Split (3)

train · 4.35k rows

article stringlengths 1.98k 169k	summary stringlengths 1.01k 4.15k	section_headings listlengths 2 38	keywords listlengths 0 12	year stringclasses 11 values	title stringlengths 30 189
miR-9 is an evolutionarily conserved miRNA that is abundantly expressed in Area X , a basal ganglia nucleus required for vocal learning in songbirds . Here , we report that overexpression of miR-9 in Area X of juvenile zebra finches impairs developmental vocal learning , resulting in a song with syllable omission , red...	When a cell needs to make a protein , it makes a temporary copy of the corresponding gene so that the genetic code can be carried to its protein-making machinery . When the temporary copy of the code is no longer needed , the cell destroys it . This system is fine-tuned by other small stretches of genetic code called m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	miR-9 regulates basal ganglia-dependent developmental vocal learning and adult vocal performance in songbirds
It is unclear whether the two hippocampal lobes convey similar or different activities and how they cooperate . Spatial discrimination of electric fields in anesthetized rats allowed us to compare the pathway-specific field potentials corresponding to the gamma-paced CA3 output ( CA1 Schaffer potentials ) and CA3 somat...	In humans and other backboned animals , the brain is divided into the left and right hemispheres , which are connected by several large bundles of nerve fibers . Thanks to these fiber tracts , sensory information from each side of the body can reach both sides of the brain . However , although many areas of the brain w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	The right hippocampus leads the bilateral integration of gamma-parsed lateralized information
Random search is a behavioral strategy used by organisms from bacteria to humans to locate food that is randomly distributed and undetectable at a distance . We investigated this behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , an organism with a small , well-described nervous system . Here we formulate a mathematical...	An animal’s ability to rapidly and efficiently locate new sources of food in its environment can mean the difference between life and death . As a result , animals have evolved foraging strategies that are adapted to the distribution and detectability of food sources . Organisms ranging from bacteria to humans use one ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A stochastic neuronal model predicts random search behaviors at multiple spatial scales in C. elegans
The flight muscles , dorsal air sacs , wing blades , and thoracic cuticle of the Drosophila adult function in concert , and their progenitor cells develop together in the wing imaginal disc . The wing disc orchestrates dorsal air sac development by producing decapentaplegic and fibroblast growth factor that travel via ...	Fruit fly larvae undergo a remarkable physical transformation to become an adult fly . During this transformation , the tissues in the larvae change into the structures found in the adult . For example , the adult wings , flight muscles , and other structures needed for coordinated flight form from a pair of disc-like ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Myoblast cytonemes mediate Wg signaling from the wing imaginal disc and Delta-Notch signaling to the air sac primordium
In most organisms , clamp loaders catalyze both the loading of sliding clamps onto DNA and their removal . How these opposing activities are regulated during assembly of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme remains unknown . By utilizing FRET to monitor protein-DNA interactions , we examined assembly of the human holoenzyme ....	All living organisms use enzymes called replicative DNA polymerases to produce copies of their genome during cell division . These enzymes promote the formation of new DNA strands by catalyzing the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides , the single units that make up DNA . In humans these polymerases contain multiple ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2013	Stepwise assembly of the human replicative polymerase holoenzyme
Flowering plants utilize small RNA ( sRNA ) molecules to guide DNA methyltransferases to genomic sequences . This RNA-directed DNA methylation ( RdDM ) pathway preferentially targets euchromatic transposable elements . However , RdDM is thought to be recruited by methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 ( H3K9me ) , a hal...	Cells adapt to different roles by turning different groups of genes on and off . One way cells control which genes are on or off is by creating regions of active and inactive DNA , which are created and maintained by different groups of proteins . Genes in active DNA regions can be turned on , while genes in inactive r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "plant", "biology" ]	2021	Histone H1 prevents non-CG methylation-mediated small RNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis heterochromatin
Fibrosis of organs is observed in systemic autoimmune disease . Using a scleroderma mouse , we show that transplantation of MHC compatible , minor antigen mismatched bone marrow stromal/stem cells ( BMSCs ) play a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis . Removal of donor BMSCs rescued mice from disease . Freshly isolated...	Systemic scleroderma is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune system attacking the body’s connective tissues , which provide the body with structural support . Immune cells called T cells accumulate in connective tissue , which leads to the hardening of the skin and may also damage the heart , lungs and other inte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	MHC-compatible bone marrow stromal/stem cells trigger fibrosis by activating host T cells in a scleroderma mouse model
Multiple hypothalamic neuronal populations that regulate energy balance have been identified . Although hypothalamic glia exist in abundance and form intimate structural connections with neurons , their roles in energy homeostasis are less known . Here we show that selective Ca2+ activation of glia in the mouse arcuate...	Neurons in an area of the brain called the hypothalamus control how much an animal eats . However , it is not clear what role other brain cells , such as glial cells , might play in influencing feeding . Glial cells do not send nerve impulses like neurons , but instead they mostly serve to support and protect the neuro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Direct modulation of GFAP-expressing glia in the arcuate nucleus bi-directionally regulates feeding
HAC1 encodes a transcription factor that is the central effector of the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) in budding yeast . When the UPR is inactive , HAC1 mRNA is stored as an unspliced isoform in the cytoplasm and no Hac1 protein is detectable . Intron removal is both necessary and sufficient to relieve the post-tra...	Molecular machines called ribosomes read the genetic instructions in an mRNA molecule and then translate them to make proteins . However , cells do not translate all of the template mRNAs that they have available into proteins; instead they have a number of ways to block the process to control when certain proteins are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	The fail-safe mechanism of post-transcriptional silencing of unspliced HAC1 mRNA
Pluripotency transcription programs by core transcription factors ( CTFs ) might be reset during M/G1 transition to maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) . However , little is known about how CTFs are governed during cell cycle progression . Here , we demonstrate that the regulation of Oct4 by Auro...	Embryonic stem cells can give rise to any type of cell in the body – an ability known as pluripotency . These cells rapidly divide and self-renew until they are exposed to signals that cause them to mature into a particular specialized cell type . As cells prepare to divide , they transition through a series of phases ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Aurkb/PP1-mediated resetting of Oct4 during the cell cycle determines the identity of embryonic stem cells
Although changes in brain activity during learning have been extensively examined at the single neuron level , the coding strategies employed by cell populations remain mysterious . We examined cell populations in macaque area V4 during a rapid form of perceptual learning that emerges within tens of minutes . Multiple ...	Throughout life , we learn and become better at many skills through repeated practice . However , how the brain cells enable us to adapt to changes in the environment and improve cognitive performance is poorly understood . The activity of a neuron can be recorded as a ‘spike’ of electrical activity . In the nervous sy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Rapid learning in visual cortical networks
Many mediators and regulators of extravasation by bona fide human memory-phenotype T cells remain undefined . Mucosal-associated invariant T ( MAIT ) cells are innate-like , antibacterial cells that we found excelled at crossing inflamed endothelium . They displayed abundant selectin ligands , with high expression of F...	Lymphocytes are a type of cell found in the blood that can detect and fight infections: in particular , some of them can leave the bloodstream to enter infected or inflamed tissues . To do so , these lymphocytes use proteins on their surface to roll along the inside wall of the blood vessel; then they stick to this wal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	C/EBPδ drives interactions between human MAIT cells and endothelial cells that are important for extravasation
The high levels of serine ( S ) and threonine ( T ) residues within the Presenilin 1 ( PS1 ) N-terminus and in the large hydrophilic loop region suggest that the enzymatic function of PS1/γ-secretase can be modulated by its ‘phosphorylated’ and ‘dephosphorylated’ states . However , the functional outcome of PS1 phospho...	Alzheimer’s disease is a widely recognised disorder caused by the progressive deterioration and death of brain cells . A key feature of the disease is the formation of structures called plaques in the brain . Plaques occur when many copies of a molecule known as amyloid beta stick together outside of the brain cells . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Pathogenic PS1 phosphorylation at Ser367
We test the hypothesis that the posterior parietal cortex ( PPC ) contributes to the control of visually guided locomotor gait modifications by constructing an estimation of object location relative to body state , and in particular the changing gap between them . To test this hypothesis , we recorded neuronal activity...	Imagine crossing the street and having to step up onto a sidewalk , or running up to kick a moving soccer ball . How does the brain allow you to accomplish these deceptively simple tasks ? You might say that you look at the target and then adjust where you place your feet in order to achieve your goal . That would be c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Posterior parietal cortex estimates the relationship between object and body location during locomotion
Lipid metabolism plays an important role in viral infections . We aimed to assess the causal effect of lipid-lowering drugs ( HMGCR inhibitiors , PCSK9 inhibitiors , and NPC1L1 inhibitior ) on COVID-19 outcomes using two-sample Mendelian randomization ( MR ) study . We used two kinds of genetic instruments to proxy the...	The virus SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic , but as of December 2021 , no new drugs targeted to SARS-CoV-2 specifically exist . Thus , it is important to identify existing drugs that can reduce the infection and mortality of this virus , since repurposing old drugs is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2021	Association of lipid-lowering drugs with COVID-19 outcomes from a Mendelian randomization study
RNA-binding proteins ( RBPs ) control multiple aspects of post-transcriptional gene regulation and function during various biological processes in the nervous system . To further reveal the functional significance of RBPs during neural development , we carried out an in vivo RNAi screen in the dorsal spinal cord intern...	The first step of producing a protein involves the DNA of a gene being copied to form a molecule of RNA . This RNA molecule can often be processed to create several different “messenger” RNAs ( mRNAs ) , each of which are used to produce a different protein by a process known as alternative splicing . A class of protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	NOVA regulates Dcc alternative splicing during neuronal migration and axon guidance in the spinal cord
Functional magnetic resonance imaging using blood oxygenation level dependent ( BOLD ) contrast is well established as one of the most powerful methods for mapping human brain function . Numerous studies have measured how low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations from the brain are correlated between voxels in a resting s...	Brain imaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) can provide us with a picture of what the brain is doing when a person is carrying out a specific task . For example , an fMRI scan recorded whilst someone is reading is likely to show activity in regions in the left hemisphere of the brain th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Resting state functional connectivity in the human spinal cord
Somitogenesis is regulated by a molecular oscillator that drives dynamic gene expression within the pre-somitic mesoderm . Previous mathematical models of the somitogenesis clock that invoke the mechanism of delayed negative feedback predict that its oscillation period depends on the sum of delays inherent to negative-...	During embryo development , animals with backbones ( also called vertebrates ) repeatedly lay down pairs of segments along the axis that runs from the head to the tail of the embryo . These segments , known as somites , eventually form part of the skeleton , as well as the associated muscle , cartilage , tendons and so...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	A balance of positive and negative regulators determines the pace of the segmentation clock
Homeostatic renewal of many adult tissues requires balanced self-renewal and differentiation of local stem cells , but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood . Here we identified a novel feedback mechanism in controlling intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis in Drosophila . Sox21a , a group B Sox protein ,...	Within our bodies we have stem cells that are responsible for maintaining many of our tissues in a healthy state and healing wounds after an injury . When these adult stem cells divide , they can produce daughter cells . Through a process called differentiation , these daughter cells can become mature cells that replac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	A feedback amplification loop between stem cells and their progeny promotes tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis
Vocal development is the adaptive coordination of the vocal apparatus , muscles , the nervous system , and social interaction . Here , we use a quantitative framework based on optimal control theory and Waddington’s landscape metaphor to provide an integrated view of this process . With a biomechanical model of the mar...	As infants develop they learn new behaviors and refine existing ones . For example , human infants progress from crying to babbling to producing speech-like sounds . A complex sequence of changes in muscles , the nervous system and in patterns of interactions with other individuals all contribute to these emerging beha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Vocal development in a Waddington landscape
Efficient transportation is crucial for urban mobility , cell function and the survival of animal groups . From humans driving on the highway , to ants running on a trail , the main challenge faced by all collective systems is how to prevent traffic jams in crowded environments . Here , we show that ants , despite thei...	Humans and ants are among the few species that engage in two-way traffic . Maintaining a smooth and efficient traffic flow while avoiding collisions is challenging for humans . Yet ants seem to be masters of traffic management . They can efficiently move back and forth between their nests and food without overtaking or...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2019	Experimental investigation of ant traffic under crowded conditions
To position the mitotic spindle within the cell , dynamic plus ends of astral microtubules are pulled by membrane-associated cortical force-generating machinery . However , in contrast to the chromosome-bound kinetochore structure , how the diffusion-prone cortical machinery is organized to generate large spindle-pulli...	Almost every time a cell divides , it must share copies of its genetic material between two new daughter cells . A large molecular machine called the mitotic spindle makes this happen . The spindle is made of protein filaments known as microtubules that radiate out from two points at opposite ends of the cell . Some of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Dynein–Dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble
Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors , characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction , are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control , which confers vulnerability for developing rigid habits . However , recent studies have shown that deficient goal-directed control accompanies s...	When an individual resists the temptation to stay out late in order to get a good night’s sleep , he or she is exercising what is known as “goal-directed control” . This kind of control allows individuals to regulate their behaviour in a deliberate manner . It is thought that a reduction in goal-directed control may be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control
Collection of high-throughput data has become prevalent in biology . Large datasets allow the use of statistical constructs such as binning and linear regression to quantify relationships between variables and hypothesize underlying biological mechanisms based on it . We discuss several such examples in relation to sin...	All cells – from bacteria to humans – tightly control their size as they grow and divide . Cells can also change the speed at which they grow , and the pattern of how fast a cell grows with time is called ‘mode of growth’ . Mode of growth can be ‘linear’ , when cells increase their size at a constant rate , or ‘exponen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Distinguishing different modes of growth using single-cell data
Biophysical properties of neurons become increasingly diverse over development , but mechanisms underlying and constraining this diversity are not fully understood . Here we investigate electrophysiological characteristics of Xenopus tadpole midbrain neurons across development and during homeostatic plasticity induced ...	Brains consist of many cells called neurons: billions of them in a human brain , and hundreds of thousands in the brain of a small fish or a frog tadpole . Many of these neurons are very much alike , and work together to process information in the brain . Yet while they are similar , they are not exactly identical . On...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Multivariate analysis of electrophysiological diversity of Xenopus visual neurons during development and plasticity
Muscle development and regeneration require delicate cell cycle regulation of embryonic myoblasts and adult muscle satellite cells ( MuSCs ) . Through analysis of the Polo-like kinase ( Plk ) family cell-cycle regulators in mice , we show that Plk1’s expression closely mirrors myoblast dynamics during embryonic and pos...	Muscles have their own population of stem cells , called muscle satellite cells . These cells are essential for muscle growth and repair . In healthy adult muscles , they spend most of their time inactive , but when there is an injury , they reawaken and start dividing . Some of the new cells return to an inactive stem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	A requirement of Polo-like kinase 1 in murine embryonic myogenesis and adult muscle regeneration
Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent metabolic deregulation is observed in neurodegenerative diseases and aging . Mutations in the presenilin ( PSEN ) encoding genes ( PSEN1 and PSEN2 ) cause most cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) ; however , the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear . Her...	Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia . A hallmark of this condition is progressive loss of memory , accompanied by a buildup of hard clumps of protein between the brain cells . These protein clumps , known as amyloid plaques , are a key focus of research into Alzheimer's disease . They are likely to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Presenilin mutations deregulate mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and metabolic activity causing neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
The spliceosome must identify the correct splice sites ( SS ) and branchsite ( BS ) used during splicing . E complex is the earliest spliceosome precursor in which the 5' SS and BS are defined . Definition occurs by U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein ( snRNP ) binding the 5' SS and recognition of the BS by the E comple...	Our genes contain coded instructions for making the molecules in our bodies , but this information must be extensively processed before it can be used . The instructions from each gene are first copied into a molecule called a pre-mRNA , before a process known as splicing removes certain sections to form a mature mRNA ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Dynamics and consequences of spliceosome E complex formation
Cell migration requires the cyclical assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions . Adhesion induces phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins , including Cas ( Crk-associated substrate/p130Cas/BCAR1 ) . However , Cas phosphorylation stimulates adhesion turnover . This raises the question of how adhesion assembly occur...	Animal cells can move in the body , for example to heal a wound , by protruding a leading edge forwards , attaching it to the surroundings and then pulling against these new attachments while disassembling the older ones . Mechanical forces regulate the assembly and disassembly of these attachments , known as focal adh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates focal adhesions at the leading edge of migrating cells
Phospholipid membranes form cellular barriers but need to be flexible enough to divide by fission . Phospholipids generally contain a saturated fatty acid ( FA ) at position sn1 whereas the sn2-FA is saturated , monounsaturated or polyunsaturated . Our understanding of the impact of phospholipid unsaturation on membran...	Surrounding each living cell is a membrane that is mainly made of fat molecules called phospholipids . Similar membranes also surround many of the structures inside cells . It is important for life that these membranes are impermeable to many molecules; for example , they do not allow ions to cross them freely . The me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Acyl chain asymmetry and polyunsaturation of brain phospholipids facilitate membrane vesiculation without leakage
Many animals change their body color for visual signaling and environmental adaptation . Some dragonflies show wax-based color change and ultraviolet ( UV ) reflection , but the biochemical properties underlying the phenomena are totally unknown . Here we investigated the UV-reflective abdominal wax of dragonflies , th...	Humans have often looked to nature for answers to problems . Living things has evolved for millions of years to deal with life’s challenges , and so engineers and inventors faced with similar challenges can also take inspiration from the natural world . Several plants and animals , for instance , reflect ultraviolet li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Molecular basis of wax-based color change and UV reflection in dragonflies
Although the human gut microbiome plays a prominent role in xenobiotic transformation , most of the genes and enzymes responsible for this metabolism are unknown . Recently , we linked the two-gene ‘cardiac glycoside reductase’ ( cgr ) operon encoded by the gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta to inactivation of the c...	Trillions of microbes live within the human gut and influence our health . In particular , these microbes can modify food and drugs into compounds ( metabolites ) that humans cannot produce on their own . These compounds are often beneficial to the human host , but in some cases – for example , if the modification alte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Discovery and characterization of a prevalent human gut bacterial enzyme sufficient for the inactivation of a family of plant toxins
While traditional microbiological freshwater tests focus on the detection of specific bacterial indicator species , including pathogens , direct tracing of all aquatic DNA through metagenomics poses a profound alternative . Yet , in situ metagenomic water surveys face substantial challenges in cost and logistics . Here...	Many water-dwelling bacteria can cause severe diseases such as cholera , typhoid or leptospirosis . One way to prevent outbreaks is to test water sources to find out which species of microbes they contain , and at which levels . Traditionally , this involves taking a water sample , followed by growing a few species of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Freshwater monitoring by nanopore sequencing
AMPA receptor ( AMPAR ) function is modulated by auxiliary subunits . Here , we report on three AMPAR interacting proteins—namely CKAMP39 , CKAMP52 and CKAMP59—that , together with the previously characterized CKAMP44 , constitute a novel family of auxiliary subunits distinct from other families of AMPAR interacting pr...	The brain processes and transmits information through large networks of cells called neurons . A neuron can pass the information it receives to other neurons by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters across junctions known as synapses . These chemicals bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the neighboring n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Auxiliary subunits of the CKAMP family differentially modulate AMPA receptor properties
The classical drug development pipeline necessitates studies using animal models of human disease to gauge future efficacy in humans , however there is a low conversion rate from success in animals to humans . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is a complex chronic disease without any established therapies and...	Obesity and diabetes are increasingly common diseases that can lead to other complications such as fatty liver disease . Fatty liver disease affects one in five people and is caused by a built-up of fat in the liver , which can result in scarring of the liver tissue and other serious complications . There is currently ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2020	Weight loss, insulin resistance, and study design confound results in a meta-analysis of animal models of fatty liver
To quantify gene regulation , a function is required that relates transcription factor binding to DNA ( input ) to the rate of mRNA synthesis from a target gene ( output ) . Such a ‘gene regulation function’ ( GRF ) generally cannot be measured because the experimental titration of inputs and simultaneous readout of ou...	Living cells rely on networks of genes to control their behavior , including how they grow , develop and respond to stress . Genes encode instructions needed to make proteins and other molecules , and much of the control is exerted at the first stage of protein production , known as transcription . During this process ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Inference of gene regulation functions from dynamic transcriptome data
Eusociality is a distinct form of biological organization . A key characteristic of advanced eusociality is the presence of non-reproductive workers . Why evolution should produce organisms that sacrifice their own reproductive potential in order to aid others is an important question in evolutionary biology . Here , w...	Certain wasps , bees and ants live in highly organized social groups in which one member of a colony ( the queen ) produces all or almost all of the offspring . This form of social organization – called eusociality – raises an important question for evolutionary biology: why do individuals that forego the chance to rep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	The evolution of non-reproductive workers in insect colonies with haplodiploid genetics
Genome instability in yeast and mammals is caused by RNA–DNA hybrids that form as a result of defects in different aspects of RNA biogenesis . We report that in yeast mutants defective for transcription repression and RNA degradation , hybrid formation requires Rad51p and Rad52p . These proteins normally promote DNA–DN...	Cells with an unusually large number of mutations—either in the form of changes to the DNA sequence or changes in the number or structure of chromosomes—are said to show genome instability . Although these mutations sometimes boost an organism's chances of survival and reproduction , they more often have detrimental ef...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	The homologous recombination machinery modulates the formation of RNA–DNA hybrids and associated chromosome instability
SLAMF6 is a homotypic receptor of the Ig-superfamily whose exact role in immune modulation has remained elusive . Its constitutive expression on resting and activated T cells precludes it from being a bona fide exhaustion marker . By breeding Pmel-1 mice with SLAMF6 -/- mice , we generated donors for T cells lacking SL...	The immune system helps to protect our bodies from illnesses and infections . Immunotherapies are medicines designed to treat diseases , such as cancer , by boosting the immune system against the condition . This is a powerful approach but so far immunotherapies have only had partial success and there is a need for fur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	SLAMF6 deficiency augments tumor killing and skews toward an effector phenotype revealing it as a novel T cell checkpoint
The ancestral condition from which humans evolved is critical for understanding the adaptive origin of bipedal locomotion . The 4 . 4 million-year-old hominin partial skeleton attributed to Ardipithecus ramidus preserves a foot that purportedly shares morphometric affinities with monkeys , but this interpretation remai...	Walking on two legs is considered to be one of the first steps towards becoming human . While some animals are also able to walk on two legs , such as kangaroos , birds , and some rodents , the way they move is nevertheless quite distinct to the way humans walk . How animals evolve traits is influenced by the character...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	The African ape-like foot of Ardipithecus ramidus and its implications for the origin of bipedalism
Hybrid sterility is one of the reproductive isolation mechanisms leading to speciation . Prdm9 , the only known vertebrate hybrid-sterility gene , causes failure of meiotic chromosome synapsis and infertility in male hybrids that are the offspring of two mouse subspecies . Within species , Prdm9 determines the sites of...	It has been known for centuries that hybrids between closely related species are often infertile . This hybrid sterility was an enigma for Charles Darwin , who understood that it influenced how new species formed but could not fit it with his theory of evolution by natural selection . Sex cells – in mammals , the egg o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Modulation of Prdm9-controlled meiotic chromosome asynapsis overrides hybrid sterility in mice
Transposons are mobile genetic elements that are found in nearly all organisms , including humans . Mobilization of DNA transposons by transposase enzymes can cause genomic rearrangements , but our knowledge of human genes derived from transposases is limited . In this study , we find that the protein encoded by human ...	Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can be cut out of and inserted into DNA . They are present in most living things and make up almost half of the human genome . Transposons help to rearrange and increase the variety of DNA sequences , which can drive evolution and regulate the expression of genes . Enzymes c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5
HLA class I presentation of pathogen-derived peptide ligands is essential for CD8+ T-cell recognition of Toxoplasma gondii infected cells . Currently , little data exist pertaining to peptides that are presented after T . gondii infection . Herein we purify HLA-A*02:01 complexes from T . gondii infected cells and chara...	Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can infect most warm-blooded animals and cause a disease called toxoplasmosis . In humans , toxoplasmosis generally does not cause any noticeable symptoms , but it can cause serious problems in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems . T . gondii is one of many p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Toxoplasma gondii peptide ligands open the gate of the HLA class I binding groove
The bithorax complex ( BX-C ) in Drosophila melanogaster is a cluster of homeotic genes that determine body segment identity . Expression of these genes is governed by cis-regulatory domains , one for each parasegment . Stable repression of these domains depends on Polycomb Group ( PcG ) functions , which include trime...	Like other insects , the body of the fruit fly is divided into three main parts—the head , the thorax and the abdomen—and each part , in turn , is made up of several smaller segments . The bithorax complex is a cluster of three genes that together control the identity of the segments that make up the back half of the f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	H3K27 modifications define segmental regulatory domains in the Drosophila bithorax complex
Adaptations of the lower back to bipedalism are frequently discussed but infrequently demonstrated in early fossil hominins . Newly discovered lumbar vertebrae contribute to a near-complete lower back of Malapa Hominin 2 ( MH2 ) , offering additional insights into posture and locomotion in Australopithecus sediba . We ...	One of the defining features of humans is our ability to walk comfortably on two legs . To achieve this , our skeletons have evolved certain physical characteristics . For example , the lower part of the human spine has a forward curve that supports an upright posture; whereas the lower backs of chimpanzees and other a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	New fossils of Australopithecus sediba reveal a nearly complete lower back
Resting-state networks offer a unique window into the brain’s functional architecture , but their characterization remains limited to instantaneous connectivity thus far . Here , we describe a novel resting-state network based on the delayed connectivity between the brain and the slow electrical rhythm ( 0 . 05 Hz ) ge...	The brain is always active . Even when it is not receiving sensory input , it generates its own spontaneous activity . This activity shapes how we interpret future sensory signals and creates our inner mental world . Moreover , this spontaneous activity is not random . When a healthy volunteer lies inside a brain scann...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Stomach-brain synchrony reveals a novel, delayed-connectivity resting-state network in humans
Memory retrieval is considered to have roles in memory enhancement . Recently , memory reconsolidation was suggested to reinforce or integrate new information into reactivated memory . Here , we show that reactivated inhibitory avoidance ( IA ) memory is enhanced through reconsolidation under conditions in which memory...	Video cameras allow us to record events as they happen . When we look back at a video clip , what we see is an exact replica of what was originally recorded . We tend to assume that our memories work in a similar manner . However , recent research suggests that our memories may be more malleable than we realize . Once ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Enhancement of fear memory by retrieval through reconsolidation
Changes to the structure and function of neural networks are thought to underlie the evolutionary adaptation of animal behaviours . Among the many developmental phenomena that generate change programmed cell death ( PCD ) appears to play a key role . We show that cell death occurs continuously throughout insect neuroge...	Just like a sculptor chips away at a block of granite to make a statue , the nervous system reaches its mature state by eliminating neurons during development through a process known as programmed cell death . In vertebrates , this mechanism often involves newly born neurons shrivelling away and dying if they fail to c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Extensive and diverse patterns of cell death sculpt neural networks in insects
Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is a powerful approach to study microbiomes in an unbiased manner and of increasing relevance for identifying novel enzymatic functions . However , the potential of metagenomics to relate from microbiome composition to function has thus far been underutilized . Here , we introduce the Met...	Many industrial processes , such as starch processing and oil refinement , use chemicals that cause harm to the environment . These can often be switched to more sustainable biological processes that are powered by proteins called enzymes . Enzymes are micro-factories that speed up biochemical reactions in most living ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	A genome-phenome association study in native microbiomes identifies a mechanism for cytosine modification in DNA and RNA
Calcineurin is responsible for mediating a wide variety of cellular processes in response to dynamic calcium ( Ca2+ ) signals , yet the precise mechanisms involved in the spatiotemporal control of calcineurin signaling are poorly understood . Here , we use genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to directly probe th...	Cells need to be able to communicate with other cells , and they employ a variety of molecules and ions to send messages to each other . When calcium ions are used for these communications , the concentration of the ions typically rises and falls in a wave-like pattern . The size and shape of these ‘calcium waves’ cont...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Calmodulin-controlled spatial decoding of oscillatory Ca2+ signals by calcineurin
Conflict detection in sensory input is central to adaptive human behavior . Perhaps unsurprisingly , past research has shown that conflict may even be detected in the absence of conflict awareness , suggesting that conflict detection is an automatic process that does not require attention . To test the possibility of c...	Focusing your attention on one thing can leave you surprisingly unaware of what goes on around you . A classic experiment known as ‘the invisible gorilla’ highlights this phenomenon . Volunteers were asked to watch a clip featuring basketball players , and count how often those wearing white shirts passed the ball: aro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Preserved sensory processing but hampered conflict detection when stimulus input is task-irrelevant
Outer hair cells ( OHCs ) in the mammalian ear exhibit electromotility , electrically driven somatic length changes that are thought to mechanically amplify sound-evoked vibrations . For this amplification to work , OHCs must respond to sounds on a cycle-by-cycle basis even at frequencies that exceed the low-pass corne...	Our ears give us our sense of hearing . Their job is to collect sounds and pass this information on to the brain . Hair cells , a special group of cells in the ear , are responsible for detecting sound vibrations and turning them into the electrical signals that our brains can understand . The ear contains two populati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2019	The frequency limit of outer hair cell motility measured in vivo
We report that a major subpopulation of monocyte-derived macrophages ( MDMs ) contains high levels of dUTP , which is incorporated into HIV-1 DNA during reverse transcription ( U/A pairs ) , resulting in pre-integration restriction and post-integration mutagenesis . After entering the nucleus , uracilated viral DNA pro...	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infects and kills immune cells known as CD4+ T cells , leading to the disease AIDS . Current drug treatments enable HIV-1 infected patients to live relatively long and healthy lives . However , no cure for HIV-1 exists because the virus lives indefinitely in a resting state...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Diverse fates of uracilated HIV-1 DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells
Cationic antimicrobial peptides ( CAPs ) such as defensins are ubiquitously found innate immune molecules that often exhibit broad activity against microbial pathogens and mammalian tumor cells . Many CAPs act at the plasma membrane of cells leading to membrane destabilization and permeabilization . In this study , we ...	It is often said that attack is the best form of defense; and the immune systems of plants and animals will often target the cell membranes of microbes and other pathogens in order to defend themselves . Disrupting the cell membrane causes essential contents to leak from the cell , and eventually , the cell will burst ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Phosphoinositide-mediated oligomerization of a defensin induces cell lysis
Type XVII collagen ( COL17 ) is a transmembrane protein located at the epidermal basement membrane zone . COL17 deficiency results in premature hair aging phenotypes and in junctional epidermolysis bullosa . Here , we show that COL17 plays a central role in regulating interfollicular epidermis ( IFE ) proliferation . L...	The skin is one of the largest organs of the body and is constantly confronted with a range of external stresses including germs , heat and scratches . The outermost part of the skin is called the epidermis and it acts as a barrier to the external environment and works to stop the body from losing water . An abnormally...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Type XVII collagen coordinates proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis
The intracellular signaling molecule Dishevelled ( Dvl ) mediates canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling via its PDZ domain . Different pathways diverge at this point by a mechanism that remains unclear . Here we show that the peptide-binding pocket of the Dvl PDZ domain can be occupied by Dvl's own highly conserved...	The development of an animal embryo depends on a number of signaling pathways that pass information from the outside of the cell to the inside . These pathways include Wnt signaling , which also regulates cell growth . The pathways must be precisely controlled; abnormal Wnt activity has been implicated in several human...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Conformational change of Dishevelled plays a key regulatory role in the Wnt signaling pathways
Yeast is a powerful model for systems genetics . We present a versatile , time- and labor-efficient method to functionally explore the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome using saturated transposon mutagenesis coupled to high-throughput sequencing . SAturated Transposon Analysis in Yeast ( SATAY ) allows one-step mapping o...	Genes are stretches of DNA that carry the instructions to build and maintain cells . Many studies in genetics involve inactivating one or more genes and observing the consequences . If the loss of a gene kills the cell , that gene is likely to be vital for life . If it does not , the gene may not be essential , or a si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	Functional mapping of yeast genomes by saturated transposition
During apoptosis , Bak and Bax undergo major conformational change and form symmetric dimers that coalesce to perforate the mitochondrial outer membrane via an unknown mechanism . We have employed cysteine labelling and linkage analysis to the full length of Bak in mitochondria . This comprehensive survey showed that i...	A healthy organism must carefully remove unwanted , diseased or damaged cells . These unwanted cells can bring about their own death in a controlled process known as apoptosis . Maintaining an appropriate level of apoptosis is crucial to good health: excessive cell death can contribute to neurodegenerative disorders , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Disordered clusters of Bak dimers rupture mitochondria during apoptosis
Rhythmic neuronal activity provides a frame for information coding by co-active cell assemblies . Abnormal brain rhythms are considered as potential pathophysiological mechanisms causing mental disease , but the underlying network defects are largely unknown . We find that mice expressing truncated Disrupted-in-Schizop...	Our thoughts and emotions are produced and processed by complex networks of neurons inside our brains . Signals are sent from one neuron to another via chemical messengers , and pass through the neuron as an electrical signal . The electrical signals produced by a brain region often show steady rhythms , or oscillation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Impaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression
Open research data provide considerable scientific , societal , and economic benefits . However , disclosure risks can sometimes limit the sharing of open data , especially in datasets that include sensitive details or information from individuals with rare disorders . This article introduces the concept of synthetic d...	It is becoming increasingly common for scientists to share their data with other researchers . This makes it possible to independently verify reported results , which increases trust in research . Sometimes it is not possible to share certain datasets because they include sensitive information about individuals . In ps...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods,", "materials,", "and", "results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	A synthetic dataset primer for the biobehavioural sciences to promote reproducibility and hypothesis generation
Self-organization of discrete fates in human gastruloids is mediated by a hierarchy of signaling pathways . How these pathways are integrated in time , and whether cells maintain a memory of their signaling history remains obscure . Here , we dissect the temporal integration of two key pathways , WNT and ACTIVIN , whic...	Embryonic stem cells can renew themselves to generate more stem cells , or specialize to become any type of cell found in an adult . They therefore hold great potential for studying how we develop from a single cell into a complex organism made of many different cell types . In a key stage of development , individual c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	WNT signaling memory is required for ACTIVIN to function as a morphogen in human gastruloids
Cells adapt to familiar changes in their environment by activating predefined regulatory programs that establish adaptive gene expression states . These hard-wired pathways , however , may be inadequate for adaptation to environments never encountered before . Here , we reveal evidence for an alternative mode of gene r...	To survive , cells have to adapt to changes in their environment . Organisms can do so by constantly modifying the expression of their genes . For example , bacteria exposed to high temperatures turn on heat-shock genes to help them cope . Responses to familiar environmental changes take place thanks to specific , hard...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Stochastic tuning of gene expression enables cellular adaptation in the absence of pre-existing regulatory circuitry
Neonatal inflammation is common and has lasting consequences for adult health . We investigated the lasting effects of a single bout of neonatal inflammation on adult respiratory control in the form of respiratory motor plasticity induced by acute intermittent hypoxia , which likely compensates and stabilizes breathing...	Breathing is essential to life . At birth , the brain quickly adapts and learns to control breathing in different situations . This adaptability is called neuroplasticity . Most breathing-related adjustments in the brain are short-term , like breathing faster during exercise . The brain can also learn from prior experi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	One bout of neonatal inflammation impairs adult respiratory motor plasticity in male and female rats
Influenza A viruses ( IAV ) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics . One of these barriers is the poor activity of avian IAV polymerases in human cells . Differences between avian and mammalian ANP32 proteins underlie this host range barrier . Human ANP32A and ANP32B h...	The influenza A virus pandemic of 1918 killed more people than the armed conflicts of World War 1 . Like all other pandemic and seasonal influenza , this virus originated from bird viruses . In fact , avian influenza viruses continually threaten to spark new outbreaks in humans , but pandemics do not occur often . This...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Species specific differences in use of ANP32 proteins by influenza A virus
Stable adherence to epithelial surfaces is required for colonization by diverse host-associated microbes . Successful attachment of pathogenic microbes to host cells via adhesin molecules is also the first step in many devastating infections . Despite the primacy of epithelial adherence in establishing host-microbe ass...	Trillions of bacteria live in and on the human body . Most of them are harmless but some can cause serious infections . To grow in or on the body , bacteria often attach to proteins on the surface of cells that make up the lining of tissues like the gut or the throat . In some cases , bacteria use these proteins to inv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2022	Evolution of host-microbe cell adherence by receptor domain shuffling
The prediction of the structures of proteins without detectable sequence similarity to any protein of known structure remains an outstanding scientific challenge . Here we report significant progress in this area . We first describe de novo blind structure predictions of unprecendented accuracy we made for two proteins...	Proteins are long chains made up of small building blocks called amino acids . These chains fold up in various ways to form the three-dimensional structures that proteins need to be able work properly . Therefore , to understand how a protein works it is important to determine its structure , but this is very challengi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Large-scale determination of previously unsolved protein structures using evolutionary information
Malaria elimination strategies require a thorough understanding of parasite transmission from human to mosquito . A clinical model to induce gametocytes to understand their dynamics and evaluate transmission-blocking interventions ( TBI ) is currently unavailable . Here , we explore the use of the well-established Cont...	The parasite that causes malaria , named Plasmodium falciparum , has a life cycle that involves both humans and mosquitoes . Starting in the saliva of female Anopheles mosquitoes , it enters a person’s bloodstream when the insects feed . It then moves to the person’s liver , where it infects liver cells and matures int...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	A randomized feasibility trial comparing four antimalarial drug regimens to induce Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in the controlled human malaria infection model
The different segments of the nephron and glomerulus in the kidney balance the processes of water homeostasis , solute recovery , blood filtration , and metabolite excretion . When segment function is disrupted , a range of pathological features are presented . Little is known about nephron patterning during embryogene...	The main function of the kidney is to filter blood to remove waste and regulate the amount of water and salt in the body . Structures in the kidney—called nephrons—do much of this work and blood is filtered in a part of each nephron called the glomerulus . The substances filtered out of the blood move into a series of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Integrated β-catenin, BMP, PTEN, and Notch signalling patterns the nephron
The staining of neurons with silver began in the 1800s , but until now the great resolving power of the laser scanning confocal microscope has not been utilized to capture the in-focus and three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of metal-impregnated cells . Here , we demonstrate how spectral confocal microscopy , typically ...	A fresh slice of brain tissue has a fairly uniform appearance , even when viewed under a microscope . To study the neurons and other cells in the brain , scientists must therefore first prepare tissue samples using methods that make it easier to see certain kinds of cells , or particular features of them . One method t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Plasmon resonance and the imaging of metal-impregnated neurons with the laser scanning confocal microscope
Presynaptic terminals release neurotransmitters spontaneously in a manner that can be regulated by Ca2+ . However , the mechanisms underlying this regulation are poorly understood because the inherent stochasticity and low probability of spontaneous fusion events has curtailed their visualization at individual release ...	Neurons communicate with one another at junctions called synapses . When an electrical signal known as an action potential arrives at a synapse , it causes packages called vesicles to fuse with the membrane that surrounds the neuron . The vesicles contain molecules called neurotransmitters , which are then released int...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Fast retrieval and autonomous regulation of single spontaneously recycling synaptic vesicles
Memories for recent experiences are rich in incidental detail , but with time the brain is thought to extract latent rules and structures common across past experiences . We show that over weeks following the acquisition of two distinct associative memories , neuron firing in the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ...	Many events in our lives resemble experiences we have had before , without being identical to them . Whenever you attend a party , for example , you may well take along a gift , such as a bottle of wine or a box of chocolates , but the gift will differ on each occasion . Psychologists believe that as our memories for s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Generalizable knowledge outweighs incidental details in prefrontal ensemble code over time
Cerebral blood flow is highly sensitive to changes in CO2/H+ where an increase in CO2/H+ causes vasodilation and increased blood flow . Tissue CO2/H+ also functions as the main stimulus for breathing by activating chemosensitive neurons that control respiratory output . Considering that CO2/H+-induced vasodilation woul...	We breathe to help us take oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide . Our cells use the oxygen to break down food to release energy , and as they do so they produce carbon dioxide as a waste product . Cells release this carbon dioxide back into the bloodstream so that it can be transported to the lungs to be brea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Purinergic regulation of vascular tone in the retrotrapezoid nucleus is specialized to support the drive to breathe
The centrosome acts as a microtubule organizing center ( MTOC ) , orchestrating microtubules into the mitotic spindle through its pericentriolar material ( PCM ) . This activity is biphasic , cycling through assembly and disassembly during the cell cycle . Although hyperactive centrosomal MTOC activity is a hallmark of...	New cells are created when existing cells divide , a process that is critical for life . A structure called the spindle is an important part of cell division , helping to orient the division and separate parts of the old cell into the newly generated ones . The spindle is built using filamentous protein structures call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	A two-step mechanism for the inactivation of microtubule organizing center function at the centrosome
Negative-strand RNA viruses condense their genome into helical nucleocapsids that constitute essential templates for viral replication and transcription . The intrinsic flexibility of nucleocapsids usually prevents their full-length structural characterisation at high resolution . Here , we describe purification of ful...	Rats and mice sometimes transmit hantaviruses , a family of microbes that can cause deadly human diseases . For example , the Hantaan virus leads to haemorrhagic fevers that are potentially fatal . There are no vaccine or even drugs against these infections . To multiply , viruses must insert their genetic material ins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	High resolution cryo-EM structure of the helical RNA-bound Hantaan virus nucleocapsid reveals its assembly mechanisms
Lymphomagenesis in the presence of deregulated MYC requires suppression of MYC-driven apoptosis , often through downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 gene ( Bim ) . Transcription factors ( EBNAs ) encoded by the lymphoma-associated Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) activate MYC and silence BCL2L11 . We show that the EBN...	The Epstein-Barr virus is a common virus that can cause mild illnesses as well as more severe diseases . The virus infects white blood cells called B cells and can drive the development of blood cancers , including Burkitt’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma . In these cancers , the infected B cells multiply rapidly and continuou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	MYC activation and BCL2L11 silencing by a tumour virus through the large-scale reconfiguration of enhancer-promoter hubs
The interplay between bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility , phylogenetics and patient outcome is poorly understood . During a typhoid clinical treatment trial in Nepal , we observed several treatment failures and isolated highly fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi ( S . Typhi ) . Seventy-eight S . Typhi isola...	People who ingest a type of bacteria called Salmonella Typhi can develop the symptoms of typhoid fever . This disease is common in low-income settings in Asia and Africa , and causes a high rate of death in people who are not treated with antimicrobial drugs . During a study in Nepal , Thanh et al . tried to evaluate w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	A novel ciprofloxacin-resistant subclade of H58 Salmonella Typhi is associated with fluoroquinolone treatment failure
XY systems usually show chromosome-wide compensation of X-linked genes , while in many ZW systems , compensation is restricted to a minority of dosage-sensitive genes . Why such differences arose is still unclear . Here , we combine comparative genomics , transcriptomics and proteomics to obtain a complete overview of ...	The DNA inside cells is organized in structures called chromosomes , some of which can control whether individuals develop as males or females . For instance , female mammals have two X chromosomes , whereas male mammals have one X and one Y chromosome . A mechanism called ‘dosage compensation’ makes sure that females ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Evolution of gene dosage on the Z-chromosome of schistosome parasites
Cortical microinfarcts are linked to pathologies like cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia . Despite their relevance for disease progression , microinfarcts often remain undetected and the smallest scale of blood flow disturbance has not yet been identified . We employed blood flow simulations in realistic microvas...	A blockage in one of the tiny blood vessels or capillaries of the brain causes a ‘microstroke’ . Microstrokes do not cause the same level of damage as a major stroke , which is caused by a blockage in a larger blood vessel that completely cuts off oxygen to a part of the brain for a period . But microstrokes do increas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	The severity of microstrokes depends on local vascular topology and baseline perfusion
Insulin resistance ( IR ) contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes , dementia , viral infection , and cardiovascular disease . Drug repurposing ( DR ) may identify treatments for IR; however , barriers include uncertainty whether in vitro transcriptomic assays yield quantitative pharmacological data , or how to o...	Developing a new drug that is both safe and effective is a complex and expensive endeavor . An alternative approach is to ‘repurpose’ existing , safe compounds – that is , to establish if they could treat conditions others than the ones they were initially designed for . To achieve this , methods that can predict the a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2022	A human-based multi-gene signature enables quantitative drug repurposing for metabolic disease
The neuronal PAS domain proteins NPAS1 and NPAS3 are members of the basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM ( bHLH-PAS ) family , and their genetic deficiencies are linked to a variety of human psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia , autism spectrum disorders and bipolar disease . NPAS1 and NPAS3 must each heterodi...	Transcription factors are proteins that can bind to DNA to regulate the activity of genes . One family of transcription factors in mammals is known as the bHLH-PAS family , which consists of sixteen members including NPAS1 and NPAS3 . These two proteins are both found in nerve cells , and genetic mutations that affect ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	NPAS1-ARNT and NPAS3-ARNT crystal structures implicate the bHLH-PAS family as multi-ligand binding transcription factors
The molecular roles of HOX transcriptional activity in human prostate epithelial cells remain unclear , impeding the implementation of new treatment strategies for cancer prevention and therapy . MEIS proteins are transcription factors that bind and direct HOX protein activity . MEIS proteins are putative tumor suppres...	Decisions regarding the treatment of patients with early-stage prostate cancer are often based on the risk that the cancer could grow and spread quickly . However , it is not always straightforward to predict how the cancer will behave . Studies from 2017 and 2018 found that samples of less aggressive prostate cancer h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	MEIS-mediated suppression of human prostate cancer growth and metastasis through HOXB13-dependent regulation of proteoglycans
Although mutations in HNF4A were identified as the cause of Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young 1 ( MODY1 ) two decades ago , the mechanisms by which this nuclear receptor regulates glucose homeostasis remain unclear . Here we report that loss of Drosophila HNF4 recapitulates hallmark symptoms of MODY1 , including adu...	Diabetes is a complex disease that is caused by a combination of factors , including the person’s habits and environment , as well as their genetic make-up . However , there are some rare forms of diabetes that are caused simply by mutations in single genes and are directly inherited . For example , it has been known f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	The Drosophila HNF4 nuclear receptor promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and mitochondrial function in adults
The molecular mechanisms underlying the trade-off between plant innate immunity and steroid-mediated growth are controversial . Here , we report that activation of the transcription factor BZR1 is required and sufficient for suppression of immune signaling by brassinosteroids ( BR ) . BZR1 induces the expression of sev...	Like all organisms , plants must perform a careful balancing act with their resources . Investing in the growth of new roots or leaves can allow a plant to better exploit its environment—but it must not be at the expense of leaving the plant vulnerable to attack by pests and pathogens . As such , there is an obvious tr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2013	The transcriptional regulator BZR1 mediates trade-off between plant innate immunity and growth
The key component of the nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) controlling permeability , selectivity , and the speed of nucleocytoplasmic transport is an assembly of natively unfolded polypeptides , which contain phenylalanine-glycine ( FG ) binding sites for nuclear transport receptors . The architecture and dynamics of the F...	Most of the genetic material inside an animal cell is enclosed within a compartment called the nucleus . This compartment is separated from the rest of the cell by the nuclear envelope , a double-membrane structure containing thousands of pores that selectively allow certain molecules ( collectively referred to as carg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Investigating molecular crowding within nuclear pores using polarization-PALM
In Arabidopsis , root hair and non-hair cell fates are determined by a MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcriptional complex and are regulated by many internal and environmental cues . Brassinosteroids play important roles in regulating root hair specification by unknown mechanisms . Here , we systematically examined root hair phenoty...	Roots anchor a plant into the ground , and allow the plant to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil . As roots grow and branch , they increase the surface area of root exposed to the soil—and many plant cells in the root's outer layer have a hair-like projection to further increase this surface area . Thus ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Brassinosteroids control root epidermal cell fate via direct regulation of a MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex by GSK3-like kinases
The universally conserved signal recognition particle ( SRP ) is essential for the biogenesis of most integral membrane proteins . SRP scans the nascent chains of translating ribosomes , preferentially engaging those with hydrophobic targeting signals , and delivers these ribosome-nascent chain complexes to the membran...	Proteins are long chain-like molecules built from smaller building blocks , called amino acids , by a large molecular machine known as a ribosome . Although all proteins are assembled inside cells , some of them must be delivered to the outside or inserted into cell membranes . It is important to understand how this se...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structures of the scanning and engaged states of the mammalian SRP-ribosome complex
How does attentional modulation of neural activity enhance performance ? Here we use a deep convolutional neural network as a large-scale model of the visual system to address this question . We model the feature similarity gain model of attention , in which attentional modulation is applied according to neural stimulu...	Imagine you have lost your cell phone . Your eyes scan the cluttered table in front of you , searching for its familiar blue case . But what is happening within the visual areas of your brain while you search ? One possibility is that neurons that represent relevant features such as 'blue' and 'rectangular' increase th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	How biological attention mechanisms improve task performance in a large-scale visual system model
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ( CAMK2 ) plays fundamental roles in synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory . Here , we describe a new recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome with global developmental delay , seizures and intellectual disability . Using linkage analysis and exome sequencing...	Each year , some children are born with developmental disorders and intellectual disabilities . These conditions are often caused by mutations in specific genes . Sometimes both copies of a gene – one inherited from each parent – need to be mutated for the symptoms to develop . These mutations are known as recessive mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	A homozygous loss-of-function CAMK2A mutation causes growth delay, frequent seizures and severe intellectual disability
It is widely argued that personalized instruction based on individual differences in learning styles or genetic predispositions could improve learning outcomes . However , this proposition has resisted clear demonstration in human studies , where it is difficult to control experience and quantify outcomes . Here , we t...	Some people do better at school than others , and some of this difference comes down to genes . But do genes place fixed limits on an individual's academic potential ? Or is it possible to increase or decrease the impact of genes by changing how a person is taught ? One possibility is that individuals learn best in dif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Learning is enhanced by tailoring instruction to individual genetic differences
The budding yeast genome contains regions where meiotic recombination initiates more frequently than in others . This pattern parallels enrichment for the meiotic chromosome axis proteins Hop1 and Red1 . These proteins are important for Spo11-catalyzed double strand break formation; their contribution to crossover reco...	Inside the cells of many species , double-stranded DNA is packaged together with specialized proteins to form structures called chromosomes . Breaks that span across both strands of the DNA can cause cell death because if the break is incorrectly repaired , a segment of the DNA may be lost . Cells use a process known a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Local chromosome context is a major determinant of crossover pathway biochemistry during budding yeast meiosis
The mouse olfactory sensory neuron ( OSN ) repertoire is composed of 10 million cells and each expresses one olfactory receptor ( OR ) gene from a pool of over 1000 . Thus , the nose is sub-stratified into more than a thousand OSN subtypes . Here , we employ and validate an RNA-sequencing-based method to quantify the a...	Smells are simply chemicals in the air that are recognized by nerves in our nose . Each nerve has a receptor that can identify a limited number of chemicals , and the nerve then relays this information to the brain . Animals have hundreds to thousands of different types of these nerves meaning that they can detect a wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Variation in olfactory neuron repertoires is genetically controlled and environmentally modulated
Receptor tyrosine kinases ( RTKs ) signal through shared intracellular pathways yet mediate distinct outcomes across many cell types . To investigate the mechanisms underlying RTK specificity in craniofacial development , we performed RNA-seq to delineate the transcriptional response to platelet-derived growth factor (...	Cells produce many different proteins that play a variety of important roles . For example , proteins called receptor tyrosine kinases can detect particular molecules and send signals to other parts of the cell to regulate the activity ( or “expression” ) of genes involved in cell division , movement , and other proces...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Receptor tyrosine kinases modulate distinct transcriptional programs by differential usage of intracellular pathways
Men and women may use alcohol to regulate emotions differently , with corresponding differences in neural responses . We explored how the viewing of different types of emotionally salient stimuli impacted brain activity observed through functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) from 42 long-term abstinent alcoholi...	More than 100 million people worldwide are thought to have alcohol use disorder , also known as AUD , alcohol dependence or alcoholism . People who struggle to regulate their emotions tend to consume more alcohol than others . This suggests that impaired emotion processing may increase the risk of developing the disord...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Alcoholism gender differences in brain responsivity to emotional stimuli
The extracellular matrix ( ECM ) is a major component of tumors and a significant contributor to cancer progression . In this study , we use proteomics to investigate the ECM of human mammary carcinoma xenografts and show that primary tumors of differing metastatic potential differ in ECM composition . Both tumor cells...	Metastasis is the process whereby tumor cells spread within the body and is the cause of most deaths from cancer . This complex process involves several steps: first the cancer cells invade the tissues that surround the tumor; second , the cancer cells enter the blood stream and travel throughout the body; and third , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	Extracellular matrix signatures of human mammary carcinoma identify novel metastasis promoters
A central feature of most stem cells is the ability to self-renew and undergo differentiation via asymmetric division . However , during asymmetric division the role of phosphatidylinositol ( PI ) lipids and their regulators is not well established . Here , we show that the sole type I PI transfer protein , Vibrator , ...	Stem cells are cells that can both make copies of themselves and make new cells of various types . They can either divide symmetrically to produce two identical new cells , or they can divide asymmetrically to produce two different cells . Asymmetric division happens because the two new cells contain different molecule...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Vibrator and PI4KIIIα govern neuroblast polarity by anchoring non-muscle myosin II
Insects have evolved diverse and remarkable strategies for navigating in various ecologies all over the world . Regardless of species , insects share the presence of a group of morphologically conserved neuropils known collectively as the central complex ( CX ) . The CX is a navigational center , involved in sensory in...	Bumblebees forage widely for pollen and nectar from flowers , sometimes travelling kilometers away from their nest , but they can somehow always find their way home in a nearly straight line . These insects have been known to return to their nest from new locations almost 10 kilometers away . This homing ability is a c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	A projectome of the bumblebee central complex
In the fungus Ustilago maydis , sexual pheromones elicit mating resulting in an infective filament able to infect corn plants . Along this process a G2 cell cycle arrest is mandatory . Such as cell cycle arrest is initiated upon the pheromone recognition in each mating partner , and sustained once cell fusion occurred ...	Many fungi that cause diseases in plants need specialized structures to penetrate the plant’s tissues . To form these structures , the fungus must carefully control when and where its cells divide . As in other organisms , the sequence of events that lead to a fungal cell dividing in two are known as the cell cycle . P...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Cytoplasmic retention and degradation of a mitotic inducer enable plant infection by a pathogenic fungus
β-selection is the most pivotal event determining αβ T cell fate . Here , surface-expression of a pre-T cell receptor ( pre-TCR ) induces thymocyte metabolic activation , proliferation , survival and differentiation . Besides the pre-TCR , β-selection also requires co-stimulatory signals from Notch receptors - key cell...	T cells defend our body against cancer and infectious agents such as viruses . However , they can also cause rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases by attacking healthy tissue . T cells recognize target cells via receptor proteins on their surface . To maximize the variety of infections and cancers our immu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Non-canonical antagonism of PI3K by the kinase Itpkb delays thymocyte β-selection and renders it Notch-dependent
The steps from HIV-1 cytoplasmic entry until integration of the reverse transcribed genome are currently enigmatic . They occur in ill-defined reverse-transcription- and pre-integration-complexes ( RTC , PIC ) with various host and viral proteins implicated . In this study , we report quantitative detection of function...	Major advances in the treatment of HIV have been made possible by carefully studying the virus and its interaction with the host cell . The virus consists of two strands of RNA—representing the genetic information of the virus—contained in a protein coat called capsid . Scientists have learned that the virus' RNA is us...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Quantitative microscopy of functional HIV post-entry complexes reveals association of replication with the viral capsid
We describe Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease ( CUT&RUN ) , a chromatin profiling strategy in which antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease releases specific protein-DNA complexes into the supernatant for paired-end DNA sequencing . Unlike Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ( ChIP ) , w...	The DNA in a person’s skin cell will contain the same genes as the DNA in their muscle or brain cells . However , these cells have different identities because different genes are active in skin , muscle and brain cells . Proteins called transcription factors dictate the patterns of gene activation in the different kin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	An efficient targeted nuclease strategy for high-resolution mapping of DNA binding sites

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.