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What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries? | <text>What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?</text><reasoning>Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fat lig... |
What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood? | <text>What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?</text><reasoning>Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fat lighter are almo... |
What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites? | <text>What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?</text><reasoning>Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fa... |
If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased? | <text>If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?</text><reasoning>Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Struct... |
Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for? | <text>Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?</text><reasoning>Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat l... |
What holds together an engineered wood product? | <text>What holds together an engineered wood product?</text><reasoning>Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood st... |
Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have? | <text>Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?</text><reasoning>Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engi... |
What requirements do engineered wood products meet? | <text>What requirements do engineered wood products meet?</text><reasoning>Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together woo... |
What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in? | <text>What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?</text><reasoning>Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactur... |
Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units? | <text>Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?</text><reasoning>Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered w... |
When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker? | <text>When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?</text><reasoning>In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see s... |
What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color? | <text>What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?</text><reasoning>In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). Thi... |
Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous? | <text>Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?</text><reasoning>In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see secti... |
What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different? | <text>What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?</text><reasoning>In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is cons... |
Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have? | <text>Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?</text><reasoning>In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and... |
When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same? | <text>When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?</text><reasoning>Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textu... |
In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher? | <text>In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?</text><reasoning>Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-text... |
If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood? | <text>If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?</text><reasoning>Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer,... |
Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood? | <text>Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?</text><reasoning>Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and mor... |
What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood? | <text>What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?</text><reasoning>The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic ... |
What property of wood is least affected by drying? | <text>What property of wood is least affected by drying?</text><reasoning>The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus... |
Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood? | <text>Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?</text><reasoning>The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus... |
Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried? | <text>Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?</text><reasoning>The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic l... |
Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? | <text>Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?</text><reasoning>Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregna... |
What does wood consist of? | <text>What does wood consist of?</text><reasoning>Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).</reasoning><output>cells</output> |
What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose? | <text>What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?</text><reasoning>Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15... |
What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood? | <text>What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?</text><reasoning>Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).</reasoning><o... |
What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with? | <text>What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?</text><reasoning>Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).</reasoning>... |
What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth? | <text>What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.</reasoning><output>ring-porous</output> |
What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season? | <text>What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.</reasoning><output>large</output> |
When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from? | <text>When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.</reasoning><output>the year before</output> |
Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker? | <text>Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?</text><reasoning>Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In r... |
Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color? | <text>Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?</text><reasoning>Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. T... |
What category of trees show this difference greatly? | <text>What category of trees show this difference greatly?</text><reasoning>Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ri... |
What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface? | <text>What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?</text><reasoning>Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly ... |
With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color? | <text>With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?</text><reasoning>Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and stre... |
What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees? | <text>What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?</text><reasoning>In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such a... |
Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure? | <text>Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?</text><reasoning>In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one... |
What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called? | <text>What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?</text><reasoning>In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one ... |
What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores? | <text>What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?</text><reasoning>In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as... |
Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores? | <text>Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?</text><reasoning>In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such... |
What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood? | <text>What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?</text><reasoning>Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are... |
What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased? | <text>What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?</text><reasoning>Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mo... |
What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks? | <text>What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?</text><reasoning>Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other wo... |
What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood? | <text>What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?</text><reasoning>Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other wo... |
What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi? | <text>What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?</text><reasoning>Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory ... |
Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important? | <text>Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?</text><reasoning>It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latew... |
What can we judge in wood just by looking at it? | <text>What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?</text><reasoning>It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but littl... |
What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density? | <text>What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?</text><reasoning>It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latew... |
What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood? | <text>What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?</text><reasoning>It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticea... |
What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree? | <text>What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?</text><reasoning>It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insec... |
Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree? | <text>Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?</text><reasoning>It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling t... |
What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees? | <text>What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?</text><reasoning>It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falli... |
What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old? | <text>What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?</text><reasoning>It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or roo... |
What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever? | <text>What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?</text><reasoning>It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects,... |
Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex? | <text>Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?</text><reasoning>The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a... |
What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods? | <text>What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?</text><reasoning>The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen w... |
Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small? | <text>Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?</text><reasoning>The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without ... |
In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels? | <text>In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?</text><reasoning>The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow... |
Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into? | <text>Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?</text><reasoning>The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) ... |
What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized? | <text>What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?</text><reasoning>In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation neede... |
What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to? | <text>What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?</text><reasoning>In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citatio... |
With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group? | <text>With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?</text><reasoning>In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation n... |
What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species? | <text>What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?</text><reasoning>In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswo... |
Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous? | <text>Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?</text><reasoning>In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, b... |
What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? | <text>What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to?</text><reasoning>Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susce... |
Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected? | <text>Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?</text><reasoning>Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon loca... |
What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects? | <text>What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?</text><reasoning>Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking str... |
What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it? | <text>What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?</text><reasoning>Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon locali... |
What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it? | <text>What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?</text><reasoning>In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there ma... |
In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be? | <text>In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?</text><reasoning>In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, whe... |
What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help? | <text>What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?</text><reasoning>In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation ther... |
Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood? | <text>Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?</text><reasoning>Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970).</reasoning><output>physiological</output> |
Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined? | <text>Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?</text><reasoning>Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970).</reasoning><output>one</output> |
What author called wood's density "fairly easily measured"? | <text>What author called wood's density "fairly easily measured"?</text><reasoning>Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970).</reasoning><output>Elliott</output> |
Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood? | <text>Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?</text><reasoning>If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore sh... |
What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced? | <text>What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?</text><reasoning>If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcat... |
What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings? | <text>What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?</text><reasoning>If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth... |
Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture? | <text>Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?</text><reasoning>If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. I... |
What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood? | <text>What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?</text><reasoning>If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more... |
What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood? | <text>What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?</text><reasoning>In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dens... |
Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood? | <text>Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?</text><reasoning>In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walle... |
Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells? | <text>Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?</text><reasoning>In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very... |
Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin? | <text>Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?</text><reasoning>In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled ... |
What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood? | <text>What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?</text><reasoning>In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen... |
What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees? | <text>What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus... |
In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized? | <text>In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of t... |
In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species? | <text>In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part ... |
What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of? | <text>What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in sp... |
Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood? | <text>Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?</text><reasoning>In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in sprin... |
What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood? | <text>What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?</text><reasoning>In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is main... |
Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol? | <text>Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?</text><reasoning>In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainl... |
Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin? | <text>Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?</text><reasoning>In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from ... |
In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin? | <text>In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?</text><reasoning>In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin i... |
Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources? | <text>Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?</text><reasoning>In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is ... |
What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials? | <text>What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?</text><reasoning>In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.</reasoning><output>supporting mater... |
What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood? | <text>What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?</text><reasoning>In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.</reasoning><output>roof</output> |
Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building? | <text>Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?</text><reasoning>In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.</reasoning><output>cladding</output> |
Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms? | <text>Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?</text><reasoning>In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.</reasoning><output>doors</output> |
What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows? | <text>What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?</text><reasoning>No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not dete... |
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