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The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates? | <text>The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?</text><reasoning>The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotu... |
What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as? | <text>What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?</text><reasoning>The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom... |
The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom? | <text>The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?</text><reasoning>The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian ... |
When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about? | <text>When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?</text><reasoning>Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics ... |
Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent? | <text>Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?</text><reasoning>Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research a... |
What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea? | <text>What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?</text><reasoning>Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate st... |
What is the Siddur? | <text>What is the Siddur?</text><reasoning>The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the s... |
The term Ashkenazi also refers to what? | <text>The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?</text><reasoning>The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and me... |
The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew? | <text>The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?</text><reasoning>The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers ... |
Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what? | <text>Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?</text><reasoning>The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers... |
Nusach Ari is used by whom? | <text>Nusach Ari is used by whom?</text><reasoning>The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used ... |
According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic? | <text>According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?</text><reasoning>In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews i... |
According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi? | <text>According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?</text><reasoning>In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews i... |
By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry? | <text>By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?</text><reasoning>In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry ... |
What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities? | <text>What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?</text><reasoning>New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and... |
What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework? | <text>What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?</text><reasoning>New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational ... |
Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement? | <text>Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?</text><reasoning>New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominationa... |
What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah? | <text>What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?</text><reasoning>In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the ... |
What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah? | <text>What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?</text><reasoning>In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect ... |
Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what? | <text>Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?</text><reasoning>In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is c... |
What is the name of the Midrash compilation? | <text>What is the name of the Midrash compilation?</text><reasoning>In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text ... |
Which console featured a top-loading design? | <text>Which console featured a top-loading design?</text><reasoning>Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell ... |
The design of what was modified slightly? | <text>The design of what was modified slightly?</text><reasoning>Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in ... |
the original design of the controller was what shape? | <text>the original design of the controller was what shape?</text><reasoning>Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the bri... |
What was the new design shape of the controller? | <text>What was the new design shape of the controller?</text><reasoning>Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick sh... |
Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters? | <text>Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?</text><reasoning>Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely ... |
What is the Knesset? | <text>What is the Knesset?</text><reasoning>Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely to support certain religious interests in Israel, including certain po... |
Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters? | <text>Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?</text><reasoning>Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more like... |
A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from "founder lineages"? | <text>A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from "founder lineages"?</text><reasoning>In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkena... |
A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? | <text>A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women?</text><reasoning>In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the cur... |
The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what? | <text>The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?</text><reasoning>In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descen... |
The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool? | <text>The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?</text><reasoning>In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or "found... |
After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment? | <text>After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?</text><reasoning>In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political enviro... |
What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement? | <text>What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?</text><reasoning>In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of bi... |
Massive western emigration occurred around what time? | <text>Massive western emigration occurred around what time?</text><reasoning>In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblica... |
Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when? | <text>Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?</text><reasoning>In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the... |
Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community? | <text>Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?</text><reasoning>Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic ... |
Some people with the surname shorten it to what? | <text>Some people with the surname shorten it to what?</text><reasoning>Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would... |
What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi? | <text>What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?</text><reasoning>Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of t... |
What year marked the onset of the Crusades? | <text>What year marked the onset of the Crusades?</text><reasoning>With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over th... |
As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries? | <text>As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?</text><reasoning>With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), L... |
What year were the expulsions from England? | <text>What year were the expulsions from England?</text><reasoning>With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over th... |
What year were the expulsions from France? | <text>What year were the expulsions from France?</text><reasoning>With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over thi... |
After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction? | <text>After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?</text><reasoning>With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th ce... |
When did France expel its original Jewish population? | <text>When did France expel its original Jewish population?</text><reasoning>France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, ther... |
By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations? | <text>By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?</text><reasoning>France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the tim... |
How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study? | <text>How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?</text><reasoning>A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of K... |
What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins? | <text>What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?</text><reasoning>A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic o... |
How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study? | <text>How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?</text><reasoning>A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins fou... |
What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin? | <text>What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between... |
Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought? | <text>Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancest... |
Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques? | <text>Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the referen... |
In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives? | <text>In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ... |
Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population? | <text>Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ances... |
What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern? | <text>What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?</text><reasoning>Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to... |
What position did Ecdicius hold? | <text>What position did Ecdicius hold?</text><reasoning>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attemp... |
Did he think he would be gone a long time? | <text>Did he think he would be gone a long time?</text><reasoning>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years,... |
Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence? | <text>Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?</text><reasoning>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years,... |
What did Julian try to do to Athanasius? | <text>What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?</text><reasoning>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, a... |
Did Athanasius tell the people to protest? | <text>Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?</text><reasoning>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years,... |
When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz? | <text>When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?</text><reasoning>In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both t... |
Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz? | <text>Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?</text><reasoning>In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of As... |
In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things? | <text>In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?</text><reasoning>In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the languag... |
Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries? | <text>Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?</text><reasoning>Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Szőny), Aquincum (Óbuda), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae (Sárvár), Savaria (Szombathely), S... |
The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what? | <text>The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?</text><reasoning>Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Szőny), Aquincum (Óbuda), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae (Sárvár), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (Pécs), and Osijek in Croatia, attest to... |
In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy? | <text>In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?</text><reasoning>Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Szőny), Aquincum (Óbuda), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae (Sárvár), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (Pécs), and Osijek in Croatia, attest to th... |
It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people? | <text>It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?</text><reasoning>A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenaz... |
It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people? | <text>It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?</text><reasoning>A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi a... |
The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where? | <text>The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?</text><reasoning>A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Seph... |
The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country? | <text>The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?</text><reasoning>The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one ... |
The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time? | <text>The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?</text><reasoning>The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is n... |
Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year? | <text>Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?</text><reasoning>The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts o... |
Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship? | <text>Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?</text><reasoning>The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern ... |
In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used? | <text>In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?</text><reasoning>A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most ... |
Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries? | <text>Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?</text><reasoning>Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern... |
Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century? | <text>Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?</text><reasoning>Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to... |
What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas? | <text>What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?</text><reasoning>Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and M... |
In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis? | <text>In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: ... |
The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews? | <text>The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and Europe... |
Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors? | <text>Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?</text><reasoning>A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Je... |
Were the pretend baptisms real? | <text>Were the pretend baptisms real?</text><reasoning>Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questi... |
As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual? | <text>As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?</text><reasoning>Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop.... |
What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius? | <text>What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?</text><reasoning>Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bis... |
Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising? | <text>Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?</text><reasoning>Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acte... |
A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe? | <text>A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?</text><reasoning>In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corrobor... |
A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East? | <text>A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?</text><reasoning>In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborat... |
A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins? | <text>A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?</text><reasoning>In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corro... |
Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk? | <text>Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally ... |
What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk? | <text>What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourh... |
Who took over after Athanasius? | <text>Who took over after Athanasius?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Uppe... |
Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler? | <text>Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally wit... |
To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw? | <text>To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert... |
Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia? | <text>Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew... |
How long did he spend in the desert? | <text>How long did he spend in the desert?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of... |
What is one thing he wrote during this time? | <text>What is one thing he wrote during this time?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the d... |
Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria? | <text>Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?</text><reasoning>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into t... |
Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria? | <text>Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?</text><reasoning>Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostol... |
What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria? | <text>What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?</text><reasoning>Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasi... |
For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop? | <text>For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?</text><reasoning>Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, At... |
How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile? | <text>How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?</text><reasoning>Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athana... |
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