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The early-life intestinal microbiota plays a key role in shaping host immune system development . We found that a single early-life antibiotic course ( 1PAT ) accelerated type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) development in male NOD mice . The single course had deep and persistent effects on the intestinal microbiome , leading to al...	The human body contains many microbes that play important roles in our health . These microbes begin to live in the intestines , skin , and mouth shortly after birth . They form complex communities called the microbiome , which changes as babies develop . The microbiome works with organs to maintain human health . For ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Antibiotic-induced acceleration of type 1 diabetes alters maturation of innate intestinal immunity
The Rising Star cave system has produced abundant fossil hominin remains within the Dinaledi Chamber , representing a minimum of 15 individuals attributed to Homo naledi . Further exploration led to the discovery of hominin material , now comprising 131 hominin specimens , within a second chamber , the Lesedi Chamber ....	Species of ancient humans and the extinct relatives of our ancestors are typically described from a limited number of fossils . However , this was not the case with Homo naledi . More than 1500 fossils representing at least 15 individuals of this species were unearthed from the Rising Star cave system in South Africa b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa
One of the major unanswered questions in evolutionary biology is when and how the transition between diderm ( two membranes ) and monoderm ( one membrane ) cell envelopes occurred in Bacteria . The Negativicutes and the Halanaerobiales belong to the classically monoderm Firmicutes , but possess outer membranes with lip...	The cell envelope is one of the evolutionarily oldest parts of a bacterium . This structure – made up of a cell wall and either one or two cell membranes – surrounds the bacterial cell , maintaining the cell’s structure and providing an interface through which bacteria can sense their environment and communicate . Bact...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Phylogenomic analysis supports the ancestral presence of LPS-outer membranes in the Firmicutes
Modification of the outer membrane charge by a polymyxin B ( PMB ) -induced PmrAB two-component system appears to be a dominant phenomenon in PMB-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . PMB-resistant variants and many clinical isolates also appeared to produce outer membrane vesicles ( OMVs ) . Genomic , transcriptomic , a...	Wrapped in a thick , protective outer membrane , Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria can sometimes cause serious infections when they find their way into human lungs and urinary tracts . Antibiotics are increasingly ineffective against this threat , which forces physicians to resort to polymyxin B , an old , positively-ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	A novel decoy strategy for polymyxin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
The maternal and paternal genomes play different roles in mammalian brains as a result of genomic imprinting , an epigenetic regulation leading to differential expression of the parental alleles of some genes . Here we investigate genomic imprinting in the cerebellum using a newly developed Bayesian statistical model t...	Most cells in the human body contain two copies of each chromosome—one that was inherited from the individual's mother and one from the father—and therefore contain two copies of every gene . While both copies are usually used equally and simultaneously to produce proteins , in a minority of cases the gene from one par...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Quantitative and functional interrogation of parent-of-origin allelic expression biases in the brain
Deciphering effective ways to suppress tumor progression and to overcome acquired apoptosis resistance of tumor cells are major challenges in the tumor therapy field . We propose a new concept by which tumor progression can be suppressed by manipulating tumor cell identity . In this study , we examined the effect of ER...	If a cell in the body becomes damaged or stops working properly , it can trigger its own destruction . This helps to prevent the accumulation of damaged cells . However , cancer cells can often tolerate much greater damage than normal cells . Toxic chemotherapies , which are often used to treat cancer , work by severel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Transdifferentiation mediated tumor suppression by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE-1 in C. elegans
The vascular wall is a source of progenitor cells that are able to induce skeletal repair , primarily by paracrine mechanisms . Here , the paracrine role of extracellular vesicles ( EVs ) in bone healing was investigated . First , purified human perivascular stem cells ( PSCs ) were observed to induce mitogenic , pro-m...	Throughout our lives , our bodies need to heal after injury . Blood vessels are found throughout the body’s tissues and are a source of cells that guide the process of repair . These cells , called perivascular stem cells ( PSCs ) , are a type of stem cell found in the lining of blood vessels . Stem cells are cells tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Human perivascular stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles mediate bone repair
Neurons in developing sensory pathways exhibit spontaneous bursts of electrical activity that are critical for survival , maturation and circuit refinement . In the auditory system , intrinsically generated activity arises within the cochlea , but the molecular mechanisms that initiate this activity remain poorly under...	As the brain develops , billions of cells respond to genetic and environmental cues to form the trillions of connections that make up its neural networks . However , before these brain circuits can respond to real life stimuli , their connections are refined by bursts of electrical activity . For example , sensory cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Purinergic signaling in cochlear supporting cells reduces hair cell excitability by increasing the extracellular space
External and internal morphological characters of extant and fossil organisms are crucial to establishing their systematic position , ecological role and evolutionary trends . The lack of internal characters and soft-tissue preservation in many arthropod fossils , however , impedes comprehensive phylogenetic analyses a...	Fossils are the preserved remains of animals , plants or other organisms . The most highly prized fossils are those that retain their original three-dimensional shape and provide details needed to identify what species it represents , and what its closest living relatives might be . However , even fossils with the most...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Preservation of three-dimensional anatomy in phosphatized fossil arthropods enriches evolutionary inference
We report that bacterial RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) is the functional cellular target of the depsipeptide antibiotic salinamide A ( Sal ) , and we report that Sal inhibits RNAP through a novel binding site and mechanism . We show that Sal inhibits RNA synthesis in cells and that mutations that confer Sal-resistance map to...	The need for new antibiotics is becoming increasingly critical , as more and more bacteria become resistant to existing drugs . To develop new treatments , researchers need to understand how antibiotics work . One way antibiotics can kill bacteria is by targeting an enzyme called bacterial RNA polymerase . This enzyme ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Transcription inhibition by the depsipeptide antibiotic salinamide A
Prader-Willi syndrome ( PWS ) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with hypotonia and respiratory distress in neonates . The Necdin-deficient mouse is the only model that reproduces the respiratory phenotype of PWS ( central apnea and blunted response to respiratory challenges ) . Here , we report tha...	Prader-Willi syndrome results from the disruption of a cluster of neighboring genes , including one called Necdin . Symptoms begin in early infancy and worsen with age . Affected children tend to develop an insatiable appetite , which often leads to obesity . They also experience serious problems with their breathing ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Necdin shapes serotonergic development and SERT activity modulating breathing in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome
Escaping aversive stimuli is essential for complex organisms , but prolonged exposure to stress leads to maladaptive learning . Stress alters neuronal activity and neuromodulatory signaling in distributed networks , modifying behavior . Here , we describe changes in dopaminergic neuron activity and signaling following ...	Over 264 million people around the world suffer from depression , according to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Depression can be debilitating , and while anti-depressant drugs are available , they do not always work . A small molecule drug mainly used for anesthesia called ketamine has recently been shown to am...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Attenuated dopamine signaling after aversive learning is restored by ketamine to rescue escape actions
Almost all critical functions in cells rely on specific protein–protein interactions . Understanding these is therefore crucial in the investigation of biological systems . Despite all past efforts , we still lack a thorough understanding of the energetics of association of proteins . Here , we introduce a new and simp...	Proteins help to copy DNA , transport nutrients and perform many other important roles in cells . To perform these tasks , proteins often interact with other proteins and work together . These interactions can be very complex because each protein has a three-dimensional shape that may change when it binds to other prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Contacts-based prediction of binding affinity in protein–protein complexes
Activation triggers the exchange of subunits in Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ( CaMKII ) , an oligomeric enzyme that is critical for learning , memory , and cardiac function . The mechanism by which subunit exchange occurs remains elusive . We show that the human CaMKII holoenzyme exists in dodecameric an...	How does memory outlast the lifetime of the molecules that encode it ? One enzyme that is found in neurons and has been suggested to help long-term memories to form is called CaMKII . Each CaMKII assembly is typically composed of 12 to 14 protein subunits associated in a ring and can exist in either an “unactivated” or...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Molecular mechanism of activation-triggered subunit exchange in Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
Subjective well-being or happiness is often associated with wealth . Recent studies suggest that momentary happiness is associated with reward prediction error , the difference between experienced and predicted reward , a key component of adaptive behaviour . We tested subjects in a reinforcement learning task in which...	Many people believe they would be happier if only they had more money . And events such as winning the lottery or receiving a large pay rise do make people happy , at least temporarily . But recent studies suggest that the main factor driving happiness on such occasions is not the size of the reward received . Instead ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Momentary subjective well-being depends on learning and not reward
Climate regions form the basis of many ecological , evolutionary , and conservation studies . However , our understanding of climate regions is limited to how they shape vegetation: they do not account for the distribution of animals . Here , we develop a network-based framework to identify important climates worldwide...	There are many distinct climates on Earth , from tropical savannas and temperate forests to dry deserts . Historically , each region has been defined by how its annual weather patterns shape the type of vegetation present . For example , hot and humid environments support the growth of evergreen forests that would not ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2021	Regularities in species’ niches reveal the world’s climate regions
Plants generally respond to herbivore attack by increasing resistance and decreasing growth . This prioritization is achieved through the regulation of phytohormonal signaling networks . However , it remains unknown how this prioritization affects resistance against non-target herbivores . In this study , we identify W...	Many different animals feed on plants , including almost half of all known insect species . Some herbivores—like caterpillars for example—feed by chewing . Others , such as aphids and planthoppers , use syringe-like mouthparts to pierce plants and then feed on the fluids within . To minimize the damage caused by these ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2015	Prioritizing plant defence over growth through WRKY regulation facilitates infestation by non-target herbivores
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels ( pLGICs ) mediate fast chemical signaling through global allosteric transitions . Despite the existence of several high-resolution structures of pLGICs , their dynamical properties remain elusive . Using the proton-gated channel GLIC , we engineered multiple fluorescent reporters ,...	In the nervous system , proteins of the pLGIC family are found in the membrane that surrounds each neuron . These proteins have channels that can allow ions to pass through the membrane and are responsible for transmitting electrical signals from one neuron to the next . Small molecules called neurotransmitters interac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Identification of a pre-active conformation of a pentameric channel receptor
Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect ( WE ) is characterized by the increased metabolism of glucose to lactate . It remains unknown what quantitative changes to the activity of metabolism are necessary and sufficient for this phenotype . We developed a computational model of glycolysis and an integrated analysis us...	Cells generate energy from a sugar called glucose via a process called glycolysis . This process involves many enzymes that catalyze 10 different chemical reactions , and it essentially converts glucose step-by-step into a simpler chemical called pyruvate . Pyruvate is then normally transported into structures within t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Quantitative determinants of aerobic glycolysis identify flux through the enzyme GAPDH as a limiting step
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate due to metastasis . Whereas KRAS is mutated in most pancreatic cancer patients , controlling KRAS or its downstream effectors has not been succeeded clinically . ARL4C is a small G protein whose expression is induced by the Wnt and EGF–RAS pathways . In the present study , we...	Most cases of pancreatic cancer are detected in the later stages when they are difficult to treat and , as a result , survival is low . Over 90% of pancreatic cancers contain genetic changes that increase the activity of a protein called KRAS . This hyperactive KRAS drives cancer growth and progression . Attempts to tr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Localization of KRAS downstream target ARL4C to invasive pseudopods accelerates pancreatic cancer cell invasion
To better understand smoking cessation , we examined the actions of varenicline ( Chantix ) during long-term nicotine exposure . Varenicline reduced nicotine upregulation of α4β2-type nicotinic receptors ( α4β2Rs ) in live cells and neurons , but not for membrane preparations . Effects on upregulation depended on intra...	Tobacco continues to be widely used worldwide , primarily via cigarette smoking , and is a leading cause of preventable deaths . Stopping smoking is difficult because the nicotine in tobacco is highly addictive , and so several drugs have been developed to help people break their addiction . Varenicline ( also known by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Selective and regulated trapping of nicotinic receptor weak base ligands and relevance to smoking cessation
Dietary magnesium ( Mg2+ ) supplementation can enhance memory in young and aged rats . Memory-enhancing capacity was largely ascribed to increases in hippocampal synaptic density and elevated expression of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor . Here we show that Mg2+ feeding also enhances long-term memo...	The proverbial saying ‘you are what you eat’ perfectly summarizes the concept that our diet can influence both our mental and physical health . We know that foods that are good for the heart , such as nuts , oily fish and berries , are also good for the brain . We know too that vitamins and minerals are essential for o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Magnesium efflux from Drosophila Kenyon cells is critical for normal and diet-enhanced long-term memory
Altered insulin signaling has been linked to widespread nervous system dysfunction including cognitive dysfunction , neuropathy and susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease . However , knowledge of the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of insulin on neuronal function is incomplete . Here , we show that cell...	The rates of obesity and diabetes are increasing worldwide . Both conditions produce a wide range of detrimental effects on health , including an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease . Obesity and diabetes reduce how well many of the body’s cells can respond to a hormone c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Insulin signaling controls neurotransmission via the 4eBP-dependent modification of the exocytotic machinery
H3K9 methylation ( H3K9me ) specifies the establishment and maintenance of transcriptionally silent epigenetic states or heterochromatin . The enzymatic erasure of histone modifications is widely assumed to be the primary mechanism that reverses epigenetic silencing . Here , we reveal an inversion of this paradigm wher...	A cell’s identity depends on which of its genes are active . One way for cells to control this process is to change how accessible their genes are to the molecular machinery that switches them on and off . Special proteins called histones determine how accessible genes are by altering how loosely or tightly DNA is pack...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	An H3K9 methylation-dependent protein interaction regulates the non-enzymatic functions of a putative histone demethylase
Pancreatic islet β-cell insufficiency underlies pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus; thus , functional β-cell replacement from renewable sources is the focus of intensive worldwide effort . However , in vitro production of progeny that secrete insulin in response to physiological cues from primary human cells has proven ...	Diabetes mellitus is a disease that can lead to dangerously high blood sugar levels , causing numerous complications such as heart disease , glaucoma , skin disorders , kidney disease , and nerve damage . In healthy individuals , beta cells in the pancreas produce a hormone called insulin , which stimulates cells in th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Expansion and conversion of human pancreatic ductal cells into insulin-secreting endocrine cells
Primary sensory neurons are generally considered the only source of dorsal horn calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP ) , a neuropeptide critical to the transmission of pain messages . Using a tamoxifen-inducible CalcaCreER transgenic mouse , here we identified a distinct population of CGRP-expressing excitatory inter...	The ability to sense pain is critical to our survival . Normally , pain is provoked by intense heat or cold temperatures , strong force or a chemical stimulus , for example , capsaicin , the pain-provoking substance in chili peppers . However , if nerve fibers in the arms or legs are damaged , pain can occur in respons...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Contribution of dorsal horn CGRP-expressing interneurons to mechanical sensitivity
Humans often evaluate sensory signals according to their reliability for optimal decision-making . However , how do we evaluate percepts generated in the absence of direct input that are , therefore , completely unreliable ? Here , we utilize the phenomenon of filling-in occurring at the physiological blind-spots to co...	To make sense of the world around us , we must combine information from multiple sources while taking into account how reliable they are . When crossing the street , for example , we usually rely more on input from our eyes than our ears . However , we can reassess the reliability of the information: on a foggy day wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Humans treat unreliable filled-in percepts as more real than veridical ones
The progenitor cells of the developing liver can differentiate toward both hepatocyte and biliary cell fates . In addition to the established roles of TGFβ and Notch signaling in this fate specification process , there is increasing evidence that liver progenitors are sensitive to mechanical cues . Here , we utilized m...	Children are said to be a product of both nature and nurture – of their genes and the environment in which they are raised . The cells of the growing liver are not so different in this sense . As the liver of a fetus develops , immature cells called liver progenitors mature to become one of two types of adult cells: th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Spatial patterning of liver progenitor cell differentiation mediated by cellular contractility and Notch signaling
Candida albicans is both a member of the healthy human microbiome and a major pathogen in immunocompromised individuals . Infections are typically treated with azole inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis often leading to drug resistance . Studies in clinical isolates have implicated multiple mechanisms in resistance , ...	Nearly all humans are infected with the fungus Candida albicans . In most people , the infection does not produce any symptoms because their immune system is able to counteract the fungus' attempts to spread around the body . However , if the balance between fungal attack and body defence fails , the fungus is able to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	The evolution of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Candida albicans
Which virological factors mediate overdispersion in the transmissibility of emerging viruses remains a long-standing question in infectious disease epidemiology . Here , we use systematic review to develop a comprehensive dataset of respiratory viral loads ( rVLs ) of SARS-CoV-2 , SARS-CoV-1 and influenza A ( H1N1 ) pd...	To understand how viruses spread scientists look at two things . One is – on average – how many other people each infected person spreads the virus to . The other is how much variability there is in the number of people each person with the virus infects . Some viruses like the 2009 influenza H1N1 , a new strain of inf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Heterogeneity in transmissibility and shedding SARS-CoV-2 via droplets and aerosols
Self-assembly of ESCRT-III complex is a critical step in all ESCRT-dependent events . ESCRT-III hetero-polymers adopt variable architectures , but the mechanisms of inter-subunit recognition in these hetero-polymers to create flexible architectures remain unclear . We demonstrate in vivo and in vitro that the Saccharom...	Cells are separated from the outside environment by a fatty layer called the plasma membrane . This layer not only isolates the inside of the cell from the outside , it is also essential for the cell to sense and respond to cues around it . For example , the plasma membrane contains different types of proteins that can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Electrostatic lateral interactions drive ESCRT-III heteropolymer assembly
Mutations in the fukutin-related protein ( FKRP ) cause Walker-Warburg syndrome ( WWS ) , a severe form of congenital muscular dystrophy . Here , we established a WWS human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic model that recapitulates hallmarks of WWS pathology . We used this model to investigate the therapeu...	Healthy muscles are complex machines that require a myriad of finely tuned molecules to work properly . For instance , a protein called alpha-DG sits at the surface of healthy muscle cells , where it strengthens the tissue by latching onto other proteins in the environment . To perform its role correctly , it first nee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	NAD+ enhances ribitol and ribose rescue of α-dystroglycan functional glycosylation in human FKRP-mutant myotubes
Past experiments with reconstituted proteoliposomes , employing assays that infer membrane fusion from fluorescent lipid dequenching , have suggested that vacuolar SNAREs alone suffice to catalyze membrane fusion in vitro . While we could replicate these results , we detected very little fusion with the more rigorous a...	Cells of higher organisms contain compartments called organelles and structures called vesicles that transfer molecules and proteins between these organelles . Each organelle and each vesicle is enclosed within a membrane , and these membranes must fuse together to allow these transfers to take place . A certain group ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	A distinct tethering step is vital for vacuole membrane fusion
A common strategy by which developing neurons locate their synaptic partners is through projections to circuit-specific neuropil sublayers . Once established , sublayers serve as a substrate for selective synapse formation , but how sublayers arise during neurodevelopment remains unknown . Here , we identify the earlie...	Our experience of the world relies on circuits spanning the sense organs and the brain that process information received through our senses . These circuits are made up of many different types of nerve cells that form connections with each other while the brain is developing . For these circuits to be set up properly ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Formation of retinal direction-selective circuitry initiated by starburst amacrine cell homotypic contact
Cancer is a clonal evolutionary process , caused by successive accumulation of genetic alterations providing milestones of tumor initiation , progression , dissemination , and/or resistance to certain therapeutic regimes . To unravel these milestones we propose a framework , tumor evolutionary directed graphs ( TEDG ) ...	A historical event is often the culmination of the preceding circumstances . The same can be said of cancer as a disease . Cancer results from genetic mutations that disrupt the normal biological processes within a cell , removing the fail-safes that prevent it from growing and reproducing uncontrollably . Cancer is no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Tumor evolutionary directed graphs and the history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Borophagine canids have long been hypothesized to be North American ecological ‘avatars’ of living hyenas in Africa and Asia , but direct fossil evidence of hyena-like bone consumption is hitherto unknown . We report rare coprolites ( fossilized feces ) of Borophagus parvus from the late Miocene of California and , for...	Living hyenas are infamous for crushing the bones of their prey to extract the nutritious marrow inside . This feeding ability is rare today , and African and Asian hyenas , particularly the spotted hyena , are the only true ‘bone-crackers’ in our modern ecosystems . Yet , between 16 to 2 million years ago , the common...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche
The widely conserved ParABS system plays a major role in bacterial chromosome segregation . How the components of this system work together to generate translocation force and directional motion remains uncertain . Here , we combine biochemical approaches , quantitative imaging and mathematical modeling to examine the ...	DNA molecules exist in cells as tightly packed structures called chromosomes . During the cell cycle , chromosomes duplicate , and the two copies separate , ready to end up in two separate daughter cells . The process of chromosome separation in cells of higher organisms such as animals and plants is well understood . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Evidence for a DNA-relay mechanism in ParABS-mediated chromosome segregation
Left-right asymmetries in brains are usually minor or cryptic . We report brain asymmetries in the tiny , dorsal tubular nervous system of the ascidian tadpole larva , Ciona intestinalis . Chordate in body plan and development , the larva provides an outstanding example of brain asymmetry . Although early neural develo...	Brains are made up of a network of nerve cells ( neurons ) that are connected to each other by junctions called synapses . The neurons on the left and right sides of the brain form different patterns of connections , but this asymmetry can be difficult to spot because the brain is large and complex . Understanding how ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	The CNS connectome of a tadpole larva of Ciona intestinalis (L.) highlights sidedness in the brain of a chordate sibling
UNC93B1 , a multipass transmembrane protein required for TLR3 , TLR7 , TLR9 , TLR11 , TLR12 , and TLR13 function , controls trafficking of TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) to endolysosomes . The mechanisms by which UNC93B1 mediates these regulatory effects remain unclear . Here , we demonstrate that UNC93B1 e...	Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) are proteins that are responsible for recognizing specific molecules associated with invading pathogens , known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns . Upon detecting these signals , TLRs activate the body's immune response , which fights the infection . A subset of TLRs recognizes nucl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2013	UNC93B1 mediates differential trafficking of endosomal TLRs
Understanding how fungi specialize on their plant host is crucial for developing sustainable disease control . A traditional , centuries-old rice agro-system of the Yuanyang terraces was used as a model to show that virulence effectors of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzaeh play a key role in its specialization o...	Microbes that cause diseases in plants are a threat to food security . For example , the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes the loss of enough rice to feed 60 million people each year . Disease-causing microbes must overcome the plant’s first line of defense , which includes preformed barriers and antimicrobia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2016	Pathogen effectors and plant immunity determine specialization of the blast fungus to rice subspecies
Social interactions involve multi-modal signaling . Here , we study interacting rats to investigate audio-haptic coordination and multisensory integration in the auditory cortex . We find that facial touch is associated with an increased rate of ultrasonic vocalizations , which are emitted at the whisking rate ( ∼8 Hz ...	Rats are highly social creatures , preferring to live in large groups within an established hierarchy . Social interactions range from play , mating , and parental care to displays of aggression and dominance and involve the use of odors , touch , and vocal calls . Touch typically takes the form of snout-to-snout conta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Vocalization–whisking coordination and multisensory integration of social signals in rat auditory cortex
Storing temporal sequences of events ( i . e . , sequence memory ) is fundamental to many cognitive functions . However , it is unknown how the sequence order information is maintained and represented in working memory and its behavioral significance , particularly in human subjects . We recorded electroencephalography...	Have you ever played the ‘Memory Maze Challenge’ game , or its predecessor from the 1980s , ‘Simon’ ? Players must memorize a sequence of colored lights , and then reproduce the sequence by tapping the colors on a pad . The sequence becomes longer with each trial , making the task more and more difficult . One wrong re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Fast-backward replay of sequentially memorized items in humans
Human-associated microbial communities vary across individuals: possible contributing factors include ( genetic ) relatedness , diet , and age . However , our surroundings , including individuals with whom we interact , also likely shape our microbial communities . To quantify this microbial exchange , we surveyed feca...	The human body is home to many different microorganisms , with a range of bacteria , fungi and archaea living on the skin , in the intestine and at various other sites in the body . While many of these microorganisms are beneficial to their human hosts , we know very little about most of them . Early research focused p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs
Endophytic insects provide the textbook examples of herbivores that manipulate their host plant’s physiology , putatively altering source/sink relationships by transferring cytokinins ( CK ) to create ‘green islands’ that increase the nutritional value of infested tissues . However , unambiguous demonstrations of CK tr...	Many insects use plants for food and for shelter . To protect themselves , plants often develop defense mechanisms that deter or debilitate their attackers , such as producing toxins or storing nutrients away from the attacked tissues . But some insects manage to counter the plants’ defense responses . Such species are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects
Over the past century , soybean oil ( SBO ) consumption in the United States increased dramatically . The main SBO fatty acid , linoleic acid ( 18:2 ) , inhibits in vitro the growth of lactobacilli , beneficial members of the small intestinal microbiota . Human-associated lactobacilli have declined in prevalence in Wes...	Though “you are what you eat” may just be a figure of speech , it is clear that what we eat does affect our own cells and the microbes that live in our gut . During the 20th century , the American diet changed dramatically and now includes a lot more vegetable oil from soybeans , the main component of which – a fat cal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Resilience of small intestinal beneficial bacteria to the toxicity of soybean oil fatty acids
Drosophila central neurons arise from neuroblasts that generate neurons in a pair-wise fashion , with the two daughters providing the basis for distinct A and B hemilineage groups . 33 postembryonically-born hemilineages contribute over 90% of the neurons in each thoracic hemisegment . We devised genetic approaches to ...	The legs and wings of insects are borne on the middle body segments , which make up the thorax . The nervous system inside of the thorax is part of the insect equivalent of the spinal cord and contains clusters of interneurons that relay signals between the sensory nerves , the brain and the muscles . This enables the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Neuron hemilineages provide the functional ground plan for the Drosophila ventral nervous system
Male germ cells of all placental mammals express an ancient nuclear RNA binding protein of unknown function called RBMXL2 . Here we find that deletion of the retrogene encoding RBMXL2 blocks spermatogenesis . Transcriptome analyses of age-matched deletion mice show that RBMXL2 controls splicing patterns during meiosis ...	In humans and other mammals , a sperm from a male fuses with an egg cell from a female to produce an embryo that may ultimately grow into a new individual . Sperm and egg cells are made when certain cells in the body divide in a process called meiosis . Many proteins are required for meiosis to happen and these protein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	An ancient germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein protects the germline from cryptic splice site poisoning
The medial temporal lobes play an important role in episodic memory , but over time , hippocampal contributions to retrieval may be diminished . However , it is unclear whether such changes are related to the ability to retrieve contextual information , and whether they are common across all medial temporal regions . H...	In 1953 , an American man called Henry Molaison underwent surgery to remove the medial temporal lobes of his brain in an effort to cure him of severe epilepsy . After the surgery , his epilepsy was indeed improved , but he was left without the ability to form new memories . His case is now seen as one of the first demo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Delay-dependent contributions of medial temporal lobe regions to episodic memory retrieval
Apolipoprotein A1 ( apoA1 ) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and has well documented anti-inflammatory properties . To better understand the cellular and molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory actions of apoA1 , we explored the effect of acute human apoA1 exposure on the migratory ca...	A molecule called cholesterol is an important component of the membranes found in cells and is also used to make some hormones and other useful molecules . However , cholesterol can also contribute to the formation of plaques in arteries , which can lead to a disease called atherosclerosis , the cause of heart attacks ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Acute exposure to apolipoprotein A1 inhibits macrophage chemotaxis in vitro and monocyte recruitment in vivo
In triploblastic animals , Par-proteins regulate cell-polarity and adherens junctions of both ectodermal and endodermal epithelia . But , in embryos of the diploblastic cnidarian Nematostella vectensis , Par-proteins are degraded in all cells in the bifunctional gastrodermal epithelium . Using immunohistochemistry , CR...	Most animals – including birds , fish and mammals – have symmetrical left and right sides , and are known as bilaterians . During early life , the embryos of animals in this group develop three distinct layers of cells: the ectoderm ( outer layer ) , the endoderm ( inner layer ) , and the mesoderm ( middle layer ) . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Germ layer-specific regulation of cell polarity and adhesion gives insight into the evolution of mesoderm
Tissue microarrays ( TMAs ) have been used in thousands of cancer biomarker studies . To what extent batch effects , measurement error in biomarker levels between slides , affects TMA-based studies has not been assessed systematically . We evaluated 20 protein biomarkers on 14 TMAs with prospectively collected tumor ti...	To understand cancer , researchers need to know which molecules tumor cells use . These so-called ‘biomarkers’ tag cancer cells as being different from healthy cells , and can be used to predict how aggressive a tumor may be , or how well it might respond to treatment . A popular technique for assessing biomarkers acro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Extent, impact, and mitigation of batch effects in tumor biomarker studies using tissue microarrays
Metabolic co-regulation between biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolites is common in microbes and can play an important role in microbial interactions . Here , we describe a novel mechanism of metabolic co-regulation in which an intermediate in one pathway is converted into signals that activate a second pathwa...	Bacteria live almost everywhere on Earth and often compete with one another for limited resources , like space or nutrients . Certain bacteria produce molecules that are toxic to other microorganisms to give themselves a competitive advantage . These toxic molecules are more commonly referred as antibiotics , and are p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Novel mechanism of metabolic co-regulation coordinates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas protegens
Secretory cargo that cannot fold properly in the ER are selectively targeted for removal by a well-studied ER-associated degradation pathway , or ERAD . In contrast , very little is known about post-ER quality control mechanisms for damaged or misfolded integral membrane proteins . Here we describe a quality control fu...	Cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms for the detection of misfolded or damaged proteins , and for targeting their degradation . Since the accumulation of misfolded proteins is toxic to the cell , these protein quality control systems are critical for the maintenance of normal cellular function over the lifetime of a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	The ART-Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase network comprises a plasma membrane quality control system that protects yeast cells from proteotoxic stress
We describe the genome-wide distributions and temporal dynamics of nucleosomes and post-translational histone modifications throughout the maternal-to-zygotic transition in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster . At mitotic cycle 8 , when few zygotic genes are being transcribed , embryonic chromatin is in a relatively sim...	For a fertilized egg to develop into an embryo , many genes must be switched on and off at specific times . A fertilized egg ( or zygote ) contains genetic material from both parents; and the life of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster begins with the nuclei that contain this genetic material repeatedly dividing for ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Establishment of regions of genomic activity during the Drosophila maternal to zygotic transition
The prevailing view of motor cortex holds that motor cortical neural activity represents muscle or movement parameters . However , recent studies in non-human primates have shown that neural activity does not simply represent muscle or movement parameters; instead , its temporal structure is well-described by a dynamic...	Every conscious movement a person makes , whether lifting a pencil or playing a violin , begins in the brain . To be more specific , neurons in a part of the brain called the motor cortex send signals to muscles to cause them to move . But many of the details about how messages from the motor cortex produce movements r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Neural population dynamics in human motor cortex during movements in people with ALS
Transposable elements ( TEs ) allow rewiring of regulatory networks , and the recent amplification of the ISX element dispersed 77 functional but suboptimal binding sites for the dosage compensation complex to a newly formed X chromosome in Drosophila . Here we identify two linked refining mutations within ISX that int...	Mutations change genes and provide the raw material for evolution . Genes are sections of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins or other molecules , and so determine the physical characteristics of each organism . Genetic mutations that increase an organism's number of offspring and chances of survival ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Non-allelic gene conversion enables rapid evolutionary change at multiple regulatory sites encoded by transposable elements
Barriers to microbial migrations can lead adaptive radiations and increased endemism . We propose that extreme unbalanced nutrient stoichiometry of essential nutrients can be a barrier to microbial immigration over geological timescales . At the oasis in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin in Mexico , nutrient stoichiometric pro...	Water is a rare sight in a barren land , but there are many more reasons that make the Cuatro Cienegas Basin , an oasis in the North Mexican desert , a puzzling environment . With little phosphorous and nutrients but plenty of sulphur and magnesium , the conditions in the turquoise blue lagoons of the Basin mimic the o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	The lost world of Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, a relictual bacterial niche in a desert oasis
Outside of the neurogenic niches of the brain , postmitotic neurons have not been found to undergo efficient regeneration . We demonstrate that mouse Purkinje cells ( PCs ) , which are born at midgestation and are crucial for development and function of cerebellar circuits , are rapidly and fully regenerated following ...	The cerebellum , or 'little brain' , handles movement , thought and social interaction . Unlike the rest of the brain , which primarily develops in the womb , most of its cells appear within the first year of our lives ( or first few weeks in mice ) . This makes it vulnerable to injury around the time of birth . We use...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Age-dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons
Thyroid hormone ( TH ) regulates diverse developmental events and can drive disparate cellular outcomes . In zebrafish , TH has opposite effects on neural crest derived pigment cells of the adult stripe pattern , limiting melanophore population expansion , yet increasing yellow/orange xanthophore numbers . To learn how...	Hormones control the development of animals from embryos all the way into adulthood . For example , thyroid hormone is needed to transform a tadpole into an adult frog , and it is essential for developing the nervous system and regulating metabolism in countless other adult animals . However , it remains unclear how a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Thyroid hormone regulates distinct paths to maturation in pigment cell lineages
Collaboration among the multitude of RNA-binding proteins ( RBPs ) is ubiquitous , yet our understanding of these key regulatory complexes has been limited to single RBPs . We investigated combinatorial translational regulation by Drosophila Pumilio ( Pum ) and Nanos ( Nos ) , which control development , fertility , an...	Molecules of DNA contain the instructions needed to make proteins inside cells . Proteins perform many different roles and each needs to be produced at the right time and in the right amounts to enable the cells to survive . The DNA is first copied to make molecules of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , which are then used as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Drosophila Nanos acts as a molecular clamp that modulates the RNA-binding and repression activities of Pumilio
Mutations in CHD7 are the major cause of CHARGE syndrome , an autosomal dominant disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1/15 , 000 . We have little understanding of the disruptions in the developmental programme that underpin brain defects associated with this syndrome . Using mouse models , we show that Chd7 haploin...	CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes various developmental abnormalities , including heart defects , deafness and neurological defects . In most cases , it is caused by mutations in a human gene called CHD7 . CHD7 is known to control the expression of other genes during embryonic development , but th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Deregulated FGF and homeotic gene expression underlies cerebellar vermis hypoplasia in CHARGE syndrome
The maintenance of excitatory and inhibitory balance in the brain is essential for its function . Here we find that the developmental axon guidance receptor Roundabout 2 ( Robo2 ) is critical for the maintenance of inhibitory synapses in the adult ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) , a brain region important for the produc...	Although no two people are alike , we all share the same basic brain structure . This similarity arises because the same developmental program takes place in every human embryo . Specific genes are activated in a designated sequence to generate the structure of a typical human brain . But what happens to these genes wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Roundabout receptor 2 maintains inhibitory control of the adult midbrain
East Asians ( EAs ) experience worse metabolic health outcomes compared to other ethnic groups at lower body mass indices; however , the potential role of the gut microbiota in contributing to these health disparities remains unknown . We conducted a multi-omic study of 46 lean and obese East Asian and White participan...	The community of microbes living in the human gut varies based on where a person lives , in part because of differences in diets but also due to factors still incompletely understood . In turn , this ‘microbiome’ may have wide-ranging effects on health and diseases such as obesity and diabetes . Many scientists want to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	The East Asian gut microbiome is distinct from colocalized White subjects and connected to metabolic health
Extinction of fear responses is critical for adaptive behavior and deficits in this form of safety learning are hallmark of anxiety disorders . However , the neuronal mechanisms that initiate extinction learning are largely unknown . Here we show , using single-unit electrophysiology and cell-type specific fiber photom...	To survive , animals must identify and react to stimuli in their environment that signal danger . But they must also adapt their behavior when those stimuli no longer signal danger – hiding whenever you hear a loud noise might keep you safe , but it also prevents you from searching for food . In the laboratory , we can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Dopamine neurons drive fear extinction learning by signaling the omission of expected aversive outcomes
Although numerous long noncoding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) have been identified , our understanding of their roles in mammalian physiology remains limited . Here , we investigated the physiologic function of the conserved lncRNA Norad in vivo . Deletion of Norad in mice results in genomic instability and mitochondrial dysfuncti...	Only a tiny portion of our genetic material contains the information required to create proteins , the workhorses of the body . The rest of our DNA , however , is not useless: some of it can be transcribed to create molecules known as non-coding RNAs , which are increasingly scrutinized by scientists . For example , a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	PUMILIO hyperactivity drives premature aging of Norad-deficient mice
Existing in vitro models of human skeletal muscle cannot recapitulate the organization and function of native muscle , limiting their use in physiological and pharmacological studies . Here , we demonstrate engineering of electrically and chemically responsive , contractile human muscle tissues ( ‘myobundles’ ) using p...	Scientists have developed realistic models of the human liver , lung , and heart that allow them to observe living tissue in the laboratory . These models have helped us to better understand how these organs work and what goes wrong in diseases that affect these organs . The models can also be used to test how new drug...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	Bioengineered human myobundles mimic clinical responses of skeletal muscle to drugs
Apoptotic cells can produce signals to instruct cells in their local environment , including ones that stimulate engulfment and proliferation . We identified a novel mode of communication by which apoptotic cells induce additional apoptosis in the same tissue . Strong induction of apoptosis in one compartment of the Dr...	The tissues of developing organisms can be shaped by apoptosis , a form of regulated cell killing . Although this process can occur in individual cells , apoptotic signals may also dictate the ‘communal death’ of many cells simultaneously . This occurs frequently in animal development: in human fetuses , for example , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Apoptotic cells can induce non-autonomous apoptosis through the TNF pathway
Although electron cryo-microscopy ( cryo-EM ) single-particle analysis has become an important tool for structural biology of large and flexible macro-molecular assemblies , the technique has not yet reached its full potential . Besides fundamental limits imposed by radiation damage , poor detectors and beam-induced sa...	Determining the structure of proteins and other biomolecules at the atomic level is central to understanding many aspects of biology . X-ray crystallography is the best-known technique for structural biology but , as the name suggests , it works only with samples that can be crystallized . Electron cryo-microscopy ( cr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Ribosome structures to near-atomic resolution from thirty thousand cryo-EM particles
Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system . However , the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown . Tsetse flies ( Glossina spp . ) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of their host’s immu...	Bacteria live within all animals . While a small number of these microbes can cause disease , most promote the health and wellbeing of their host . Microbes that support their host and benefit from the close association are often referred to as symbionts . Animals can be negatively affected and even become diseased if ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Symbiont-induced odorant binding proteins mediate insect host hematopoiesis
Mammalian pluripotent stem cells ( PSCs ) represent an important venue for understanding basic principles regulating tissue-specific differentiation and discovering new tools that may facilitate clinical applications . Mechanisms that direct neural differentiation of PSCs involve growth factor signaling and transcripti...	Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to become most of the cell types that make up an organism . However , the signals that trigger these cells to turn into neurons rather than lung cells or muscle cells , for example , are not fully understood . Proteins called growth factors are known to have a role in this proc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Imaging-based chemical screening reveals activity-dependent neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) is a zoonotic virus from camels causing significant mortality and morbidity in humans in the Arabian Peninsula . The epidemiology of the virus remains poorly understood , and while case-based and seroepidemiological studies have been employed extensively through...	Coronaviruses are one of many groups of viruses that cause the common cold , though some members of the group can cause more serious illnesses . The SARS coronavirus , for example , caused a widespread epidemic of pneumonia in 2003 that killed 774 people . In 2012 , a new coronavirus was detected in patients from the A...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	MERS-CoV spillover at the camel-human interface
The unfolded protein response ( UPR ) monitors the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . In all organisms analyzed to date , the UPR drives transcriptional programs that allow cells to cope with ER stress . The non-conventional splicing of Hac1 ( yeasts ) and XBP1 ( metazoans ) mRNA , encoding ...	Protein folding—the process by which a sequence of amino acids adopts the precise shape that is needed to perform a specific biological function—is one of the most important processes in all of biology . Any sequence of amino acids has the potential to fold into a large number of different shapes , and misfolded protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2012	The unfolded protein response in fission yeast modulates stability of select mRNAs to maintain protein homeostasis
Precise patterning of dendritic fields is essential for the formation and function of neuronal circuits . During development , dendrites acquire their morphology by exuberant branching . How neurons cope with the increased load of protein production required for this rapid growth is poorly understood . Here we show tha...	The brain consists of billions of cells called neurons that can rapidly send and receive information . At one end of the neuron , branched structures called dendrites receive signals from other cells . The number of dendrites and the amount of branching vary in different types of neurons . These patterns are crucial fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	The unfolded protein response is required for dendrite morphogenesis
Pests are a global threat to biodiversity , ecosystem function , and human health . Pest control approaches are thus numerous , but their implementation costly , damaging to non-target species , and ineffective at low population densities . The Trojan Female Technique ( TFT ) is a prospective self-perpetuating control ...	Insect and other animal pests pose some of the greatest challenges to biodiversity , global economies and human health . The environmental and agricultural losses caused by pests have been estimated at 120 billion US dollars a year in the US alone . Many pests also spread diseases , such as dengue fever and malaria . A...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Introduction of a male-harming mitochondrial haplotype via ‘Trojan Females’ achieves population suppression in fruit flies
Histone tail modifications can greatly influence chromatin-associated processes . Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes exist in multiple cell types , but whether modifications on both sister histones contribute equally to chromatin dynamics remains elusive . Here , we devised a bivalent nucleosome system that allowed fo...	Inside each human cell , about two meters of DNA is wrapped around millions of proteins called histones , forming structures known as nucleosomes . Each nucleosome contains 147 letters of DNA code and two copies of four different histones – H2A , H2B , H3 and H4 – meaning eight proteins in total . The two copies of eac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2017	Independent manipulation of histone H3 modifications in individual nucleosomes reveals the contributions of sister histones to transcription
Drosophila larvae and adults possess a potent innate immune response , but the response of Drosophila eggs is poor . In contrast to Drosophila , eggs of the beetle Tribolium are protected by a serosa , an extraembryonic epithelium that is present in all insects except higher flies . In this study , we test a possible i...	Insects are among the most numerous and diverse creatures on Earth , and over a million different species of insects have been described . Insects have a hard exoskeleton that protects their segmented bodies , and adult insects and their young are also well protected from pathogens . To fight off infection by bacteria ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	The extraembryonic serosa is a frontier epithelium providing the insect egg with a full-range innate immune response
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport ( ESCRTs ) constitute hetero-oligomeric machines that catalyze multiple topologically similar membrane-remodeling processes . Although ESCRT-III subunits polymerize into spirals , how individual ESCRT-III subunits are activated and assembled together into a membran...	A cell constantly remodels its surface to adapt to its environment , as well as to replace old or damaged proteins . To achieve this , cell-surface receptors are taken inside the cell and delivered to organelles called endosomes , where a molecular machine called ESCRT governs the receptors’ fate . Distinct ESCRT compl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural basis for activation, assembly and membrane binding of ESCRT-III Snf7 filaments
Contractile actomyosin networks have been shown to power tissue morphogenesis . Although the basic cellular machinery generating mechanical tension appears largely conserved , tensions propagate in unique ways within each tissue . Here we use the vertebrate eye as a paradigm to investigate how tensions are generated an...	Tissues and organs form into their final shapes because the cells in a developing embryo generate forces that alter their shape and position . Networks of fibres made from actin and myosin proteins generate these forces , and because the fibres can assemble in many different ways inside cells , they allow the cells to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Analysis of cellular behavior and cytoskeletal dynamics reveal a constriction mechanism driving optic cup morphogenesis
Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex ( MEC ) respond when an animal occupies a periodic lattice of ‘grid fields’ in the environment . The grids are organized in modules with spatial periods , or scales , clustered around discrete values separated on average by ratios in the range 1 . 4–1 . 7 . We propose a mechan...	In a room , we have a sense of our location relative to the doors and to objects within the room . This is because the brain constructs a mental map of our current environment . As we move around the room , neurons called grid cells fire whenever we are in specific locations . But these locations are not random . They ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2019	A geometric attractor mechanism for self-organization of entorhinal grid modules
Defective Ca2+ handling is a key mechanism underlying hepatic endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) dysfunction in obesity . ER Ca2+ level is in part monitored by the store-operated Ca2+ entry ( SOCE ) system , an adaptive mechanism that senses ER luminal Ca2+ concentrations through the STIM proteins and facilitates import of t...	Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder . Some people’s genetics make them more vulnerable to the condition , and it is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little . The resulting surplus of nutrients affects the cells and organs of the body in several adverse ways . For example , excessive nutrients impa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Defective STIM-mediated store operated Ca2+ entry in hepatocytes leads to metabolic dysfunction in obesity
Red blood cell ( RBC ) invasion by malaria merozoites involves formation of a parasitophorous vacuole into which the parasite moves . The vacuole membrane seals and pinches off behind the parasite through an unknown mechanism , enclosing the parasite within the RBC . During invasion , several parasite surface proteins ...	Malaria kills or disables hundreds of millions of people across the world , especially in developing economies . The most severe form of the disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum , a single-cell parasite which , once inside a human host , forces its way into red blood cells to feed on a protein called haemoglobin ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	The malaria parasite sheddase SUB2 governs host red blood cell membrane sealing at invasion
Neural systems use homeostatic plasticity to maintain normal brain functions and to prevent abnormal activity . Surprisingly , homeostatic mechanisms that regulate circuit output have mainly been demonstrated during artificial and/or pathological perturbations . Natural , physiological scenarios that activate these sta...	Neurons in the brain communicate using chemical signals that they send and receive across junctions called synapses . To maintain normal behavior over time , circuits of neurons must reliably process these signals . A variety of nervous system disorders may result if they are unable to do so , as may occur when neural ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Synaptic up-scaling preserves motor circuit output after chronic, natural inactivity
Our visual memory percepts of whether we have encountered specific objects or scenes before are hypothesized to manifest as decrements in neural responses in inferotemporal cortex ( IT ) with stimulus repetition . To evaluate this proposal , we recorded IT neural responses as two monkeys performed a single-exposure vis...	As we go about our daily lives , we store visual memories of the objects and scenes that we encounter . This type of memory , known as visual recognition memory , can be remarkably powerful . Imagine viewing thousands of images for only a few seconds each , for example . Several days later , you will still be able to d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Single-exposure visual memory judgments are reflected in inferotemporal cortex
Proteins of the secretin family form large macromolecular complexes , which assemble in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria . Secretins are major components of type II and III secretion systems and are linked to extrusion of type IV pili ( T4P ) and to DNA uptake . By electron cryo-tomography of whole Thermus ...	Gram-negative bacteria can cause serious diseases in humans , such as cholera and bacterial meningitis . These bacteria are surrounded by two membranes: an inner membrane and an outer membrane . Proteins called secretins are components of several large molecular complexes that are embedded within the outer membrane . S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structure of a type IV pilus machinery in the open and closed state
ANE syndrome is a ribosomopathy caused by a mutation in an RNA recognition motif of RBM28 , a nucleolar protein conserved to yeast ( Nop4 ) . While patients with ANE syndrome have fewer mature ribosomes , it is unclear how this mutation disrupts ribosome assembly . Here we use yeast as a model system and show that the ...	ANE syndrome is a rare genetic disease that causes many problems including hair loss , mental retardation and a failure to develop normally during puberty . A study of 5 boys in the same family that were all born with the condition revealed that the disease is caused by a small change ( or mutation ) in a protein calle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The molecular basis for ANE syndrome revealed by the large ribosomal subunit processome interactome
Entry and extrusion of cations are essential processes in living cells . In alkaliphilic prokaryotes , high external pH activates voltage-gated sodium channels ( Nav ) , which allows Na+ to enter and be used as substrate for cation/proton antiporters responsible for cytoplasmic pH homeostasis . Here , we describe a new...	Life essentially runs on electricity: electrical signals cause nerve cells to fire , heart muscles to contract and allow organisms to sense the world around them . These signals are triggered by the movement of positively-charged ions—such as sodium , potassium and calcium—moving into a cell through special ion channel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Ionic selectivity and thermal adaptations within the voltage-gated sodium channel family of alkaliphilic Bacillus
Brief periods of sleep loss have long-lasting consequences such as impaired memory consolidation . Structural changes in synaptic connectivity have been proposed as a substrate of memory storage . Here , we examine the impact of brief periods of sleep deprivation on dendritic structure . In mice , we find that five hou...	The demands of modern society means that millions of people do not get sufficient sleep on a daily basis . Sleep deprivation , even if only for brief periods , can impair learning and memory . In many cases , this impairment appears to be related to changes in the activity of a brain region called the hippocampus . How...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Sleep deprivation causes memory deficits by negatively impacting neuronal connectivity in hippocampal area CA1
The tumor suppressor PIP3 phosphatase PTEN is phosphorylated on four clustered Ser/Thr on its C-terminal tail ( aa 380–385 ) and these phosphorylations are proposed to induce a reduction in PTEN’s plasma membrane recruitment . How these phosphorylations affect the structure and enzymatic function of PTEN is poorly unde...	PTEN is an enzyme that is found in almost every tissue in the body , and its job is to stop cells dividing . If it fails to perform this job , the uncontrolled proliferation of cells can lead to the growth of tumors . PTEN stops cells dividing by localizing at the plasma membrane of a cell and removing a phosphate grou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Phosphorylation-mediated PTEN conformational closure and deactivation revealed with protein semisynthesis
The morphogenesis of tissues , like the deformation of an object , results from the interplay between their material properties and the mechanical forces exerted on them . The importance of mechanical forces in influencing cell behaviour is widely recognized , whereas the importance of tissue material properties , in p...	Animals come in all shapes and size , from ants to elephants . In all cases , the tissues and organs in the animal’s body acquire their shape as the animal develops . Cells in developing tissues squeeze themselves or push and pull on one another , and the resulting forces generate the final shape . This process is call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	The interplay of stiffness and force anisotropies drives embryo elongation
Mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons express apamin-sensitive SK2-containing channels in the post-synaptic membrane , positioned close to NMDA-type ( N-methyl-D-aspartate ) glutamate receptors . Activated by synaptically evoked NMDAR-dependent Ca2+ influx , the synaptic SK2-containing channels modulate excitatory post-synaptic ...	The neurons in the brain communicate with each other by releasing chemical messengers across structures called synapses . This signaling always occurs in the same direction: at a given synapse , one neuron sends signals that bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the receiving neuron . Repeatedly signaling across ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Membrane palmitoylated protein 2 is a synaptic scaffold protein required for synaptic SK2-containing channel function
The transposition of bacteriophage Mu serves as a model system for understanding DDE transposases and integrases . All available structures of these enzymes at the end of the transposition reaction , including Mu , exhibit significant bends in the transposition target site DNA . Here we use Mu to investigate the ramifi...	Pieces of DNA called transposons can move or copy themselves around the genome . Some viruses – such as HIV and Mu ( a virus that infects bacteria ) – act as transposons to hide their DNA by inserting it into their host’s genome . Mu , HIV and many transposons all work in the same , somewhat unusual way . Like many che...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Target DNA bending by the Mu transpososome promotes careful transposition and prevents its reversal
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor ( MITF ) is the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage . To understand how MITF regulates transcription , we used tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry to define a comprehensive MITF interactome identifying novel cofactors involved in transcription , DNA r...	Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells found primarily in the skin . Many of the genes that help these cells to develop are also thought to affect the development of melanomas: an aggressive form of skin cancer that originates in these cells . One such gene encodes a protein called MITF . This protein binds to DNA and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Transcription factor MITF and remodeller BRG1 define chromatin organisation at regulatory elements in melanoma cells
The Drosophila tracheal system is a branched tubular network that forms in the embryo by a post-mitotic program of morphogenesis . In third instar larvae ( L3 ) , cells constituting the second tracheal metamere ( Tr2 ) reenter the cell cycle . Clonal analysis of L3 Tr2 revealed that dividing cells in the dorsal trunk ,...	As a fruit fly develops , its cells may sort themselves into groups according to the type of cell that they will eventually become . Some groups form ‘developmental compartments’ that are separated by boundaries that cells cannot move across . All the descendants of a cell in a compartment will activate the same specif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Developmental compartments in the larval trachea of Drosophila
TP53 is conventionally thought to prevent cancer formation and progression to metastasis , while mutant TP53 has transforming activities . However , in the clinic , TP53 mutation status does not accurately predict cancer progression . Here we report , based on clinical analysis corroborated with experimental data , tha...	Most cancers are caused by a build-up of mutations that are acquired throughout life . One gene in particular , called TP53 , is the most commonly mutated gene in many types of human cancers . This suggests that TP53 mutations play an important role in cancer development . It is widely considered that the TP53 gene nor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	TP53 drives invasion through expression of its Δ133p53β variant
Perisynaptic glial cells respond to neural activity by increasing cytosolic calcium , but the significance of this pathway is unclear . Terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells ( TPSCs ) are a perisynaptic glial cell at the neuromuscular junction that respond to nerve-derived substances such as acetylcholine and purines . H...	A muscle that contracts over and over again will become tired . This can sometimes occur after vigorous exercise , but abnormal muscle fatigue is also a feature of various clinical disorders . These include conditions that affect muscles directly , such as muscular dystrophy , as well as disorders of the motor nerves t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Activity-induced Ca2+ signaling in perisynaptic Schwann cells of the early postnatal mouse is mediated by P2Y1 receptors and regulates muscle fatigue
The insect central complex ( CX ) is a conserved brain region containing 60 + neuronal subtypes , several of which contribute to navigation . It is not known how CX neuronal diversity is generated or how developmental origin of subtypes relates to function . We mapped the developmental origin of four key CX subtypes an...	Every task that an animal performs , even a simple one , typically requires numerous signals to pass across complex networks of cells called neurons . These networks develop early in an animal’s life , beginning when progenitor cells called neural stem cells divide over and over to produce new cells . Specific molecula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Temporal identity establishes columnar neuron morphology, connectivity, and function in a Drosophila navigation circuit
Metastasis-initiating cells dynamically adapt to the distinct microenvironments of different organs , but these early adaptations are poorly understood due to the limited sensitivity of in situ transcriptomics . We developed fluorouracil-labeled RNA sequencing ( Flura-seq ) for in situ analysis with high sensitivity . ...	Cancer cells may not limit themselves to the tissue or organ where they first formed . In some cases , the cells can spread to form tumors in new parts of the body . This process is known as metastasis , and because it is difficult to treat it causes the majority of cancer deaths . To develop new treatments , researche...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Flura-seq identifies organ-specific metabolic adaptations during early metastatic colonization
RUNX1 encodes a RUNX family transcription factor ( TF ) and was recently identified as a novel mutated gene in human luminal breast cancers . We found that Runx1 is expressed in all subpopulations of murine mammary epithelial cells ( MECs ) except the secretory alveolar luminal cells . Conditional knockout of Runx1 in ...	Stem cells can develop into the many types of specialized cell found in the body . Several proteins regulate these transformations by switching on and off the expression of genes that are specific to different cell types . Disrupting these proteins can cause the development of cells to go awry and can lead to cancer . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	RUNX1, a transcription factor mutated in breast cancer, controls the fate of ER-positive mammary luminal cells
To form and maintain organized tissues , multicellular organisms orient their mitotic spindles relative to neighboring cells . A molecular complex scaffolded by the GK protein-interaction domain ( GKPID ) mediates spindle orientation in diverse animal taxa by linking microtubule motor proteins to a marker protein on th...	For billions of years , life on Earth was made up of single cells . In the lineage that led to animals – and independently in those that led to plants and to fungi – multicellular organisms evolved as cells began to specialize and arrange themselves into tissues and organs . Although the evolution of multicellularity i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Evolution of an ancient protein function involved in organized multicellularity in animals
Understanding how the brain computes eye position is essential to unraveling high-level visual functions such as eye movement planning , coordinate transformations and stability of spatial awareness . The lateral intraparietal area ( LIP ) is essential for this process . However , despite decades of research , its cont...	Whenever we reach towards an object , we automatically use visual information to guide our movements and make any adjustments required . Visual feedback helps us to learn new motor skills , and ensures that our physical view of the world remains stable despite the fact that every eye movement causes the image on the re...	[ "Abstract", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Inferring eye position from populations of lateral intraparietal neurons

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