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Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?	<text>Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?</text><reasoning>In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he for...
What was Louis Agassiz also known as?	<text>What was Louis Agassiz also known as?</text><reasoning>In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when ...
How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?	<text>How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?</text><reasoning>Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. Dav...
When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?	<text>When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?</text><reasoning>Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Fr...
Who studied the shapes of crystals?	<text>Who studied the shapes of crystals?</text><reasoning>Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser ama...
By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?	<text>By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?</text><reasoning>Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. Da...
Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?	<text>Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?</text><reasoning>Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser...
Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?	<text>Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?</text><reasoning>Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists ...
Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year?	<text>Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year?</text><reasoning>Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a perma...
The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?	<text>The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?</text><reasoning>Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a ...
Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?	<text>Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?</text><reasoning>In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topp...
Where are the top of the nappes derived from?	<text>Where are the top of the nappes derived from?</text><reasoning>In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes ...
What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?	<text>What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?</text><reasoning>In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes der...
How do Piedmont glaciers appear?	<text>How do Piedmont glaciers appear?</text><reasoning>Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perh...
What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?	<text>What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?</text><reasoning>Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crac...
What does the cracking of the ice create?	<text>What does the cracking of the ice create?</text><reasoning>Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack lou...
What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?	<text>What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?</text><reasoning>Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th cen...
What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?	<text>What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?</text><reasoning>Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century a...
How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century?	<text>How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century?</text><reasoning>Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property dama...
What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas?	<text>What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas?</text><reasoning>High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq ...
From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?	<text>From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?</text><reasoning>High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702...
What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?	<text>What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?</text><reasoning>High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi)...
How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?	<text>How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?</text><reasoning>High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps cove...
How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?	<text>How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?</text><reasoning>High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps ...
Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?	<text>Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?</text><reasoning>The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the...
What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?	<text>What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?</text><reasoning>The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was bui...
What do the rivers form?	<text>What do the rivers form?</text><reasoning>The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee,...
What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?	<text>What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?</text><reasoning>Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.</reasoning><...
What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?	<text>What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?</text><reasoning>Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river ru...
What have the various models been of?	<text>What have the various models been of?</text><reasoning>Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.</reasoning><output>climate change<...
Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?	<text>Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?</text><reasoning>Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease o...
Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?	<text>Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?</text><reasoning>Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas c...
What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?	<text>What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?</text><reasoning>Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciate...
Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?	<text>Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?</text><reasoning>On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one so...
Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?	<text>Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?</text><reasoning>On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one s...
WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?	<text>WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?</text><reasoning>On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only...
Who was allowed to leave the village?	<text>Who was allowed to leave the village?</text><reasoning>On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son...
What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?	<text>What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?</text><reasoning>On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as onl...
What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages?	<text>What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages?</text><reasoning>Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced st...
What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley	<text>What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley</text><reasoning>Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Er...