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What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?	<text>What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?</text><reasoning>In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming ...
Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?	<text>Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?</text><reasoning>In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court underst...
Who did the Ming appoint titles to?	<text>Who did the Ming appoint titles to?</text><reasoning>Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send a...
What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?	<text>What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?</text><reasoning>Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite th...
What was the name of the Tibetologist?	<text>What was the name of the Tibetologist?</text><reasoning>According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to t...
Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?	<text>Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?</text><reasoning>According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monaster...
When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead?	<text>When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead?</text><reasoning>According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribu...
When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?	<text>When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?</text><reasoning>Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praa...
When did the Yuan dynasty rule?	<text>When did the Yuan dynasty rule?</text><reasoning>Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that t...
Which dynasty ruled all of china?	<text>Which dynasty ruled all of china?</text><reasoning>Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that...
What did Khubilai claim for a while?	<text>What did Khubilai claim for a while?</text><reasoning>Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes t...
Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?	<text>Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?</text><reasoning>Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag w...
What years did the Qing dynasty rule?	<text>What years did the Qing dynasty rule?</text><reasoning>According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü...
what year was the history of Ming produced?	<text>what year was the history of Ming produced?</text><reasoning>According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed ...
What did the Ming dynasty create?	<text>What did the Ming dynasty create?</text><reasoning>According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsa...
How many Qianhu offices were there?	<text>How many Qianhu offices were there?</text><reasoning>According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-T...
where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?	<text>where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?</text><reasoning>According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western ...
Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?	<text>Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?</text><reasoning>Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yo...
Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?	<text>Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?</text><reasoning>Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of M...
What was the Gelug not mentioned in?	<text>What was the Gelug not mentioned in?</text><reasoning>Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yong...
who was a professor of the University of Washington?	<text>who was a professor of the University of Washington?</text><reasoning>The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of ...
Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?	<text>Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?</text><reasoning>The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is question...
Who lost their power over Tibet?	<text>Who lost their power over Tibet?</text><reasoning>Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.</reasoning><...
What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?	<text>What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?</text><reasoning>Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemon...
What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?	<text>What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?</text><reasoning>Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective heg...
What did the other families fail to establish?	<text>What did the other families fail to establish?</text><reasoning>Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet...
The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?	<text>The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?</text><reasoning>The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gel...
Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?	<text>Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?</text><reasoning>The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), fo...
Who was the founder of the Gelug school?	<text>Who was the founder of the Gelug school?</text><reasoning>The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to com...
Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?	<text>Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?</text><reasoning>The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, ...
Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?	<text>Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?</text><reasoning>The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelu...
What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?	<text>What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?</text><reasoning>Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan re...
During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?	<text>During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?</text><reasoning>Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan rel...
Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?	<text>Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?</text><reasoning>Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Ti...
Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?	<text>Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?</text><reasoning>Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noti...
The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?	<text>The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?</text><reasoning>Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibe...
Who abolished the policy council?	<text>Who abolished the policy council?</text><reasoning>The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Cou...
What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as?	<text>What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as?</text><reasoning>The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs o...
Who governed most areas of Tibet?	<text>Who governed most areas of Tibet?</text><reasoning>The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Cou...
What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?	<text>What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?</text><reasoning>Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while hi...