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Animals perform many stereotyped movements , but how nervous systems are organized for controlling specific movements remains unclear . Here we use anatomical , optogenetic , behavioral , and physiological techniques to identify a circuit in Drosophila melanogaster that can elicit stereotyped leg movements that groom t...	Many movements that animals perform regularly—including walking and grooming—consist of stereotyped sequences of muscle contractions . For example , a dog may scratch its side in response to a fleabite or because it is itchy . But how does the nervous system trigger such specific movements from among the repertoire of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A neural command circuit for grooming movement control
How single cells in a mitotic tissue progressively acquire hallmarks of cancer is poorly understood . We exploited mitotic recombination in developing Drosophila imaginal tissues to analyze the behavior of cells devoid of the tumor suppressor PTEN , a negative regulator of PI3K signaling , under varying nutritional con...	Mutations are permanent changes to a cell’s genome . If one or more mutations result in a cell proliferating in an unregulated manner , it is referred to as a cancer cell . The generation of cancer cells is a relatively common occurrence within organisms , but these rogue cells are generally recognized and destroyed by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Nutrient restriction enhances the proliferative potential of cells lacking the tumor suppressor PTEN in mitotic tissues
Bacteria have to avoid recognition by the host immune system in order to establish a successful infection . Peptidoglycan , the principal constituent of virtually all bacterial surfaces , is a specific molecular signature recognized by dedicated host receptors , present in animals and plants , which trigger an immune r...	While most bacteria are harmless , some can cause diseases as varied as food poisoning and meningitis , so our immune system has developed various ways of detecting and eliminating bacteria and other pathogens . Receptor proteins belonging to the immune system detect molecules that give away the presence of the bacteri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Bacterial autolysins trim cell surface peptidoglycan to prevent detection by the Drosophila innate immune system
Voltage-gated ion channels generate electrical currents that control muscle contraction , encode neuronal information , and trigger hormonal release . Tissue-specific expression of accessory ( β ) subunits causes these channels to generate currents with distinct properties . In the heart , KCNQ1 voltage-gated potassium...	Cells are surrounded by a membrane that prevents charged molecules from flowing directly into or out of the cell . Instead ions move through channel proteins within the cell membrane . Most ion channel proteins are selective and only allow one or a few types of ion to cross . Ion channels can also be ‘gated’ , and have...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Domain–domain interactions determine the gating, permeation, pharmacology, and subunit modulation of the IKs ion channel
Disassembling microtubules can generate movement independently of motor enzymes , especially at kinetochores where they drive chromosome motility . A popular explanation is the ‘conformational wave’ model , in which protofilaments pull on the kinetochore as they curl outward from a disassembling tip . But whether proto...	Before a cell divides it must separate its chromosomes , the ribbons of DNA that carry its genes . To do this , filaments called microtubules attach by their ends to the chromosomes and then shorten , pulling the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell . The microtubules are made of thousands of subunits packed toget...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Direct measurement of conformational strain energy in protofilaments curling outward from disassembling microtubule tips
GSK-3 is an essential mediator of several signaling pathways that regulate cortical development . We therefore created conditional mouse mutants lacking both GSK-3α and GSK-3β in newly born cortical excitatory neurons . Gsk3-deleted neurons expressing upper layer markers exhibited striking migration failure in all area...	In the brain , one of the most striking features of the cerebral cortex is that its neurons are organized into different layers that are specifically connected to one another and to other regions of the brain . How newly generated neurons find their appropriate layer during the development of the brain is an important ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	GSK-3 signaling in developing cortical neurons is essential for radial migration and dendritic orientation
After cardiac ischaemia , a prolonged decrease of coronary microvascular perfusion often occurs even after flow is restored in an upstream artery . This 'no-reflow' phenomenon worsens patient prognosis . In the brain , after stroke , a similar post-ischaemic 'no-reflow' has been attributed to capillary constriction by ...	Heart attacks occur when one of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle becomes blocked , usually by a blood clot . Doctors unblock the artery and insert an expanding metal cage called a stent to keep it unblocked . This restores blood flow through the artery . Unfortunately , blood flow often does not return ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Capillary pericytes mediate coronary no-reflow after myocardial ischaemia
D2 autoreceptors regulate dopamine release throughout the brain . Two isoforms of the D2 receptor , D2S and D2L , are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons . Differential roles of these isoforms as autoreceptors are poorly understood . By virally expressing the isoforms in dopamine neurons of D2 receptor knockout mice...	Dopamine is an important component of the brain's reward system and is commonly referred to as a ‘feel-good’ chemical . It is mainly released from neurons in the brain in response to natural rewards , such as food or sex , and following exposure to , or in anticipation of , certain drugs of abuse ( including cocaine ) ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Distinct regulation of dopamine D2S and D2L autoreceptor signaling by calcium
Precise coordination of synaptic connections ensures proper information flow within circuits . The activity of presynaptic organizing molecules signaling to downstream pathways is essential for such coordination , though such entities remain incompletely known . We show that LRP4 , a conserved transmembrane protein kno...	The connections between nerve cells , called synapses , often malfunction in disease , injury and during aging , and to understand how this happens we first need to know how they work normally . At a synapse , one nerve cell sends a signal to the other . The signal is a chemical substance , which binds to specialized p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Presynaptic LRP4 promotes synapse number and function of excitatory CNS neurons
Cerebellar climbing fiber activity encodes performance errors during many motor learning tasks , but the role of these error signals in learning has been controversial . We compared two motor learning paradigms that elicited equally robust putative error signals in the same climbing fibers: learned increases and decrea...	The cerebellum ( or ‘little brain’ ) is located underneath the cerebral hemispheres . Despite comprising around 10% of the brain’s volume , the cerebellum contains roughly half of the brain’s neurons . Many of the functions of the cerebellum are related to the control and fine-tuning of movement , and people whose cere...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Gating of neural error signals during motor learning
Replication of influenza viral genomic RNA ( vRNA ) is catalyzed by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( vRdRP ) . Complementary RNA ( cRNA ) is first copied from vRNA , and progeny vRNAs are then amplified from the cRNA . Although vRdRP and viral RNA are minimal requirements , efficient cell-free replication could not...	The influenza or “flu” virus infects millions of people each year , with young children and elderly individuals most vulnerable to infection . The influenza virus stores its genetic material in the form of segments of single-stranded viral RNA . After the virus infects a cell , it replicates this genetic material in a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	pp32 and APRIL are host cell-derived regulators of influenza virus RNA synthesis from cRNA
Complexin regulates spontaneous and activates Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release , yet the molecular mechanisms are still unclear . Here we performed single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments and uncovered two conformations of complexin-1 bound to the ternary SNARE complex . In the cis con...	Nerve cells communicate via electrical signals that travel at high speeds . However , these signals cannot pass across the gaps – called synapses – that separate one nerve cell from the next . Instead , signals pass between nerve cells via molecules called neurotransmitters that are released from the membrane of the fi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Complexin induces a conformational change at the membrane-proximal C-terminal end of the SNARE complex
DNA double strand breaks ( DSBs ) have detrimental effects on cell survival and genomic stability , and are related to cancer and other human diseases . In this study , we identified microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin Kif2C as a protein associated with DSB-mimicking DNA templates and known DSB repair proteins in Xenopu...	DNA can be damaged in many ways , and a double strand break is one of the most dangerous . This occurs when both strands of the double helix snap at the same time , leaving two broken ends . When cells detect this kind of damage , they race to get it fixed as quickly as possible . Fixing these double strand breaks is t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Kinesin Kif2C in regulation of DNA double strand break dynamics and repair
The visual message conveyed by a retinal ganglion cell ( RGC ) is often summarized by its spatial receptive field , but in principle also depends on the responses of other RGCs and natural image statistics . This possibility was explored by linear reconstruction of natural images from responses of the four numerically-...	Vision begins in the retina , the layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye . Light-sensitive cells called rods and cones absorb incoming light and convert it into electrical signals . They pass these signals to neurons called retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) , which convert them into electrical signals called spik...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Reconstruction of natural images from responses of primate retinal ganglion cells
Motion anticipation allows the visual system to compensate for the slow speed of phototransduction so that a moving object can be accurately located . This correction is already present in the signal that ganglion cells send from the retina but the biophysical mechanisms underlying this computation are not known . Here...	The retina is a structure at the back of the eye that converts light into nerve impulses , which are then processed in the brain to produce the images that we see . It normally takes about one-tenth of a second for the retina to send a signal to the brain after an object first moves into view . This is about the same t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	General features of the retinal connectome determine the computation of motion anticipation
Antimicrobial resistant determinants ( ARDs ) can be transmitted from livestock systems through meat products or environmental effluents . The public health risk posed by these two routes is not well understood , particularly in non-pathogenic bacteria . We collected pooled samples from 8 groups of 1741 commercial catt...	When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics , it becomes difficult or impossible to treat infections in both people and animals . Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem , and many fear a “post-antibiotic era” in which common infections become life threatening . In order to slow the spread of antibiotic resistance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Resistome diversity in cattle and the environment decreases during beef production
An integrated account of the molecular changes occurring during the process of cellular aging is crucial towards understanding the underlying mechanisms . Here , using novel culturing and computational methods as well as latest analytical techniques , we mapped the proteome and transcriptome during the replicative life...	Aging is a complex process , and so many scientists use baker’s yeast as a simpler model to understand it . Although many genes that influence aging have been found , all the generated knowledge is still rather fragmented . It also remains difficult to disentangle cause and consequence . That is to say , sometimes a ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Protein biogenesis machinery is a driver of replicative aging in yeast
The importance of cultural processes to behavioural diversity in our closest living relatives is central to revealing the evolutionary origins of human culture . However , the bonobo is often overlooked as a candidate model . Further , a prominent critique to many examples of proposed animal cultures is premature exclu...	No human culture is quite like the next . Societies around the world show exceptional variety in their social norms , beliefs , customs , language and , of course , food . However , the origins of human culture still remain elusive . Studying humans’ closest living relatives , the great apes , is one way to explore how...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2020	Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait
Synaptic vesicles ( SVs ) fuse at active zones ( AZs ) covered by a protein scaffold , at Drosophila synapses comprised of ELKS family member Bruchpilot ( BRP ) and RIM-binding protein ( RBP ) . We here demonstrate axonal co-transport of BRP and RBP using intravital live imaging , with both proteins co-accumulating in ...	To pass on information , the neurons that make up the nervous system connect at structures known as synapses . Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released from one neuron , and travel across the synapse to trigger a response in the neighbouring cell . The formation of new synapses plays an important role ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A high affinity RIM-binding protein/Aplip1 interaction prevents the formation of ectopic axonal active zones
Inflammation modifies risk and/or severity of a variety of brain diseases through still elusive molecular mechanisms . Here we show that hyperactivation of the interleukin 1 pathway , through either ablation of the interleukin 1 receptor 8 ( IL-1R8 , also known as SIGIRR or Tir8 ) or activation of IL-1R , leads to up-r...	Errors that occur while the brain is developing can lead to conditions such as autism and schizophrenia . They can also lead to rare disorders like Rett syndrome and MeCP2 duplication syndromes , which are characterized by severe cognitive and physical disabilities . Many people with these neurodevelopmental disorders ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Lack of IL-1R8 in neurons causes hyperactivation of IL-1 receptor pathway and induces MECP2-dependent synaptic defects
We aimed to study time trends and levels of mean total cholesterol and lipid fractions , and dyslipidaemias prevalence in Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) . Systematic-review and meta-analysis of population-based studies in which lipid ( total cholesterol [TC; 86 studies; 168 , 553 people] , HDL-Cholesterol [HDL...	Cholesterol and triglycerides are fatty substances found in the blood . They are crucial components of cell membranes and important for a variety of processes in the body . But , too much , or too little blood fat can damage the blood vessels . For example , high levels of fat in the blood can clog arteries , which can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2020	A systematic review of population-based studies on lipid profiles in Latin America and the Caribbean
In fibroblasts , large Ca transients activate massive endocytosis ( MEND ) that involves membrane protein palmitoylation subsequent to mitochondrial permeability transition pore ( PTP ) openings . Here , we characterize this pathway in cardiac muscle . Myocytes with increased expression of the acyl transferase , DHHC5 ...	Many people who survive a stroke or heart attack experience substantial tissue damage when the blood supply is restored . Much of this damage can be caused by the mitochondria inside the cells releasing a protein called cytochrome c that can cause cells to die in a process called apoptosis . The cytochrome c is release...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Massive palmitoylation-dependent endocytosis during reoxygenation of anoxic cardiac muscle
The hippocampus is linked with both sleep and memory , but there is debate about whether a salient aspect of sleep – dreaming – requires its input . To address this question , we investigated if human patients with focal bilateral hippocampal damage and amnesia engaged in dreaming . We employed a provoked awakening pro...	Dreaming has intrigued humans for thousands of years , but why we dream still remains somewhat of a mystery . Although dreams are not a precise replay of our memories , one idea is that dreaming helps people process past experiences as they sleep . If this is true , then part of the brain called the hippocampus that is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Dreaming with hippocampal damage
The centromere is a specialized chromatin region marked by the histone H3 variant CENP-A . Although active centromeric transcription has been documented for over a decade , the role of centromeric transcription or transcripts has been elusive . Here , we report that centromeric α-satellite transcription is dependent on...	Before a cell divides , it copies its chromosomes . Initially , the two copies of each chromosome remain linked via their centromeres . These regions also serve as the attachment sites for the proteins that pull these two copies apart , and eventually segregate the chromosomes equally between the two newly formed cells...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	A long non-coding RNA is required for targeting centromeric protein A to the human centromere
Recent studies indicate that soluble oligomers drive pathogenesis in several neurodegenerative proteinopathies , including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease . Curiously , the same conformational antibody recognizes different disease-related oligomers , despite the variations in clinical presentation and brain regions aff...	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 ( SCA1 ) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which damage to the brain regions that control movement results in the gradual loss of coordination and motor skills . The disease is a caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for a protein called ATAXIN-1 . In healthy individuals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A native interactor scaffolds and stabilizes toxic ATAXIN-1 oligomers in SCA1
DNA methylation is extensively remodeled during mammalian gametogenesis and embryogenesis . Most transposons become hypomethylated , raising the question of their regulation in the absence of DNA methylation . To reproduce a rapid and extensive demethylation , we subjected mouse ES cells to chemically defined hypomethy...	Transposons are sequences of DNA with the ability to mobilize and jump from one position to another . In the human genome , the number of transposons far surpasses the number of genes . Furthermore , while transposons have been beneficial for the evolution of the human genome , they can also alter genes and cause cance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	An epigenetic switch ensures transposon repression upon dynamic loss of DNA methylation in embryonic stem cells
We use psychophysics and MEG to test how sensitivity to input statistics facilitates auditory-scene-analysis ( ASA ) . Human subjects listened to ‘scenes’ comprised of concurrent tone-pip streams ( sources ) . On occasional trials a new source appeared partway . Listeners were more accurate and quicker to detect source...	Everyday environments like a busy street bombard our ears with information . Yet most of the time , the human brain quickly and effortlessly makes sense of this information in a process known as auditory scene analysis . According to one popular theory , the brain is particularly sensitive to regularly repeating featur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Detecting and representing predictable structure during auditory scene analysis
Autotransporters are a superfamily of bacterial virulence factors consisting of an N-terminal extracellular ( ‘passenger’ ) domain and a C-terminal β barrel ( ‘β’ ) domain that resides in the outer membrane ( OM ) . The mechanism by which the passenger domain is secreted is poorly understood . Here we show that a conse...	Disease-causing bacteria release molecules called virulence factors to help them infect their host . These virulence factors need to pass through the membrane that surrounds the cell . Indeed , some bacteria , such as Escherichia coli , have two membranes , so some virulence factors need to pass through an extra membra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Reconstitution of bacterial autotransporter assembly using purified components
The DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a suppresses tumorigenesis in models of leukemia and lung cancer . Conversely , deregulation of Dnmt3b is thought to generally promote tumorigenesis . However , the role of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in many types of cancer remains undefined . Here , we show that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are dispensable ...	Most of the cells in our body contain the same DNA . However , our bodies are made of many different types of cell , such as nerve cells or skin cells , which perform very different jobs . In each cell type only certain sets of genes encoded by the DNA are active . Proteins known as epigenetic regulators are responsibl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Loss of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b does not affect epidermal homeostasis but promotes squamous transformation through PPAR-γ
Meiotic drivers are genetic elements that break Mendel’s law of segregation to be transmitted into more than half of the offspring produced by a heterozygote . The success of a driver relies on outcrossing ( mating between individuals from distinct lineages ) because drivers gain their advantage in heterozygotes . It i...	The fission yeast , Schizosaccharomyces pombe , is a haploid organism , meaning it has a single copy of each of its genes . S . pombe cells generally carry one copy of each chromosome and can reproduce clonally by duplicating these chromosomes and then dividing into two cells . However , when the yeast are starving , t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Diverse mating phenotypes impact the spread of wtf meiotic drivers in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Ultraviolet-protective compounds , such as mycosporine-like amino acids ( MAAs ) and related gadusols produced by some bacteria , fungi , algae , and marine invertebrates , are critical for the survival of reef-building corals and other marine organisms exposed to high-solar irradiance . These compounds have also been ...	Sunlight is the Earth's primary energy source and is exploited by an array of natural and man-made processes . Photosynthetic plants harness solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into biomass , and solar panels capture light and convert it to electricity . Sunlight is critical to life on Earth , and yet exce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	De novo synthesis of a sunscreen compound in vertebrates
Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis is critical for organ-specific lymphatic function . Little is known about lymphatics in the developing kidney , despite their established roles in pathology of the mature organ . We performed three-dimensional imaging to characterize lymphatic vessel formation in ...	In most organs in the body , fluid tends to build up in the spaces between cells , especially if the organs become inflamed . Each organ has a ‘waste disposal system’; a set of specialized tubes called lymphatic vessels , to clear away this excess fluid and keep a check on inflammation . Defects in these tubes have bee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2019	Spatiotemporal dynamics and heterogeneity of renal lymphatics in mammalian development and cystic kidney disease
The ‘ribosomal stress ( RS ) -p53 pathway’ is triggered by any stressor or genetic alteration that disrupts ribosomal biogenesis , and mediated by several ribosomal proteins ( RPs ) , such as RPL11 and RPL5 , which inhibit MDM2 and activate p53 . Inosine monophosphate ( IMP ) dehydrogenase 2 ( IMPDH2 ) is a rate-limiti...	Cancer develops when cells lose the ability to control their own growth . About half of cancerous tumors carry a dysfunctional version of a protein called p53 , while the other half have defects in proteins that are important for p53's production and function . When a healthy cell is exposed to damaging chemicals or ag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The role of IMP dehydrogenase 2 in Inauhzin-induced ribosomal stress
Messenger RNA function is controlled by the 3' poly ( A ) tail ( PAT ) and poly ( A ) -binding protein ( PABP ) . La-related protein-4 ( LARP4 ) binds poly ( A ) and PABP . LARP4 mRNA contains a translation-dependent , coding region determinant ( CRD ) of instability that limits its expression . Although the CRD compri...	Genes are coded instructions to build proteins and other molecules that make up living organisms . To build a protein , the code within a gene is copied into a molecule called a messenger RNA ( or mRNA short ) . The letters of the genetic code are then read in groups of three , referred to as codons , by a molecular ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	LARP4 mRNA codon-tRNA match contributes to LARP4 activity for ribosomal protein mRNA poly(A) tail length protection
Proliferating cells often have increased glucose consumption and lactate excretion relative to the same cells in the quiescent state , a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect . Despite an increase in glycolysis , however , here we show that non-transformed mouse fibroblasts also increase oxidative phosphorylation ( OX...	Most cells in the body contain many small compartments called mitochondria . These tiny powerhouses can use oxygen to break down molecules of glucose ( a type of sugar ) and release the energy that fuels many life processes . Mitochondria can also use oxygen to build certain compounds essential for the cell . Rapidly d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Mitochondrial fusion supports increased oxidative phosphorylation during cell proliferation
We present a method for in-focus data acquisition with a phase plate that enables near-atomic resolution single particle reconstructions . Accurate focusing is the determining factor for obtaining high quality data . A double-area focusing strategy was implemented in order to achieve the required precision . With this ...	One way of investigating how proteins and other biological molecules work is to look at their structure . Light microscopes cannot produce detailed enough images to fully reveal these structures , and so a technique called cryo-electron microscopy is often used instead . In this technique , a biological sample is froze...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Cryo-EM single particle analysis with the Volta phase plate
Antibodies acquired naturally through repeated exposure to Plasmodium falciparum are essential in the control of blood-stage malaria . Antibody-dependent functions may include neutralization of parasite–host interactions , complement activation , and activation of Fc receptor functions . A role of antibody-dependent ce...	Malaria is a deadly disease caused by a parasite transmitted by mosquitoes . The parasite infects red blood cells , causing fever with flu-like symptoms . In some people , particularly pregnant women and children , the disease may be very serious and even lead to death . An effective malaria vaccine is urgently needed ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	NK cells inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth in red blood cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Biological aging is the gradual , progressive decline in system integrity that occurs with advancing chronological age , causing morbidity and disability . Measurements of the pace of aging are needed as surrogate endpoints in trials of therapies designed to prevent disease by slowing biological aging . We report a blo...	People’s bodies age at different rates . Age-related biological changes that increase the risk of disease and disability progress rapidly in some people . In others , these processes occur at a slower pace , allowing those individuals to live longer , healthier lives . This observation has led scientists to try to deve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2020	Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test, the DunedinPoAm DNA methylation algorithm
Processes that define immunoglobulin repertoires are commonly presumed to be the same for all murine B cells . However , studies here that couple high-dimensional FACS sorting with large-scale quantitative IgH deep-sequencing demonstrate that B-1a IgH repertoire differs dramatically from the follicular and marginal zon...	Our immune system protects us by recognizing and destroying invading viruses , bacteria and other microbes . B cells are immune cells that produce protective proteins called antibodies to stop infections . These cells are activated by ‘antigens’ , which are fragments of molecules from the microbes or from our own cells...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Distinct mechanisms define murine B cell lineage immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoires
Cut-and-paste DNA transposons of the mariner/Tc1 family are useful tools for genome engineering and are inserted specifically at TA target sites . A crystal structure of the mariner transposase Mos1 ( derived from Drosophila mauritiana ) , in complex with transposon ends covalently joined to target DNA , portrays the t...	The complete set of DNA in a cell is referred to as its genome . Most genomes contain short fragments of DNA called transposons that can jump from one place to another . Transposons carry sections of DNA with them when they move , which creates diversity and can influence the evolution of a species . Transposons are al...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	A bend, flip and trap mechanism for transposon integration
The integrity of the nuclear membranes coupled to the selective barrier of nuclear pore complexes ( NPCs ) are essential for the segregation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm . Mechanical membrane disruption or perturbation to NPC assembly triggers an ESCRT-dependent surveillance system that seals nuclear pores: how these p...	With the exception of bacteria , living cells contain most of their DNA inside a structure called the nucleus . The membranes of the nucleus form a protective wall around the DNA , while pores within this wall act as entry check-points , controlling what can and cannot get inside . Maintaining the structure of this wal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	An ESCRT-LEM protein surveillance system is poised to directly monitor the nuclear envelope and nuclear transport system
Under chronic or severe liver injury , liver progenitor cells ( LPCs ) of biliary origin are known to expand and contribute to the regeneration of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes . This regeneration process is called ductular reaction ( DR ) , which is accompanied by dynamic remodeling of biliary tissue . Although the D...	Bile is a green to yellow liquid that the body uses to break down and digest fatty molecules . The substance is produced by the liver , and then it is collected and transported to the small bowel by a series of tubes known as the bile duct . When the liver is damaged , the ‘biliary’ cells that line the duct orchestrate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Differential expression of Lutheran/BCAM regulates biliary tissue remodeling in ductular reaction during liver regeneration
Intestinal goblet cells maintain the protective epithelial barrier through mucus secretion and yet sample lumenal substances for immune processing through formation of goblet cell associated antigen passages ( GAPs ) . The cellular biology of GAPs and how these divergent processes are balanced and regulated by goblet c...	Cells in the gut need to be protected against the many harmful microbes which inhabit this environment . Yet the immune system also needs to ‘keep an eye’ on intestinal contents to maintain tolerance to innocuous substances , such as those from the diet . The ‘goblet cells’ that are part of the gut lining do both: they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Intestinal goblet cells sample and deliver lumenal antigens by regulated endocytic uptake and transcytosis
Many cellular processes are driven by cytoskeletal assemblies . It remains unclear how cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins organize into cellular scale structures and how molecular properties of cytoskeletal components affect the large-scale behaviors of these systems . Here , we investigate the self-organization...	The ability of cells to move , divide , and carry out other processes depends on networks of protein filaments and motor proteins collectively known as the cytoskeleton . The motor proteins can move along the filaments to transport molecules and larger structures around the cell , or to rearrange the filaments themselv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Active contraction of microtubule networks
Dysfunction or death of pancreatic β cells underlies both types of diabetes . This functional decline begins with β cell stress and de-differentiation . Current drugs for type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) lower blood glucose levels but they do not directly alleviate β cell stress nor prevent , let alone reverse , β cell de-diffe...	Diabetes is a condition that develops when the body does not produce or use a hormone called insulin effectively . Insulin helps fat and muscle cells absorb glucose from the blood , and so diabetes can result in high levels of blood glucose , which can cause strokes , blindness , and heart disease . In healthy individu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Reversal of β cell de-differentiation by a small molecule inhibitor of the TGFβ pathway
Many plant and animal viruses are spread by insect vectors . Cauliflower mosaic virus ( CaMV ) is aphid-transmitted , with the virus being taken up from specialized transmission bodies ( TB ) formed within infected plant cells . However , the precise events during TB-mediated virus acquisition by aphids are unknown . H...	Viruses are infectious agents that can replicate only inside a living host cell . When a virus infects an animal or plant , it introduces its own genetic material and tricks the host cells into producing viral proteins that can be used to assemble new viruses . An essential step in the life cycle of any virus is transm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2013	A virus responds instantly to the presence of the vector on the host and forms transmission morphs
Sophisticated tool use is a defining characteristic of the primate species but how is it supported by the brain , particularly the human brain ? Here we show , using functional MRI and pattern classification methods , that tool use is subserved by multiple distributed action-centred neural representations that are both...	The use of tools is a key characteristic of primates . Chimpanzees—our closest living relatives—use sticks to probe for termites as well as stones to crack open nuts , and have even been seen using specially sharpened sticks as spear-like tools for hunting . However , despite its importance in human evolution , relativ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Decoding the neural mechanisms of human tool use
Here , we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana Formin 2 ( AtFH2 ) localizes to plasmodesmata ( PD ) through its transmembrane domain and is required for normal intercellular trafficking . Although loss-of-function atfh2 mutants have no overt developmental defect , PD’s permeability and sensitivity to virus infection a...	Plant cells communicate with each other via narrow channels embedded across adjacent cell walls . These channels , called plasmodesmata , allow molecules to pass between cells , thereby enabling plants to grow normally and develop tissues and organs . But plasmodesmata also serve as passageways that viruses can exploit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Arabidopsis formin 2 regulates cell-to-cell trafficking by capping and stabilizing actin filaments at plasmodesmata
The architecture of normal and diseased tissues strongly influences the development and progression of disease as well as responsiveness and resistance to therapy . We describe a tissue-based cyclic immunofluorescence ( t-CyCIF ) method for highly multiplexed immuno-fluorescence imaging of formalin-fixed , paraffin-emb...	To diagnose a disease such as cancer , doctors sometimes take small tissue samples called biopsies from the affected area . These biopsies are then thinly sliced and treated with dyes to identify healthy and cancerous cells . However , clinicians and scientists often need to look into what happens inside individual cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Highly multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging of human tissues and tumors using t-CyCIF and conventional optical microscopes
RNA viruses rapidly diversify into quasispecies of related genotypes . This genetic diversity has long been known to facilitate adaptation , but recent studies have suggested that cooperation between variants might also increase population fitness . Here , we demonstrate strong cooperation between two H3N2 influenza va...	Viruses like influenza mutate fast . When you get the flu , the virus hijacks your cells , and your body becomes home to millions of viruses , many of which are genetically different from each other . Previous research had suggested that variants of rapidly evolving viruses sometimes cooperate with one another to survi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Cooperation between distinct viral variants promotes growth of H3N2 influenza in cell culture
Lineage tracing approaches have provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms that support tissue homeostasis in mice . However , the relevance of these discoveries to human epithelial homeostasis and its alterations in disease is unknown . By developing a novel quantitative approach for the analysis of somatic mi...	As air flows into our lungs , the lining of the nasal cavity , the throat and the rest of the respiratory tract prevents microbes , bacteria , dust and other small particles from entering the lungs . The lining of these airways is made up of many different types of cells , which must be continuously replaced as they be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2013	Stochastic homeostasis in human airway epithelium is achieved by neutral competition of basal cell progenitors
The embryonic mouse lung is a widely used substitute for human lung development . For example , attempts to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells to lung epithelium rely on passing through progenitor states that have only been described in mouse . The tip epithelium of the branching mouse lung is a multipotent pro...	Degenerative lung disease occurs when the structure of the lungs breaks down , which makes it harder to get enough oxygen into the bloodstream . Most , but not all , cases occur in smokers and ex-smokers or people who have been exposed to a lot of air pollution . Currently , there is no way to reverse the damage , and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2017	Human embryonic lung epithelial tips are multipotent progenitors that can be expanded in vitro as long-term self-renewing organoids
Metazoan transcriptional repressors regulate chromatin through diverse histone modifications . Contributions of individual factors to the chromatin landscape in development is difficult to establish , as global surveys reflect multiple changes in regulators . Therefore , we studied the conserved Hairy/Enhancer of Split...	The genes encoded in DNA contain the instructions to make proteins and other molecules important for cell behavior . Only a fraction of genes are ‘expressed’ at any particular time; proteins called transcriptional repressors keep many in a silent state . One such repressor in the fruit fly is called Hairy , and its act...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Genome-wide errant targeting by Hairy
An organised spindle is crucial to the fidelity of chromosome segregation , but the relationship between spindle structure and function is not well understood in any cell type . The anaphase B spindle in fission yeast has a slender morphology and must elongate against compressive forces . This ‘pushing’ mode of chromos...	Before a cell divides to form two new cells , it duplicates its entire set of chromosomes . These chromosomes need to be equally distributed between the new cells—if cells receive too many or too few chromosomes , it can cause developmental defects or cancer . In cells that have a nucleus , a structure called the mitot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2014	Mechanical design principles of a mitotic spindle
Heterochromatin is a conserved feature of eukaryotic chromosomes with central roles in regulation of gene expression and maintenance of genome stability . Heterochromatin formation involves spreading of chromatin-modifying factors away from initiation points over large DNA domains by poorly understood mechanisms . In S...	Inside plant , fungi and animal cells , DNA wraps around disc-shaped histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes . Chains of nucleosomes , each with a small stretch of DNA , help to package meters of genetic material into a compact form called chromatin in the cell’s nucleus . Changes to how chromatin is org...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Heterochromatin assembly by interrupted Sir3 bridges across neighboring nucleosomes
Hepatocytes are regarded as the only effective cell source for cell transplantation to treat liver diseases; however , their availability is limited due to a donor shortage . Thus , a novel cell source must be developed . We recently reported that mature rodent hepatocytes can be reprogrammed into progenitor-like cells...	One of the most successful treatments for liver disease is transplanting a donor liver into a patient . But demands for donor livers far outstrips supply . A promising alternative could be , rather than replacing the whole organ , to transplant patients with individual liver cells called hepatocytes . These cells can t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Generation of human hepatic progenitor cells with regenerative and metabolic capacities from primary hepatocytes
In simple organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans , whole brain imaging has been performed . Here , we use such recordings to model the nervous system . Our model uses neuronal activity to predict expected time of future motor commands up to 30 s prior to the event . These motor commands control locomotion . Predictio...	How can we go about trying to understand an object as complex as the brain ? The traditional approach is to begin by studying its component parts , cells called neurons . Once we understand how individual neurons work , we can use computers to simulate the activity of networks of neurons . The result is a computer mode...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	A quantitative model of conserved macroscopic dynamics predicts future motor commands
Aging , obesity , hypertension , and physical inactivity are major risk factors for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . We applied fluorescence-activated cell sorting ( FACS ) , RNA sequencing , and bioinformatic methods to investigate the common effects of CVD risk factors in mouse cardiac end...	Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death in the western world . Endothelial cells that line the blood vessels of the heart play a central role in the development of these diseases . In addition to helping transport blood , these cells support the normal running of the heart , and help it to grow and re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "medicine" ]	2021	Cardiovascular disease risk factors induce mesenchymal features and senescence in mouse cardiac endothelial cells
Trade-offs between protein stability and activity can restrict access to evolutionary trajectories , but widespread epistasis may facilitate indirect routes to adaptation . This may be enhanced by natural environmental variation , but in multicellular organisms this process is poorly understood . We investigated a para...	People can see in dim light because of cells at the back of the eye known as rods . These cells contain two key components: molecules called retinal , which are bound to proteins called rhodopsin . When light hits a rod cell , it kicks off a cascade of reactions beginning with the retinal molecule changing into an acti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Functional trade-offs and environmental variation shaped ancient trajectories in the evolution of dim-light vision
Nuclear entry of HIV-1 replication complexes through intact nuclear pore complexes is critical for successful infection . The host protein cleavage-and-polyadenylation-specificity-factor-6 ( CPSF6 ) has been implicated in different stages of early HIV-1 replication . Applying quantitative microscopy of HIV-1 reverse-tr...	Viruses are miniscule parasites that hijack the resources of a cell to make more of themselves . For many , this involves getting inside the nucleus , the fortress that protects the cell’s genetic information . To do so , viruses need to first find a way through a double-layered membrane called the nuclear envelope , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	HIV-1 nuclear import in macrophages is regulated by CPSF6-capsid interactions at the nuclear pore complex
Tumor cells display features that are not found in healthy cells . How they become immortal and how their specific features can be exploited to combat tumorigenesis are key questions in tumor biology . Here we describe the long non-coding RNA cherub that is critically required for the development of brain tumors in Dro...	Many biological signals control how cells grow and divide . However , cancer cells do not obey these growth-restricting signals , and as a result large tumors may develop . Recent experiments have suggested that stem cells – the precursors to the different types of specialized cells found in the body – are particularly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	The asymmetrically segregating lncRNA cherub is required for transforming stem cells into malignant cells
Peptidoglycans ( PGNs ) are immunogenic bacterial surface patterns that trigger immune activation in metazoans and plants . It is generally unknown how complex bacterial structures such as PGNs are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) and whether host hydrolytic activities facilitate decomposition ...	The immune response of plants and animals is triggered when cells detect small molecules that are present on the surface of the bacteria or fragments of peptidoglycans—the polymers that are a major component of the bacterial cell wall . The mechanisms by which small molecules trigger the immune response in plants have ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Host-induced bacterial cell wall decomposition mediates pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis
To initiate DNA replication , cells first load an MCM helicase double hexamer at origins in a reaction requiring ORC , Cdc6 , and Cdt1 , also called pre-replicative complex ( pre-RC ) assembly . The essential mechanistic role of Cdc6 ATP hydrolysis in this reaction is still incompletely understood . Here , we show that...	Before a cell divides , it first creates copies of its DNA so that the two daughter cells both receive a complete copy of its genetic blueprint . The DNA is arranged in a double helix that is made of two single DNA strands that twist together . The process of copying the DNA requires a group or ‘complex’ of proteins ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report" ]	2015	Cdc6 ATPase activity disengages Cdc6 from the pre-replicative complex to promote DNA replication
Retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) is an inherited retinal disease affecting >20 million people worldwide . Loss of daylight vision typically occurs due to the dysfunction/loss of cone photoreceptors , the cell type that initiates our color and high-acuity vision . Currently , there is no effective treatment for RP , other th...	Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited eye disease affecting around one in every 4 , 000 people . It results from genetic defects in light sensitive cells of the retina , called photoreceptor cells , which line the back of the eye . Though vision loss can occur from birth , retinitis pigmentosa usually involves a gradual...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	AAV-Txnip prolongs cone survival and vision in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa
The role of specific phospholipids ( PLs ) in lipid transport has been difficult to assess due to an inability to selectively manipulate membrane composition in vivo . Here we show that the phospholipid remodeling enzyme lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 ( Lpcat3 ) is a critical determinant of triglyceride ( TG...	Living cells are surrounded by a membrane that forms a barrier between the cell and its external environment . This membrane is largely made up of a variety of molecules known as lipids . The particular lipid molecules found in a cell membrane strongly influence its mobility , flexibility and other physical properties ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Lpcat3-dependent production of arachidonoyl phospholipids is a key determinant of triglyceride secretion
When starved , the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms durable spores for survival . Sporulation initiates with an asymmetric cell division , creating a large mother cell and a small forespore . Subsequently , the mother cell membrane engulfs the forespore in a phagocytosis-like process . However , the forc...	Some bacteria , such as Bacillus subtilis , form spores when starved of food , which enables them to lie dormant for years and wait for conditions to improve . To make a spore , the bacterial cell divides to make a larger mother cell and a smaller forespore cell . Then the membrane that surrounds the mother cell moves ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Cell-wall remodeling drives engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation
In central nervous system ( CNS ) synapses , action potential-evoked neurotransmitter release is principally mediated by CaV2 . 1 calcium channels ( CaV2 . 1 ) and is highly dependent on the physical distance between CaV2 . 1 and synaptic vesicles ( coupling ) . Although various active zone proteins are proposed to con...	The points of contact between nerve cells are called synapses , and nerve cells communicate across synapses via chemicals known as neurotransmitters . These chemical messengers are initially stored within bubble-like packages called synaptic vesicles that are released after they fuse with the membrane of the nerve cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2017	A novel region in the CaV2.1 α1 subunit C-terminus regulates fast synaptic vesicle fusion and vesicle docking at the mammalian presynaptic active zone
Social impairments are a hallmark of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( ASD ) , but empirical evidence for early brain network alterations in response to social stimuli is scant in ASD . We recorded the gaze patterns and brain activity of toddlers with ASD and their typically developing peers while they explored dynamic socia...	Newborns are attracted to voices , faces and social gestures . Paying attention to these social cues in everyday life helps infants and young children learn how to interact with others . During this period of development , a network of connections forms between different parts of the brain that helps children to unders...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Early alterations of social brain networks in young children with autism
Dynamin is a mechanochemical GTPase essential for membrane fission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis . Dynamin forms helical complexes at the neck of clathrin-coated pits and their structural changes coupled with GTP hydrolysis drive membrane fission . Dynamin and its binding protein amphiphysin cooperatively regula...	The nerve cells that make up a nervous system connect at junctions known as synapses . When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the cell , membrane-bound packages called vesicles fuse with the surface membrane and release their contents to the outside . The contents , namely chemicals called neurotransmitters , then tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Dynamic clustering of dynamin-amphiphysin helices regulates membrane constriction and fission coupled with GTP hydrolysis
Methylation of cytosines ( 5meC ) is a widespread heritable DNA modification . During mammalian development , two global demethylation events are followed by waves of de novo DNA methylation . In vivo mechanisms of DNA methylation establishment are largely uncharacterized . Here , we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a s...	In animals and other multicellular organisms , there are many different types of cells that each perform particular roles in the body . This is possible because the genetic information—which is the same in all cells—is controlled so that only a subset of all the genes within an individual cell are ‘switched on’ at a pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	In vivo targeting of de novo DNA methylation by histone modifications in yeast and mouse
Chemical synaptic transmission relies on the Ca2+-induced fusion of transmitter-laden vesicles whose coupling distance to Ca2+ channels determines synaptic release probability and short-term plasticity , the facilitation or depression of repetitive responses . Here , using electron- and super-resolution microscopy at t...	Cells in the nervous system of all animals communicate by releasing and sensing chemicals at contact points named synapses . The ‘talking’ ( or pre-synaptic ) cell stores the chemicals close to the synapse , in small spheres called vesicles . When the cell is activated , calcium ions flow in and interact with the relea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Rapid regulation of vesicle priming explains synaptic facilitation despite heterogeneous vesicle:Ca2+ channel distances
The recognition of pathogens and subsequent activation of defense responses are critical for the survival of organisms . The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans recognizes pathogenic bacteria and elicits defense responses by activating immune pathways and pathogen avoidance . Here we show that chemosensation of phenazines ...	The bacteria that cause disease may be microscopic , but animals can use senses other than sight to protect themselves from infection . Some bacteria produce harmful toxins , which animals can instinctively recognize as being dangerous using their sense of smell or taste . This is called chemosensation , an innate abil...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Intestinal infection regulates behavior and learning via neuroendocrine signaling
We computationally study how an icosahedral shell assembles around hundreds of molecules . Such a process occurs during the formation of the carboxysome , a bacterial microcompartment that assembles around many copies of the enzymes ribulose 1 , 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase and carbonic anhydrase to facilitate...	Bacterial microcompartments are protein shells that are found inside bacteria and enclose enzymes and other chemicals required for certain biological reactions . For example , the carboxysome is a type of microcompartment that enables the bacteria to convert the products of photosynthesis into sugars . During the forma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Many-molecule encapsulation by an icosahedral shell
In mammals , testicular differentiation is initiated by transcription factors SRY and SOX9 in XY gonads , and ovarian differentiation involves R-spondin1 ( RSPO1 ) mediated activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling in XX gonads . Accordingly , the absence of RSPO1/Rspo1 in XX humans and mice leads to testicular differentia...	In humans , mice and other mammals , genetic sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes that each individual inherits . Individuals with two X chromosomes ( XX ) are said to be chromosomally female , while individuals with one X and one Y chromosome ( XY ) are chromosomally males . One of the major differe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Sox8 and Sox9 act redundantly for ovarian-to-testicular fate reprogramming in the absence of R-spondin1 in mouse sex reversals
A hallmark of adult hematopoiesis is the continuous replacement of blood cells with limited lifespans . While active hematopoietic stem cell ( HSC ) contribution to multilineage hematopoiesis is the foundation of clinical HSC transplantation , recent reports have questioned the physiological contribution of HSCs to nor...	As far as we know , all adult blood cells derive from blood stem cells that are located in the bone marrow . These stem cells can produce red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets – the cells fragments that form blood clots to stop bleeding . They can also regenerate , producing more stem cells to support futur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2018	Murine HSCs contribute actively to native hematopoiesis but with reduced differentiation capacity upon aging
Mitochondrial complex III ( CIII2 ) and complex IV ( CIV ) , which can associate into a higher-order supercomplex ( SC III2+IV ) , play key roles in respiration . However , structures of these plant complexes remain unknown . We present atomic models of CIII2 , CIV , and SC III2+IV from Vigna radiata determined by sing...	Most living things including plants and animals use respiration to release energy from food . Respiration requires the activity of five large protein complexes typically called complex I , II , III , IV and V . Sometimes these complexes combine to form supercomplexes . The complexes are similar across plants , animals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Atomic structures of respiratory complex III2, complex IV, and supercomplex III2-IV from vascular plants
The large number of individuals placed into quarantine because of possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS CoV-2 ) exposure has high societal and economic costs . There is ongoing debate about the appropriate duration of quarantine , particularly since the fraction of individuals who eventually t...	The COVID-19 pandemic has led many countries to impose quarantines , ensuring that people who may have been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or who return from abroad are isolated for a specific period to prevent the spread of the disease . These measures have crippled travel , taken a large economic toll , and affected...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2021	Quantifying the impact of quarantine duration on COVID-19 transmission
Cortical blood flow can be modulated by local activity across a range of species; from barrel-specific blood flow in the rodent somatosensory cortex to the human cortex , where BOLD-fMRI reveals numerous functional borders . However , it appears that the distribution of blood capillaries largely ignores these functiona...	The brain is subdivided into many specialized regions that each has distinct roles . A key aim of brain research is to define the boundaries of these areas . Researchers have attempted to map the transitions between brain regions by identifying changes in the properties and activity of neurons ( the cells that transmit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Astrocyte morphology is confined by cortical functional boundaries in mammals ranging from mice to human
Oriented cell intercalation is an essential developmental process that shapes tissue morphologies through the directional insertion of cells between their neighbors . Previous research has focused on properties of cell–cell interfaces , while the function of tricellular vertices has remained unaddressed . Here , we ide...	Cells need to come together to form tissues of different shapes and sizes . Cells can move about in different ways to shape the tissues . For example , a process called cell intercalation is vital for creating elongated structures like the spinal cord and inner ear . In intercalation , a cell slots itself between neigh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Vertex sliding drives intercalation by radial coupling of adhesion and actomyosin networks during Drosophila germband extension
The precise recognition of appropriate synaptic partner neurons is a critical step during neural circuit assembly . However , little is known about the developmental context in which recognition specificity is important to establish synaptic contacts . We show that in the Drosophila visual system , sequential segregati...	A nervous system requires a precise network of connections between cells called neurons to work properly . Within the brain , the fiber-like connections between pairs of neurons are not running crisscross like a pile of spaghetti . Instead , connected partner neurons are organized into distinct layers and columns . Man...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Birth order dependent growth cone segregation determines synaptic layer identity in the Drosophila visual system
Acquisition of genes through horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) allows microbes to rapidly gain new capabilities and adapt to new or changing environments . Identifying widespread HGT regions within multispecies microbiomes can pinpoint the molecular mechanisms that play key roles in microbiome assembly . We sought to id...	From the depths of the ocean to the lining of the human gut , almost every environment on Earth is home to a unique community of microorganisms referred to as a microbiome . Within these communities , unrelated microorganisms can exchange genetic information through a process known as horizontal gene transfer . For exa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Extensive horizontal gene transfer in cheese-associated bacteria
The fission yeast actin cytoskeleton is an ideal , simplified system to investigate fundamental mechanisms behind cellular self-organization . By focusing on the stabilizing protein tropomyosin Cdc8 , bundling protein fimbrin Fim1 , and severing protein coffin Adf1 , we examined how their pairwise and collective intera...	Cells use a protein called actin to provide shape , to generate the forces needed for cells to divide , and for many other essential processes . Inside a cell , individual actin proteins join up to form long filaments . These actin filaments are organized in different ways to make networks that have distinct properties...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Competition between Tropomyosin, Fimbrin, and ADF/Cofilin drives their sorting to distinct actin filament networks
Highly distributed neural circuits are thought to support adaptive decision-making in volatile and complex environments . Notably , the functional interactions between prefrontal and reciprocally connected thalamic nuclei areas may be important when choices are guided by current goal value or action-outcome contingency...	Planning and decision-making rely upon a region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex . But the prefrontal cortex does not act in isolation . Instead , it works together with a number of other brain regions . These include the thalamus , an area long thought to pass information on to the cortex for further processi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Thalamocortical and corticothalamic pathways differentially contribute to goal-directed behaviors in the rat
We exploit the reduced space of C . elegans postures to develop a novel tracking algorithm which captures both simple shapes and also self-occluding coils , an important , yet unexplored , component of 2D worm behavior . We apply our algorithm to show that visually complex , coiled sequences are a superposition of two ...	We all instinctively recognize behavior: it’s what organisms do , whether they are single cells searching for food , or birds singing to mark their territory . If we want to understand behavior , however , we have to be able to characterize such actions as precisely and completely as their underlying molecular and cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Resolving coiled shapes reveals new reorientation behaviors in C. elegans
Pain signaling in vertebrates is modulated by neuropeptides like Substance P ( SP ) . To determine whether such modulation is conserved and potentially uncover novel interactions between nociceptive signaling pathways we examined SP/Tachykinin signaling in a Drosophila model of tissue damage-induced nociceptive hyperse...	Injured animals from humans to insects become extra sensitive to sensations such as touch and heat . This hypersensitivity is thought to protect areas of injury or inflammation while they heal , but it is not clear how it comes about . Now , Im et al . have addressed this question by assessing pain in fruit flies after...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Tachykinin acts upstream of autocrine Hedgehog signaling during nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila
Axons fail to regenerate after central nervous system ( CNS ) injury . Modulation of the PTEN/mTORC1 pathway in retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve injury . Here , we report that AKT activation , downstream of Pten deletion , promotes axon regeneration and RGC survival . We furt...	The central nervous system consists of the neurons that make up the brain , retina , and spinal cord . Neurons transmit electrical signals along a cable-like structure called an axon . However , an axon cannot regenerate itself , and so injuries that crush or sever the axons can lead to permanent damage . This happens ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	GSK3β regulates AKT-induced central nervous system axon regeneration via an eIF2Bε-dependent, mTORC1-independent pathway
The macaque orbitofrontal cortex ( OFC ) is essential for selecting goals based on current , updated values of expected reward outcomes . As monkeys consume a given type of reward to satiety , its value diminishes , and OFC damage impairs the ability to shift goal choices away from devalued outcomes . To examine the co...	Everyone knows that somehow , somewhere , the brain translates knowledge into action . In some people , however , knowledge and action become disconnected . These people behave in a way that either ignores or contradicts the knowledge that they have . They know what to do and can explain it to others , but – when the t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Specialized areas for value updating and goal selection in the primate orbitofrontal cortex
Neoangiogenesis is a pivotal therapeutic target in glioblastoma . Tumor monitoring requires imaging methods to assess treatment effects and disease progression . Until now mapping of the tumor vasculature has been difficult . We have developed a combined magnetic resonance and optical toolkit to study neoangiogenesis i...	Blood vessels are the body’s highways that allow blood to transport oxygen , nutrients , hormones and waste products quickly and efficiently around the body . Tumors are made up of particularly active cells and so their growth heavily depends on blood vessels . Indeed , a fundamental hallmark of tumor progression is fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Correlated magnetic resonance imaging and ultramicroscopy (MR-UM) is a tool kit to assess the dynamics of glioma angiogenesis
Naïve human pluripotent stem cells ( hPSCs ) provide a unique experimental platform of cell fate decisions during pre-implantation development , but their lineage potential remains incompletely characterized . As naïve hPSCs share transcriptional and epigenomic signatures with trophoblast cells , it has been proposed t...	The placenta is one of the most important human organs , but it is perhaps the least understood . The first decision the earliest human cells have to make , shortly after the egg is fertilized by a sperm , is whether to become part of the embryo or part of the placenta . This choice happens before a pregnancy even impl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2020	Derivation of trophoblast stem cells from naïve human pluripotent stem cells
During cell division , progression through mitosis is driven by a protein phosphorylation wave . This wave namely depends on an activation-inactivation cycle of cyclin B-dependent kinase ( Cdk ) 1 while activities of major protein phosphatases , like PP1 and PP2A , appear directly or indirectly repressed by Cdk1 . Howe...	Cells multiply through a cell division cycle that has distinct phases . In a phase called mitosis , a cell splits its genetic material , which was duplicated in a preceding phase , into two identical sets . Each of these sets will form the genetic material of daughter cells . If this process goes wrong , then cells can...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Fcp1 phosphatase controls Greatwall kinase to promote PP2A-B55 activation and mitotic progression
The surface of insects is coated in cuticular hydrocarbons ( CHCs ) ; variations in the composition of this layer affect a range of traits including adaptation to arid environments and defence against pathogens and toxins . In the African malaria vector , Anopheles gambiae quantitative and qualitative variance in CHC c...	The bodies of insects are encased in an exoskeleton or cuticle that is key for their survival . The cuticle helps protect insects against damage , prevents water loss and can defend against pesticides . A better understanding of the role of the cuticle for survival in mosquitoes and other insects could lead to new ways...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Isolation and transcriptomic analysis of Anopheles gambiae oenocytes enables the delineation of hydrocarbon biosynthesis
A critical event in ischemia-based cell death is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore ( MPTP ) . However , the molecular identity of the components of the MPTP remains unknown . Here , we determined that the Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak , which are central regulators of apoptotic cell death...	In all multicellular plants and animals , cells are continuously dying and being replaced . There are a number of different types of cell death , but two of the best studied are apoptosis and necrosis . Apoptosis , sometimes referred to as ‘cell suicide’ , is a form of programmed cell death that is generally beneficial...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Bax and Bak function as the outer membrane component of the mitochondrial permeability pore in regulating necrotic cell death in mice
The ability to distinguish males from females is essential for productive mate selection and species propagation . Recent studies in Drosophila have identified different classes of contact chemosensory neurons that detect female or male pheromones and influence courtship decisions . Here , we examine central neural pat...	Courtship displays are seen throughout the animal kingdom . For example , male birds-of-paradise are perhaps best known for the elaborate dances they use to attract a mate . Male fruit flies , belonging to the species Drosophila melanogaster , also perform courtship toward female flies . However , male flies do not cou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Excitation and inhibition onto central courtship neurons biases Drosophila mate choice
Cholera toxin ( CT ) enters and intoxicates host cells after binding cell surface receptors using its B subunit ( CTB ) . The ganglioside ( glycolipid ) GM1 is thought to be the sole CT receptor; however , the mechanism by which CTB binding to GM1 mediates internalization of CT remains enigmatic . Here we report that C...	Cholera is a serious diarrheal disease that can be deadly if left untreated . It is caused by eating food , or drinking water , contaminated by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . This bacterium can survive passage through the acidic conditions of the stomach . Inside the small intestine , V . cholerae attaches to the inte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Fucosylation and protein glycosylation create functional receptors for cholera toxin
Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is one of the greatest threats to global health . New antibacterial strategies are urgently needed , and the development of antibiotic adjuvants that either neutralize resistance proteins or compromise the integrity of the cell envelope is of ever-growing interest . Mo...	Antibiotics , like penicillin , are the foundation of modern medicine , but bacteria are evolving to resist their effects . Some of the most harmful pathogens belong to a group called the 'Gram-negative bacteria' , which have an outer layer – called the cell envelope – that acts as a drug barrier . This envelope contai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2022	Breaking antimicrobial resistance by disrupting extracytoplasmic protein folding
HIV-1 sequence diversity is affected by selection pressures arising from host genomic factors . Using paired human and viral data from 1071 individuals , we ran >3000 genome-wide scans , testing for associations between host DNA polymorphisms , HIV-1 sequence variation and plasma viral load ( VL ) , while considering h...	Developing treatments or vaccines for HIV is challenging because the genetic makeup of the virus is constantly changing in an effort to outwit the human immune system . Moreover , the immune system is highly variable as a result of the long-standing co-evolution of humans and microbes . Each individual will try to oppo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	A genome-to-genome analysis of associations between human genetic variation, HIV-1 sequence diversity, and viral control
T cells engineered to express a tumor-specific αβ T cell receptor ( TCR ) mediate anti-tumor immunity . However , mispairing of the therapeutic αβ chains with endogenous αβ chains reduces therapeutic TCR surface expression and generates self-reactive TCRs . We report a general strategy to prevent TCR mispairing: swappi...	T cells enable the immune system to recognize invading microbes and diseased cells while ignoring healthy cells . The ability of a T cell to recognize a specific microbe or diseased cell is determined by two proteins that pair to form its “T cell receptor . ” The paired receptors are exported to the surface of the T ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Domain-swapped T cell receptors improve the safety of TCR gene therapy
Periodontal disease is an age-associated disorder clinically defined by periodontal bone loss , inflammation of the specialized tissues that surround and support the tooth , and microbiome dysbiosis . Currently , there is no therapy for reversing periodontal disease , and treatment is generally restricted to preventive...	Age is the single greatest risk factor for many human diseases , including cancer , heart disease , and dementia . This is because , as the body ages , it becomes less able to repair itself . One way to prevent age-related disease and extend lifespan , at least in laboratory animals , is to use a drug called rapamycin ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Rapamycin rejuvenates oral health in aging mice
From an herbivore's first bite , plants release herbivory-induced plant volatiles ( HIPVs ) which can attract enemies of herbivores . However , other animals and competing plants can intercept HIPVs for their own use , and it remains unclear whether HIPVs serve as an indirect defense by increasing fitness for the emitt...	As the population of the world continues to increase beyond 7 billion , and agricultural pests continue to rapidly evolve resistance to pesticides , it is becoming ever more important to cultivate arable land in a way that is sustainable for both humans and the environment . A better understanding of the different mech...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2012	Herbivory-induced volatiles function as defenses increasing fitness of the native plant Nicotiana attenuata in nature
This study defined the genetic epidemiology of dengue viruses ( DENV ) in two pivotal phase III trials of the tetravalent dengue vaccine , CYD-TDV , and thereby enabled virus genotype-specific estimates of vaccine efficacy ( VE ) . Envelope gene sequences ( n = 661 ) from 11 DENV genotypes in 10 endemic countries provi...	Each year , about 100 million people—mostly children in tropical parts of Asia and Latin America—are infected with the dengue virus . It has been difficult to produce a vaccine against the virus , because there are four different types of the virus , and people respond to infections with different types in an unusual w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2017	Genetic epidemiology of dengue viruses in phase III trials of the CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine and implications for efficacy

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