage of recombination , the programmed induction of DNA ...	Most cells in an organism contain two sets of chromosomes , one inherited from the mother and the other from the father . However , sexual reproduction relies on the production of gametes—eggs and sperm—which contain only one set of chromosomes . These are produced through a specialized form of cell division called mei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	ATR/Mec1 prevents lethal meiotic recombination initiation on partially replicated chromosomes in budding yeast
Embryonic growth occurs predominately by an increase in cell number; little is known about growth mechanisms later in development when fibrous tissues account for the bulk of adult vertebrate mass . We present a model for fibrous tissue growth based on 3D-electron microscopy of mouse tendon . We show that the number of...	Young animals are able to grow in a way that allows them to maintain roughly the same shape until they reach their adult size . The growth of embryos is driven by increases in cell size and number , but it is less clear how the body grows after birth . By this point , many of the cells in the body are part of tendons a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	A structure-based extracellular matrix expansion mechanism of fibrous tissue growth
Wingless ( Wg ) /Wnt signaling is conserved in all metazoan animals and plays critical roles in development . The Wg/Wnt morphogen reception is essential for signal activation , whose activity is mediated through the receptor complex and a scaffold protein Dishevelled ( Dsh ) . We report here that the exon junction com...	Animal development involves different signaling pathways that coordinate complex behaviors of the cells , such as changes in cell number or cell shape . One such pathway involves a protein called Wingless/Wnt , which controls cell fate and growth and is also involved in tumor formation in humans . In recent decades , s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The exon junction complex regulates the splicing of cell polarity gene dlg1 to control Wingless signaling in development
Decisions are influenced by recent experience , but the neural basis for this phenomenon is not well understood . Here , we address this question in the context of action selection . We focused on activity in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus ( PPTg ) , a mesencephalic region that provides input to several nuclei ...	The decisions we make are influenced by recent experience , yet it is not known how this experience is represented in the brain . For decisions about when , where and how to move , researchers have hypothesized that recent experience might influence activity in a region of the brainstem – the central trunk of the brain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Mesencephalic representations of recent experience influence decision making
Heart regeneration is limited in adult mammals but occurs naturally in adult zebrafish through the activation of cardiomyocyte division . Several components of the cardiac injury microenvironment have been identified , yet no factor on its own is known to stimulate overt myocardial hyperplasia in a mature , uninjured a...	Heart attacks—which are a major cause of death in humans—occur when a blocked blood vessel stops blood from flowing to the heart . This causes many heart muscle cells to die , which can result in permanent damage that makes survivors more susceptible to heart failure in the future . A major goal of regenerative medicin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	Nrg1 is an injury-induced cardiomyocyte mitogen for the endogenous heart regeneration program in zebrafish
Choanoflagellates , the closest living relatives of animals , can provide unique insights into the changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals . However , only two choanoflagellate genomes are currently available , providing poor coverage of their diversity . We sequenced transcriptomes of 19 additional...	All animals , from sea sponges and reef-building corals to elephants and humans , share a single common ancestor that lived over half a billion years ago . This single-celled predecessor evolved the ability to develop into a creature made up of many cells with specialized jobs . Reconstructing the steps in this evoluti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Gene family innovation, conservation and loss on the animal stem lineage
The microtubule-associated protein , tau , is the major subunit of neurofibrillary tangles associated with neurodegenerative conditions , such as Alzheimer's disease . In the cell , however , tau aggregation can be prevented by a class of proteins known as molecular chaperones . While numerous chaperones are known to i...	Several neurological conditions , such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease , are characterized by the build-up of protein clumps known as aggregates . In the case of Alzheimer’s disease , a key protein , called tau , aggregates to form fibers that are harmful to neuronal cells in the brain . One of the ways our cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Hsp40s play complementary roles in the prevention of tau amyloid formation
Mutations in human Atrophin1 , a transcriptional corepressor , cause dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy , a neurodegenerative disease . Drosophila Atrophin ( Atro ) mutants display many phenotypes , including neurodegeneration , segmentation , patterning and planar polarity defects . Despite Atro’s critical role in d...	Cells with the same genetic information can look and behave differently to each other . This is because they can control the activity of their genes , changing the effects the genes have in the cell . Regulating genes in this way is important in allowing cells to adapt to their surroundings and to perform different tas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Atrophin controls developmental signaling pathways via interactions with Trithorax-like
Telomerase synthesizes chromosome-capping telomeric repeats using an active site in telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) and an integral RNA subunit template . The fundamental question of whether human telomerase catalytic activity requires cooperation across two TERT subunits remains under debate . In this study ...	Enzymes carry out the many diverse chemical reactions that support life . Some enzymes are made of just one component protein that works on its own , but others are made of multiple proteins that are all required for the enzyme to work properly . Most of what is understood about the activities of enzymes has been deduc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Single-molecule imaging of telomerase reverse transcriptase in human telomerase holoenzyme and minimal RNP complexes
The great demand for long-wavelength and high signal-to-noise Ca2+ indicators has led us to develop CaRuby-Nano , a new functionalizable red calcium indicator with nanomolar affinity for use in cell biology and neuroscience research . In addition , we generated CaRuby-Nano dextran conjugates and an AM-ester variant for...	The movement of calcium ions within cells controls many vital biological processes , ranging from cell growth to muscle contraction and brain activity . These calcium signals are triggered by stimuli , such as nerve impulses , which drive calcium entry into cells or release calcium from internal stores . These changes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	CaRuby-Nano: a novel high affinity calcium probe for dual color imaging
How the nervous system internally represents environmental food availability is poorly understood . Here , we show that quantitative information about food abundance is encoded by combinatorial neuron-specific gene-expression of conserved TGFβ and serotonin pathway components in Caenorhabditis elegans . Crosstalk and a...	To maximize their chances of survival , animals need to be able to sense changes in the abundance of food in their environment and respond in an appropriate manner . The nervous system is able to sense cues from the environment and coordinate responses in the whole organism , but it is not clear how this leads to long-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A gene-expression-based neural code for food abundance that modulates lifespan
The requirement for vernalization , a need for prolonged cold to trigger flowering , aligns reproductive development with favorable spring conditions . In Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization depends on the cold-induced epigenetic silencing of the floral repressor locus FLC . Extensive natural variation in vernalization ...	Plants are not able to move around and so they need to be able to adapt their growth and development to seasonal changes in their environment . For example , prolonged exposure to cold temperatures during winter can prime some plants to flower when temperatures increase in the spring—a process called vernalization . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report", "plant", "biology" ]	2015	Seasonal shift in timing of vernalization as an adaptation to extreme winter
Pathways modulating glucose homeostasis independently of insulin would open new avenues to combat insulin resistance and diabetes . Here , we report the establishment , characterization , and use of a vertebrate ‘insulin-free’ model to identify insulin-independent modulators of glucose metabolism . insulin knockout zeb...	Diabetes is a disease that affects the ability of the body to control the level of sugar in the blood . Individuals with diabetes are unable to make a hormone called insulin – which normally stimulates certain cells to absorb sugar from the blood – or their cells are less able to respond to this hormone . Most treatmen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2018	Screening for insulin-independent pathways that modulate glucose homeostasis identifies androgen receptor antagonists
In neural circuits , individual neurons often make projections onto multiple postsynaptic partners . Here , we investigate molecular mechanisms by which these divergent connections are generated , using dyadic synapses in C . elegans as a model . We report that C . elegans nrx-1/neurexin directs divergent connectivity ...	Nervous systems are complex networks of interconnected cells called neurons . These networks vary in size from a few hundred cells in worms , to tens of billions in the human brain . Within these networks , each individual neuron forms connections – called synapses – with many others . But these partner neurons are not...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Neurexin directs partner-specific synaptic connectivity in C. elegans
Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) is driven by dysfunction between host genetics , the microbiota , and immune system . Knowledge gaps remain regarding how IBD genetic risk loci drive gut microbiota changes . The Crohn’s disease risk allele ATG16L1 T300A results in abnormal Paneth cells due to decreased selective auto...	Trillions of bacteria live inside the human gut . From helping to digest our food to producing vitamins , these bacteria can have a big impact on our health , yet some people tolerate these bacteria better than others . In some cases , the body reacts badly to its own bacteria , stimulating an over-exuberant immune res...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	The Crohn’s disease polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response
The X-chromosome gene regulatory process called dosage compensation ensures that males ( 1X ) and females ( 2X ) express equal levels of X-chromosome transcripts . The mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans has been elusive due to improperly annotated transcription start sites ( TSSs ) . Here we define TSSs and the distri...	In many species , including humans , females have two X chromosomes whereas males have only one . To ensure that females do not end up with a double dose of the proteins encoded by genes on the X chromosome , animals employ a strategy called dosage compensation to control the expression of X-linked genes . The mechanis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	Condensin controls recruitment of RNA polymerase II to achieve nematode X-chromosome dosage compensation
A prerequisite for the design of an HIV vaccine that elicits protective antibodies is understanding the developmental pathways that result in desirable antibody features . The development of antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity ( ADCC ) is particularly relevant because such antibodies have b...	Nearly four decades after the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV for short ) was first identified , the search for a vaccine still continues . An effective immunisation would require elements that coax the human immune system into making HIV-specific antibodies – the proteins that can recognise , bind to and deactivate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Development of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity function in HIV-1 antibodies
Within the primate visual system , areas at lower levels of the cortical hierarchy process basic visual features , whereas those at higher levels , such as the frontal eye fields ( FEF ) , are thought to modulate sensory processes via feedback connections . Despite these functional exchanges during perception , there i...	In humans , the parts of the brain involved in vision are organized into distinct regions that are arranged into a hierarchy . Each of these regions contains neurons that are specialized for a particular role , such as responding to shape , color or motion . To actually ‘see’ an object , these different regions must co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A hierarchy of timescales explains distinct effects of local inhibition of primary visual cortex and frontal eye fields
Fast synaptic inhibition in the nervous system depends on the transmembrane flux of Cl- ions based on the neuronal Cl- driving force . Established theories regarding the determinants of Cl- driving force have recently been questioned . Here , we present biophysical models of Cl- homeostasis using the pump-leak model . ...	Cells called neurons in the brain communicate by triggering or inhibiting electrical activity in other neurons . To inhibit electrical activity , a signal from one neuron usually triggers specific receptors on the second neuron to open , which allows particles called chloride ions to flow into or out of the neuron . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Biophysical models reveal the relative importance of transporter proteins and impermeant anions in chloride homeostasis
Salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are potent and widely used anti-inflammatory drugs . They are thought to exert their therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms , including the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases , modulation of NF-κB activity , and direct activation of AMPK . However , the full spectrum of their ac...	People have been using a chemical called salicylate , which was once extracted from willow tree bark , as medicine for pain , fever and inflammation since ancient Greece . Aspirin is derived from salicylate but is a more potent drug . Aspirin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by shutting down the activity of proteins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Salicylate, diflunisal and their metabolites inhibit CBP/p300 and exhibit anticancer activity
The earliest developmental origins of dysmorphologies are poorly understood in many congenital diseases . They often remain elusive because the first signs of genetic misregulation may initiate as subtle changes in gene expression , which are hard to detect and can be obscured later in development by secondary effects ...	Our development in the womb is complex . Genes need to switch on and off in a precise order , controlling the activity of millions of cells as they work together to form different tissues . For everything to happen smoothly , cells must use instructions provided by each gene exactly at the correct moment and in the cor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Quantification of gene expression patterns to reveal the origins of abnormal morphogenesis
Whether somatic mutations contribute functional diversity to brain cells is a long-standing question . Single-neuron genomics enables direct measurement of somatic mutation rates in human brain and promises to answer this question . A recent study ( Upton et al . , 2015 ) reported high rates of somatic LINE-1 element (...	The human brain harbors perhaps the most diverse collection of cells among any organ in the body , consisting of neurons and other cells with many different shapes and behaviors . The mechanisms that create this diversity have been a long-standing area of investigation . While neurons can become more diverse through ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Resolving rates of mutation in the brain using single-neuron genomics
How the very first step in nucleosome assembly , deposition of histone H3-H4 as tetramers or dimers on DNA , is accomplished remains largely unclear . Here , we report that yeast chromatin assembly factor 1 ( CAF1 ) , a conserved histone chaperone complex that deposits H3-H4 during DNA replication , binds a single H3-H...	Animal and plant cells contain very long DNA molecules that are tightly packaged by being wrapped around proteins called histones to form structures known as nucleosomes . While this is a useful way to store DNA , it also makes it inaccessible to many proteins and other molecules that activate genes , copy DNA or perfo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Insights into the molecular architecture and histone H3-H4 deposition mechanism of yeast Chromatin assembly factor 1
Many cellular constituents travel along microtubules in association with multiple copies of motor proteins . How the activity of these motors is regulated during cargo sorting is poorly understood . In this study , we address this issue using a novel in vitro assay for the motility of localising Drosophila mRNAs bound ...	For a cell to do its job , the different components inside it need to be moved to different locations . This is achieved by an elaborate cellular transport system . To move a component to where it needs to be , motor proteins bind to it , often with the assistance of other ‘accessory’ proteins . This cargo-motor comple...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The influence of dynein processivity control, MAPs, and microtubule ends on directional movement of a localising mRNA
Piezo ion channels are activated by various types of mechanical stimuli and function as biological pressure sensors in both vertebrates and invertebrates . To date , mechanical stimuli are the only means to activate Piezo ion channels and whether other modes of activation exist is not known . In this study , we screene...	Within our bodies , cells and tissues are constantly being pushed and pulled by their surrounding environment . These mechanical forces are then transformed into electrical or chemical signals by cells . This process is crucial for many biological structures , such as blood vessels , to develop correctly , and is also ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Chemical activation of the mechanotransduction channel Piezo1
The immediate evolutionary space accessible to HIV is largely determined by how single amino acid mutations affect fitness . These mutational effects can shift as the virus evolves . However , the prevalence of such shifts in mutational effects remains unclear . Here , we quantify the effects on viral growth of all ami...	The virus that causes AIDS , or HIV , has a protein called Env on its surface , which is essential for the virus to infect cells . Env can also be recognized by the immune system , which then targets the virus for destruction or blocks it from infecting cells . Unfortunately , Env evolves very quickly , which means tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Mapping mutational effects along the evolutionary landscape of HIV envelope
Many postnatal onset neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) and intellectual disability are thought to arise largely from disruption of excitatory/inhibitory homeostasis . Although mouse models of Rett syndrome ( RTT ) , a postnatal neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations i...	Rett syndrome is a childhood brain disorder that mainly affects girls and causes symptoms including anxiety , tremors , uncoordinated movements and breathing difficulties . Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene called MECP2 , which is found on the X chromosome . Males with MECP2 mutations are rare but have mor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Manipulations of MeCP2 in glutamatergic neurons highlight their contributions to Rett and other neurological disorders
Heritable variation in gene expression forms a crucial bridge between genomic variation and the biology of many traits . However , most expression quantitative trait loci ( eQTLs ) remain unidentified . We mapped eQTLs by transcriptome sequencing in 1012 yeast segregants . The resulting eQTLs accounted for over 70% of ...	Every individual’s genome is unique , with variations in the DNA sequence at many thousands of points . Each difference is a change in one or more ‘letters’ of the DNA code . Some of these DNA letter variations have consequences for the way the individual looks or behaves . They can influence these traits either by cha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Genetics of trans-regulatory variation in gene expression
During cell locomotion and endocytosis , membrane-tethered WASP proteins stimulate actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex . This process generates highly branched arrays of filaments that grow toward the membrane to which they are tethered , a conflict that seemingly would restrict filament growth . Using thre...	Most cells are neither perfect spheres nor amorphous blobs , but instead have characteristic shapes that enable them to carry out specific roles within tissues or organs . These shapes are established by a type of scaffolding , called the cytoskeleton , that gives structure to the cell , and also forms networks over wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Three-color single molecule imaging shows WASP detachment from Arp2/3 complex triggers actin filament branch formation
The target of rapamycin ( TOR ) protein kinase forms multi-subunit TOR complex 1 ( TORC1 ) and TOR complex 2 ( TORC2 ) , which exhibit distinct substrate specificities . Sin1 is one of the TORC2-specific subunit essential for phosphorylation and activation of certain AGC-family kinases . Here , we show that Sin1 is dis...	Human cells contain a group of proteins that together make up a molecular machine called the TOR complex 2 , or TORC2 for short . TORC2 contains an enzyme that changes the activities of other proteins by tagging them with phosphate groups , a process known as phosphorylation . TORC2 has control over many proteins and i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Substrate specificity of TOR complex 2 is determined by a ubiquitin-fold domain of the Sin1 subunit
Escherichia coli single-stranded ( ss ) DNA binding ( SSB ) protein mediates genome maintenance processes by regulating access to ssDNA . This homotetrameric protein wraps ssDNA in multiple distinct binding modes that may be used selectively in different DNA processes , and whose detailed wrapping topologies remain spe...	The DNA double helix consists of two strands coiled around each other . However , there are many instances when DNA must be separated into its individual strands—for example , when the DNA sequence needs to be copied . These single-stranded structures are highly prone to damage . For protection , the single-stranded DN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural dynamics of E. coli single-stranded DNA binding protein reveal DNA wrapping and unwrapping pathways
The RIG-I-like receptors ( RLRs ) play a major role in sensing RNA virus infection to initiate and modulate antiviral immunity . They interact with particular viral RNAs , most of them being still unknown . To decipher the viral RNA signature on RLRs during viral infection , we tagged RLRs ( RIG-I , MDA5 , LGP2 ) and a...	An immune system can protect against disease-causing microbes such as viruses . Human cells contain three different receptors that can recognize and respond when a virus enters and begins to replicate inside . These receptors include RIG-I , MDA5 and LGP2 , and they are collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Comparative analysis of viral RNA signatures on different RIG-I-like receptors
The transcription factor STAT5 is fundamental to the mammalian immune system . However , the relationship between its two paralogs , STAT5A and STAT5B , and the extent to which they are functionally distinct , remain uncertain . Using mouse models of paralog deficiency , we demonstrate that they are not equivalent for ...	The immune system in mammals is one of the most complex networks in the animal kingdom . One way that its many components communicate is via proteins called cytokines , which are released by cells and detected by receptors on the surface of other cells . This leads to the activation of signals inside the responding cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) paralog dose governs T cell effector and regulatory functions
Lipoprotein RcsF is the OM component of the Rcs envelope stress response . RcsF exists in complexes with β-barrel proteins ( OMPs ) allowing it to adopt a transmembrane orientation with a lipidated N-terminal domain on the cell surface and a periplasmic C-terminal domain . Here we report that mutations that remove BamE...	Many disease-causing bacteria have an outer membrane that surrounds and protects the cell , while many hosts of these bacteria produce molecules called antimicrobial peptides that disrupt this outer membrane . In response to this attack , bacteria have evolved a defense system to reinforce their membrane when antimicro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	A lipoprotein/β-barrel complex monitors lipopolysaccharide integrity transducing information across the outer membrane
Understanding the neural basis of consciousness is fundamental to neuroscience research . Disruptions in cortico-cortical connectivity have been suggested as a primary mechanism of unconsciousness . By using a novel combination of positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging , we studied anest...	Although we are all familiar with the experience of being conscious , explaining precisely what consciousness is and how it arises from activity in the brain remains extremely challenging . Indeed , explaining consciousness is so challenging that it is sometimes referred to as ‘the hard question’ of neuroscience . One ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Disruption of thalamic functional connectivity is a neural correlate of dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness
Post-translational modifications of proteins have emerged as a major mechanism for regulating gene expression . However , our understanding of how histone modifications directly affect chromatin function remains limited . In this study , we investigate acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 64 ( H3K64ac ) , a previously u...	DNA is a very long molecule , so it needs to be packaged carefully to fit into the nucleus of a cell . To achieve this , the DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones to form a structure termed a nucleosome , which is the building block of a more compacted substance called chromatin . However , to express the gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	Acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 64 regulates nucleosome dynamics and facilitates transcription
Combinatorial patterns of histone modifications regulate developmental and cell type-specific gene expression and underpin animal complexity , but it is unclear when this regulatory system evolved . By analysing histone modifications in a morphologically-simple , early branching animal , the sponge Amphimedonqueensland...	Animals come in many shapes and sizes , and vary in how they move , grow and reproduce . The long-held thought that animal complexity is related to the number of genes that are in the animal’s DNA has now been largely dismissed; simple animals like sponges and cnidarians ( for example , jellyfish , anemones and corals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Landscape of histone modifications in a sponge reveals the origin of animal cis-regulatory complexity
TFIID—a complex of TATA-binding protein ( TBP ) and TBP-associated factors ( TAFs ) —is a central component of the Pol II promoter recognition apparatus . Recent studies have revealed significant downregulation of TFIID subunits in terminally differentiated myocytes , hepatocytes and adipocytes . Here , we report that ...	Most animal cells specialize to perform particular roles that contribute to the survival of the animal in different ways . For example , the cells that form our muscles are able to contract , while other cells in the body are efficient at storing fat . The different types of cells develop from unspecialized cells , but...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	A specific E3 ligase/deubiquitinase pair modulates TBP protein levels during muscle differentiation
The central complex is a highly conserved insect brain region composed of morphologically stereotyped neurons that arborize in distinctively shaped substructures . The region is implicated in a wide range of behaviors and several modeling studies have explored its circuit computations . Most studies have relied on assu...	Some of the most evocative discoveries in neuroscience have been those of internal representations , such as neural activity patterns that represent which direction an animal is facing and its place in its surroundings . Understanding how neurons connect to one another to form ‘circuits’ is crucial to understanding how...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Building a functional connectome of the Drosophila central complex
The molecular underpinnings of synaptic vesicle fusion for fast neurotransmitter release are still unclear . Here , we used a single vesicle–vesicle system with reconstituted SNARE and synaptotagmin-1 proteoliposomes to decipher the temporal sequence of membrane states upon Ca2+-injection at 250–500 μM on a 100-ms time...	The central nervous system relies on electrical signals travelling along neurons and through synapses at high speeds . Signals often have to pass between two neurons , or from a neuron to a muscle fiber , and the nervous system relies on a process called membrane fusion to ensure that the neurotransmitter molecules tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Synaptic proteins promote calcium-triggered fast transition from point contact to full fusion
The kinesin I family of motor proteins are crucial for axonal transport , but their roles in dendritic transport and postsynaptic function are not well-defined . Gene duplication and subsequent diversification give rise to three homologous kinesin I proteins ( KIF5A , KIF5B and KIF5C ) in vertebrates , but it is not cl...	Transporting molecules within a cell becomes a daunting task when the cell is a neuron , with fibers called axons and dendrites that can stretch as long as a meter . Neurons use many different molecules to send messages across the body and store memories in the brain . If the right molecules cannot be delivered along t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Specific depletion of the motor protein KIF5B leads to deficits in dendritic transport, synaptic plasticity and memory
Synovial joints are the lubricated connections between the bones of our body that are commonly affected in arthritis . It is assumed that synovial joints first evolved as vertebrates came to land , with ray-finned fishes lacking lubricated joints . Here , we examine the expression and function of a critical lubricating...	We owe our flexibility to the lubricated joints that connect the bones of our body . Unfortunately , these joints tend to deteriorate over time , leading to a condition called osteoarthritis that affects millions of people . Scientists had thought that lubricated joints first evolved when backboned animals started walk...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Ancient origin of lubricated joints in bony vertebrates
Soluble karyopherins of the importin-β ( impβ ) family use RanGTP to transport cargos directionally through the nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) . Whether impβ or RanGTP regulate the permeability of the NPC itself has been unknown . In this study , we identify a stable pool of impβ at the NPC . A subpopulation of this pool...	In our cells , genetic material is contained within the nucleus , which is separated from the rest of the cell by a double-layered membrane called the nuclear envelope . Within this membrane there are pores that allow proteins and other molecules to enter and exit the nucleus . Small molecules can pass through these po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Importin-β modulates the permeability of the nuclear pore complex in a Ran-dependent manner
During infection chlamydial pathogens form an intracellular membrane-bound replicative niche termed the inclusion , which is enriched with bacterial transmembrane proteins called Incs . Incs bind and manipulate host cell proteins to promote inclusion expansion and provide camouflage against innate immune responses . So...	The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis , commonly known as chlamydia , is a frequent cause of sexually transmitted infections , and a leading cause of blindness due to infection . The bacteria must directly enter the cells of its human host to grow and multiply . Inside a human cell , the bacteria form and then develop wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Structural basis for the hijacking of endosomal sorting nexin proteins by Chlamydia trachomatis
During infection , CD8+ T cells initially expand then contract , leaving a small memory pool providing long lasting immunity . While it has been described that CD8+ T cell memory formation becomes defective in old age , the cellular mechanism is largely unknown . Autophagy is a major cellular lysosomal degradation path...	In the face of an infection , the immune system mounts an aggressive response by producing many copies of killer immune cells called CD8+ T cells that recognize and destroy any cells infected with the invading pathogen . The number of killer cells produced depends on the extent of the infection . Once the infection has...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Autophagy is a critical regulator of memory CD8+ T cell formation
DNA methylation , especially CpG methylation at promoter regions , has been generally considered as a potent epigenetic modification that prohibits transcription factor ( TF ) recruitment , resulting in transcription suppression . Here , we used a protein microarray-based approach to systematically survey the entire hu...	DNA methylation—the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine or adenine base within DNA—has a key role in regulating the expression of genes as proteins . It contributes to processes such as X-inactivation , in which one copy of the X chromosome is silenced in females , and genomic imprinting , in which the expression ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	DNA methylation presents distinct binding sites for human transcription factors
The pre-placodal ectoderm , marked by the expression of the transcription factor Six1 and its co-activator Eya1 , develops into placodes and ultimately into many cranial sensory organs and ganglia . Using RNA-Seq in Xenopus laevis we screened for presumptive direct placodal target genes of Six1 and Eya1 by overexpressi...	Animals that possess a backbone – also known as vertebrates – have several paired sense organs in their heads , such as the eyes and the olfactory system . These organs are thought to have arisen as vertebrates evolved from their filter-feeding ancestors and adopted an increasingly active and predatory lifestyle . The ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Dissecting the pre-placodal transcriptome to reveal presumptive direct targets of Six1 and Eya1 in cranial placodes
As an adipokine in circulation , adiponectin has been extensively studied for its beneficial metabolic effects . While many important functions have been attributed to adiponectin under high-fat diet conditions , little is known about its essential role under regular chow . Employing a mouse model with inducible , acut...	Fat tissue is essential for health . Fat cells store energy and release it when it is needed; they also release hormones that are important for the health of our heart and for regulating our metabolism . One of these hormones , adiponectin , helps cells to remove fat molecules from the bloodstream . This allows the bod...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Adiponectin is essential for lipid homeostasis and survival under insulin deficiency and promotes β-cell regeneration
Breast cancer genomes have revealed a novel form of mutation showers ( kataegis ) in which multiple same-strand substitutions at C:G pairs spaced one to several hundred nucleotides apart are clustered over kilobase-sized regions , often associated with sites of DNA rearrangement . We show kataegis can result from AID/A...	The genomes of cancer cells contain mutations that are not present in normal cells . Some of these prevent cells from repairing their DNA , while others give rise to tumours by causing cells to multiply uncontrollably . Moreover , some of the mutations in breast cancer cells occur in clusters—a phenomenon known as kata...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	DNA deaminases induce break-associated mutation showers with implication of APOBEC3B and 3A in breast cancer kataegis
Type II CRISPR immune systems in bacteria use a dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease , Cas9 , to cleave foreign DNA at specific sites . We show here that Cas9 assembles with hybrid guide RNAs in human cells and can induce the formation of double-strand DNA breaks ( DSBs ) at a site complementary to the guide RNA sequence i...	The ability to make specific changes to DNA—such as changing , inserting or deleting sequences that encode proteins—allows researchers to engineer cells , tissues and organisms for therapeutic and practical applications . Until now , such genome engineering has required the design and production of proteins with the ab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells
In epithelial collective migration , leader and follower cells migrate while maintaining cell–cell adhesion and tissue polarity . We have identified a conserved protein and interactors required for maintaining cell adhesion during a simple collective migration in the developing C . elegans male gonad . LINKIN is a prev...	In animals , cells can move from one place to another to shape tissues , heal wounds , or defend against invading microbes . A cell may move alone or it may be attached to others and move as part of a group . One member of the group leads this ‘collective migration’ , but it is not known how the cells are able to stick...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	LINKIN, a new transmembrane protein necessary for cell adhesion
Flying squirrels are the only group of gliding mammals with a remarkable diversity and wide geographical range . However , their evolutionary story is not well known . Thus far , identification of extinct flying squirrels has been exclusively based on dental features , which , contrary to certain postcranial characters...	Mammals can walk , hop , swim and fly; a few , like marsupial sugar gliders or colugos , can even glide . With 52 species scattered across the Northern hemisphere , flying squirrels are by far the most successful group that adopted this way of going airborne . To drift from tree to tree , these small animals pack their...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Oldest skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel casts new light on the phylogeny of the group
Positional information is fundamental to animal regeneration and tissue turnover . In planarians , muscle cells express signaling molecules to promote positional identity . At the ends of the anterior-posterior ( AP ) axis , positional identity is determined by anterior and posterior poles , which are putative organize...	Many animals are able to regenerate tissue that has been lost through illness or injury . Flatworms called planarians have long been used to study tissue regeneration because of their remarkable ability to completely regenerate their whole body from small pieces of tissue . Furthermore , the stem cells of adult planari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2019	Nuclear receptor NR4A is required for patterning at the ends of the planarian anterior-posterior axis
Single-cell analysis has revealed that transcription is dynamic and stochastic , but tools are lacking that can determine the mechanism operating at a single gene . Here we utilize single-molecule observations of RNA in fixed and living cells to develop a single-cell model of steroid-receptor mediated gene activation ....	The process by which a gene is expressed as a protein consists of two stages: transcription , which involves the DNA of the gene being copied into messenger RNA ( mRNA ) ; and translation , in which the mRNA is used as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein . Transcription and translation are controlled by m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	Direct observation of frequency modulated transcription in single cells using light activation
Adult-born neurons are continually produced in the dentate gyrus but it is unclear whether synaptic integration of new neurons affects the pre-existing circuit . Here we investigated how manipulating neurogenesis in adult mice alters excitatory synaptic transmission to mature dentate neurons . Enhancing neurogenesis by...	Neurogenesis , the creation of new brain cells called neurons , occurs primarily before birth . However , a region of the brain called the dentate gyrus , which is involved in memory , continues to produce new neurons throughout life . Recent studies suggest that adding neurons to the dentate gyrus helps the brain to d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Adult-born neurons modify excitatory synaptic transmission to existing neurons
Many organisms use free running circadian clocks to anticipate the day night cycle . However , others organisms use simple stimulus-response strategies ( ‘hourglass clocks’ ) and it is not clear when such strategies are sufficient or even preferable to free running clocks . Here , we find that free running clocks , suc...	The daily rising and setting of the sun is perhaps the most predictable pattern on Earth . Many organisms , from ancient bacteria to animals and plants , have evolved internal biological clocks to anticipate specific events such as dusk and dawn . However , biological clocks also need to continue working when faced wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Biophysical clocks face a trade-off between internal and external noise resistance
Heterogeneity and functional specialization among skin-resident macrophages are incompletely understood . In this study , we describe a novel subset of murine dermal perivascular macrophages that extend protrusions across the endothelial junctions in steady-state and capture blood-borne macromolecules . Unlike other sk...	The skin forms an essential barrier that defends our body from external damage . For this reason , it is important to understand the complex mechanisms involved in healing wounds and maintaining healthy skin . This could allow us to find effective treatments for skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Pivotal role for skin transendothelial radio-resistant anti-inflammatory macrophages in tissue repair
CTCF and cohesin are key drivers of 3D-nuclear organization , anchoring the megabase-scale Topologically Associating Domains ( TADs ) that segment the genome . Here , we present and validate a computational method to predict cohesin-and-CTCF binding sites that form intra-TAD DNA loops . The intra-TAD loop anchors ident...	The human genome contains the complete set of DNA instructions – including all genes – needed to build and maintain an organism . To fit all of this genetic information in the cell’s nucleus , the DNA is neatly wrapped around so-called histone proteins , which help to package the genetic material into chromatin , which...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Computational prediction of CTCF/cohesin-based intra-TAD loops that insulate chromatin contacts and gene expression in mouse liver
Microglia play key roles in regulating synapse development and refinement in the developing brain , but it is unknown whether they are similarly involved during adult neurogenesis . By transiently depleting microglia from the healthy adult mouse brain , we show that microglia are necessary for the normal functional dev...	The brain has its own population of resident immune cells known as microglia , which defend against infections and are involved in conditions such as Alzheimer’s , Parkinson’s and other diseases . In the last decade , new studies have suggested that these cells also sculpt brain circuits during early development . They...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Microglial depletion disrupts normal functional development of adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb
As the major mechanism of plant growth and morphogenesis , cell elongation is controlled by many hormonal and environmental signals . How these signals are coordinated at the molecular level to ensure coherent cellular responses remains unclear . In this study , we illustrate a molecular circuit that integrates all maj...	Plants can grow by making more cells or by increasing the size of these existing cells . Plant growth is carefully controlled , but it must be able to respond to changes in the plant's environment . Many different plant hormones and various signals from the environment—such as light and temperature—influence how and wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Cell elongation is regulated through a central circuit of interacting transcription factors in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl
We present an automated method to track and identify neurons in C . elegans , called ‘fast Deep Neural Correspondence’ or fDNC , based on the transformer network architecture . The model is trained once on empirically derived semi-synthetic data and then predicts neural correspondence across held-out real animals . The...	Understanding the intricacies of the brain often requires spotting and tracking specific neurons over time and across different individuals . For instance , scientists may need to precisely monitor the activity of one neuron even as the brain moves and deforms; or they may want to find universal patterns by comparing s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Fast deep neural correspondence for tracking and identifying neurons in C. elegans using semi-synthetic training

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